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China is chasing dominance in emerging artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in both the private and military sectors, as a central part of its effort to be the leading global cyber power. The rise of AI – a subset of cyber as are machine learning, quantum computing, and other new technologies – does not herald a new arms race equivalent to that of the Cold War. Rather, the concern should be on the profound disruption to the existing westernized global order. This piece reviews how the 1990s westernized national creation called cyberspace created so many ubiquitous, embedded vulnerabilities whose easy exploitation directly accelerated the rise of an otherwise impoverished authoritarian and aggressive China. Today no single democracy has the scale and sufficient resources to alone match the foreknowledge and strategic coherence of the newly confident and assertive China. To change current global trends, the small group of consolidated democratic civil societies needs a collective approach to counter China's growing dominance across all fields of cyberspace. The piece ends describing the Cyber Operational Resilience Alliance (CORA) to provide the public and private scale and collective strategic coherence required to ensure the future wellbeing and security of democracy in an overwhelmingly authoritarian, post-western, cybered world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid threats, as well as hybrid war, have become our century’s constant, receiving numerous definitions over time, which clarify to a greater or lesser extent these concepts characterized mainly by ambiguity both in terms of means, as well as the forces involved or the geographical area of combat. It can be deemed at least as derisive to try to define a concept that arose from the need to include everything that is known in terms of techniques, means, methods and tools, but also what will appear in the not-too-distant future, thanks to the rapid technological evolution, used by state actors and non-states in an attempt to achieve their most diverse goals, be they military, political, social or even economic. This paper aims to provide a brief overview of the relevant literature on hybrid threats, operations and warfare, starting from the first attempt to define them and up to new attributes added in the meantime. We will analyze the characteristics, types, actors involved, and objectives pursued by them, resulting from the combination of several techniques, methods or tools.

People have started to change their habits such as shopping, meeting with friends, banking transactions with the technological developments and the spread of the internet. Through this change and the cyber environment, the concept of crime has also transformed and the concept of cyber crime has entered human life. Businesses trying to adapt to technology have faced the dangers of the cyber environment. The datasets of the Cybersecurity Breaches Survey 2021 were used as secondary data in the study, the general purpose of which is to investigate the factors that make businesses the target of a cybercrime. Few studies on businesses and cybercrime in Türkiye have been conducted on cyber security and cyber risk. In this research, the relationship between the size of the business, the human factor, digital visibility, cyber security measures, cyber awareness and cybercrime training with cyber crime victimization has been examined. As a result of the research, it was seen that medium and large enterprises were exposed to cybercrime more, while the most common cybercrime that businesses were exposed to was phishing. In the study, where the human factor was found to be the factor that increased the risk of phishing crime, it was seen that the visibility of businesses in the cyber environment increased the victimization of cybercrime. In the conclusion part of the research, the results of the analysis were interpreted and suggestions were presented to the individuals, enterprises and the institutions that produce policies related to cyber security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reconnaissance and monitoring activities of actors on the Internet are becoming indispensable security tools for governments around the world. The Deep Web as part of the Internet protects actors. However, cheap and reliable encryption and online identity protection have become attractive to state and non-state actors in the cyber domain. Unfortunately, part of the Deep Web, the Dark Web is now offering to training terrorists, and trading arms and illicit substances. The Dark Web represents a communication and information systems infrastructure where actors are anonymous and the services are adaptable to the demands of geopolitical circumstances. This paper analyzes the ways of using the Dark Web and its impact on the information environment since the global war on terrorism began, through a period when humanity struggled with Covid-19 pandemic to the war in Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Verbal violence may manifest in written form as cyber incivility within patient portal communications. As a form of digital technology, patient portal messages create a physical and emotional distance leading the sender to be disinhibited and disassociated from the recipient nurse. Written patient portal messages may contain uncivil language deemed verbally violent when the content escalates beyond professional standards. When these messages are encountered as part of patient care, they may lead to nurses' psychological distress. Although cyber-incivility has been studied within social media and business, little is known about cyber-incivility within healthcare. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to define cyber-incivility as it manifests within healthcare compared to business, determine sender demographics, and quantify the impact on nurses. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted to analyze portal communications. Nurses forwarded aggressive messages to leadership and quantified their level of distress after receiving the message. Sender demographics were tracked, and content was analyzed using Braun and Clarke's Thematic Analysis. Results: Of the 31 included messages, senders were of varying ages, genders, and marital statuses. Messages rarely related to medications and rarely contained expletives. The most distressing messages were ad hominem, demanding, accusatory, or contained threats. These messages illustrated how healthcare cyber-incivility manifested and deviated from appropriate professional standards to become a form of verbal workplace violence. Message content also identified antecedents; related to unmet expectations, patient accountability, or difficulty navigating healthcare. Conclusions: Written incivil/uncivil/aggressive patient portal messages contained personal attacks and professionally degrading content, which were distressing to nurses. A healthcare-specific framework was created and provided context to understand the difficult and aggressive messages nurses received while providing digital patient care. Awareness of cyber-incivility within healthcare allows for better support of nurses who are exposed to this form of workplace violence and is foundational to future intervention development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do interactions in the cyber domain affect states' ontological security and how do states respond to these challenges? These are pertinent questions given the increasing influence of cyber technologies on daily life, politics, and International Relations. Over the years, state actors have faced challenges in various spheres, including security, politics, economics, and culture. However, nowadays, cyber technologies enable the emergence of effective, efficient, and powerful alternatives to the current state-system practices. This creates fundamental challenges to states' sense of self, identity, and home, calling into question states' dominant and ingrained narratives regarding their roles in the international arena. I suggest that the scholarship of ontological security, although rarely used in this context, provides intriguing analytical tools to explore these questions. This scholarship focuses on the actors' ability to maintain their sense of self, allowing researchers to explore how interactions in the cyber domain challenge states' routines, narratives, and sense of home. Furthermore, using the scholarship of ontological security to study cyber technologies can also account for states' responses, illuminating puzzling behavior that cannot be explained fully through other perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Public Law / Zeitschrift für Öffentliches Recht is the property of Verlag Oesterreich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

State sovereignty, in terms of physical territories or cyberspace, is fundamental to a nation's independence. However, cyberspace lacks clear territorial boundaries, complicating the exercise of jurisdictional authority. Indonesia's reliance on foreign cyber infrastructure heightens its cyber vulnerability and weakens its cyber sovereignty. This research examines how Indonesia's traditional concept of "Gotong Royong" (mutual cooperation) could address these cyber sovereignty challenges. Using a normative legal research methodology and a comparative law approach, the research compares Indonesia's cyber sovereignty with that of the People's Republic of China. It argues that adapting the Gotong Royong principle, in line with the Universal People's Defense System outlined in Law Number 3 of 2002 on National Defense, could enhance Indonesia's cyber sovereignty. This approach involves engaging all citizens, regional entities, and national resources in safeguarding cyberspace.

Cyber data breaches are an evolving risk facing all firms and threatens their ability to conduct business activity. Due to a lack of available information, very little is known about the frequency and severity of data breaches and the financial markets' responses to them. This study uses a unique proprietary data set that includes cyber data breach information for 3,992 publicly traded firms during the 1990 to 2019 period. We find cyber breaches vary with time and cyber criminals focus on particular industries, types of information, access sources, and countries. We find significant short run negative abnormal returns around the announcement of cyber events and larger negative returns in industries with higher frequencies of attacks and attacks involving personal financial information. Additionally, we find increasing negative cumulative abnormal returns up to 250 days after the announcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The multidimensionality of the current operational environment is a given by the number and quality and characteristics of various actors: state actors, non-state actors, sponsor states, as well as multiple threats manifested in the physical environment with a conventional character (conventional military forces), non-conventional (nuclear forces, special operations forces, chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons - CBRN and industrial toxic materials - ITM, improvised explosive devices - IED), asymmetric (guerrillas, insurgent and separatist groups, terrorist organizations or selfradicalized individuals and criminal organizations) and cyber (virtual, informational environments), all engaged in a combined and coordinated battle against an adversary with superior military means and capabilities. Infl uence, disinformation and psychological operations have been part of modern military strategies for decades. The malign use of information to intoxicate and manipulate the enemy, or to impact the civilian population, increased in the second half of the 20th century, especially in the context of new forms of hybrid warfare, and proved to contribute greatly to the political victories of various state and non-state actors. In addition to classical methods and tools, technological development has brought major changes with the acceleration of communication through the use of virtual space and social media platforms forming a whole new battle space, called the informational environment [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid warfare is currently among the most trending topics. Hybrid threats arise in digital, cybernetic, and virtual environments and materialise in the real world. Despite being a somewhat vague term, hybrid activities include cyberwarfare, information warfare, and the emerging and evolving concept of cognitive warfare which appears from their intersection. These buzzwords gained popular attention in the context of the Russo--Ukrainian conflict and such terms are now in vogue. Even though these topics are in the spotlight, there is also widespread confusion about what exactly these usages mean and what the implications are in branding them as "warfare". Indeed, all these concepts are fluid, nebulous, and lack an undisputed legal definition. This ar ticle aims to clarify their meaning and to shed light on the characteristics of such terms -- differences, similarities and overlaps -- in the context of hybrid warfare and show the faulty reasoning upon which misunderstandings are based. The paper concludes with a glimpse into the future, closing with a reflection on multi-domain operations facilitated by a fully integrated human--computer interaction in the metaverse, where physical reality is merged and interacts with digital virtuality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to create a Cyber Incident Handling Framework (CIHF) for South African schools to improve their effectiveness in dealing with cyber incidents while also ensuring that each role player plays an important role in the intervention process aimed at reducing cyber incidents in schools. Experts' comments on the proposed cyber incident handling framework (CIHF) for schools in South Africa were gathered through an expert review survey. The use of expert reviewers was justified to tap into the reviewers' expertise and knowledge. The expert opinion was useful in determining the relevance of the suggested framework, reflecting on its quality, and determining how well it supports the solution of reporting cyber events in South African schools. The expert review process' significant contribution was the documentation of expert opinions on the planned CIHF for South African schools. The study detailed the Cyber Incident Handling Framework (CIHF), as well as the problems in applying the framework and how the challenges may be handled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A wide range of recent well-publicised risks to operational continuity, including but not limited to cyber threats, combined with seemingly more frequent natural disasters and extreme weather-related events have contributed to a broad, heightened interest in operational resilience, which features as an area of considerable focus for corporates and financial institutions, as well as the global regulatory community. This paper discusses the key principles of a strong operational risk framework that remain relevant even as technology and tools advance. These principles include a deep understanding of the businesses and activities that are of greatest operational importance and the specific resources required to execute them, the development and maintenance of business continuity and crisis management plans and the performance of robust testing that is designed to illuminate opportunities for improvement. Recent developments in the global regulatory focus and approach to operational resilience are discussed, including the important differences between regulators and the lack of a single set of universal rules. While this creates challenges for global firms, the authors discuss how the global Custody business and its related ecosystem has been demonstrating its resilience throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the interdependency of the participants on each others' resiliency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fact that the use of cyberspace, easily connects individuals to a wider audience in a rapid sense and creates an interaction network, develops a movement and synergy within like-minded people. In terms of terrorism conceptualization, this creates a transformative effect on protest, propaganda, financing, recruitment, education and action planning in the context of radicalization. In such environment, various groups gain freedom of movement through the existence of applications that provide anonymity. Control and surveillance in this highly interactive environment also creates an area of concern for state actors. The concept of the panopticon, which was designed by Samuel Bentham in 1785, based on the idea of Jeremy Bentham. This concept means monitoring the whole. The notion of surveillance affects the idea of controllability of the masses in many areas, especially in the physical ones. This study aims to raise awareness in the context of the use of mass surveillance in cyberspace since individuals can be radicalized there. In this study, the descriptive method will be used and the state actors use of mass surveillance of the Internet will be discussed in the context of radicalization in cyberspace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

States propose a range of policies to combat cyber threats. This article explores the approaches they take to build cybersecurity preparedness through a content analysis of the national cybersecurity strategies of 83 nation-states. We introduce a new typology for cybersecurity policies which conceptualises them according to their international versus domestic and collaborative versus non-collaborative focus. We describe trends in the content of these documents and discuss the policy implications of our findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase in internet connectivity has led to an increased usage of the Internet of Things (IoT) and devices on the internet. These IoT devices are becoming the backbone of Industry 4.0. The dependence on IoT devices has made them vulnerable to cyber-attacks. IoT devices are often deployed in harsh conditions, challenged with less computational costs, and starved with energy. All these limitations make it tough to deploy accurate intrusion detection systems (IDSs) in IoT devices and make the critical IoT ecosystem more susceptible to cyber-attacks. A new lightweight IDS and a novel feature selection algorithm are introduced in this paper to overcome the challenges of computational cost and accuracy. The proposed algorithm is based on the Information Theory models to select the feature with high statistical dependence and entropy reduction in the dataset. This feature selection algorithm also showed an increase in performance parameters and a reduction in training time of 27–63% with different classifiers. The proposed IDS with the algorithm showed accuracy, Precision, Recall, and F1-Score of more than 99% when tested with the CICIDS2018 dataset. The proposed IDS is competitive in accuracy, Precision, Recall, and training time compared to the latest published research. The proposed IDS showed consistent performance on the UNSWNB15 dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of National Security Review / Nemzetbiztonsági Szemle is the property of National University of Public Service and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cyber, space, and emerging technologies have transformed the strategic environment. Since the last publication of the NATO Strategic Concept, the Alliance has responded to this changing environment by addressing emerged and emerging threats at differential rates of operational and policy planning. Now, NATO must seek to holistically integrate these domains into the forthcoming strategic concept to increase the resilience and effectiveness of the Alliance. An adaptable and resilient Alliance that responds to the challenge of cyber, space, and emerging technologies will be best realized through three primary avenues. First, reaching preemptive consensus on actions short-of-force and consensus on space and cyber actions that trigger Article 5 will enhance collective defense and crisis management. Second, communication of capabilities and resolve will promote deterrence and enhance cooperative security among member states. Finally, cooperation with industry partners and among Allies to maintain a cutting technological edge is essential for NATO's collective defense against emerging threats and enhances cooperative security through a common strategic culture of innovation. It is essential that NATO prevents cyber, space, and emerging technologies from being understood and actioned in isolation, and instead thoughtfully integrates technologies into the Alliances' key tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Money has been a polarising and unresolved socio-economic issue for more than 300 years. In this article, we explore how the state became increasingly involved in money and, through the words of prominent monetary theorists, identify the problem of the state in money. We analyse Bitcoin to see if it is a solution to this problem but move on to contend that the political dimension needs to be the focus of theory in the 21st century and that control of the supply of money, and the power that it gives, is the root of contention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyberattacks on companies cause huge financial loss all over the world due to lack of cyber risk awareness of companies. Understanding cybersecurity risk is crucial for company directors. In this paper, we analyse the cybersecurity skills of the directors listed on the top 100 Australian Securities Exchange (ASX 100) ranked by market capitalisation. By analysing the background and skills set of the non-executive board members of ASX 100 companies, we were able to observe that only 1.8 per cent of non-executive directors have cybersecurity knowledge and background. Interestingly, a majority of directors (around 78 per cent) have knowledge in neither technology nor cybersecurity realms. Moreover, only 7 per cent of ASX 100 companies have at least one director with cyber and technology knowledge and background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that currently the threat of cyber-attacks has become a real threat that has the potential to develop in Indonesia. With the presence of these cyber-attacks, the government must take advantage of the synergy between state multi-stake holders to jointly face cyber threats that come to attack Indonesia. The purpose of this research is to answer the existing problem formulations, namely first to find out which state multi-stake holders are in synergy in defending cyber-attacks in Indonesia; and to analyze how the synergy of state multi-stake holders in dealing with cyber-attacks in Indonesia. The writing of this article was conducted using a qualitative method with a literature review approach that focuses on the synergy between state multi-stake holders in dealing with cyber-attacks in Indonesia. The theory used is the concept of synergy, state multi-stake holders, and the threat of cyber-attacks as a literature review. In this paper, the results show that the synergy concept consists of coordination; and communication, which is used by state multi-stake holders to face the threat of cyber-attacks. So that it can be concluded from this writing that state multi-stake holders who work together in defending cyber threats are: BSSN, Kominfo, Puskom Kemhan, Pusinfolahta TNI Headquarters, and Dittipidsiber Polri. In addition, the synergy of state multi-stake holders in dealing with cyber-attacks in Indonesia is carried out by applying the synergy aspect, namely coordination and communication, which is led by BSSN as the leading sector in the cyber defense sector

Cybercrime is a crime involving computers and networks that began to develop after the Cold War. International politics also have developed through computer networks or cyberspace, especially in communication and diplomacy. Many actors who have different interests make the cybersphere unstable. Several state and non-state actors themselves have collaborated and conventions in the cyber realm. In 2018, France made a high-level declaration called the Paris Call for Trust and Security in Cyberspace to maintain stability in cyberspace. Through the Paris Call, France tries to establish an international norm in the cyber domain known as Cybernorms. This norm has been supported by several state and non-state actors. This study seeks to see the importance of the Paris Call that has been made by the French government which aims to remind the general norms of cyber that are not popular or see the formation of international norms in the cybersphere. This study uses a qualitative method with the process-tracing data analysis method used to explain change and cause-and-effect. This research argues that cyber norms are very important for state or non-state actors in maintaining the stability of the cyber world.

This article draws upon original qualitative interview data with Norwegian male and female cyberengineer cadets at the Norwegian Cyber Defense Academy, who could in the future be working with AI-enabled systems in a variety of positions throughout the Norwegian military. The interviews explored how these cadets feel they as cyberengineers will be perceived in their future positions in the military, what challenges they feel they may face, and how gender may play a role in this. Different cyberengineers expressed concern about being able to communicate the cyber domain to their non-technology specialist colleagues due to the increasing complexity of new technologies. Gender appeared to be playing a role in this concern as the women interviewed expressed specific concerns that they feel as women, that they do not fit the stereotype of who is a cyberengineer, while some of the men felt that as cyberengineers they were seen as embodying a nerd masculinity, and that these gendered perceptions has implications for how they feel others perceive their competence levels. The findings from this article highlights gendered hierarchies in the military and the need for military institutions to focus on developing communication skills among those working with cyber operations. As the role of cyber is expected to grow in military operations, cyberengineers will need to find ways of communicating effectively with non-specialists—especially as complex AI-enabled systems are introduced. Finally, this paper argues the need for military institutions to take gender into account for this training and need for gender-sensitive policies.

Iran has grown proficient at using hybrid-war capabilities and tactics to achieve its regional objectives over the last 30 years. The country typically operates below the threshold of conventional warfare, using a blend of military and paramilitary tools, including proxy forces, missiles, cyber tools, maritime forces, and information operations to shape and coerce regional actors to its advantage. These are effective in the short term, but damage Iran's long-term interests by inviting greater isolation and more sanctions. Any US effort to curb Iranian hybrid-war tactics should combine pressure with potential incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalam perkembangan dunia masa kini banyak bermunculan teknologi-teknologi yang dapat mempermudah hidup manusia, salah satunya adalah internet yang berada dalam ranah siber. Perkembangan teknologi dalam internet saat ini memungkinkan aktivitas-aktivitas politik dijalankan melalui ranah tersebut. Perkembangan dalam bentuk kemudahan-kemudahan untuk mengakses informasi-informasi yang berkaitan aktivitas-aktivitas politik saat ini banyak dilakukan melalui medium siber tersebut, sehingga disebut dengan politik siber. Politik siber sangat mengandalkan platform digital untuk mendiseminasikan pesan-pesan politik. Dengan demikian, di tengah kencangnya arus teknologi informasi saat ini, diharapkan era politik siber dapat berpengaruh positif terhadap partisipasi politik masyarakat. Partisipasi politik masyarakat sangat diperlukan dalam menentukan pemimpin-pemimpin politik karena peran mereka sangat tinggi di dalam era politik siber. Hasil penelitian penulis menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi politik masyarakat di era siber mengalami peningkatan, khususnya melalui sarana-sarana daring. Sarana-sarana tersebut, adalah peningkatan kampanye daring yang banyak dilakukan melalui media sosial. Untuk itu, tulisan ini akan menjelaskan keterkaitan antara aktivitas politik di era politik siber dengan partisipasi politik masyarakat. Metode penelitian bersifat kualitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi literatur