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Three sets of model predicted values for speciated mercury concentrations and dry deposition fluxes over the Great Lakes region were assessed using field measurements and model intercomparisons. The model predicted values were produced by the Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System for the year 2002 (CMAQ2002) and for the year 2005 (CMAQ2005) and by the Global/Regional Atmospheric Heavy Metals Model for the year 2005 (GRAHM2005). Median values of the surface layer ambient concentration of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) from all three models were generally within 30% of measurements. However, all three models overpredicted surface-layer concentrations of gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) and particulate bound mercury (PBM) by a factor of 2-10 at the majority of the 15 monitoring locations. For dry deposition of GOM plus PBM, CMAQ2005 showed a clear gradient with the highest deposition in Pennsylvania and its surrounding areas while GRAHM2005 showed no such gradient in this region; however, GRAHM2005 had more hot spots than those of CMAQ2005. Predicted dry deposition of GOM plus PBM from these models should be treated as upper-end estimates over some land surfaces in this region based on the tendencies of all the models to overpredict GOM and PBM concentrations when compared to field measurements. Model predicted GEM dry deposition was found to be as important as GOM plus PBM dry deposition as a contributor to total dry deposition. Predicted total annual mercury dry deposition were mostly lower than 5 μg m(-2) to the surface of the Great lakes, between 5 and 15 μg m(-2) to the land surface north of the US/Canada border, and between 5 and 40 μg m(-2) to the land surface south of the US/Canada border. Predicted dry deposition from different models differed from each other by as much as a factor of 2 at regional scales and by a greater extent at local scales.

Seismicity of the San Andreas Fault system, between 21°N–40.2°N and 105°W–125°W, is subjected to the piecewise gradient analysis in order to assess the present magnitude production balance of that seismogenic system and its possible implications. The analysis is based on a technique applied to a global seismicity dataset of earthquakes in the magnitude range 6.1–9.0 for the period 1973–2003 that suggests that temporal imbalances in the production of different magnitudes generated within a seismogenic system exhibiting departures from linearity in the Gutenberg–Richter Law may be symptomatic of an imminent, significant magnitude event. The approach uses a variant of the traditional b-value plot, which tracks through time any changes in piecewise gradients within subsets of the magnitude–frequency statistics. Obvious offsets from the usual straight line fit are taken as an indication of a deficit in magnitude production that will eventually be supplied to restore linearity, the timing of which can be informed by regular analysis of the relative production of different magnitude classes. This study shows that, in the recent past, an emergent pattern of magnitude output imbalance, seismicity acceleration and then relative quiescence has preceded all of the more significant events, magnitude > 6.5, within the defined San Andreas Fault system. In 2010, two earthquakes of magnitude > 6.5 occurred in quick succession, which is a pattern not previously seen. The overall piecewise gradient analysis technique suggests that the system appears poised to release an event of magnitude > 7.5.

Over the last 20 years, the French public services’ actions in the field of polluted areas have continuously evolved from the inventory of potentially polluted areas to the statement of a general framework on the management. Initially designed for chemical pollutants, main guidelines have been implemented for radioactive substances. The general framework is presented hereafter and illustrated with a real example.

6551Background: Although clinical trials of novel medications have historically been interpreted individually, there is increasing recognition that trials should be considered as part of a broader ...

The adsorption of C2H4, C2H6 and CO has been studied on Zn2+-exchanged A-zeolites. Partial exchange with Zn2+ or Cd2+ increases the adsorption capacity for C2H4 and CO. Complete Zn2+ exchange leads to a decrease, indicating a complicated variation of cation positions with exchange level. N.m.r. measurements are consistent with adsorption of C2H4 as weak π-complexes on the divalent cations. Weak specific adsorption complexes are also demonstrated for CO.

We provide a descriptive examination of the trading activities of one of the most important intermediaries in global financial markets—the OTC derivatives dealer. These dealers play a central role in the provision of derivative products and in the intermediation of market risks faced by financial and nonfinancial firms alike. Utilizing a unique database, we analyze the derivatives holdings of 264 dealers spanning 34 countries over the period 1995–2001. We document the geographic composition of dealers on both country and regional levels as well as analyze trends in dealer holdings on an aggregate and individual product level. We further analyze the extent of global merger activity among dealers and resulting consolidation effects. Finally, we investigate at the individual dealer level the extent and evolution of their array of product offerings. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 25:39–77, 2005

RFA ARGUS deployed on Operation (Op) GRITROCK between Oct 2014 and Apr 2015 to provide support to the United Kingdom (UK) response to the Ebola crisis. This article describes the radiology capability on board ARGUS within the Primary Casualty Receiving Facility (PCRF).

We examine how corporations should choose their optimal mix of linear and nonlinear derivatives. We present a model in which a firm facing both quantity (output) and price (market) risk maximizes its expected profits when subjected to financial distress costs. The optimal hedging position generally is comprised of linear contracts, but as the levels of quantity and price-risk increase, the use of linear contracts will decline due to the risks associated with overhedging. At the same time, a substitution effect occurs toward the use of nonlinear contracts. The degree of substitution will depend on the correlation between output levels and prices. Our model also allows us to provide insight into the relation between a firm's derivatives usage and its transaction-cost structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 23:217–239, 2003

Simultaneous engineering allows different teams to work on the same project, from design to manufacture, including sizing, dimensional checks or production management. The implications of various options can be followed in real time due to the use of the same computer files. This is evident for RTM technology, some stages of the process being completely interdependent. Indeed, the shapes of the designed parts must allow layering of reinforcements. This reinforcement gives the local fibre orientation, which in turn gives the material its local mechanical characteristics as well as the main flow directions. It is then possible to determine the dimensions of the part by a structure calculation, and to simulate the manufacture process.

This paper provides guidance on how corporations should choose the optimal mix of “linear” and “non-linear” derivatives. Linear derivatives are products such as futures, forwards, and swaps, whose payoffs vary in linear fashion with changes in the un-derlying asset price or reference rate. Non-linear derivatives are contracts with option-like payoffs, including caps, floors, and swaptions. A company's optimal hedging position should generally consist of linear contracts because of their effective-ness in smoothing corporate cash flows. But as the firm's business (quantity) risk increases, its use of linear contracts will decline due to costs associated with overhedging. At the same time, there will be a shift towards the use of non-linear contracts. The degree of substitution of non-linear for linear in-struments will depend on the relation-ship between the quantities to be hedged and market prices. A negative relationship will tend to exacerbate the substitution effect while a positive re-lationship will dampen the effect. An empirical examination of corporate derivative holdings provides support for all of the major hypotheses.

We provide a rationale for window dressing wherein investors respond to conflicting signals of managerial ability inferred from a fund's performance and disclosed portfolio holdings. We contend that window dressers make a risky bet on their performance during a reporting delay period, which affects investors' interpretation of the conflicting signals and hence their capital allocations. Conditional on good (bad) performance, window dressers benefit (suffer) from higher (lower) investor flows compared with non–window dressers. Window dressers also show poor past performance, possess little skill, and incur high portfolio turnover and trade costs, characteristics which in turn result in worse future performance.

Crystalline 2-benzyloxypyridine-1-oxide rearranges slowly at room temperature to crystalline 1-benzyloxy-2-pyridone. No intermediates are detected when the process is followed by solid-state 13C NMR. The crystal structure of the pyridine-1-oxide strongly suggests that a topochemically controlled intramolecular process, in which the benzyl group migrates with retention of configuration, is not feasible. On the other hand, although somewhat disfavoured by initial solid-state O···C···O angles significantly less than the ideal 180°, intermolecular topochemically controlled processes can be envisaged that lead, with multiple inversions of configuration, either to net retention of configuration or to net inversion of configuration in the benzyl group. In contrast to the 50–80% inversion observed in solution, in the solid state only inversion is observed experimentally when chirally labelled α-deuteriobenzyloxypyridine-1-oxide is allowed to rearrange.Key words: X-ray crystallography, solid-state 13C NMR, benzyl-α-D-alcohol, 2-benzyloxypyridine-1-oxide, 1-benzyloxy-2-pyridone.

The proposed work deals with the behaviour of orthotropic composite beams subjected to torsion, taking into consideration the effects due to nonuniform warping. We start from a one-dimensional approach based on the integral parameter method and consider any complex cross-sectional shape. The basic relations obtained lead to numerical computation based on the finite element method. As a special case of the general results obtained, an example of a sandwich beam is worked out in detail.

The synthesis and characterization of new selenium coronands and of copper(I) and copper(II) complexes of selenium coronands are reported. Molecular structures in the solid state have been determin...

The crystal structure of Cu(16Se4)(SO3CF3)2 (1) shows a centrosymmetric complex having tetragonally distorted octahedral coordination about Cu with trans-axial triflate ligands; Cu–O 2.464(5) Å. The stereochemistry of the coronand is c,t,c; Cu–Se 2.4592(9), 2.4553(9) Å. 1: T = 190 K; fw = 845.83; space group P21/n; Z = 2; a = 8.220(2), b = 10.965(4), c = 14.657(5) Å; V = 1273.4 Å3; Rf = 0.037 for 1708 data (Io [Formula: see text] 2.5sigma(Io)) and 152 variables. When recrystallized from MeNO2–Et2O 1 undergoes an electron-transfer reaction to give Cu(I) as well as the intermediate radical cation [16Se4]·+ and the stable dication [16Se4]2+. The crystal structure of a mixed MeCN–CH2Cl2 solvate of [(16Se4)][SO3CF3]2 (2) revealed the [16Se4]2+ cation which displays two transannular Se–Se bonds of 2.5916(15) and 2.6689(15) Å, linking three of the Se atoms in an approximately linear relationship. The central Se atom of this grouping also has a close contact to the fourth Se atom of the molecule of 3.3941(20) Å. 2·solv: T = 195 K; fw = 828; space group P1-; Z = 2; a = 9.015(2), b = 12.850(3), c = 13.835(3) Å; α = 63.98(2), β = 74.71(2), γ = 73.59(2)°; V = 1363.3 Å3; Rf = 0.042 for 2098 data (I0 [Formula: see text] 2.5σ(I0)) and 254 variables. A solid-state 77Se NMR spectrum of 2 shows 4 lines, with isotropic shifts ranging from 173 to 737 ppm. The line widths are all different, and we obtain a tentative assignment by attributing this to differences in dipolar coupling to 19F. Significant differences in chemical shift anisotropy are observed for the various selenium atoms. UV-visible absorption spectroscopy has been used to characterize 1 and its reduction products. 1 absorbs at 560, 464, and 310 nm. Reaction of 1 with the free ligand 16Se4 leads to the disappearance of these peaks, and the growth of a new peak at 320 nm. Oxidation of 16Se4 by NOBF4 produced a transient peak at 320 nm, and subsequently a peak at 256 nm. From the dependence of intensity on 16Se4 concentration, we infer that the former arises from a dimeric species; we assign the lines to the radical cations (16Se4)2+· and 16Se4+·, respectively. Electrochemical studies have been carried out on 1 and on 16Se4. Cyclic voltammetry of 1 shows a two-step reduction to Cu(II)L+· (L = 16Se4) and subsequently to Cu(I)L+. Electrochemical oxidation of 16Se4 leads to 16Se4+· and 16Se42+. Spectroelectrochemical studies showed that oxidation to 16Se4+· gives rise to a band at 256 nm, as seen in chemical oxidation, and at high concentrations a band at 322 nm is also seen, supporting the assignment of this species to the dimeric radical cation. The EPR spectrum of 1 in CH3NO2 solution gave an isotropic g value of 2.053 with hyperfine constants ACuiso = 75 G and ASeiso = 65 G. The low temperature EPR spectrum of 1, measured at -148°C in CH3NO2:toluene (1:1 v/v), gave values of g// = 2.085, ACu// = 160 G; g[Formula: see text] = 2.049, ACu[Formula: see text] = 46 G. An EPR spectrum of 1 in CH3NO2 in the presence of added 16Se4 showed a decrease in intensity of the signals attributable to 1 and the emergence of new signals that are presumed to arise from a species with radical cation character. We have carried out kinetic studies on the reaction between 1 and 16Se4. It is found that the reaction is first order in each of these species, second order overall. The reaction stoichiometry is 2 Cu(16Se4)2+ + 16Se4 –> 2 Cu(16Se4)+ + 16Se42+. These results can be explained by the simple mechanism Cu(II)L2+ + L = L+· + Cu(I)L+, followed by Cu(II)L2+ + L+· –> L2+ + Cu(I)L+. The activation energy is found to be 35 kJ mol-1.Key words: selenium coronands, Cu(II) complex, redox chemistry, mechanism, electron transfer.

Persistent underpricing in the Korean stock index futures market is documented and alternative explanations are examined. No‐arbitrage pricing bands are computed using alternative sets of transaction costs and short sale restrictions faced by different investor groups. We find that a substantial portion of the mispricing can be explained by these factors, though a high incidence of mispricing remains after accounting for costs faced by the marginal trader group—the KSE exchange members. We also observe frequent underpricing of futures during periods of downward market trends. This is attributed in part because of unique restrictions on short sales and accounting conventions in the Korean market. In addition, tests of alternative futures pricing models are conducted that provide mixed results. Though we do not reject the standard cost‐of‐carry model, an equilibrium pricing model provides reasonable explanatory power. Further, use of the cost‐of‐carry model does not appear to be driving the findings of persistent underpricing. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 19: 153–174, 1999

Professor Nikos A. Salingaros, a practicing Urbanist and Architectural Theorist, presents a powerful series of compelling hour-long lectures that apply cutting-edge mathematical techniques to architectural design. This breakthrough lecture series seeks to explain the foundations of architectural form using scientific concepts from hierarchical scaling to memes. Dr. Salingaros has applied the most exciting scientific developments of the past decade, such as fractals, complexity theory, evolutionary biology, and artificial intelligence to produce a series of lectures explaining in great detail the mathematical and scientific basis behind structure, and how structures affect the way in which human beings interact with the built environment. The twelve lectures were integrated to relate topics such as algorithmic processes, cellular automata, Sierpinski carpets, harmony-seeking computations, generative codes, and New Urbanist codes. The lectures were transmitted live via streaming video to participating institutions throughout the world, and have now been made freely available.

The adsorption of triphenylphosphine, tri(p-tolyl)phosphine, tri(m-tolyl)phosphine, and tri(p-chlorophenyl)phosphine has been studied on SiO2, Al2O3, and a SiO2−Al2O3 cracking catalyst. 31P solid-state NMR shows that all of these molecules are rotationally mobile in the physisorbed state. The interaction of the phosphines with Lewis and Bronsted acid sites on the surface can be observed. For these phosphines the chemical shifts of physisorbed and Lewis-bound species are too close to permit quantitative determination of the concentration of the latter. The concentration of Bronsted sites on SiO2−Al2O3 can, however, be measured. Using triphenylphosphine, we detect 0.18 μmol/m2 Bronsted sites, somewhat less than previously detected with stronger bases, indicating a spectrum of acid strengths on this catalyst. Steric effects appear to reduce the acid detectable with the tolylphosphines, and it is not clear that they are useful in studying the strength of acid sites on this catalyst. We find evidence for a sma...

The promoter of the gene encoding the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) contains an octamer motif which is of importance for its activation by specific stimuli. We show that in contrast to the promoter of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene (nNOS) which is strongly activated by the Oct-2 octamer-binding POU family transcription factor, the iNOS gene is only weakly activated by Oct-2 via its octamer motif. Unlike the nNOS promoter, however, the iNOS promoter is strongly activated by the POU family transcription factors Brn-3a and Brn-3b. This activation is dependent upon the octamer motif in the iNOS promoter and requires the activation domain located within the POU domain of Brn-3a or Brn-3b but not the N-terminal activation domain of Brn-3a. Thus different but related POU proteins play important roles in the regulation of the genes encoding different forms of nitric oxide synthase.

A semiselective agar medium (T-5) was used to sample environment and plant material as a habitat for Pseudomonas viridiflava. Soil, irrigation water, soybean foliage, and foliage from various weeds in an onion-growing area were assayed over a 5-year period. P. viridiflava was recovered only as an epiphytic resident from weed species that included cutleaf evening primrose, dandelion, common fumitory, purple cudweed, spiny sowthistle, Virginia pepperweed, and wild radish. The bacterium apparently overseasons in association with these weeds, because its presence was detected prior to, as well as during, the onion-growing season. Preliminary tests indicated that weed control may suppress bacterial streak and bulb rot levels.

Gex. The layers were grown on oxidised silicon substrates using a rapid thermal chemical vapour deposition (RTCVD) reactor. Microstructural characteristics (roughness and grain size) were measured and their dependence on germane content to the gas flow during deposition elucidated using a range of analysis techniques, including fractal methods. By tracking the evolution of cross-over points in the fractal spectrum, an estimate for the grain size range can be obtained, which tallies extremely well with actual topographical measurements.

Variable-temperature 77 Se NMR spectroscopic studies of the complexes [CpCr(CO) 2 ] 2 Se ( 1 ) and [CpCr(CO) 2 ] 2 Se 2 ( 2 ) have been carried out. A singlet 77 Se resonance is found for 1 at 213–296K, but the broadness at the higher temperatures suggests the existence of rotamers exchanging at an intermediate rate on the time scale of Δδ Se . For 2 , the observations point to the existence of two conformers over the range 213–330 K, with relative proportions varying from ca. 1:3.4 at 320 K to ca. 1:6.4 at 213 K. This conclusion is supported by 13 C NMR spectra at 213 and 298 K. Also reported are 77 Se NMR data for Cp 2 Cr 2 (CO) 5 Se 2 ( 3 ), produced in situ by thermolysis of 2 in solution, and solid-state CP-MAS 13 C and 77 Se NMR data for [CpCrSe] 4 ( 4 ).

Electroweak measurements performed with data taken at the electron-positron collider LEP at CERN from 1995 to 2000 are reported. The combined data set considered in this report corresponds to a total luminosity of about 3fb-1 collected by the four LEP experiments ALEPH, DELPHI, L3 and OPAL, at centre-of-mass energies ranging from 130GeV to 209GeV. Combining the published results of the four LEP experiments, the measurements include total and differential cross-sections in photon-pair, fermion-pair and four-fermion production, the latter resulting from both double-resonant W W and Z Z production as well as singly resonant production. Total and differential cross-sections are measured precisely, providing a stringent test of the Standard Model at centre-of-mass energies never explored before in electron-positron collisions. Final-state interaction effects in four-fermion production, such as those arising from colour reconnection and Bose-Einstein correlations between the two W decay systems arising in W W production, are searched for and upper limits on the strength of possible effects are obtained. The data are used to determine fundamental properties of the W boson and the electroweak theory. Among others, the mass and width of the W boson, mW and ΓW, the branching fraction of W decays to hadrons, B (W → had), and the trilinear gauge-boson self-couplings g1 Z, κγ and λγ are determined to be: mW=80.376±0.033GeV ΓW=2.195±0.083GeV B(W→had)=67.41±0.27% g1 Z=0.9840+0.018 -0.020 κγ=0.982±0.042λγ=-0.022±0.019. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Principal values of 13C chemical shift tensors have been measured in 19 compounds containing carbon σ-bonded to transition metals, namely, PtMe2(cod), PtMe2(nbd), PtMe2(bpy), PtMe2(tmeda), cis-PtMe...

Crystal structures for [Pd(16Se4)][BF4]2 (1) (16Se4 = 1,5,9,13-tetraselenacyclohexadecane) and [Pd(16Se4)][BF4]Cl (2) both contain the [Pd(16Se4)]2+ ion which has square-planar coordination about P...

Objectives & Background Emergency cricothyrotomy is a common feature in all difficult airway algorithms. It is the final step following failed attempts to oxygenate a patient. It is rarely performed and has a significant failure rate. The size of the cricothyroid membrane (CTM) has been previously reported in the literature. There is variation in the reported size of this membrane, especially across population groups. Procedure failure may result from a discrepancy between the size of the equipment used and the size of the CTM. Methods An initial sample of 61 trauma CT scans were reviewed by two radiologists independently. Electronic calipers were used to measure the maximum height of the CTM. This sample was used to power further data collection by assuming a 5% level of significance with 95% confidence interval and precision of 0.2 mm–further scans were reviewed until a sample size of 478 patients was achieved. Results The median height reported was 5.85 mm (female) and 7.65 mm (male). These dimensions are much smaller than previously reported in the literature for Western patients. The external diameters of commonly used tubes used to pass through the CTM were compared with these measurements. Conclusion The CTM in this population is smaller than previously reported. Practitioners encountering patients who may require a surgical airway should be aware of this. Rescue airway equipment of a smaller external diameter should be immediately available if required.

A cucumber-cucumber double-crop followed by a cucumber-snap bean double-crop was grown in a system using conservation tillage in relay-cropping following winter cover crops. Twenty different winter covers were legumes, grasses, legume-grass mixtures, crucifers, or fallow (no cover, resident vegetation). Population densities of Pythium spp. (primarily P. irregulare ) and Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis group (AG-4) were greater following legumes than following grasses or fallow; legume-grass mixtures and crucifers were intermediate. Cucumber fruit rot (induced primarily by R. solani AG-4) was more severe following legumes and crucifers than following grasses; legume-grass mixtures were intermediate. In the snap bean crop following cucumber, root and hypocotyl diseases were more severe following winter covers of legumes or fallow than following grass or legume-grass mixtures; crucifers were intermediate. Root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne incognita ) caused injury to the second vegetable crop each year in all winter cover rotations.

The adsorption of PMeCl 2 and of mixtures of PMeCl 2 and PCl 3 on silica have been studied using infrared spectroscopy and 31 P solid-state NMR. PMeCl 2 gives a single phosphorus containing product (A) as a result of a reaction with surface SiOH groups, SiOP=O(H,Me) ; HCl and surface SiCl are byproducts of the reaction. A reaction mechanism has been devised. The rate of reaction is slow and high pressures of reactant (10 to 80 Torr) are required. Commercially available PMeC1 2 samples are usually contaminated with PCl 3 at the 2 to 5 mol % level. At the pressures needed to effect chemisorption of PMeCl 2 , the contaminant PCl 3 has a significant influence on the course of the reaction. The major feature with such low levels of PCl 3 as an impurity is the conversion of A to a second species B, (SiO) 2 P=O(H), with minor amounts of SiOP=O(H,OH). A plausible sequence of reaction steps leading to this product has been elaborated, but the chemistry is complex.

The surface acidic properties of two series of samples,γ-Al2O3 andγ-Al2O3-SnO2 after reaction with CCl2F2/H2 (CFC12/H2), have been investigated by solid state high resolution CP/MAS 31-PNMR, using trimethylphosphine (TMP) as a probe molecule. It was found after reaction, that Bronsted acid sites were formed on theγ-Al2O3 surface. The longer the reaction time, the more rigidly TMP bonded to the acid sites. For theγ-Al2O3-SnO2 system, Bronsted acid sites were also found on both the Al2O3 and SnO2 surfaces after reaction of theγ-Al2O3-SnO2 system with CFC12/H2. The signal intensity relevant to these sites, indicates that the SnO2 component is attached to, and therefore covers Bronsted sites ofγ-Al2O3. Two types of Lewis acid site initially present on SnO2 were not observed after reaction with CFC12/H2.

The structure of 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene-silver(I) chloride, 1, has been determined to be a monomer with weak head-to-tail H...Cl interactions in the solid state. A multinuclear NMR study using a (13)C(carbene) labeled derivative, 1((13)C), exhibits (13)C-(107,109)Ag coupling in solution. Further, the solid state CP/MAS NMR parameters, including the principal components of the chemical shift tensors for both the (13)C and (109)Ag centers, have been determined. With the aid of DFT calculations, the orientation of the chemical shift tensors have been assigned.

A series of Al2O3-SnO2 catalysts with the mole ratio of Al2O3 to SnO2 equal to 1:1, 1 ∶ 0.5, 1 ∶ 0.1, 1 ∶ 0.05 and 1 ∶ 0.01 were characterized by31P NMR of adsorbed trimethyl phosphine (TMP) and119Sn MAS NMR spectroscopy. It was found from31P NMR that no Bronsted acid sites exist in these samples. Pure SnO2 shows two different types of Lewis acid sites; in the mixed oxide samples a Lewis peak characteristic of pure Al2O3 is always seen, together with either one or two other Lewis peaks, depending on the Sn concentration.119Sn CP/MAS NMR spectra of the highest Sn-content sample show one narrow line at −603 ppm superimposed on a very broad line, indicating a strong interaction between Al and Sn oxides.

Standoff detection of explosives residues on surfaces at few meters was made using optical technologies based on Raman scattering, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and passive standoff FTIR radiometry. By comparison, detection and analysis of nanogram samples of different explosives was made with a microscope system where Raman scattering from a micron-size single point illuminated crystal of explosive was observed. Results from standoff detection experiments using a telescope were compared to experiments using a microscope to find out important parameters leading to the detection. While detection and spectral identification of the micron-size explosive particles was possible with a microscope, standoff detection of these particles was very challenging due to undesired light reflected and produced by the background surface or light coming from other contaminants. Results illustrated the challenging approach of detecting at a standoff distance the presence of low amount of micron or submicron explosive particles.

The relationship between share prices and macroeconomic variables is well documented for the United States and other major economies. However, what is the relationship between share prices and economic activity in emerging economies? The goal of this study is to investigate the time-series relationship between stock market index prices and the macroeconomic variables of exchange rate and oil price for Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC) using the Box-Jenkins ARIMA model. Although no significant relationship was found between respective exchange rate and oil price on the stock market index prices of either BRIC country, this may be due to the influence other domestic and international macroeconomic factors on stock market returns, warranting further research. Also, there was no significant relationship found between present and past stock market returns, suggesting the markets of Brazil, Russia, India, and China exhibit the weak-form of market efficiency.

A biogenic hydrocarbon emission inventory system, developed for acid deposition and regional oxidant modeling, is described, and results for a U.S. emission inventory are presented. For deciduous and coniferous forests, scaling relationships are used to account for canopy effects upon solar radiation temperature, humidity and wind speed as a function of height through the canopy. Leaf temperature is calculated iteratively from a leaf energy balance as a function of height through the canopy. The predicted light and temperature levels are used with mean emprical emission rate factors and laboratory emission algorithms to predict hydrocarbon emission rates. For application to a U.S. inventory, diurnal emission fluxes of isoprene, α-pinene, other monoterpenes adn otehr hydrocarbons are predicted for eight land cover classes by state climatic division by month. The total U.S. emissions range from 22 to 50 Tg yr −1 depending upon the formulation of different emission rate factors. In the case where the forest canopy model is not used, the isoprene emissions increase by 50% and terpene emissions increase by 6%. In case study analyses, the predicted leaf temperatures were within 1–2°C of observed for a deciduous forest, and predicted emissions were within a factor of two of observations. Further evaluation of the inventory using field measurements is required to determine the overall accuracy of the emission estimates.

Thirteen species of fleshy fungi were identified from two agricultural fields during the 1989 and 1990 growing seasons at the Rural Development Center (RDC) and Horticulture Farm, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Georgia. The three most common fungi wereCoprinus plicatilis, Cyathus olla, andPanaeolina foenisecii. At the former site, residue management practices were established for evaluating crop production and at the Horticulture Farm different crops were grown with conservation tillage employing a Low Input Sustainable Vegetable Production system. Tillage treatments at the RDC were no-till, row-till, ridge-plant, and moldboard-plowing. Residue management of triticale included burning or cutting the stubble at a height of 20 or 60 cm at harvest. At the Horticulture Farm, seven winter cover crops were compared to a fallow control. No significant differences were shown between observations of fungal species and individual treatments at the Horticulture Farm during 1989 and 1990. However, there were treatment differences for observed fungi at the RDC farm on specific dates for both years. Furthermore, no individual treatment(s) during the investigation increased observation rates of specific fungal species. Non-burned debris treatments showed consistently higher populations and diversity of fungi than burn debris plots.

We report preclinical data for CEP-37247, the first human framework domain antibody construct to enter the clinic. At approximately 11 - 13kDa, domain antibodies or dAbs are the smallest antibody domain able to demonstrate the antigen-recognition function of an antibody, e.g. high selectivity and affinity for target antigen. CEP-37247 is a bivalent anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α domain antibody protein construct combining the antigen-recognition function of a dAb with the pharmacological advantages of an antibody Fc region. As a homodimer, with each chain comprising VL dAb, truncated CH1, hinge, CH2 and CH3 domains, CEP-37247 has a molecular mass of approximately 78kDa, which is about half the size of a conventional IgG molecule. Surface plasmon resonance data demonstrate that CEP-37247 possesses high selectivity and affinity for TNFα. CEP-37247 is a potent neutralizer of TNFα activity in vitro in the L929 TNF-mediated cytotoxicity assay. In a human TNFα-over-expressing mouse model of polyarthritis, CEP-37247 prevents development of disease, and is at least as effective as the marketed product etanercept. Fc functionality is intact - CEP-37247 is capable of mediating antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and has a circulating half-life of approximately 4.5 days in cynomolgus macaques. Given the favorable properties outlined above, and its high expression levels (approaching 7 g/L) in a CHOK1 based-expression system, CEP-37247 is progressing into the clinic, where other potential advantages such as enhanced efficacy due to improved tissue distribution, and beneficial immunogenicity profile, will be evaluated.