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Sites CA-MEN-3638 and CA-MEN-3678 were recorded by Pacific Legacy as part of the Caltrans Willits Bypass Project and are located in Mendocino County, California. Site CA-MEN-3638 is a prehistoric cultural deposit situated on the northern cut-bank of Upp Creek in the western region of the Little Valley wetlands. A ground stone pestle (Sample 0256) recovered from Site CA-MEN-3638 was submitted to PaleoResearch Institute for pollen and starch analysis. Site CA-MEN-3678 is a prehistoric lithic scatter and habitation midden situated in the lacustrine basin of the Little Lake Valley in the Northern Coast Ranges (Lisa Shapiro, personal communication, December 19, 2018). A slate biface (Sample 0058) recovered from Site CA-MEN-3678 was submitted to PaleoResearch for protein residue analysis.

The Eaton Site is a multicomponent site situated on a knoll overlooking Cazenovia Creek in West Seneca, Erie County, New York. The site was utilized intermittently from late Paleoindian times to the early 19th Century (William Engelbrecht, personal communication, October 31, 2018). The major occupation of the site was an AD 1550 Iroquoian village. Three chert lithics recovered from an Iroquoian longhouse during the 1990 Buffalo State, State University of New York Field School were submitted for protein residue (CIEP) analysis.

A stone pipe fragment was recovered by Lifeways of Canada from the Junction Site (Site DkPi-2), near the junction of Hwy 2 and Crowsnest Highway, 3 km west of Fort MacLeod in southern Alberta, Canada. Given its association with other cultural materials, Lifeways of Canada suggest affiliation with the Old Women’s Phase. Lifeways of Canada submitted the stone pipe fragment to PaleoResearch for pollen, phytolith, starch, macrofloral, Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) elemental composition analysis.

One sediment sample from a 50 mm diameter core sample taken from the Sibley Site 1, Squaw Bay, Ontario, was collected and submitted for pollen analysis. The core exhibited rhythmic clay with visible dark and light bands. A portion of the core was AMS radiocarbon dated, producing an age of 13,800 ± 60 14C BP (Fred Dean, personal communication, September 6, 2018). The sample was submitted to identify the local vegetation around Lake Superior during the late Pleistocene.

The Avalon Old Bridge Prehistoric Site (28-MI-275) is located near Deep Run in Old Bridge Township, Middlesex County, New Jersey. Phase III archaeological data recovery of the site by RGA Cultural Resource Consultants revealed cultural materials from the Early Archaic to the Woodland periods (Lauren Lembo, personal communication, December 18, 2018). RGA submitted two groundstones (Samples 126a and 359) and two lithic artifacts (Samples 168a and 328) to PaleoResearch Institute for starch analysis and protein residue analysis (CIEP), respectively, to provide information regarding the plant and animal resources processed at the site. The objective of the analyses conducted by PaleoResearch is to provide information on the possible uses of the tools submitted, including data on specific plant or animal resources associated with the tools. From these analyses, RGA seeks to answer broader research questions about intra-site dynamics, particularly with regard to subsistence practices and social interaction. In addition, RGA will explore the relationships between the Avalon Old Bridge Prehistoric Site and other nearby sites, with the purpose of understanding settlement in the Raritan River region.

Site CA-SBR-14, a rock shelter situated south of Pilot Knob Valley, is situated at an elevation of 3,500 ft on the South Range east of the Naval Air Weapons Center, China Lake in San Bernardino County, California. Radiocarbon dates of AD 1485–1650 and diagnostic artifacts indicate the site represents a Late Prehistoric occupation during the Rose Spring time period. Located in the ethnographic region of Kawaiisu, the site is culturally affiliated with the Numic. Feature 1 contained three handstones, a digging stick, and additional artifacts. Additionally, there is evidence of animal disturbance as previous coprolite analysis, conducted by PaleoResearch Institute, determined them to be non-human. A rhyolite handstone was recovered in Feature 1 at a depth of 10–20 cm below surface and submitted for phytolith analysis.

Site LA 181607 is located near Roy in Harding County, New Mexico. The site is enclosed by tipi rings associated with nomadic plains groups and is located on a gentle sloping southeast-facing terrace. Alamocita Creek is situated to the southeast below the terrace, while an arroyo to the east separates Sites LA 181607 and LA 181608. One sediment sample was submitted for macrofloral and radiocarbon age determination.

Site 42WS1220 is an open campsite located in the Saint George Basin, Washington County, Utah. The site is situated on three active dunes along the eastern side of Cottonwood Wash with Interstate 15 north-bound lanes running through it. The site produced multiple features, lithics, ground stones, and ceramics dating between the Archaic period and the Puebloan and South Pauite periods (Aaron Woods, personal communication, November 14, 2018). Two thermal feature fill sediments were submitted for pollen analysis. Three additional thermal feature fill sediments were submitted for macrofloral analysis, charcoal identification, microcharcoal extraction, and/or AMS radiocarbon age determination.

Fort Ligonier (36WM71), an 18th Century fortified supply outpost, is tied to the British military’s Forbes Expedition. The fort is located in the Laurel Highlands section of the Allegheny Plateau on a hilltop in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania. A wood sample suspected to be from part of the main gate’s artillery battery defense was submitted for identification and AMS radiocarbon dating.

One granite metate fragment was recovered from Site CA-SDI-16111 (P-37-024301), a prehistoric site located in the Anza Borrego Desert State Park, San Diego County, California. The site consists of two milling features, an agave roasting pit, and artifact scatter (James Daniels, personal communication, September 14, 2018). The granite metate fragment was submitted for protein residue analysis.

Two obsidian flakes were recovered from Site 118X77, which is located in Nahanni National Park Reserve in southwest Northwest Territories, Canada. The flakes were submitted for protein residue analysis to identify possible processed animal proteins. The flakes were also submitted for obsidian sourcing to determine where the flake materials originated.

The Saoyú Æehdacho National Historic Site is located on the southwest shore of Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories, Canada. Two lithic artifacts were recovered from the surface of a gravel glacial beach ridge along the west shore of the Saoyú (Grizzly Bear Mountain) peninsula. The Archaeology and History Branch of Parks Canada submitted the tools to PaleoResearch Institute for microscopic (pollen, phytolith, starch), protein residue, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses to determine how the tools might have been used (Donalee Deck, personal communication, October 23, 2018).

A sandstone mano, recovered from Shelter C in the Trinchera Cave Archaeological District, was submitted for pollen and starch analysis to determine its use. A small concentration of blue pigment observed on the mano surface was the subject of X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) analysis.

Site TL6926-PM-006 is a prehistoric bedrock milling complex situated along Keys Creek in Valley Center, San Diego County, California. Washes from Features 2 and 4 were collected and submitted for protein analysis.

A shell fragment obtained from a larger shell from Palawan Island, Batangas was submitted for AMS radiocarbon age determination.

Sites T-031618-01 and T-032118-01 are located in the high plateau region between Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, near a north/south trending portion of Old Saddle Road and about half of a kilometer south-southwest of the Mauna Kea Recreation Area in the Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawai'i County, Hawai'i. The Research Corporation of the University of Hawai'i (RCUH) and the Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit of the Pacific International Center of High Technology Research (PICHTR) submitted 17 sediment samples recovered from excavated pits in pāhoehoe lava flows to PaleoResearch Institute (PRI) for Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis (Table 1). Funding and other support for this project were provided by US Army Garrison, Pohakuloa Training Area. The objective of this FTIR analysis is to test for organic residues, with the purpose of evaluating whether or not the pits compare with known 'ua'u nesting sites on Hawai'i.

Site CA-030-2147 is a small rockshelter situated in the foothills of the Klamath Mountains near the town of Hornbrook in Siskiyou County, California. The rockshelter was occupied between the late prehistoric and early historic period. A sample collected from the shelter was submitted for pollen, phytolith, and starch analysis to identify evidence of local vegetation and possibly use. In addition, a “pinch” sample was collected in the vicinity of the shelter to provide control for the pollen analysis.

Site 8HG1330 (Cara Cara Corner) is located in Highlands County, Florida. Cara Cara Corner is situated west of the Sandy Point Wildlife Refuge on an upland surface near the edge of a wet prairie. A possible Archaic-stemmed projectile point was collected from the site and submitted for protein residue (CIEP) analysis.

One sediment sample from the Shishaldin volcano on the Aleutian Islands (Site 18jrssh024) and four sediment samples from the Makushin volcano on the Eastern Unalaska Island (Site 18mkjrs001), Alaska were submitted for recovery of datable particulate organics and AMS radiocarbon age determination.

The Scott Miller Mammoth site is a wetland located in the San Luis Valley, Rio Grande County, Colorado. Four peat samples were submitted for pollen analysis to determine the paleoenvironment of the site.

Sites CA-SDI-14971, CA-SDI-16695, and CA-SDI-16696, located in San Diego County, California, are part of the Via de la Valle Project. Seven lithic artifacts were collected and submitted for protein analysis. Obsidian debitage was submitted for obsidian sourcing, and a burned granite bowl was submitted for pollen and starch analysis.

Sites 42To5283, UTG-08-JT, UTG-05-JD, Beaver Bottoms, Lake Gunnison, 42To389, and 42To4716 are located in Tooele County, Utah. Six shell samples from Sites 42To5283, UTG-08-JT, UTG-05-JD, Beaver Bottoms, Lake Gunnison and one burned bone sample from 42To389 were submitted for AMS radiocarbon age determination. Sediment from a hearth feature fill from Site 42To4716 was submitted for macrofloral analysis and subsequent AMS radiocarbon age determination.

Xaltocan OP Z3, situated on a gentle slope in the former Xaltocan-Zumpanog lake bed, is located in the Nextalpan Municipality, Mexico. The artificially constructed island that comprises this site lies in the middle of Lake Xaltocan and dates to the tenth century AD (Kristin De Lucia, personal communication August 8, 2018). Phytolith, organic residue (FTIR), and elemental composition (XRF) analysis were conducted on twelve ceramics representing bowls, a basin, several comals, and numerous ollas, as well as a single polishing cobble to determine both foods processed and evaluate construction of the ceramics.

The data discussed here apply only to charred remains recovered in this macrofloral study. It is assumed that all uncharred material represents modern contaminants, and therefore it is not discussed. Table 10.2 lists all charred macrobotanical remains recovered in samples from the archeological sites, except for Site 74-002. At the end of this chapter is a complete listing of macrobotanical remains recovered charred and uncharred.

Three prehistoric sites, CA-SDI-21073, CA-SDI-21074, and CA-SDI-21114, are situated in northern San Diego County, California and is part of the Valley Ranch Center Project. The Valley Ranch Center Project location is west of Valley Center Road, south of Lilac Road, and north of Woods Valley Road. All three sites are located in the northeast corner within the Valley Center Project location. Site CA-SDI-21073 is located northwest of Site CA-SDI-21074 and west of CA-SDI-21114, whereas Site CA-SDI-2114 is situated almost directly north of Site CA-SDI-21074 and east of CA-SDI-21073. Four wash samples and one control sample were sent in for starch and protein analysis. The four samples from each site were wash samples collected from the bedrock milling surface, whereas the control sample was a wash sample obtained from the non-milling surface.

The Calabria Site in Fremont, California is a habitation site that contains a large, moderately disturbed midden and several burials. A flower pot mortar, located above the right arm of Burial 15, was sampled for pollen and starch analyses. This mortar is typical of the Augustine Period.

The San Joaquin River Pergola Site, located in northern Fresno County, includes three artifact concentrations, a diffuse artifact scatter, and an area of displaced artifacts. The site is situated atop a stabilized, well-sorted sand dune that does not exhibit stratigraphy. Groundstone, comprising metates, mortars, nether or lapstones, handstones (manos and pestles), and hammerstones were recovered. Six pieces of groundstone were submitted for pollen and starch or phytolith and starch analysis to address their use.

The 45th Avenue project site (Avenue 45th) is located on the southwest corner of Lincoln Avenue and Avenue 45 in Los Angeles, California. Four soil samples, collected from a boring and a trench in lacustrine deposits, were submitted for macrofloral analysis to recover and identify charred floral remains suitable for AMS radiocarbon age determination. Three samples from B-4 with expected dates between 15,000 and 6,000 years BP (John Helms, personal communication June 15, 2015) and one sample from ST-1 were submitted for radiocarbon analysis.