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The aim of the study is to investigate the impact of avatar age and degree of avatar realism on their perceived social attractiveness and likelihood of selecting for self-representation in social augmented reality (AR), as perceived by users of three different age groups (young adults, middle-age adults, older adults).

Fail videos showing mishaps/accidents are very popular on YouTube. But is this genre affected by sexism, that is, are women portrayed more often than men in an objectifying, sexualized manner in the video clips (H1), and are women more likely than men to be the target of gendered online hate speech in the video comments (H2)? Quantitative content analyses of 500 video clips (derived from 50 videos) and of 1,000 video comments (derived from 5 “male” and 5 “female” videos) from YouTube’s most popular fail video channel FailArmy were conducted. Women in fail videos were portrayed in an objectifying, sexualized manner twice as often (H1), and were the target of gendered hate comments nearly five times more often (H2) compared to men. Future research could analyze videos and comments from additional fail channels and investigate the reasons for the sexualized portrayals as well as for the audience’s hateful reactions.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Sexueller Kindesmissbrauch (SKM) ist in Deutschland und internatio-nal recht weit verbreitet und hat oft schwerwiegende und langfristige Folgen für die Betrof-fenen. Wie Öffentlichkeit und Politik das gesellschaftliche Problem des sexuellen Kindes-missbrauchs wahrnehmen und welche Präventions- und Interventionsansätze verfolgt werden, hängt maßgeblich auch von der medialen Berichterstattung ab. Hier zeigt die bis-herige kommunikationswissenschaftliche Forschung sowohl Stärken als auch Schwächen medialer SKM-Repräsentationen auf: Einerseits tragen Medien dazu bei, sexuellen Kindes-missbrauch aufzudecken, Betroffenen eine Stimme zu geben und die Öffentlichkeit zu sen-sibilisieren. Andererseits wird oft klischeehaft und reißerisch berichtet, zuweilen zum Scha-den der Betroffenen. Die Forschung zu Inhalten und Qualitätsmerkmalen medialer Berichterstattung über sexuellen Kindesmissbrauch hat einen wichtigen Aspekt bislang völlig ausgeblendet, nämlich die Verwendung von Bildern. Dabei ist die Ikonografie (d. h. die Menge der typischen Bildmotive für ein Thema) ein wichtiges Element medialer Be-richterstattung, sie generiert Aufmerksamkeit und Emotionen. Forschungsziel: Hier setzt die vorliegende Studie an. Sie beantwortet folgende Forschungsfragen: Wie oft werden in der Pressebe-richterstattung über sexuellen Kindesmissbrauch Symbolbilder genutzt und welche Bild-motive kommen dabei zum Einsatz? Ergänzend wird auch untersucht: Wie oft werden in Präventionsmaterialien von Fachberatungsstellen zu sexuellem Kindesmissbrauch Symbol-bilder genutzt und mit welchen Bildmotiven wird dort gearbeitet? Methode: Um die jeweiligen Iko-nografien des sexuellen Kindesmissbrauchs herauszuarbeiten, wurden eine Stichprobe von N = 1437 deutschsprachigen Online-Presseartikeln über SKM sowie eine Stichprobe von N = 230 deutschsprachigen SKM-Präventionsmaterialien gezogen und die dort enthaltenen Symbolbilder jeweils separat einer standardisierten Bildinhaltsanalyse unterzogen. Ergebnisse: Es zeigte sich, dass 29.2 % der Online-Presseartikel und 62.0 % der Präventionsmaterialien Symbolbilder nutzten. Die analysierten 419 SKM-Symbolbilder der Presse orientieren sich am Framing der Kriminalberichterstattung und visualisieren 1. Tatkontexte, 2. Tathergang und Beteiligte sowie 3. Tatfolgen für die Beteiligten. Für die Präventionsmaterialien war anhand von 450 Symbolbildern eine SKM-Ikonografie nachweisbar, die sich am Framing der Präventionsansätze orientiert und 1. Primärprävention, 2. Sekundärprävention und 3. Tertiärprävention abbildet. Diskussion: Der Beitrag vergleicht die beiden SKM-Ikonografien, diskutiert die Bildtypen kritisch im Hinblick auf Kriterien der Medienqualität und Medienethik und unterbreitet Verbesserungsvorschläge.

Objective: Online hate speech in general, and gendered online hate speech in particular, have become an issue of growing concern both in public and academic discourses. However, although YouTube is the most important social media platform today and the popularity of social live streaming services (SLSS) such as Twitch, Periscope and YouNow is constantly growing, research on gendered online hate speech on video platforms is scarce. Methods: To bridge this empirical gap, two studies investigated gendered online hate speech in video comments on YouTube and YouNow, thereby systematically replicating a study by Wotanis and McMillan (2014). Study 1 investigated YouTube in the form of a content analysis of N = 8,000 publicly available video comments that were addressed towards four pairs of female and male German-speaking YouTubers within the popular genres Comedy, Gaming, HowTo & Style, and Sports [Fitness]. Study 2 examined YouNow, with a quantitative content analysis of N = 6,844 publicly available video comments made during the video streams of 16 female and 14 male popular German-speaking YouNowers. Results: Study 1 successfully replicated the findings of Wotanis and McMillan (2014) that compared to male You- Tubers, female YouTubers received more negative video comments (including sexist, racist, and sexually aggressive hate speech) (H1a). In addition, they received fewer positive video comments regarding personality and video content but more positive video comments regarding physical appearance (H2a). Study 2 partly confirmed the earlier findings: It found that, compared to male YouNowers, the video comments received by female YouNowers were more sexist and sexually aggressive, but not generally more hostile or negative (H1b). They received more positive video comments regarding their physical appearance but did not receive fewer positive video comments regarding their personality or the content of their videos (H2b). With some exceptions, the findings of study 2 were comparable to the findings of study 1 (RQ1). Discussion: In both studies, most effect sizes were small. Overall, females on the video platforms YouTube and YouNow seem to be disproportionately affected by both hostile and benevolent sexism expressed in viewer comments. The results are in line with the Expectation States Theory and the Ambivalent Sexism Theory. The total number of public hate comments was probably underestimated because inappropriate comments can be deleted by moderators and users. Future research directions and practical implications are discussed.

Background Communication technologies play an important role in maintaining the grandparent–grandchild (GP–GC) relationship. Research Aim Based on Media Richness Theory, this study investigates the frequency of use (RQ1) and perceived quality (RQ2) of established media as well as the potential use of selected innovative media (RQ3) in GP-GC relationships with a particular focus on digital media. Method A cross-sectional online survey and vignette experiment were conducted in February 2021 among N = 286 university students in Germany (mean age 23 years, 57% female) who reported on the direct and mediated communication with their grandparents. In addition to face-to-face interactions, non-digital and digital established media (such as telephone, texting, video conferencing) and innovative digital media, namely augmented reality (AR)-based and social robot-based communication technologies, were covered. Results Face-to-face and phone communication occurred most frequently in GP-GC relationships: 85% of participants reported them taking place at least a few times per year (RQ1). Non-digital established media were associated with higher perceived communication quality than digital established media (RQ2). Innovative digital media received less favorable quality evaluations than established media. Participants expressed doubts regarding the technology competence of their grandparents, but still met innovative media with high expectations regarding improved communication quality (RQ3). Richer media, such as video conferencing or AR, do not automatically lead to better perceived communication quality, while leaner media, such as letters or text messages, can provide rich communication experiences. Conclusion More research is needed to fully understand and systematically improve the utility, usability, and joy of use of different digital communication technologies employed in GP–GC relationships.

Introduction Since the 1960 s, there has been debate in academia, the women’s movement, and the general public about the fact that women experience orgasms less frequently than men during heterosex as well as why, and additionally about if and how to close this gender orgasm gap. Within a bio-psycho-social model of sexuality, gender orgasm gaps are explained theoretically in very different ways. Objectives The aim of this research review is to report the empirical findings to date on the size of the gender orgasm gap as well as to present and critically discuss the proposed practice measures intended to close it. Methods In the course of a systematic literature search n = 20 empirical publications on the orgasm gap and an additional n = 16 original research papers promoting its closure were identified and coded (1982–2021). Results The surveys included are based on the self-reports of N = 49 940 women and N = 48 329 men, and show that typically 30 % to 60 % of women report reaching orgasm during heterosex in contrast to 70 % to 100 % of men. Depending on the context of heterosex, the size of the orgasm gap varies from –20 % to –72 % to the disadvantage of women. The ten population-representative surveys presented yield a weighted mean orgasm gap of –30 % [95 % confidence interval: –31; –30]. The measures proposed in previous literature for closing the orgasm gap relate to personal factors, relationship factors, sexual interaction factors, and societal factors: Women are advised to strive more consciously for their own orgasm and to talk more openly about their sexual wishes in the relationship. In addition, women and men are advised to integrate more direct clitoral stimulation into heterosex and to demarginalize women’s orgasms socially. Conclusion Based on the current state of research, there is a need to continue addressing issues around the gender orgasm gap in both research and practice. However, given the limited successes of recent decades, it also seems imperative to critically examine the approaches taken so far in the “battle for orgasm equality”.

Introduction: Oral HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (short: HIV-PrEP, PrEP) is a relatively new method of HIV prevention. It is a drug with which HIV-negative persons can protect themselves against HIV transmission, for example during condomless sex with an HIV-positive person. The development and introduction of the PrEP has been and continues to be accompanied by controversial professional and media debates. Previous studies have pointed to a predominantly negative framing of the PrEP in Anglo-American media reports. Objectives: Against the background of framing theory it was the aim of this study to work out how the HIV-PrEP is presented in German-language media contributions in the press, on the web and in Social Media. This involved the overall evaluation of the PrEP (generic PrEP framing), arguments in favor of and against PrEP (topic-specific PrEP sub-frames) as well as the PrEP target groups addressed. Methods: Using manual quantitative media content analysis, a sample of N = 150 press articles and N = 150 websites featuring the PrEP were examined with a codebook tested for reliability. In addition, PrEP-related content on YouTube, Facebook and Twitter was qualitatively explored. The study follows the Open Science approach: it was pre-registered and all instruments, datasets and statistical analysis scripts are available on the server of the Open Science Foundation (https://osf.io/as6bx/). Results: It was found that the PrEP appears in a more positive frame of meaning in German-language media than in Anglo-American media. Compared to the press articles, the PrEP was presented more positively on the examined websites. A stigmatization of PrEP users as irresponsible took place twice as often in the press as on the web. In both press and on the web, the most often mentioned PrEP target group were men who have sex with men. German-language PrEP information in Social Media is sometimes extremely rare (e. g. on YouTube). Conclusion: In order to advance the PrEP education of the general population, a more intensive and differentiated representation of the PrEP in old and new media is desirable. Key words: content analysis - HIV - mass media - pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) - social media

It is the aim of this systematic scoping review to map the current state of research on sexual health information on social media with a specific focus on 1. different social media platforms, 2. different data collection methods, 3. inclusion of sexual health information quality assessment, 4. different sexual health information topics, 5. different target groups of sexual health information, and 6. different producers of sexual health information. A systematic scoping review will be conducted following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist. The following 3 electronic databases will be searched to identify published primary studies: (1) Medline, (2) PsycINFO, and (3) Scopus. The keywords to be included in the search strategy will be determined by the following 2 core concepts: (1) sexual health information and (2) social media platforms. The literature search will not be limited by year of publication and will include two languages (German, English). Both study selection and data extraction will be conducted by one reviewer and checked by an expert from the field.

Ziel der qualitativen Interview-Studie ist es zu untersuchen, wie Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene Online-Verhuetungsinformationen nutzen und bewerten. Im Fokus stehen dabei die drei bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen sehr populaeren Social-Media-Plattformen YouTube, Instagram und TikTok. Die explorative Interview-Studie soll bezueglich der drei fokussierten Social-Media-Plattformen folgende vier Forschungsfragen (F1-F4) beantworten: F1: Wie nutzen Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene verhuetungsbezogene Informationen in Sozialen Medien? F2: Wie bewerten Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene verhuetungsbezogene Social-Media-Beitraege? F3: Wie bewerten Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene oeffentliche Online-Kommentare zu verhuetungsbezogenen Social-Media-Beitraegen? F4: Welche Anforderungen stellen Jugendliche und junge Erwachsene an verhuetungsbezogene Informationen in Sozialen Medien?

The goal of this study is to identify the role communication technologies play in reducing loneliness and social isolation among older people - whether during targeted interventions by external actors or during self-directed coping by those affected.

Die kommunikationswissenschaftliche Studie untersucht die N=25 deutschsprachigen Wikipedia-Artikel zu verschiedenen Methoden der Empfaengnisverhuetung. Der theoretische Hintergrund basiert auf dem bisherigen Forschungsstand zu Gesundheits- und Patienteninformationen und ihrer Qualitaet. Zudem wird die aktuelle Evidenzlage zu Verhuetungsmethoden herangezogen. Methodisch wird mit dem Instrumentarium der Inhalts- und Qualitätsanalyse gearbeitet.

Experimentelle Studie zur Einschätzung der Qualität von Presseartikeln über sexuellen Kindesmissbrauch