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Antidepressants have anti-inflammatory effects and boost immunity, and dentists should be aware. This case-control study included only those patients who consented to take part and had a ham-d score of at least 16 and a diagnosis of moderate-to-severe depression. Inclusion criteria included adults, those experiencing moderate to severe depression, taking fluoxetine or venlafaxine, and those with twenty or more teeth. Exclusion criteria included tobacco chewers, smokers, women expecting or nursing, periodontal treatment, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medication, or vitamin/nutritional supplements. Patients who had had surgery or other therapy were excluded from the study. Three groups of patients were created: Control, venlafaxine, and fluoxetine. A periodontist assisted in the dental examination, and indices were observed. The analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0. Number, percentage, mean, and standard deviation were used to present the values. Results showed that antidepressants may be a risk factor for periodontal health, with increased periodontal parameters, and concluded that It is crucial to frequently check the periodontal health of depressed people using fluoxetine or venlafaxine since these drugs put good periodontal tissues at risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hesitant Fermatean fuzzy sets (HFFS) can characterize the membership degree (MD) and non-membership degree (NMD) of hesitant fuzzy elements in a broader range, which offers superior fuzzy data processing capabilities for addressing complex uncertainty issues. In this research, first, we present the definition of the hesitant Fermatean fuzzy Bonferroni mean operator (HFFBM). Further, with the basic operations of HFFS in Einstein t-norms, the definition and derivation process of the hesitant Fermatean fuzzy Einstein Bonferroni mean operator (HFFEBM) are given. In addition, considering how weights affect decision-making outcomes, the hesitant Fermatean fuzzy weighted Bonferroni mean (HFFWBM) operator and the hesitant Fermatean fuzzy Einstein weighted Bonferroni mean operator (HFFEWBM) are developed. Then, the properties of the operators are discussed. Based on HFFWBM and HFFEWBM operator, a new multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) approach is provided. Finally, we apply the proposed decision-making approach to the case of a depression diagnostic evaluation for three depressed patients. The three patients' diagnosis results confirmed the proposed method's validity and rationality. Through a series of comparative experiments and analyses, the proposed MADM method is an efficient solution for decision-making issues in the hesitant Fermatean fuzzy environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A psychiatric interview is one of the important procedures in diagnosing psychiatric disorders. Through this interview, psychiatrists listen to the patient's medical history and major complaints, check their emotional state, and obtain clues for clinical diagnosis. Although there have been attempts to diagnose a specific mental disorder from a short doctor-patient conversation, there has been no attempt to classify the patient's emotional state based on the text scripts from a formal interview of more than 30 min and use it to diagnose depression. This study aimed to utilize the existing machine learning algorithm in diagnosing depression using the transcripts of one-on-one interviews between psychiatrists and depressed patients. Methods: Seventy-seven clinical patients [with depression (n = 60); without depression (n = 17)] with a prior psychiatric diagnosis history participated in this study. The study was conducted with 24 male and 53 female subjects with the mean age of 33.8 (± 3.0). Psychiatrists conducted a conversational interview with each patient that lasted at least 30 min. All interviews with the subjects between August 2021 and November 2022 were recorded and transcribed into text scripts, and a text emotion recognition module was used to indicate the subject's representative emotions of each sentence. A machine learning algorithm discriminates patients with depression and those without depression based on text scripts. Results: A machine learning model classified text scripts from depressive patients with non-depressive ones with an acceptable accuracy rate (AUC of 0.85). The distribution of emotions (surprise, fear, anger, love, sadness, disgust, neutral, and happiness) was significantly different between patients with depression and those without depression (p < 0.001), and the most contributing emotion in classifying the two groups was disgust (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This is a qualitative and retrospective study to develop a tool to detect depression against patients without depression based on the text scripts of psychiatric interview, suggesting a novel and practical approach to understand the emotional characteristics of depression patients and to use them to detect the diagnosis of depression based on machine learning methods. This model could assist psychiatrists in clinical settings who conduct routine conversations with patients using text transcripts of the interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous work has shown that d-ribose (RIB)-induced depressive-like behaviors in mice. However, the relationship between variations in RIB levels and depression as well as potential RIB participation in depressive disorder is yet unknown. Here, a reanalysis of metabonomics data from depressed patients and depression model rats is performed to clarify whether the increased RIB level is positively correlated with the severity of depression. Moreover, we characterize intestinal epithelial barrier damage, gut microbial composition and function, and microbiota-gut-brain metabolic signatures in RIB-fed mice using colonic histomorphology, 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, and untargeted metabolomics analysis. The results show that RIB caused intestinal epithelial barrier impairment and microbiota-gut-brain axis dysbiosis. These microbial and metabolic modules are consistently enriched in peripheral (fecal, colon wall, and serum) and central (hippocampus) glycerophospholipid metabolism. In addition, three differential genera (Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006, Turicibacter, and Akkermansia) and two types of glycerophospholipids (phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine) have greater contributions to the overall correlations between differential genera and glycerophospholipids. These findings suggest that the disturbances of gut microbiota by RIB may contribute to the onset of depressive-like behaviors via regulating glycerophospholipid metabolism, and providing new insight for understanding the function of microbiota-gut-brain axis in depression. A combined colonic histomorphology, 16 S rRNA gene sequencing, and untargeted metabolomics analysis on D-ribose-fed mice suggest that oral D-ribose caused intestinal epithelial barrier impairment and microbiota-gut-brain axis dysbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) exhibit an abnormal physiological arousal pattern known as hyperarousal, which may contribute to their depressive symptoms. However, the neurobiological mechanisms linking this abnormal arousal to depressive symptoms are not yet fully understood. In this review, we summarize the physiological and neural features of arousal, and review the literature indicating abnormal arousal in depressed patients. Evidence suggests that a hyperarousal state in depression is characterized by abnormalities in sleep behavior, physiological (e.g., heart rate, skin conductance, pupil diameter) and electroencephalography (EEG) features, and altered activity in subcortical (e.g., hypothalamus and locus coeruleus) and cortical regions. While recent studies highlight the importance of subcortical–cortical interactions in arousal, few have explored the relationship between subcortical–cortical interactions and hyperarousal in depressed patients. This gap limits our understanding of the neural mechanism through which hyperarousal affects depressive symptoms, which involves various cognitive processes and the cerebral cortex. Based on the current literature, we propose that the hyperconnectivity in the thalamocortical circuit may contribute to both the hyperarousal pattern and depressive symptoms. Future research should investigate the relationship between thalamocortical connections and abnormal arousal in depression, and explore its implications for non-invasive treatments for depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Depression has become one of the most common mood disorders in adolescents, with an increasing incidence each year. Abnormal activation of peripheral immunity causes an increase in pro-inflammatory factors, which in turn affects neuroendocrine dysfunction and alters neurobiochemistry, leading to depression. In this study, we aimed to explore the relationship between inflammatory immune function and intestinal flora in adolescents with firstepisode depression. Methods: A total of 170 cases of adolescent patients with first-episode depression who attended our hospital from January 2020 to March 2023 were retrospectively selected as the observation group. Simultaneously, 170 individuals who underwent a healthy physical examination during the same period were chosen as the control group. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to quantify the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 in the patients. Flow cytometry was utilized to assess the levels of T-lymphocytes CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells. The levels of 16S ribosomal RNA (16SrRNA) method were used to determine the intestinal flora of the subjects in both groups. Inflammatory factor levels, immune function, and intestinal flora expression were observed, and correlation analysis was performed. Results: The levels of 5-HT and NPY in the observation group were lower than those in the control group. The SP level was significantly higher in the observation group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The observation group demonstrated significantly higher TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels than the control group (p < 0.05). The values of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (p < 0.05), whereas the CD8+ values were notably higher (p < 0.05). Bifidobacterium, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroides in the observation group were less than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The content of Bifidobacterium was negatively correlated with the level of TNF-α (r = -0.358, p < 0.001), positively correlated with the level of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ (r = 0.490, 0.169, 0.165, p < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the level of CD8+ (r = --0.154, p < 0.05). The level of Escherichia coli content was negatively correlated with the levels of IL-6, CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ (r = -0.483, -0.548, -0.317, -- 0.328, p < 0.001), and positively correlated with the levels of CD8+ (r = 0.325, p < 0.001). The content of Lactobacillus was positively correlated with the levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ (r = 0.552, 0.188, 0.194, p < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the level of CD8+ (r = -- 0.186, p<0.05). The content of Bacteroides was positively correlated with the level of CD3+, CD4+, CD4+/CD8+ (r = -0.570, -0.183, --0.193, p < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the level of CD8+ levels were positively correlated (r = 0.187, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The intestinal flora is related to the level of inflammatory factors and immune function. Further study on the relationship between intestinal flora, inflammatory immune function, and depression could offer novel insights for the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Prostate cancer (PCa) patients often experience depression. One possible buffer against stress‐related depression is psychological resilience (PR), which has been described as heterogeneous in structure, like major depressive disorder (MDD). Although both of these constructs are central to understanding and assisting distressed PCa patients, no data have been reported on how they connect via network arrays at a component and symptom level. Such information has the potential to inform clinical practice with depressed PCa patients. Methods: Using a cross‐sectional design, 555 PCa patients completed the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) and the Connor–Davison Resilience Scale (CDRISC). Data were analysed via network analysis. Results: Network analysis indicated that various CDRISC factors interacted with different PHQ‐9 symptoms. For example, trust in one's instincts, tolerance of negative affect, and strengthening effects of stress (CDRISC) was associated with concentration problems and suicidal ideation (PHQ‐9); positive acceptance of change, and secure relationships (CDRISC) was linked to low self‐worth, anhedonia, fatigue/lethargy, motor problems, depressed mood, and concentration and appetite problems (PHQ‐9). Similarly heterogeneous associations were found between individual CDRISC items and PHQ‐9 symptoms. Network analytic figures depict both these sets of associations. Conclusions: As well as confirming the heterogeneous nature of PR and MDD in PCa patients, these findings argue for the further development of 'individualised' medicine approaches when working with PCa patients and their experiences of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diagnosis and assessment of depression rely on scoring systems based on questionnaires, either self-reported by patients or administered by clinicians, and observation of patient facial expressions during the interviews plays a crucial role in making impressions in clinical settings. Deep learning driven approaches can assist clinicians in the course of diagnosis of depression by recognizing subtle facial expressions and emotions in depression patients. Methods: Seventeen simulated patients who acted as depressed patients participated in this study. A trained psychiatrist structurally interviewed each participant with moderate depression in accordance with a prepared scenario and without depressive features. Interviews were video-recorded, and a facial emotion recognition algorithm was used to classify emotions of each frame. Results: Among seven emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutral, sadness, and surprise), sadness was expressed in a higher proportion on average in the depression-simulated group compared to the normal group. Neutral and fear were expressed in higher proportions on average in the normal group compared to the normal group. The overall distribution of emotions between the two groups was significantly different (p ＜ 0.001). Variance in emotion was significantly less in the depression-simulated group (p ＜ 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests a novel and practical approach to understand the emotional expression of depression patients based on deep learning techniques. Further research would allow us to obtain more perspectives on the emotional profiles of clinical patients, potentially providing helpful insights in making diagnosis of depression patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pathophysiology of depression is related to the reduced volume of the hippocampus and amygdala and hypertrophy of the nucleus accumbens. The mechanism of these changes is not well understood; however, clinical studies have shown that the administration of the fast-acting antidepressant ketamine reversed the decrease in hippocampus and amygdala volume in depressed patients, and the magnitude of this effect correlated with the reduction in depressive symptoms. In the present study, we attempted to find out whether the psychedelic substance psilocybin affects neurotransmission in the limbic system in comparison to ketamine. Psilocybin and ketamine increased the release of dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) in the nucleus accumbens of naive rats as demonstrated using microdialysis. Both drugs influenced glutamate and GABA release in the nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and amygdala and increased ACh levels in the hippocampus. The changes in D2, 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor density in the nucleus accumbens and hippocampus were observed as a long-lasting effect. A marked anxiolytic effect of psilocybin in the acute phase and 24 h post-treatment was shown in the open field test. These data provide the neurobiological background for psilocybin's effect on stress, anxiety and structural changes in the limbic system and translate into the antidepressant effect of psilocybin in depressed patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Childhood maltreatment (CM) is an important risk factor for major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed to explore the specific effect of CM on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and brain functional connectivity (FC) in MDD patients. Methods: A total of 150 subjects were collected including 55 MDD patients with CM, 34 MDD patients without CM, 19 healthy controls (HC) with CM, and 42 HC without CM. All subjects completed MRI scans and neuropsychological tests. Two‐way analysis of covariance was used to detect the main and interactive effects of disease and CM on CBF and FC across subjects. Then, partial correlation analyses were conducted to explore the behavioral significance of altered CBF and FC in MDD patients. Finally, a support vector classifier model was applied to differentiate MDD patients. Results: MDD patients represented increased CBF in bilateral temporal lobe and decreased CBF in right visual cortex. Importantly, significant depression‐by‐CM interactive effects on CBF were primarily located in the frontoparietal regions, including orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), and parietal cortex. Moreover, significant FC abnormalities were seen in OFC‐PFC and frontoparietal‐visual cortex. Notably, the abnormal CBF and FC were significantly associated with behavioral performance. Finally, a combination of altered CBF and FC behaved with a satisfactory classification ability to differentiate MDD patients. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of frontoparietal and visual cortices for MDD with CM experience, proposing a potential neuroimaging biomarker for MDD identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field of psychology has advanced over the years in treating psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), Schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Depression or clinical depression is a major mental health issue characterized by chronic sadness, hopelessness, and emptiness, which diminishes the patient's quality of life. According to WHO, an estimated 3.8% of the world's population experience depression, in which 15% of depressed patients eventually die by suicide. Recent studies in treating depressive patients have progressed with the usage of psychobiotics. Psychobiotics contain both probiotics and prebiotics, meaning psychobiotics possess the ability to introduce beneficial bacteria in the gut as well as support the growth of existing bacteria in the human gut. The gut-brain axis, which mediates the mechanism of action of psychobiotics in treating clinical depression, has been cleverly studied, and it provides promising results in the improvement of a patient's mental health status. Psychobiotics have proven their worth not only in upgrading the patient's mental health in psychological disorders but also in the enhancement of overall patient health by improving one's gut health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) deficiency is suggested in depressive disorders, along with alterations in cortical excitability. However, whether these excitability changes are related to GABAA receptor availability is largely unknown. Our aim was to assess the correlation between these measures in depressed patients and healthy controls. Methods: Twenty-eight patients with a major depressive episode, measured before and after participating in a clinical trial with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and 15 controls underwent [11C]flumazenil positron emission tomography to assess GABAA receptor availability and paired pulse TMS (ppTMS) to evaluate cortical excitability. Both whole-brain voxel-wise GABAA receptor availability and mean values from left hand motor cortex and left paracentral lobule were correlated to the ppTMS outcomes: short-interval intracortical inhibition reflecting GABAA receptor activity, long-interval intracortical inhibition representing GABAB receptor activity, intracortical facilitation reflecting glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor activity, as well as the resting motor threshold (rMT), considered a global measure of corticospinal excitability. Results: No significant differences in baseline GABAA receptor availability or cortical excitability were found between patients and controls. Additionally, no correlations were observed between baseline measurements of GABAA receptor availability and TMS outcomes. Changes in GABAA receptor availability in the hand motor cortex, between pre- and post-assessments, were inversely related to pre-post changes in hand rMT. Conclusion: We found that a change in GABAA receptor availability was inversely related to a change in rMT, suggesting a link between GABA deficiency and increased rMT previously observed in depressive episodes. The results highlight the complex mechanisms governing cortical excitability measures and offer new insight into their properties during the depressive state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key Points: Question: Do pediatric patients diagnosed with unipolar depression who receive antidepressant treatment have an increased incidence of mania/hypomania compared with patients not treated with antidepressants? Findings: In this cohort study including 43 677 children and adolescents diagnosed with unipolar depression, during a 12-week follow-up, patients treated with antidepressants did not have an increased incidence of mania/hypomania compared with patients who did not initiate antidepressant treatment. Hospitalizations, parental bipolar disorder, and use of antipsychotics and antiepileptics were the most important predictors of mania/hypomania by 12 weeks. Meaning: This study found no evidence of treatment-emergent mania/hypomania in children and adolescents with unipolar depression. Importance: Antidepressants are increasingly prescribed to pediatric patients with unipolar depression, but little is known about the risk of treatment-emergent mania. Previous research suggests pediatric patients may be particularly vulnerable to this adverse outcome. Objective: To estimate whether pediatric patients treated with antidepressants have an increased incidence of mania/hypomania compared with patients not treated with antidepressants and to identify patient characteristics associated with the risk of mania/hypomania. Design, Setting, and Participants: In a cohort study applying the target trial emulation framework, nationwide inpatient and outpatient care in Sweden from July 1, 2006, to December 31, 2019, was evaluated. Follow-up was conducted for 12 and 52 weeks after treatment initiation, with administrative follow-up ending December 31, 2020. Data were analyzed between May 1, 2022, and June 28, 2023. Individuals aged 4 to 17 years with a diagnosis of depression, but without a prior diagnosis of mania/hypomania, bipolar disorder, or psychosis or treatment with mood stabilizer (lithium, valproate, or carbamazepine), prescriptions were included. Exposures: The treatment group included patients who initiated any antidepressant medication within 90 days of diagnosis. The control group included patients who did not initiate antidepressants within 90 days. Main Outcomes and Measures: Diagnosis of mania/hypomania or initiation of mood stabilizer therapy. Incidences were estimated with Kaplan-Meier estimator, and inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to adjust for group differences at baseline. Results: The cohort included 43 677 patients (28 885 [66%] girls); 24 573 in the treatment group and 19 104 in the control group. The median age was 15 (IQR, 14-16) years. The outcome occurred in 96 individuals by 12 weeks and in 291 by 52 weeks. The cumulative incidence of mania was 0.26% (95% CI, 0.19%-0.33%) in the treatment group and 0.20% (95% CI, 0.13%-0.27%) in the control group at 12 weeks, with a risk difference of 0.06% (95% CI, −0.04% to 0.16%). At 52 weeks, the cumulative incidence was 0.79% (95% CI, 0.68%-0.91%) in the treatment group and 0.52% (95% CI, 0.40%-0.63%) in the control group (risk difference, 0.28%; 95% CI, 0.12%-0.44%). Hospitalizations, parental bipolar disorder, and use of antipsychotics and antiepileptics were the most important predictors of mania/hypomania by 12 weeks. Conclusion: This cohort study found no evidence of treatment-emergent mania/hypomania by 12 weeks in children and adolescents. This corresponds to the time frame for antidepressants to exert their psychotropic effect. A small risk difference was found only with longer follow-up. Certain patient characteristics were associated with mania/hypomania, which warrants clinical attention. This cohort study examines the risks for and incidence of mania episodes after 12 and 52 weeks in children and adolescents with unipolar depression who are prescribed antidepressants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressive disorders in adolescence pose unique challenges for assessment and treatment, particularly due to their high comorbidity with various personality disorders. Moreover, young depressed patients may elicit very intense and difficult-to-manage emotional responses in therapists (in this context, countertransference). This study aimed at empirically identifying specific personality disorders (or subtypes) among adolescents with depressive pathology and exploring distinct countertransference patterns emerging in their psychotherapy: 100 adolescents (58 with depressive disorders; 42 with other clinical conditions) were assessed by their respective clinicians (n=100) using the psychodiagnostic chart-adolescent of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) - second edition, and the therapist response questionnaire for adolescents. Results showed that depressed adolescent patients exhibited marked traits of four personality subtypes (i.e., depressive, anxious-avoidant, narcissistic, and borderline) characterized by different levels of mental functioning and personality organization. These subtypes were predictably related to specific clinicians' emotional responses, even when controlling for the intensity of depressive symptomatology. Patients with depressive or anxious-avoidant personality subtypes evoked more positive countertransference responses, whereas patients with narcissistic or borderline subtypes elicited strong and hard-to-face emotional responses in therapists. Consistent with the next edition of the PDM, the study emphasizes the importance of comprehensive psychodynamic assessment in the developmental age, which frames depressive disorders in the context of accurate emerging personality and mental functioning profiles. This approach, which also relies heavily on the clinician's subjective experience in therapy, provides crucial information on how to specifically tailor interventions that more effectively meet the needs of adolescents with these heterogeneous and complex clinical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The most common reaction to an acute physical illness is anxiety, which may be followed by depression. In patients with chronic diseases, the prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression is almost twice as high as in other diseases. This study aims to extract prominent components in the design of treatment spaces on reducing hospitalized patients' depression from both experts and patients/users' point of views. A final model is also presented based on the findings. Design/methodology/approach: This research used an exploratory mixed method. The effective components were extracted through the administration of two Likert-scale researcher-made questionnaires in two phases. Q factor analysis was conducted to reach the components. A total of 205 patients were admitted to Namazi Hospital in Shiraz, and 20 architecture and psychology experts participated in the survey. Final modeling of the data was done through path analysis. Findings: Six factors were found to be effective by experts in reducing depression in therapeutic spaces: nature-oriented space, targeted social space, diverse space, visual comfort, logical process and safe space. On the part of patients, seven components were deemed to be effective: visual perception, naturalism, functionalism, physical security, logical process, psychological safety and diversity. Also, four main cycles were extracted from the final model with the direct effect of diversity and the other five cycles were mediated by naturalism. Research limitations/implications: A total of 15 interviews with architects and psychologists, who were available at the time of the study, were conducted in January 2018. The only general question during interviews was "In your opinion, what factors are effective in reducing the level of depression of patients in the design of treatment spaces?" This may have limited the range of factors that could be surveyed in the study. After collecting the effective factors from the aforementioned expert's points of view, the questionnaire of experts was designed (Appendix). The expert questionnaires were distributed and edited in two stages in January 2019 among 20 architect experts who were available at the time of the study. The one-year interval between designing and administering the questionnaires occurred because of the limitations posed by the COVID-19 pandemic situation. However, the interval did not pose methodological obstacles for the study. Originality/value: Evidence-based investigation of the effectiveness of proper design components of therapeutic spaces in reducing the symptoms of patients with chronic secondary depression has received little attention in the literature. Using a "conceptual model," the present study brought the issue into its focus so as to find effective components in the design of treatment spaces that can alleviate depression symptoms in chronically hospitalized patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The relationship between depression and childhood traumas has been emphasized for many years. This study investigates the impact of childhood traumas on posttraumatic growth in patients with depression. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 participants who had experienced childhood trauma at least once in their lives (75 patients with depression and 45 healthy controls) were included in the study. Participants were administered sociodemographic information form, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire 28 (CTQ-28) and Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Results: Childhood traumas and rates of posttraumat ic growth were high in both the patient and control groups, and there was no statistically significant difference between them. The statistical analysis revealed that participants in the depression group had significantly higher scores on the physical abuse subscale of the CTQ-28 compared to the control group. Furthermore, significant negative correlations were observed in the control group between physical abuse of the CTQ-28 and changes in relationships with others in the PTGI, as well as between sexual abuse of the CTQ-28 and changes in relationships with others in the PTGI. In the study, to be female and level of physical abuse were found to increase the likelihood of belonging to the depression group. Conclusion: This study found that childhood trauma associated with physical abuse was more frequent in patients with depression than controls. Traumatic experiences were found to be detrimental to communicating with others. It is appropriate to recommend int erventions for social support and for the treatment of traumatic experiences in childhood in a variety of contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the impact of depression treatment on economic behavior in Karnataka, India. We cross-randomize pharmacotherapy and livelihoods assistance among 1,000 depressed adults and evaluate impacts on depression severity, socioeconomic outcomes, and several potential pathways. When combined, the interventions reduce depression severity, with benefits that persist after treatment concludes. Pharmacotherapy alone has a weaker effect that is only marginally significant and dissipates sooner. Depression treatment does not significantly increase earnings, consumption, or human capital investment in children. (JEL I12, I15, I18, J13, J22, J31, O15) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressed individuals hold negative schemas and experience less positivity in their lives. Network analyses suggest that this may be due to connectivity among negative concepts within depressed individuals' schemas. However, the extent to which positivity interacts with negativity in depressed persons' schemas has not been thoroughly assessed. Thus, we examined the interactive components of the Fear of Happiness Scale, a construct that examines negative emotions associated with happiness, in 966 individuals with depressive symptoms ranging from none to severe via a moderated network model. Patterns of connectivity differed by depressive symptom severity. Notably, as depressive symptoms increased, items representing avoidance and dampening of positivity with negative thoughts went from weakly, negatively connected at no depressive symptoms to strongly, positively connected at elevated depressive symptoms. In other words, individuals who experience higher levels of depressive symptoms devalue positivity in their semantic networks, demonstrating an opposite pattern to those without depressive symptoms. Future work should longitudinally examine other individual differences related to the devaluation of reward to ascertain how these individual differences directly contribute to and maintain depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic pain (CP) and thyroid hormones' (TH) abnormalities are associated with depression, but the impact of pain and TH fluctuation on the response to depression treatment is uncertain. Eighty-eight patients with major depression were evaluated before and after 6 months of specific treatment, through scales of symptoms' severity (HAM-D-17), psychomotor disturbance (CORE), and quality of life (WHOQOL-Bref). We reviewed psychiatric medications and measured TSH, T3 and T4. We used Generalized Estimating Equations to assess the interaction effect between CP and treatment time on depression severity and TH levels, and Bonferroni to compare means. 47.7 % of the patients had CP. Patients with and without CP did not differ at baseline. At follow-up, those with CP experienced a more modest decrease in symptoms' severity and no improvement in any domain of psychomotor disturbance, contrasting with a decrease of over 40 % from the baseline values of CORE in patients without CP (non-CP). Initial and final scores were respectively: HAM-D CP 24.06 and 19.3, Δ = -4.75; HAM-D non-CP 22.92 and 14.7, Δ = -8.21; CORE CP 5.36 and 5.24, Δ = -0.12; CORE non-CP 5.8 and 3.22, Δ = -2.57. There was no interaction with TH or life quality. Model adjustments for psychotropic drugs received and sensitivity analysis excluding somatic symptoms from severity scales did not impact the results. Findings may not replicate in mildly depressed patients from primary care. Pain scales were not applied. Individuals with chronic pain showed a suboptimal response to depression treatment, regardless of the medications used or TH levels. • Patients with chronic pain have worse outcomes in the treatment of depression. • Psychomotor disturbance is often refractory in depressed patients with chronic pain. • The role of thyroid hormones in pain and depression remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evolutionary psychiatry tries to explain paradoxical high psychiatric disorders and symptoms prevalence by means of evolutionary biology, but testing their hypotheses is often problematic. Social Navigation Hypothesis (SNH) belongs to the evolutionary hypotheses of depressive disorder. It assumes two mechanisms of increasing fitness by depressive signs and symptoms: social rumination function (depressed person is thinking intensely, trying to solve his/her social problems; in contrast to research demonstrating that depressed person usually manages with social challenges worse than healthy people) and social motivation function. The latter postulates that depressive behavior, by diminishing the fitness of surrounding people, forces them to help for depressed person to terminate the fitness-reducing episode. Social motivation function is discussed according to John Maynard Smith's idea of evolutionarily stable strategy. On that base two simple mathematical models are constructed. Results: SNH can theoretically describe an evolutionarily stable strategy (the precondition is the relation between the duration time of the episode and remission given by a certain formula), but the prediction of SNH (episode duration shortened with the patient's age) is contrary to epidemiological data. Presented models, based on simplistic mathematical assumptions, don't take into account kin selection and inclusive fitness. Conclusions: SNH cannot explain the high prevalence of depressive symptoms and depressive disorder. Falsification was possible only due to the mathematical formulation of the previously descriptively formulated hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is considerable evidence that simple, cost-effective, non-pharmaceutical strategies can be readily implemented to improve outcomes in the treatment of depression. It is estimated that 4.4% of the world's population suffers from depression. Despite being a major public health concern and the availability of both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, many depressed people remain undiagnosed and receive no or inappropriate treatment. Several possible underlying factor of treatment gap can be identified in relation to pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy of depression, including side effects, partial remission, treatment-resistant depression and the limited availability of psychotherapy. In addition to developing new therapeutic options, much more could be done to optimise the use of existing therapies, including combining available drug treatments with quick, simple and cost-effective nonpharmacological methods: low-intensity psychological interventions, online self-help tools and lifestyle medicine. In addition to increasing the effectiveness of treatments, prevention is equally important: awareness programs to further reduce the treatment gap, and community dissemination of the life skills that help maintain positive mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency of malnutrition among less than2-year-old children of depressed mother presented to HMC. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Psychiatry Unit, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar. Period: July 2021 to February 2022. Material & Methods: A sample size 364 mothers were selected through random sampling technique. Data was collected on a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 24 for windows. Results: Mean age of mothers were 26±3 SD. Among 364 women, 130(35.72%) were normal, 125(34.34%) were having moderate depression and 109(29.94%) were having severe depression. Nutritional status of their children showed 88(24.18%) normal children, 152(41.75%) were moderate and 124(34.06%) were having severe malnutrition. Depression showed significant association with child nutrition. Conclusion: Depression in women is the major cause of malnutrition in first two year of child life. Effective strategies especially during postnatal period can help to alleviate the depression in women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parental depression increases risk for anxiety and depression in offspring. The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a common risk period for onset of such disorders. However, relatively few studies have considered development of these disorders from childhood to adulthood including multiple assessments during this transition period. Method: Offspring of depressed parents aged 9–17 years at baseline were followed prospectively for 13 years (n = 337). Average length of follow‐up was 16 months between the first and second waves, 13 months between the second and third, and 8 years between the third and fourth. Current (3‐month) psychopathology was assessed at each wave using diagnostic interviews. We derived estimates of 3‐month prevalence, age at first diagnosis, course and comorbidity of disorders. Social functioning in adult life was assessed at the final wave and we assessed how prior and current disorder impacted adult functioning. Results: A quarter of young people met criteria for a mood disorder and a third for anxiety disorder at least once. Mood and anxiety disorder prevalence increased from 4.5% and 15.8% respectively in childhood (9–11 years) to 22.3% and 20.9% respectively by age 23–28. Increased prevalence across the transition from adolescence to adulthood was particularly marked in males, while prevalence increased earlier in adolescence in females. Age at first diagnosis varied widely (mood disorder mean = 16.5 years (range 9–26); anxiety disorder mean = 14.5 years (range 9–28)). Over half (52%) reported functional impairment in early adulthood, 31% harmful alcohol use, and 10% self‐harm or a suicide attempt. Both previous and current mood or anxiety disorder were associated with functional impairment in early adulthood. Conclusions: There is a prolonged risk period for mood and anxiety disorders in this group, with prevalence peaking in early adulthood. This highlights the need for prolonged vigilance and effective targeted interventions in the offspring of depressed parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is a widespread and debilitating disorder, but developing effective treatments has proven challenging. Despite success in animal models, many treatments fail in human trials. While various factors contribute to this translational failure, standardization practices in animal research are often overlooked. This paper argues that certain standardization choices in behavioral neuroscience research on depression can limit the generalizability of results from rodents to humans. This raises ethical and scientific concerns, including animal waste and a lack of progress in treating human patients. To address these issues, animal ethics committees can establish reasonable expectations for preclinical research and highlight the impact of standardization on generalizability. Such efforts can help improve translation from animal models to human patients and ultimately benefit those suffering from depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The reasons for developing depression are not fully understood. However, it is known that the serotonergic system plays a role in the etiology, but the endocannabinoid system receives attention. Method: In this study, 161 patients with a depressive disorder and 161 healthy participants were examined for the distribution of the CNR1 rs4940353, 5‐HT2A rs6311, and 5‐HT1A rs6295 by high‐resolution melting genotyping. The concentration of arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) in the blood was measured by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Additionally, depression and anxiety symptoms were evaluated based on self‐questionnaires. Fifty‐nine patients participated in a second appointment to measure the concentration of AEA, 2‐AG, and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Results: We observed higher AEA and decreased 2‐AG concentrations in patients with depression compared to healthy participants. During the treatment, the concentrations of AEA and 2‐AG did not change significantly. In patients higher symptoms of anxiety correlated with lower concentrations of 2‐AG. Gender differences were found concerning increased 2‐AG concentration in male patients and increased anxiety symptoms in female patients. Genotypic variations of 5‐HT1A rs6295 and 5‐HT2A rs6311 are associated with altered serotonergic activity and serotonin content in patients. Conclusion: In conclusion, it seems that the endocannabinoid system, especially the endocannabinoids 2‐AG and AEA, and genetic variations of the 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT2A could play a role in patients with depression and may be involved in a depressive disorder. The present study showed an altered endocannabinoid system and the genetic variations of the 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT2A, and CNR1 genes in patients with a depressive disorder compared to healthy participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This meta-analysis assessed whether atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) and esketamine nasal spray (ESK-NS), which are mechanistically distinct, differ in antidepressant outcomes.Patients and Methods: Data were extracted from 12 trials of ESK-NS or AAPs in depressed patients (4276) with inadequate response or resistance to conventional antidepressants. Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score reductions from baseline and response rates (≥ 50% reduction) were analyzed.Results: At endpoint, the estimated MADRS score reduction of pooled ESK-NS arms was greater than pooled AAP arms (+9.16 points, p < 0.0001). The reduction also was greater in the pooled control arms of the ESK-NS trials than the pooled control arms of the AAP trials (+7.57 points, p < 0.0001). The mean difference in the reductions between pooled ESK-NS and control arms was 1.87 points greater than that between pooled AAP and control arms, but this difference was not significant (95% CI: − 4.49, 0.74, p = 0.16). Relative to their respective control arms, the mean difference in response rates was 25% for the pooled ESK-NS and 9% for the pooled AAP arms; the mean response rate was 16% greater in the pooled ESK-NS studies than the pooled AAP studies (p = 0.0004). Comparisons against specific AAPs showed mean differences in the MADRS score reductions at 1 week between the experimental and control arms that were numerically larger in the ESK-NS trials than in the aripiprazole trials (mean difference of 1.71 points, p = 0.06) and the brexpiprazole trials (mean difference of 2.05 points, p = 0.02).Conclusion: The ESK-NS arms showed numerically larger MADRS score reductions at week-1 and endpoint, and a significantly larger response rate compared with AAP arms. Prospective studies involving direct comparisons are warranted to compare the relative efficacy between these treatment regimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pain, muscle spasms, loss of muscle strength, and deteriorated posture adversely affect the patient's daily life activities and quality of life. Within the scope of this research, we aimed to elucidate pain, sleep quality, quality of life, and kinesiophobia levels in patients with lumbar disc herniation and to determine their relationship with depressive symptoms. The data of 74 patients who applied to our institution between 01/01/2020 – 01/04/2023 with a diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation have been analyzed retrospectively Sociodemographic information form (SIF), Nottingham Health Profile (NHP), Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale (TKS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Depression Scale (BDS), and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) were applied to the participants in the study. A statistically significant difference has been achieved between the groups in the VAS pain severity, TAMPA, Pittsburgh sleep quality scale, 1, 2 in the NSP scale, and the sub-dimensions of emotion, sleep, social, physical and energy (p<0.05). All scale scores of patients with depressive symptoms were higher than those without depressive symptoms. A statistically significant relationship existed between BDS scores and all scale scores (p<0.05). The patients' BDS scale score and VAS pain severity, TAMPA, NSP (pain), and NSP (physical) scale scores were low, Pittsburgh, NSP (emotion), NSP (sleep), NSP (social), NSP (energy), NSP 1. It was observed that there was a moderate relationship between the 2 scale scores. Regarding the outcomes of this research, one could say that depressive symptoms negatively affect sleeping patterns and the quality of life of patients with lumbar disc hernia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two distinct spaces can be seen as operating in a session—a private one in the analyst's mind, where formulations take shape, and one shared between patient and analyst, in which interpretations are offered. By maintaining a focus on the here and now in the latter space, taking care to protect it from intrusions from the analyst's theory except as hypotheses (in the form of interpretations derived from those formulations) aimed at eliciting unconscious responses that further the analytic inquiry, a basis for analytic work is established that aligns with ordinary scientific processes: theory is generated in the mind of the researcher, and hypotheses derived from it are tested systematically in a laboratory setting. Self-understanding that develops out of such an arrangement can then be seen as based on evidence, minimizing the role of suggestion. This line of thinking is illustrated with excerpts from the beginning of the analysis of a depressed patient. In developing areas of theory, when reliable evidence is particularly important, this way of working holds promise. In this case evidence was systematically gathered that led to the formulation of a model of internal racism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Whether and how psychotherapies change brain structure and function is unknown. Its study is of great importance for contemporary psychotherapy, as it may lead to discovery of neurobiological mechanisms that predict and mediate lasting changes in psychotherapy, particularly in severely mentally ill patients, such as those with chronic depression. Previous studies have shown that psychoanalytic psychotherapies produce robust and enduring improvements in not only symptom severity but also personality organization in patients who have chronic depression and early life trauma, especially if therapy is delivered at a high weekly frequency. Methods/design: Patients with chronic major depression and a history of early life trauma will be recruited, assessed, and treated across 3 international sites: Germany, Switzerland, and the United States. They will be randomized to one of two treatment arms: either (1) once weekly psychoanalytic psychotherapies, or (2) 3–4 times weekly psychoanalytic psychotherapies. They will have full clinical characterization as well as undergo MRI scanning at study baseline prior to randomization and again one year later. A group of matched healthy controls will undergo similar assessments and MRI scanning at the same time points to help discern whether study treatments induce brain changes toward or away from normal values. Primary study outcomes will include anatomical MRI, functional MRI, and Diffusion Tensor Imaging measures. Study hypotheses will be tested using the treatment-by-time interaction assessed in multiple general linear models with repeated measures analyses in an intent-to-treat analysis. Discussion: MODE may allow the identification of brain-based biomarkers that may be more sensitive than traditional behavioral and clinical measures in discriminating, predicting, and mediating treatment response. These findings could help to personalize care for patients who have chronic depression patients and early life trauma, and they will provide new therapeutic targets for both psychological and biological treatments for major depressive illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the impact factors of the COVID-19 epidemic on the mental health of patients with depression. Methods: The relevant data of 242 residents aged 18-50 years in a certain area were collected, 118 patients and 124 healthy people were analyzed by general information questionnaire, the PsychoSocial Index(PSI) questionnaire, Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) and Symptom Checklist 90(SCL-90). Compare the differences in social and psychological factors between the two groups. Then use logistic regression to evaluate the social and psychological influencing factors of depression patients during the epidemic. Results: Two results of logistic regression analysis showed that marital status, occupational status, abnormal pathological behavior, and utilization of support were still significantly associated with depression. Compared to working, unemployed/unemployed/retired, students are closely related to depression, followed by abnormal pathological behavior and utilization of support. Conclusion: Under the epidemic, depression groups lacking social relationships should actively pay attention to their mental health status and comprehensively enhance their social and psychological support. To avoid the exacerbation of psychological and psychological symptoms caused by the epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Magnetoencephalography (MEG) could explore and resolve brain signals with realistic temporal resolution to investigate the underlying electrophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and the treatment efficacy. Here, we explore whether neuro-electrophysiological features of MDD at baseline can be used as a neural marker to predict their early antidepressant response. Sixty-six medication-free patients with MDD and 48 healthy controls were enrolled and underwent resting-state MEG scans. Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD-17) was assessed at both baseline and after two-week pharmacotherapy. We measured local and large-scale resting-state oscillatory dysfunctions with a data-driven model, the Fitting Oscillations & One-Over F algorithm. Then, we quantified band-limited regional power and functional connectivity between brain regions. After two-week follow-up, 52 patients completed the re-interviews. Thirty-one patients showed early response (ER) to pharmacotherapy and 21 patients did not. Treatment response was defined as at least 50 % reduction of severity reflected by HAMD-17. We observed decreased regional periodic power in patients with MDD comparing to controls. However, patients with ER exhibited that functional couplings across brain regions in both alpha and beta band were increased and significantly correlated with severity of depressive symptoms after treatment. Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) further confirmed the predictive ability of baseline large-scale functional connectivity for early antidepressant efficacy (AUC = 0.9969). Relatively small sample size and not a double-blind design. The current study demonstrated the electrophysiological dysfunctions of local neural oscillatory related with depression and highlighted the identification ability of large-scale couplings biomarkers in early antidepressant response prediction. • Depressed patients with early antidepressant response (ER) showed decreased regional periodic power comparing to controls. • Depressed patients with ER showed increased alpha and beta functional couplings across brain regions than those without ER. • ROCs confirmed predictive ability of baseline large-scale functional connectivity for early antidepressant efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sex differences in the prevalence and clinical features of depression have been widely described. However, some authors argue that categorical diagnostic systems do not adequately capture the complexity of depression. The aim of this study was to examine sex differences in the symptom network structure of depressive symptoms among individuals with a major depressive episode. The study sample consisted of 510 participants (age 62.17 ± 14.43, 71.96 % women) from a nationwide study of the Spanish non-institutionalised adult population (Edad con Salud). To estimate the presence of a 12-month major depressive episode according to DSM-IV criteria, participants were administered an adapted version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). A network analysis was carried out to determine possible interrelationships between different depressive symptoms by sex. Men and women showed a similar overall structure and network strength. However, sex-specific variations emerged in relation to individual symptom associations and symptom centrality. Specifically, for individual symptom associations "loss of confidence" and "suicide attempts" were more strongly related in women, and "suicidal ideation" and "impaired thinking" in men. For symptom centrality, "anxiety" played a central role in men's symptomatology, whereas "hopelessness", "loss of confidence", "distress" and "slowness of movement" were the most central symptoms in the women's group. Reliance on cross-sectional data precludes us from determining the direction and temporality of the association between different symptoms. This study suggests that specific symptoms should be prioritised in the prevention, diagnosis assessment and treatment of depressed patients based on sex. • Depression is a highly heterogeneous disorder in terms of symptom profiles. • Sex-specific variations were found in relation to individual symptom associations. • Specific symptoms should be prioritised in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairment frequently accompanies first-episode major depressive disorder (MDD) in patients. Early detection and intervention for cognitive impairment can enhance the quality of life for individuals with depressive disorders. Impaired emotion recognition may serve as an initial manifestation of cognitive impairment in these patients. This study examines the characteristics of event-related potentials N170 and dysfunctional attitudinal questionnaire total scores, as well as each factor and their correlation, revealing characteristic electroencephalogram (EEG) changes associated with cognitive impairment in first-episode MDD patients. A total of 88 patients experiencing first-episode MDD and 29 healthy volunteers from the same period participated in the study. They underwent event-related potential N170 measures to assess mood recognition function, the 17-item Hamilton depression scale (HAMD-17) to evaluate the severity of depressive disorder, and the Dysfunctional Attitudes Scales(DAS) to appraise cognitive function. The dysfunctional attitude questionnaire's total score and each factor score were higher in the MDD group compared to the healthy control (HC) group. The MDD group exhibited lower amplitudes than the HC group at CZ, PZ, POZ, P7, PO7, P8, and PO8 electrode points. A correlation was identified between the P7 and PO7 electrode points of the event-related potential N170 and cognitive function. This study solely considered neutral face emotional stimuli and did not account for depressive disorder subtypes. Differences were observed between the MDD and HC groups in cognitive function and N170 amplitude in the central brain region (CZ, PZ, POZ), left posterior temporal region (P7), left occipitotemporal region (PO7), right posterior temporal region (P8), and right occipitotemporal region (PO8). Additionally, a correlation was found between N170 latency in the left posterior temporal region of the brain (P7) and the left occipitotemporal region (PO7) with cognitive function. • Disparities in cognitive attitudes and emotion recognition between MDD patients and healthy individuals; • Event-related potential N170 associated with cognitive function in patients with first-episode major depressive disorder; • The P7 and PO7 electrode sites can serve as objective physiological indicators for detecting cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: NLX-101 and NLX-204 are highly selective serotonin 5-HT1A 'biased' agonists, displaying potent and efficacious antidepressant-like activity upon acute administration in models such as the forced swim test. Methods: we compared the effects of repeated administration of NLX-101, NLX-204 and ketamine in the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression, considered to have high translational potential, on sucrose consumption (anhedonia measure), novel object recognition (NOR; working memory measure) and elevated plus maze (EPM; anxiety measure) in male Wistar and Wistar-Kyoto rats (the latter being resistant to classical antidepressants). Results: in Wistar rats, NLX-204 and NLX-101 (0.08–0.16 mg/kg i.p.), like ketamine (10 mg/kg i.p.) dose-dependently reversed CMS-induced sucrose intake deficit from treatment Day 1, with nearly full reversal observed at the higher dose at Days 8 and 15. These effects persisted for 3 weeks following treatment cessation. In the NOR test, both doses of NLX-101/NLX-204, and ketamine, rescued the deficit in discrimination index caused by CMS on Days 3 and 17; all three compounds increased time spent in open arms (EPM) but only NLX-204 achieved statistical significance on Days 2 and 16. In Wistar-Kyoto rats, all 3 compounds were also active in the sucrose test and, to a lesser extent, in the NOR and EPM. In non-stressed rats (both strains), the three compounds produced no significant effects in all tests. Conclusions: these observations further strengthen the hypothesis that biased agonism at 5-HT1A receptors constitutes a promising strategy to achieve rapid-acting/sustained antidepressant effects combined with activity against TRD, in addition to providing beneficial effects against memory deficit and anxiety in depressed patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Depression is defined as an extended period of time (at least two weeks) in which a person experiences a depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in activities those were once enjoyed. Current study was carried out the data of which can be used as baseline to study the future trends in this field. Objectives: To estimate the Prevalence of Depression in Geriatric Population and to classify the severity of Depression in elders. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out with an approval from Ethical committee of C. U. Shah Medical College, Surendranagar. We included 390 elderly persons of age group 60 years and above as our study participants. Results: In current study, mean age of participants was 65.54 + 5.08. Prevalence of geriatric depression was found to be 28% in current study. In our study education had significant association with depression with p value of 0.03(AOR: 0.55, CI: 0.33-0.92). Conclusion: In current study, prevalence of geriatric depression was found to be higher. So, there is a need to create awareness among the community about this mental health issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes organic damage as well as anxiety, depression, fear, and other psychological disorders, which seriously affect the quality of life and prognosis of patients and cause a huge economic burden to the family and society. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between an imbalance of serum Th1/Th2 indicators and psychiatric depression in elderly patients with COPD and analyze its implications for clinical management. METHODS: From January 2018 to May 2022, 120 elderly patients with COPD treated at our hospital were categorized into two groups based on the self-rating depression scale (SDS): COPD with depression (SDS score ⩾ 50) and COPD alone (SDS score < 50). Blood gas analysis, pulmonary function, and serum Th1/Th2 index were determined. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were analyzed to explore the diagnostic value of serum Th1/Th2 ratios for COPD complicated by depression. RESULTS: Compared with the group without depression, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and COPD assessment test scores were significantly higher, and the oxygenation index, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and percent predicted FEV1 were significantly lower in the COPD with depression group (P < 0.05). Interleukin (IL)-1 β , IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α) were significantly higher in the COPD with depression group than in the group without depression (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the imbalance of serum IL-1 β , IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF- α was a risk factor for mental depression in elderly patients with COPD. When comparing prognostic indices, the interval before the first onset of clinically noticeable deterioration (CID-C) in the COPD with depression group was noticeably shorter than that in the COPD without depression group; the incidence of CID-C within 6 months was noticeably higher in the COPD with depression group than in the group without depression. CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with COPD and depression had reduced pulmonary function and higher serum Th1/Th2 levels, and an imbalance in serum Th1/Th2 indicators was a potential risk factor for depression. Moreover, elderly patients with COPD and depression were at a higher risk of disease progression and had a worse prognosis. Thus, an imbalance in serum Th1/Th2 indicators is a potential prognostic factor for evaluating depression in patients with COPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Songwriting is widely used in individual music therapy but less often in groups. This article draws on the authors' experience of facilitating music therapy groups for adults with severe depression using songwriting. This work was part of the SYNCHRONY study, funded by the National Institute for Health Research, to assess the feasibility of conducting a randomised controlled trial of group music therapy with a songwriting component for patients with long-term depression (1 year or longer) within the community. The authors (all music therapists in the study) describe their experiences and reflections on the group processes and use of songwriting, drawing on semi-structured interviews conducted as part of the study. Themes of the work included pre-composed songs as a more accessible way to talk about difficult experiences, musical improvisation enabling an environment for songwriting, the impact of difficulties in attendance on group cohesion and the songwriting process, building confidence through song development and recording, and considerations around the end process and creating the song album. These are illustrated with clinical vignettes. Some recommendations for practice are also offered. The authors hope to identify the potentials and challenges of a songwriting approach in a community mental health context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a chronic and long-lasting illness affecting approximately 2% of the population. Up to 40%–60% of patients with OCD do not have satisfactory outcomes, thereby leading to disability in performing daily routine activities. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) provides a substitute for old-fashioned psychotherapies, as it involves the client directly experiencing the problematic emotion, that is, anxiety and obsessions in the case of OCD. Aim: To observe the effect of ACT on patients with OCD and compare its effect on obsessive compulsive symptoms, thought control, thought and action fusion, acceptance and action, and depression. Materials and Methods: A total of 62 patients diagnosed with OCD as per Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) in the age range between 18 and 60 years, having duration of illness less than two years, both male and female, literate and illiterate, hailing from rural and urban background, were included in the study. For pre- and post-assessment Yale-Brown Obsessive and Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), acceptance and commitment questionnaire, thought control questionnaire, and thought and action fusion questionnaire were used in this study, and ACT was used for management of OCD. Results: There is a significant difference between the groups treated with ACT and those treated as usual, on every domain of thought control questionnaire (TCQ) -- distraction (t = 9.07), social control (t = 11.13), worry (t = 11.93), punishment (t = 16.78), and re-appraisal (t = 16.47). Significance is also seen in the thought and action fusion in the moral domain (t = 16.22), the likelihood domain (t = 16.49), and others (t = 9.23). On Y-BOCS, HDRS, and acceptance and action questionnaire (AAQ) both groups show a significant difference between each other. Conclusion: The findings of the present study indicate that ACT is a productive method for patients with OCD as it encourages the patient to accept and integrate their lived experiences, challenges effective responses, and recognizes and eliminates the controlling dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objective: Postpartum Depression (PPD) is a frequently ignored birth-related consequence. Social network analysis can be used to address this issue because social media network serves as a platform for their users to communicate with their friends and share their opinions, photos, and videos, which reflect their moods, feelings, and sentiments. In this work, the depression of delivered mothers is identified using the PPD score and segregated into control and depressed groups. Recently, to detect depression, deep learning methods have played a vital role. However, these methods still do not clarify why some people have been identified as depressed. Methods: We have developed Attribute Selection Hybrid Network (ASHN) to detect the postpartum depression diagnoses framework. Later analysis of the post of mothers who have been confirmed with the score calculated by the experts of the field using physiological questionnaire score. The model works on the analysis of the attributes of the negative Facebook posts for Depressed user Diagnosis, which is a large general forum. This framework explains the process of analyzing posts containing Sentiment, depressive symptoms, and reflective thinking and suggests psycho-linguistic and stylistic attributes of depression in posts. Results: The experimental results show that ASHN works well and is easy to understand. Here, four attribute networks based on psychological studies were used to analyze the different parts of posts by depressed users. The results of the experiments show the extraction of psycho-linguistic markers-based attributes, the recording of assessment metrics including Precision, Recall and F1 score and visualization of those attributes were used title-wise as well as words wise and compared with daily life, depression and postpartum depressed people using Word cloud. Furthermore, a comparison to a reference with Baseline and ASHN model was carried out. Conclusions: Attribute Selection Hybrid Network (ASHN) mimics the importance of attributes in social media posts to predict depressed mothers. Those mothers were anticipated to be depressed by answering a questionnaire designed by domain experts with prior knowledge of depression. This work will help researchers look at social media posts to find useful evidence for other depressive symptoms. Highlights: A novel hybrid attribute selection model has been proposed for the prediction of Post-Partum Depression. Attribute Hybrid Networks have been tested on a unique dataset that includes both the PDSS questionnaire and social media posts of the recruited individuals. The model applies a depression theory to select each attribute using interconnected neural networks and a post-level attention layer. The experimental results demonstrate that the Attribute Selection Hybrid Network outperforms other baseline models. The study employs title- and word-wise word clouds visualization to compare daily life, depression, and postpartum depression. The proposed Attribute Selection Hybrid Networks model is also capable of predicting various mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Anxiety and depression are psychosomatic disorders that are frequently observed in chronic conditions such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Anxiety and depression can be induced by immunological and neurotransmitter dysregulation, which is characterized by hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis dysfunction, production of proinflammatory cytokines, and activation of complement in the blood, such as C3 and C4. The causes of anxiety and depression in SLE are complex, ranging from neuropsychiatric involvement to drug adverse effects. Detecting anxiety and depression symptoms in SLE patients is critical to preventing disability from impacting quality of life. Objective: To assess the relationship between anxiety and depression symptomatology, SLE disease activity with levels of C3 and C4 in Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The study included 120 SLE patients from Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital, aged 18 to 60 years. All patients were requested to complete a Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) questionnaire to assess their anxiety and depression symptoms. Subjects with anxiety and depression were assessed for disease activity using the Mexican Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Systemic Disease Activity (Mex-SLEDAI), and blood samples were collected to test complement C3 and C4 levels. Spearman's correlation test was used to examine the relationship between HADS scores, Mex-SLEDAI, and C3 and C4 levels. Results: The results of the study showed a very weak statistically significant negative correlation between anxiety symptoms based on HADS and C3 levels (r = -0.189; p = 0.038) and a weak correlation between anxiety symptoms and C4 levels (r = -204; p = 0.026). Depressive symptoms based on HADS revealed a very poor connection and no statistical significance with levels of C3 (r = -0.056; p = 0.546) and C4 (r = -0.068; p = 0.461). Anxiety (r = 0.06; p = 0.173) and depression (r = 0.031; p = 0.753) symptoms have a weak and insignificant positive connection with SLE activity. Conclusion: C3 and C4 serum levels appeared to decrease when the presence of anxious symptoms increased. There was no significant correlation in SLE disease activity between anxious and depressed patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major depressive disorder is a global psychiatric condition characterized by persistent low mood and anhedonia, which seriously jeopardizes the physical and mental well-being of affected individuals. While various hypotheses have been proposed to explicate the etiology of depression, the precise pathogenesis and effective treatment of this disorder remain elusive. Mitochondria, as the primary organelles responsible for cellular energy production, possess the ability to meet the essential energy demands of the brain. Research indicated that the accumulation of damaged mitochondria is associated with the onset of depression. Mitophagy, a type of cellular autophagy, specifically targets and removes excess or damaged mitochondria. Emerging evidence demonstrated that mitophagy dysfunction was involved in the progression of depression, and several pharmacological interventions that stimulating mitophagy exerted excellent antidepressant actions. We provided an overview of updated advancements on the regulatory mechanism of mitophagy and the mitophagy abnormality in depressed patients and animals, as well as in cell models of depression. Meanwhile, various therapeutic strategies to restore mitophagy for depression alleviation were also discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A commonly used measure to assess mixed features in depressed patients is the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), which only partially aligns with the DSM-5 criteria. Different algorithms on the YMRS have been used to approximate the DSM-5 mixed features criteria. In the present report from the Rhode Island Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Services (MIDAS) project, we examined the agreement and validity of different approaches towards assessing the mixed features specifier. Three hundred nine depressed psychiatric patients were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, the DSM-5 Mixed Features Specifier Interview (DMSI) and the YMRS. Seven definitions of mixed features were examined, two based on the DMSI and five from the YMRS. The prevalence of mixed features varied 8-fold amongst the 7 definitions. The level of agreement between the YMRS definitions and the DMSI was poor. For each definition, mixed features were significantly more common in patients with bipolar disorder than major depressive disorder. A family history of bipolar disorder was significantly associated with the DMSI assessment of mixed features but none of the YMRS approaches. The ratings on the measures were not independent of each other. The sample size was too small to compare the patients with bipolar I and bipolar II disorder. While there was evidence of validity for both the DSM-5 and YMRS approaches towards identifying mixed features, the 2 approaches are not interchangeable. The algorithm on the YMRS used to classify patients has a significant impact on prevalence. • The Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) only partially aligns with the DSM-5 mixed features criteria. • Different algorithms on the YMRS have been used to approximate the DSM-5 mixed features criteria. • The prevalence of mixed features varied 8-fold amongst different definitions. • The level of agreement between the YMRS proxies and an interview for the DSM-5 specifier was poor. • The DSM-5 and YMRS 2 approaches towards assessing mixed features are not interchangeable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders and a leading cause of disability worldwide. In adults, depression is characterized by decreased vagal activity (vagally-mediated heart rate variability; vmHRV), while vmHRV is inversely correlated with depressive symptoms. In children/adolescents, a 2016 synthesis (4 studies, 259 individuals) found similarly decreased vmHRV in clinical depression, but no significant association between depressive symptoms and vmHRV (6 studies, 2625 individuals). Given the small number of studies previously considered for synthesis and the rapidly growing evidence base in this area, a meta-analytic update was warranted. A previous review was updated by a systematic literature search to identify studies that (a) compared vmHRV in clinically depressed children/adolescents with non-depressed controls and (b) reported associations between vmHRV and depression severity. The search update identified 5 additional studies for group comparison (k = 9 studies in total, n = 608 individuals in total) and 15 additional studies for correlational meta-analysis (k = 21 studies in total, n = 4224 individuals in total). Evidence was found for lower resting-state vmHRV in clinically depressed children/adolescents compared to healthy controls (SMD = −0.593, 95 % CI [−1.1760; −0.0101], I 2 = 90.92 %) but not for a significant association between vmHRV and depressive symptoms (r = −0.053, 95 % CI [−0.118; 0.012], I 2 = 65.77 %). Meta-regression revealed a significant association between depressive symptoms and vmHRV as a function of sex. The samples considered are highly heterogeneous. Data on the longitudinal association between vmHRV and depression are currently lacking. The present findings support the use of vmHRV as a biomarker for clinical depression in children/adolescents. • Depression is linked with reduced vagally-mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV). • We updated our previous systematic review on this link in children and adolescents. • We found lower resting vmHRV in clinically depressed minors versus healthy controls. • The link between depressive symptom severity and vmHRV varies as a function of sex. • Clinical implications and suggestions for future research are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to understand thoughts and feelings of others. Significant heterogeneity exists for the strength of the association between depression and ToM performance. To clarify these relations, two studies of depressed and nondepressed adults investigate cross-sectional associations of four latent depression factors (i.e., somatic symptoms, depressed affect, positive affect, and interpersonal problems) to two aspects of ToM (reasoning vs. decoding). Study 1 investigated associations between depression factors and reasoning ToM (N = 258), and Study 2 investigated associations between depression factors and decoding ToM (N = 219). In Study 1, the interpersonal problems factor was negatively related to reasoning ToM, though in Study 2, no consistent associations emerged between depression and decoding ToM. Study 2 also replicated a novel approach to assessing valence with the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. This investigation was primarily limited by cross-sectional designs, self-report, and online delivery of measures. Findings emphasize the heterogeneity of ToM as a construct and identify targets for clinical intervention, with specific focus on bolstering reasoning ToM skills. • Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to understand others' thoughts and feelings. • ToM has two processes: instantaneous decoding ToM and deliberative reasoning ToM. • In depressed adults, ToM deficits were observed on the MASC, a reasoning ToM task. • Of four latent depression factors, interpersonal problems was key to ToM deficits. • Tailored depression interventions may aim to improve reasoning ToM skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Negative stressful life events and deprivation of social support play critical roles in the development and maintenance of major depressive disorder (MDD). The present study aimed to investigate in a large sample of patients with MDD and healthy control participants (HCs) whether these effects are also reflected in white matter (WM) integrity. In this diffusion tensor imaging study, 793 patients with MDD and 793 age- and sex-matched HCs were drawn from the Marburg-Münster Affective Disorders Cohort Study (MACS) and completed the Life Events Questionnaire (LEQ) and Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ). Generalized linear models were performed to test voxelwise associations between fractional anisotropy (FA) and diagnosis (analysis 1), LEQ (analysis 2), and SSQ (analysis 3). We examined whether SSQ interacts with LEQ on FA or is independently associated with improved WM integrity (analysis 4). Patients with MDD showed lower FA in several frontotemporal association fibers compared with HCs (p TFCE-FWE =.028). Across both groups, LEQ correlated negatively with FA in widely distributed WM tracts (p TFCE-FWE =.023), while SSQ correlated positively with FA in the corpus callosum (p TFCE-FWE =.043). Modeling the combined association of both variables on FA revealed significant—and antagonistic—main effects of LEQ (p TFCE-FWE =.031) and SSQ (p TFCE-FWE =.037), but no interaction of SSQ × LEQ. Our results indicate that negative stressful life events and social support are both related to WM integrity in opposing directions. The associations did not differ between patients with MDD and HCs, suggesting more general, rather than depression-specific, mechanisms. Furthermore, social support appears to contribute to improved WM integrity independent of stressful life events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Suicidal ideation is one of the strongest predictors of suicide, and its relevance to impulsivity in depressed patients has been accumulated. Furthermore, high impulsivity patients show the attenuation of the Nogo amplitude in the GoNogo event-related potential (ERP). The purpose of the current study is to determine the correlation of Nogo ERP to the suicidal ideation depending on the condition of its presence or absence in major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Methods: A total 162 participants (104 patients with suicidal ideation, 31 patients without suicidal ideation, and 27 healthy controls) were recruited, and performed GoNogo tasks during the electroencephalogram measurement. Depression, anxiety, suicidal ideation and impulsivity were assessed by self-rating scales. The clinical measures, behavioral data and Nogo ERP were compared among groups. Results: The MDD with suicidal ideation (SI) group showed significantly decreased Nogo P3 amplitudes compared to MDD without SI (Fz and Cz electrodes) and control group (all electrodes). The MDD with SI group also had significantly low accuracy of both Go and Nogo trails, compared to the MDD without group. The Nogo P3 amplitudes showed the negative relation to the scores of impulsivity, depression, anxiety and SI. Conclusion: Our results concluded that the Nogo P3 ERP amplitude was decreased in MDD patients with SI compared to MDD patients without SI and controls. These findings suggest that the decreased Nogo P3 amplitude is the one of the candidate biomarker for impulsivity in MDD patients to evaluating SI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depressed patients report more severe cognitive impairment than is detectable by neuropsychological tests because they may underestimate their cognitive performance. Alternatively, it is possible that cognitive impairment primarily occurs under everyday life conditions as referred to in most questionnaires. The aim of the present study is to investigate the validity of self-reports in patients with major depression in order to better understand the pronounced impairment in self-reports. We investigated 58 patients with major depression and 28 heathy control participants. We administered the "Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry" (SCIP) to assess cognitive performance, the "Questionnaire for Cognitive Complaints" (FLei), and the newly developed scale for "Self-Perception of Cognitive Performance in everyday life and test settings" to ask for the self-assessed cognitive performance in everyday life and in a test situation more specifically. Depressed patients showed an inferior test performance and reported much more general everyday life related cognitive problems compared to healthy participants. When asked more specifically for their cognitive performance in the test-situation compared to others and compared to everyday life, they did not report more test-related and everyday life related impairment than healthy participants did. Results might be influenced by comorbidity. These results have implications for the assessment of subjective cognitive performance of depressed patients and shed light on the negative effects of general versus more specific recall of autobiographical information. • Depressed patients showed an inferior test performance. • They reported much more general everyday life related cognitive problems. • Development of a novel scale to ask specifically for own test performance • When asked more specifically they do not over-report cognitive deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]