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The transition of traditional sports to date has been either in the direction of international sports or tourism resources or toward complete disappearance of such sports. However, in recent years, a phenomenon has begun to emerge, particularly among young people, in which extreme activities that include the dangerous aspects inherent in traditional sports have come to be seen as "extreme sports." This focus on the extremes of traditional sports can be seen on the online site Red Bull TV, owned by Red Bull, which sells energy drinks and actively sponsors extreme sports. One of its channels, Archaic Festivals, offers extensive coverage of traditional sports from around the world with extreme elements. Six traditional sports included in its programming are Royal Shrovetide Football, Cascamorras, Onbashira, Gaucho Games, Gotad Ad Kiangan, and Tapati Rapa Nui. Red Bull is widely known for promoting extreme sports and commercializing various sports on the basis of their extreme aspects. However, this has led to the exclusion of some activities, such as opportunities for young people to come into contact with traditional sports in such a way that might lead to knowledge about their cultural inheritance. From a researcher's perspective, examining this issue by approaching the extremeness common to traditional and extreme sports may explain why young people are drawn to traditional sports with extremes. In this study, the extremes common to both traditional and extreme sports that attract young people were captured using video footage from six Archaic Festivals videos as reference material and examined on the basis of three elements: "Transcendental Experience and Spirituality," "Awareness of Dangers," and "Praise of Bravery." This study also investigated how the experiences of young people who seek extremes can play a role in passing on the legacy of traditional sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kingdoms of Kandy (now Sri Lanka) and Ayutthaya (now Thailand) were briefly connected across Indian Ocean waters in the mid-eighteenth century by Dutch East India Company (hereafter VOC) traders, leading to the importation of valuable Siamese Buddhist monks and their ordination lineage to the island. Two series of events related to the VOC's search for and delivery of these monks demonstrate that the patronage of connected religious dynamics—not just the contingencies of trade, land, labour, and statecraft—was an essential aspect of Company business. At the same time, mediating Buddhist connection was a dangerous, sometimes perilous undertaking. Analysing VOC records alongside Laṅkān and Siamese historical chronicles and travelogues reveals that what were initially friendly connections at first necessitated, and later intensified certain forms of danger. We begin with perilous shipwrecks and diplomatic impasses across monsoon waters that eventually led to the restoration of an important but defunct Kandyan Buddhist ordination lineage, and conclude with the aftermath of a failed assassination attempt in 1760 against the royal patron of that lineage transmission. I advance the notion of "dangerous friendships" to characterise how Buddhist courts and European traders worked together to first generate, and then exploit, friendly religious connections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background It is not clear, if modern Konik Polski horses have retained the ability to identify sounds in terms of danger. The aim of the study was to identify differences in their behaviour in response to the reproduction of volcanic eruption and sea storm sounds, assumed to be unfamiliar to these horses, as compared to their response to a thunderclap sound, considered by the horses as potentially dangerous. The study included 13 adult mares of the Konik Polski breed, kept under a free-range system. Their behavioural responses to the reproduction of the three natural sounds with an intensity of over 50 dB, were registered. They were analysed distance of each horse to the central point of the pasture and to the exit from the enclosure, and time and/or frequencies of elements of behaviour categorised as: increased anxiety (walking, trotting and cantering), vigilance (snoring, vocalisation, high head position, high tail position, sticking together), foraging (time of grazing), comfort (playing, examining the surroundings, sniffing), maintenance of hygiene (rubbing against objects, auto- or allogrooming, rolling) and resting. The obtained data were analysed by the Dwass, Steel and Critchlow-Fligner method using the SAS program. Results Most of analysed elements increased in response to reproduced sounds and decreased after sounds were stop playing (p

And during the pandemic, the state continued to promote the security of society by amending the normative act. Taking into account the fact that the criminal policy has as a segment the supervision of the criminal law, we are witnessing its modification by incriminating some crimes or penalizing others.

The author discusses the importance of criminal justice protection in the Republic of Serbia in reducing the risk of disasters. The main assumption is that criminal law also has an impact on the valid application of disaster risk reduction rules, apropos, their prevention. The analysis begins with a theoretical determination of the character of the criminal response (subsidiarity, general and special prevention), then clarifying the meaning of certain terms that constitute a risk reduction system, that are part of the country's national security system (disasters, accidents, emergencies, calamities, etc). We will analyze crimes such as Aggravated larceny committed during a fire, flood, earthquake or other calamity, failure to take part in eliminating a general hazard, and for this area characteristic of crimes against the environment and general safety of people and property. Prescribing these crimes (in addition to the provisions of the Law on disaster risk reduction and emergency management), expands the possibilities of protection against injury or endangerment of goods "affected by disasters". These incriminations further "strengthen" citizens' obligations as subjects of a disaster risk reduction system. Given the importance of security culture in this area, we will examine the adequacy of existing criminal regulations and consider the possible need to change existing or introduce new incriminations. A review will also be given on the reasons for delegating jurisdiction over these occurrences.

An effective approach to solving the problem of reducing man-made hazards is the use of specialized systems for forecasting and minimizing risks. The theoretical basis for hazard assessment is probabilistic safety analysis (IAB). The most common method of assessing the danger and accident is the development of formalized models of events is the use of logical-probabilistic models“failure tree”(FTA) and“event tree”(ETA). These methods are widely used in the world to analyze the risk of accidents at facilities with increased levels of danger. They are used both for the preliminary analysis of safety during the development of recommendations for reducing the level of risk and for investigating the causes of accidents at hazardous facilities. In Ukraine, such methods are used in thedevelopment of safety declarations for high-risk facilities. Considering a great number of hazards inherent in the operation of main pipelines, it is important to understand which of these risks are most critical. The specifics of their operation is directly related to the risk of cascading accidents. The purpose of the work is to establish criteria and assess the danger of accidents at the compressor station of the main gas pipeline.

Изучается научная дефиниция «информационно-психологическая безопасность» как проблемное поле пересечения информационной и психологической безопасности. Научно обосновано, что информационно-психологическая безопасность личности – это сегмент вопроса общей безопасности. Актуализированы научные представления о проблемах информационной безопасности и психологической опасности. Анализируются разные подходы к проблеме информационно-психологической безопасности личности: безопасность как чувство защищенности личности; отсутствие угроз; умение управлять собой; наличие социального опыта. Определены и сопоставлены объекты психологической и информационной безопасности. Доказано, что информационно-психологическая безопасность входит в категорию «Психологическая безопасность личности». Обосновано положение, что информационно-психологическая безопасность состоит из возможности личности противостоять негативному влиянию социума. В заключение выделены направления развития информационно-психологической безопасности: способности определять и противодействовать негативному информационно-психологическому воздействию и психологическая безопасность личности.

Abstract The role of implicit processes during police-civilian encounters is well studied from the perspective of the police. Decades of research on the “shooter bias” suggests that implicit Black-danger associations potentiate the perception of threat of Black individuals, leading to a racial bias in the decision to use lethal force. Left understudied are civilians’ possible associations of police with danger and how such associations pervade behavior and explicit views of the police. The current work begins to address this gap. In two within-subjects studies, we separately assess police-threat (i.e., safety/danger) and police-valence (i.e., good/bad) associations as well as their relative influences on explicit perceptions of police. Study 1 revealed that implicit threat evaluations (police-danger associations) more strongly predicted negative explicit views of the police compared to implicit valence evaluations (police-negative associations). Study 2 replicated these findings and suggests that individuals evaluate the police as more dangerous versus negative when each response is pitted against each other within single misattribution procedure trials. The possible implications for explicit attitudes toward police reform and behavior during police-civilian encounters are discussed.

The present paper addresses the formal perspective of information with the focus on ‘untrue’ information presented as dangerous. Grounded in perspectivism, the epistemic subject is understood as decisive in informational transfer. In this context, ethics should focus on how the epistemic subject receives information. Regarding wide-spread information, the notions of danger and safety, the latter being a reaction to the former, essentially result from the fear mechanism of affective neural systems in higher mammals. The practice of attaining safety by eliminating danger is analyzed through the Nietzschean metaphor of the Apollonian and the Dionysian and the concept of ressentiment. Focusing on the individual, the paper presents a critique of systemized authoritative management of speech content, intensified by the emergence of social media. It is asserted that, by reacting to danger through the systematization of prevention and regulation of speech, it not only affirms fear but also decreases the faculties of an individual to deal with danger and fear itself. The paper argues that the only way to overcome danger and fear is through the individual’s exposure to it, which allows for the strengthening of one’s faculties, thus fulfilling one’s potential in freedom.

Almost all the states of the world community have territories along which railroad tracks pass. In a number of states, these railway lines pass through forests. As known, railway facilities are a source of anthropogenic load on forested areas. This causes the occurrence of forest fires near railway infrastructure. For medium-term and long-term prediction of forest fire danger, it is often necessary to process data on the forest fire retrospective. In this paper, the processing of statistical data on forest fires has been carried out by using cluster analysis. The purpose of the study is cluster analysis and processing of statistical data on forest fires near the infrastructure facilities of Russian Railways in the context of assessing and predicting forest fire danger. Main objectives: 1) collecting data from forestries; 2) preparing samples; 3) classifying two sets of samples; 4) analysing clusters obtained. In the work, data processing has been carried out for a typical territory of the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation), along which the railway passes. Hierarchical clustering algorithms have been used for data processing. The initial information for data processing has included meteorological parameters, forest stands description, statistical data on forest fires and data on the location of railway infrastructure facilities. By using the QGIS software, digital maps have been built showing the spatial distribution of forest fire clusters near the railway infrastructure, forest conditions and typical meteorological conditions. Based on the results of the work, conclusions and proposals have been formulated on the use of cluster analysis in predicting forest fire danger. An analysis of the spatial distribution of forest fire clusters over the territory of the Zaigraevsky district of the Republic of Buryatia shows that a large number of forest fire clusters are located near the railway infrastructure. In fact, railway facilities are a serious source of anthropogenic load. In the future, it is necessary to define the so-called buffer zones near railway infrastructure facilities, whose forested areas require careful attention when predicting forest fire danger. The results of cluster analysis confirm the data of descriptive analysis for a number of positions. For example, forest fires occur near railway infrastructure, which is explained by the presence of attractive points in forest areas due to logging, hunting, picking berries and mushrooms, as well as recreational pressure. As a result of the descriptive analysis, reasonable assumptions have been made and explanations have been given for the presence of local maxima of forest fires for the period 2016-2020, as well as during the fire danger season. The article also presents a plan for further research in this direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineered nanomaterials are a broad class of materials with the potential for breakthrough applications in many sectors of society not least in medicine. Consequently, safety assessment of nanomaterials and nano‐enabled products with respect to human health and the environment is of key importance. To this end, the biological interactions of nanoscale materials must be understood. Here, the dual "identities" of nanomaterials, namely, the material‐intrinsic properties or synthetic identity and the acquired, context‐dependent properties or biological identity, are discussed in relation to nanomaterial interactions with the immune system, our main defense against foreign intrusion. Specifically, we address whether macrophages and other innate immune cells respond to the synthetic identity or the biological identity of nanomaterials, that is, the surface adsorbed proteins and/or other biomolecules known as the bio‐corona, or both? This article is categorized under:Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The self‐non‐self model and the danger model are designed to understand how an immune response is induced. These models are not meant to predict if an immune response may succeed or fail in destroying/controlling its target. However, these immunological models rely on either self‐antigens or self‐dendritic cells for understanding of central tolerance, which have been discussed by Fuchs and Matzinger in response to Al‐Yassin. In an attempt to address some questions that these models are facing when it comes to understanding central tolerance, I propose that the goal of negative selection in the thymus is to eliminate defective T cells but not self‐reactive T cells. Therefore, any escape from negative selection could increase lymphopenia because of the depletion of defective naïve T cells outside the thymus, as seen in the elderly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gümüshane Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Gumushane University, Faculty of Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To begin with, we confront the idea of risk with that of danger in the field of gambling: within the framework of a theory of action, taking a risk implies taking a bet that can be won or lost, such as in business or in the challenges that legendary heroes take on. That is the main reason of players’ attraction for the bets, as the sociologist Erving Goffman studied. Now, pathological gambling is a disorder Ludopathy is a mental-behavioral disorder that involves danger: an addiction to uncontrolled gambling with dire personal consequences. The methodology we apply examines three types of social discourses: regulative (legal, administrative, etc.) by which gambling is regulated in Spain; endogenous (testimony of the protagonists of this disorder); exogenous (social representations in literature, cinema or advertising). We propose the thesis that the seduction of immoderate risk endangers the mental health of compulsive gamblers and is a social trauma that different lobbies stimulate and public administrations try to control within the framework of a power struggle. On the other hand, we note that the data related to Spanish legislation regarding gambling has been modified in recent months and that in some respects its application is still in process at the present time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"'Madame, je vous supplie de me conseiller lequel il vault myeulx, ou parler ou mourir'" (75), asks Amadour at a key moment in the Heptaméron's tenth novella. It is a loaded question, and one that continues a chain of conversations about the relationship between speaking, silence, and death. In the Heptaméron , speech and danger coexist, and modify one another as both restorative and destructive. In this article, I will read four novellas in which speech and/or silence play a central role in the intrigue and outcome of the tale, and in which the stakes of speaking or remaining silent are very high. In each novella, the trope appears with intensity, but the outcome of what I will call the parler/mourir dichotomy is different in each situation, and reflects the complexity of the situations that these novellas represent. Marguerite shows that speech can perpetuate power, can heal and promote justice, or be deadly. In another instance, she demonstrates that silence is the most effective way to gain victory. It is my contention that Marguerite shows an interest in exploring the different manifestations of speech and silence as they pertain to women. As such, the parler/mourir dichotomy can increase our understanding of Marguerite's project to dialogically expose and discuss the conditions of women in her society and to put women's experiences front and center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay explores with the help of the discipline of philosophy of education the educational implications of the practice of canceling individuals or ideas. In particular, it investigates what gets lost or undermined when we cancel various opinions, words, and practices. To advance my argument, I first introduce some basic definitions while analyzing the problem with the notion of cancel culture. Then, I briefly review various historical examples of canceling going back to Socrates. The next part of this paper presents some of the philosophical arguments against canceling and restricting speech made by John Stuart Mill. After presenting Mill's contentions in favor of liberty of expression, I revisit John Dewey's conception of democratic association in order to show that the practice of canceling people and ideas is antithetical to Dewey's dynamic view of democracy. Based on the insights of Mill and Dewey, in the final part I attempt to make an educational case against the practice of canceling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Law Faculty of the University of Rijeka / Zbornik Pravnog Fakulteta Sveučilišta u Rijeci is the property of Pravni fakultet Sveucilista u Rijeci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite a wide base of research suggesting a major role for dysfunctional metacognitions in contributing to anxiety, their role in explaining psychological distress in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear. In this study we investigated whether metacognitions would predict anxiety, while controlling for fear and perceived danger of COVID-19. A total of 862 individuals were included in this study. Participants completed sociodemographic questions, emotional state questions relating to COVID-19, the Metacognitions Questionnaire‐30, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7. Results showed that both negative beliefs about thoughts concerning uncontrollability and danger, and cognitive self-consciousness were significant predictors of anxiety beyond the fear and perceived danger of COVID-19. Future studies involving clinical populations are needed to investigate the longer-term impact of metacognitions in the maintenance and exacerbation of anxiety associated with the fear and perceived danger of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Located within Chapter VI of the Criminal Code that criminalizes criminal offences against the person's freedom, the criminal offence of threat provided by Article 206 appears on the background of the protection of the mental freedom of persons. The thorough analysis of the crime will reveal some aspects regarding different theories of interpretation of the law that can be objectified also in practical situations. Also, the interpretation of the criminal offence highlights certain aspects regarding the fear of the person, the manner of committing the crime, the threat of a harmful act, the correlation with the crime of outrage and judicial outrage, as well as some differences from the crime of blackmail. Therefore, in the framework of highlighting some opinions or observations on them, it can be delimited the offence of threat much easier compared to other offences, but it can also constitute a useful legal instrument during the stages of criminal liability of the offender, as well as for the improvement of the text of law by the legislator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper interrogates the phenomenon of boredom at work by considering Ernst Jünger's potential contribution. We contend that Jünger offers an important yet overlooked alternative to the dominant perspectives of boredom in Management and Organization Studies (MOS), which are largely composed of 'simple' psychological diagnoses and managerial prescriptions. Such studies largely understand boredom as a localised experience at work which can be overcome by targeted managerial prescriptions, techniques and interventions. In contrast we show how Jünger understands boredom from a 'profound' perspective as a central feature of modernity. This is premised on Jünger's broader critique of the bourgeois values that define 20th and 21st century managerial work and organization. Jünger's cultural-historical perspective is therefore aligned to the discrete field of Boredom Studies. By addressing how Jünger understands 'work' as the defining feature of the modern age, his critique situates the phenomenon of boredom at work within the broader social, institutional and cultural order of the 21st Century. While Jünger does not set out to provide a theory of boredom as such, we reconstruct such a theory through an exegesis of his writing on 'work' and 'danger'. This reveals boredom and danger as phenomenologically intertwined concepts, which is an understanding of boredom that has not been considered in MOS or Boredom Studies. It is through this, we argue, that Jünger's conception of work holds the potential for a powerful critique and understanding of boredom at work under the contemporary regime of neoliberal managerialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest fires from lightnings create a tense situation in various regions of states with forested areas. It is noted that in mountainous areas this is especially important in view of the geophysical processes of lightning activity. The aim of the study is to develop a deterministic-probabilistic approach to predicting forest fire danger due to lightning activity in mountainous regions. To develop a mathematical model, the main provisions of the theory of probability and mathematical statistics, as well as the general theory of heat transfer, were used. The scientific novelty of the research is due to the complex use of probabilistic criteria and deterministic mathematical models of tree ignition by a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge. The paper presents probabilistic criteria for predicting forest fire danger, taking into account the lightning activity, meteorological data, and forest growth conditions, as well as deterministic mathematical models of ignition of deciduous and coniferous trees by electric current of a cloud-to-ground lightning discharge. The work uses synthetic data on the discharge parameters and characteristics of the forest-covered area, which correspond to the forest fire situation in the Republic of Altay and the Republic of Buryatia (Russian Federation). The dependences of the probability for occurrence of forest fires on various parameters have been obtained.

The article argues that information in security policy is a function of the prevailing political system and public relations that determine the mode of communication, intentions, expectations and necessities of ruling. If satrapy dominates, information has a manipulative dimension, while when democracy is the warp of the state and the organization of social structures, manipulation of news is subject to control. Thus the quality and reliability of information serving security is determined by the type of organization of social and state life which may take a democratic, despotic, authoritarian or totalitarian form. Depending on the prevailing order information is adapted to its nature. But the pathological and dangerous dimension of information appears only in a satrapy which takes politicosteria (dictatorship’s banditry) as the proper expression of the political system. This in turn is based on privileges and benefits that determine the network of mutual connections and ways of access to wealth. After all, to ensure it, a despotic security policy is needed which is affirmed by conformists who agree to undemocratic governments if they provide a stabilized, albeit captive (apparent) existence. In other words, the satrapy and its politicians include in their strategy both the humiliation of their allies and the suffering of their opponents depicted in persecution, harassment, solitary confinement and, in its extreme form, assassination. But in order to justify repression both outside and inside the anti-democratic system, manipulative information is needed. And its direct cause, however, is access to an existence of prosperity, for which every lie and information bluff is a guarantee for survival. Thus, in order to keep the wealth and privileges, politicians must lie as long as they can and to whom they can. It is because lying serves their security that is equal to the security of the state because the country’s resources are appropriated by politicians. The alternative to politicostery is ethics as the power of conscience safeguards the truth about social relations. The discussion here takes Russia as an example, although the views presented can be applied to any other autarky.

This article looks at individual cases of "dangerous lunatics" in the colony of Senegal to shed new light on the legal and logistical shortcomings of the care of the insane in the territory. The management of "dangerous lunatics" is above all a matter of police and repressive management of madness, resulting in the confinement of lunatics in a multitude of often non-medical places scattered throughout the country. Rather than thinking about the treatment of individuals, the analysis of these files reveals the permanent negotiation between various authorities of the colony. They wish above all to relieve themselves of the responsibility of receiving a "dangerous madman" and the possible danger that it may pose.

What if becoming information literate were an adventure? This question was posed in a keynote for the Creating Knowledge Conference 2021. It was answered in a thought piece by examining adventure-based ways to prepare students to be information literate adults through the principles and mechanisms that people find arousing and pleasurable and that are not classically a part of university pedagogy. How might these mechanisms be used to engage students more in the IL learning process and to encourage them to pursue being an information literate person as a lifelong endeavor? Adventure is presented as an experience that is situated, soft or hard, emotionally charged, challenging and rewarding. The risk aspect of adventure, often linked to danger, is also examined. Some of the dangers that exist in the management of information are explored (e.g., traps in sharing practices, seductive novelty and bypassing reason) as well as the personal costs of not managing information literacy well. How we nevertheless find danger alluring is explained in terms of arousal, as well as how we navigate zones of danger and delight with the help of protective frames. In order to arouse and sustain student engagement in becoming information literate adults, the value of interest is also introduced with the four-phase model of interest development. Suggestions for where to get started in translating the mechanisms of adventure, danger and interest into theoretically motivated and enjoyable teaching in order to support student growth as lifelong information literate adults are woven into the text for reflection.

The purpose of this research is to answer the question regarding when the specific danger to the life or integrity of people required by article 380 Penal Code. For this, the most recent doctrine and jurisprudential pronouncements are analysed, having to warn that the decisions from the Provincial Courts show that it is debatable, in many cases, to consider as certain the causation of a serious and imminent risk for people as required by the penal type. In this sense, the essential parameters that a specific situation must meet to qualify it as dangerous and the circle of subjects that must be affected are exposed. As a closing clause, a brief reference is made to the subjective type of the crime, characterized by the intent of danger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When human adults make decisions (e.g., wearing a seat belt), we often consider the negative consequences that would ensue if our actions were to fail, even if we have never experienced such a failure. Do the same considerations guide our understanding of other people's decisions? In this paper, we investigated whether adults, who have many years of experience making such decisions, and 6‐ and 7‐year‐old children, who have less experience and are demonstrably worse at judging the consequences of their own actions, conceive others' actions as motivated both by reward (how good reaching one's intended goal would be), and by what we call "danger" (how badly one's action could end). In two pre‐registered experiments, we tested whether adults and 6‐ and 7‐year‐old children tailor their predictions and explanations of an agent's action choices to the specific degree of danger and reward entailed by each action. Across four different tasks, we found that children and adults expected others to negatively appraise dangerous situations and minimize the danger of their actions. Children's and adults' judgments varied systematically in accord with both the degree of danger the agent faced and the value the agent placed on the goal state it aimed to achieve. However, children did not calibrate their inferences about how much an agent valued the goal state of a successful action in accord with the degree of danger the action entailed, and adults calibrated these inferences more weakly than inferences concerning the agent's future action choices. These results suggest that from childhood, people use a degree of danger and reward to make quantitative, fine‐grained explanations and predictions about other people's behavior, consistent with computational models on theory of mind that contain continuous representations of other agents' action plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on difficulties and problems with the assessment of behaviors not endangering legal good in the context of crimes of abstract exposition to danger. It contains a characterisation of these crimes, and analysis of their features (elements). It analyses the legal goods protected by the crimes of abstract exposition to danger and the reasons for devising requirement or prohibitions of specific behaviors. The work also analyses the possibility of using the rules applied to situations involving the protection of a legal good. It questions the adequacy of using a rebuttable presumption of a danger to legal good as a solution for paradoxes occuring in situations where there was no danger to legal good. It argues for limiting the scope of the crime of abstract exposition to danger by applying rules for protection of legal good to this category of crimes. The work is concluded by presenting the constitutive importance of applying rules for protection of legal good and arguing that there are no theoretical or dogmatic reasons for using a rebuttable presumption of a danger to legal good for solving the problem of behaviors not endangering legal good in crimes of abstract exposition to danger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The aim of the study is to develop recommendations for reducing the probability of accidents during the transportation of rock by dump trucks based on the analysis of the consequences of changes in the psycho-physiological states of the driver. Methods. The study used the method of "Hazard and operability studies" and the method of "Failure Mode and Effects Analysis" including the organizational, logical and mathematical, and statistical procedures aimed at obtaining the expert assessment of hazards from professional experts based on Grabs' criteria that affect to change the psychophysiological state of the driver while driving a dump truck, their analysis and generalization of the results in order to prepare reasonable decisions. Findings. It is established that the psychophysiological state of the driver as a manifestation of fear, anxiety, doubt, uncertainty when performing discrete work, which is associated with frequent changes in the beginning of movement and stops of the vehicle (accumulation of a large number of dump trucks, complex route plan, etc.) leads to an increase in the risk of an emergency. It is determined that the highest level of emergency occurs due to emotional manifestations, that are associated with the relationship between employees, the presence of leadership support, psychological assistance, mobbing, conflict resolution and more. Recommendations have been developed to increase the level of transportation safety through the formation of an appropriate organizational culture at the enterprise, which ultimately shapes human social behaviour. Originality. The scientific novelty lies in the establishment of the values of occupational risk of an accident while driving a dump truck by the driver, which depends not only on the probability of a dangerous event and the severity of its consequences, but also on changes in the psychophysiological state of the driver, which results from the organizational culture of occupational safety at the mining enterprise. Practical implications. Consists in the development of a procedure for qualitative assessment of the risk of an accident from the psychophysiological state of the driver during the trucking of rock in the conditions of the mining enterprise. Recommendations for improving the safety of transportation through the formation of an appropriate organizational culture of the transport process are developed. An approach of taking into account the socio-psychological climate in the organization to assess the occurrence of the incident is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevance. The active development of the Yamal Peninsula leads to the transformation of the geological environment, often accompanied by the activation of natural and technological processes. Numerous studies are devoted to the description of geocryological processes in this region. In this work, we paid attention to a special poorly studied process – suffusion, based on the study of the grain size distribution of sands that are widely distributed in the territory of Yamal. The main aim of the research is to assess the suffusion stability of soils and determine the spatial patterns of the distribution of suffusion-hazardous soils in the area of the settlement Sabetta. Methods. At the first stage, we compiled the thematic maps of the factors that determine the development of suffusion in ArcGIS. We chose four factors, namely: the slope, the curvature of the surface, the exposure of the slopes, and the geological structure of the territory. At the second stage, we processed the data on the grain size distribution of soils. The following factors were determined: uniformity coefficient, the maximum size of suffosion particles, and the degree of soil suffosion of the main stratigraphic-genetic complexes distributed in the area. The assessment of the suffusion of sandy soils was performed using two methods. An inventory map of the manifestations of suffusion-hazardous sands has been compiled. The final stage was the preparation of a forecast map of the territory's susceptibility to suffusion based on the study of spatial patterns of the distribution of its manifestations. Results. The zones of development of modern alluvial deposits are the most prone to suffusion, the territory of the second above-floodplain terrace is characterized by an average susceptibility and surface slopes of more than 12 degrees, the territory of development of modern alluvial-marine deposits is the least susceptible to suffusion. We recommended using the obtained data on the degree of suffosion of sandy and coarse-grained soils in the design of engineering structures. We recommended using the technology of susceptibility mapping in the study of geocryological processes, first of all, heaving mounds.

The current state of possible conflicts at airports is presented as risky in its essential parts of the threat to the overall security of the state. Protection and security against the penetration of elements of danger into airport complexes are represented by the criteria of sustainability and security scattered in the protection and intelligent control of the airport area. The article describes system solutions and models in the protection of aviation system security of the airport, operationalmanagerial and technical control activities at airports. The applicability of the criterion functions is determined for estimates of the relevance of illegal intrusions into airports. This can be assessed by the degree of risk using information security factors. Dichotomous coefficients for assessing illegal intrusions represent numerical characteristics and their readiness to assimilate the threat outcome into the airport environment. It is possible to identify the degree of safe security using methods where their level can be statistically evaluated. The article sets out the information criterion of one intelligent airport system as one of the results of an experiment presenting an airport security model, which, based on input and output variables, monitors the current state of danger at a particular airport.

Relevance of the research. Currently, the city of Tomsk is increasing the area of development; new neighborhoods appear on previously undeveloped land (for example, on the left bank of the river Tom). There is a redevelopment and reconstruction of the central part of the city. It is impossible to develop the territory in a high-quality way without taking into account the dynamics, mechanisms, factors and patterns of development of dangerous natural and technological processes, the forecast of their development. Despite the fact that the manifestations of suffosion are almost ubiquitous, this process remains one of the least studied processes. The main aim of the research is to assess the suffosion stability of soils within the city of Tomsk. Methods. We performed the analysis of spatial patterns that determine the development of suffosion using thematic maps prepared in ArcGIS at the first stage of our research. We chose five factors: the slope of the surface, the elevation, the geological structure of the territory, the types of filtration sections, and the distance to the river. The article describes the location of suffosion manifestations on these maps. At the second stage, we performed the suffosion hazard assessment of 26 varieties of sandy and coarse-grained soils according to the VNIIG methods. We described the particle size distribution and determined the uniformity coefficient, maximum size of the particles prone to suffosion, and the degree of soil suffosion of seven stratigraphic-genetic systems, common in the city. Results. We recommended using the obtained data on the degree of suffosion of sandy and coarse-grained soils in the design of engineering structures, in monitoring and operational management of the state of the geological environment, when assessing the value of urban land, in educational work when teaching the discipline «Engineering Geodynamics».

The article discusses the basic concepts of modern security theory: “danger”, “threat”, “challenge”, “risk” and “interest”. Based on the analysis of the content and correlation of these terms, the essence, nature and causes of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation are consider. The authors propose a revised definition of “threat to national security” as “a potential problem situation, which, without timely detection and resolution may lead to violation of stable operation or the destruction of the state”. Analysis of modern scientific literature on national security issues has shown that the term “call”, used in the meaning of “signal messages”, does not coincide with the original meaning of the term, understood as “challenge” — a problem C Based on this, the concepts of “threat” and “challenge” (understood as a problem situation) are synonymous. As a result, the authors concluded that there are two different conceptual approaches to security. Eurasian, which is characterize by the “threat — danger — damage” model, and Anglo-Saxon, which considers the mechanism of threat development through the “interest — control — lack of control — challenge — risk” model. In this case, interest and control are consider in relation to resources, territories, technologies, challenge as a problem situation that needs to be solved and risk as a possibility of lost profits.

This paper presents a review of concepts related to wildfire risk assessment, including the determination of fire ignition and propagation (fire danger), the extent to which fire may spatially overlap with valued assets (exposure), and the potential losses and resilience to those losses (vulnerability). This is followed by a brief discussion of how these concepts can be integrated and connected to mitigation and adaptation efforts. We then review operational fire risk systems in place in various parts of the world. Finally, we propose an integrated fire risk system being developed under the FirEUrisk European project, as an example of how the different risk components (including danger, exposure and vulnerability) can be generated and combined into synthetic risk indices to provide a more comprehensive wildfire risk assessment, but also to consider where and on what variables reduction efforts should be stressed and to envisage policies to be better adapted to future fire regimes. Climate and socio-economic changes entail that wildfires are becoming even more a critical environmental hazard; extreme fires are observed in many areas of the world that regularly experience fire, yet fire activity is also increasing in areas where wildfires were previously rare. To mitigate the negative impacts of fire, those responsible for managing risk must leverage the information available through the risk assessment process, along with an improved understanding on how the various components of risk can be targeted to improve and optimize the many strategies for mitigation and adaptation to an increasing fire risk.

Background: It is not clear, if modern Konik Polski horses have retained the ability to identify sounds in terms of danger. The aim of the study was to identify differences in their behaviour in response to the reproduction of volcanic eruption and sea storm sounds, assumed to be unfamiliar to these horses, as compared to their response to a thunderclap sound, considered by the horses as potentially dangerous. The study included 13 adult mares of the Konik Polski breed, kept under a free-range system. Their behavioural responses to the reproduction of the three natural sounds with an intensity of over 50 dB, were registered. They were analysed distance of each horse to the central point of the pasture and to the exit from the enclosure, and time and/or frequencies of elements of behaviour categorised as: increased anxiety (walking, trotting and cantering), vigilance (snoring, vocalisation, high head position, high tail position, sticking together), foraging (time of grazing), comfort (playing, examining the surroundings, sniffing), maintenance of hygiene (rubbing against objects, auto- or allogrooming, rolling) and resting. The obtained data were analysed by the Dwass, Steel and Critchlow-Fligner method using the SAS program. Results: Most of analysed elements increased in response to reproduced sounds and decreased after sounds were stop playing (p < 0.05), however, they were no significant differences in general response to each studied sound. Conclusions: The responses of horses to similar sounds of both known and unknown origins, i.e. the sound of a thunderstorm, sea storm and volcanic eruption, are similar. The sound stimuli applied were not too stressful for the horses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]