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Supplementary material to the article 'Keep it CooL! Results of a two-year CooL-intervention: a descriptive case series study'

Supplemental Material for Participant Characteristics as Moderators of the Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Interventions on Concerns About Falling: Secondary Analyses of Two Randomized Controlled Trials by Marlot Kruisbrink, Rixt Zijlstra, Rik Crutzen, Tanja A. C. Dorresteijn, Bjorn Winkens, and Gertrudis I. J. M. Kempen in Journal of Applied Gerontology.

Hintergrund und Stand (inter)nationaler Forschung: Regelmäßige körperliche Aktivität ist wirksam in der medizinischen Behandlung der koronaren Herzkrankheit (KHK). Hausärztliche Kurzberatung zur körperlichen Aktivität kann diese effektiv bei Patient:innen steigern. [zum vollständigen Text gelangen Sie über die oben angegebene URL]

A systematically produced overview regarding psychological determinants of hearing protection behaviors (e.g. using earplugs, restricting volume of music players) is paramount for the development of evidence-based interventions to prevent avoidable noise induced hearing loss. At present, no such overview exists. The present study, therefore, aims to offer a systematic review of the current literature concerning psychological determinants of hearing protection behaviors, and identify the determinants that are most strongly associated with hearing protection behaviors.

CIBERlite is an attempt to develop a lean method to get an idea of the relative important of attitude, subjective norm and self-efficacy in the prediction of a behavior' intention.

This pre-registration concerns secondary analyses of data from two RCTs of cognitive behavioral interventions in community-dwelling older adults: ISRCTN43792817 and NCT01358032. In each dataset, we investigate whether a number of variables are moderators of the effects on concerns about falling.

Background Being part of a social network, individuals benefit from the social and human capital that is available for them in their network. As a group member, people are aware of the communication that happens within the group and are able to access it. Individuals will communicate more with their group members, who they trust, than with those outside their group (Valente, 2010). The connection and exchange of information within social networks is highly relevant to migrant populations, as they are known to be living in two worlds – with one foot at destination and another at origin (Castles et al., 2014). Glick Schiller, Basch and Blanc-Szanton first raised the term transnationalism in 1992, referring to the connection of migrants that transcends borders to their social network members who remain behind in the country of origin (Glick Schiller et al., 1992). The communication between migrants and social network members in their home country can be seen as an informal transnational exchange of human and social capital, facilitated by telecommunication technologies (Glick Schiller et al., 1992). This communication flow – also termed ‘social remittances’ – as coined by Peggy Levitt in 1998 – moves circularly and continuously, entailing ideas, values, practices, and behaviours. These transnational social exchanges allow for the diffusion of innovations (referring to ideas, values, practices and behaviours), driving contemporary social and cultural (ex)change (Castles et al., 2014; Levitt & Lamba-Nieves, 2011; Peggy Levitt, 1998; Markley, 2011). Within the South Asian region, women experience several sexual and reproductive health threats. For instance, compared to the global average risk (1/74), South-Asian women experience the highest risk of dying in pregnancy or childbirth (1/43) (IPFF, 2014). Pakistan serves as a relevant country case study within the South Asian context, because of sexual and reproductive health concerns and unique remittance receiving status. Sexual and reproductive health concerns The lack of birth control programs in Pakistan results in low contraceptive use. In 2019, 17.7% of all Pakistani women and 27.1% of the married women use any modern contraceptive method (Family Planning 2020, 2020; UNDESA, 2013; World Bank Group, 2016). Furthermore, Pakistan has a maternal mortality rate of 297/100,000 live births. This rate is not among the highest in the world (relatively speaking); however, being the 7th most populated country in the world (180 million inhabitants) it makes Pakistan one of the six countries contributing to more than half of the maternal deaths globally (in an absolute sense) (Khan et al., 2018). The HIV incidence rate in Pakistan was 0.11 in 2018, which is still relatively low. However, it is estimated that only 14% of individuals living with HIV know their status. Between 2010 and 2018 there was a 369% increase of AIDS-related deaths (UNAIDS, 2020). There is a growing concern that the numbers of HIV cases will increase even more. In 2019, outbreaks of HIV were reported in Punjab province (in January) and in Sindh province (in April). According to experts, these outbreaks were only a tip of the iceberg (Arif, 2019; Hussain et al., 2018). Main components that would contribute to these rising numbers were – among others – lack of awareness (mostly in rural areas), lack of sexual and reproductive health education programs, and cultural stigmas regarding HIV/AIDS (Arif, 2019; Hussain et al., 2018; UNAIDS, 2020). Remittance receiving status Pakistan is one of the highest remittances receiving countries in the world, impacting the social and economic development of the country (World Bank Group, 2016). In 2015, 5,935,193 people of Pakistani origin lived abroad, with the Gulf countries, U.K. and U.S. as main destination countries (UNDESA, 2015). Pakistani migration is mainly driven by economic reasons, only a relatively small number, 298 thousand, are recognized refugees who have been granted asylum (UNDESA, 2015). Pakistan’s remarkable remittances receiving status could reflect existing and well-established transnational networks. Besides sending money, it can be expected that these networks would also be a source of information. These transnational resources could be especially helpful as throughout Pakistan women from poor, rural, and socially marginalized groups often experience a lack of access to health resources (Mahsud-Dornan, 2007; Mumtaz et al., 2012; ICOMP, 2010). Pakistani religious leaders and politicians strongly oppose sexual and reproductive health programs, resulting in ineffective or even non-existent birth control, maternal care and HIV/AIDS awareness programs (Mazhar and Shaikh, 2012). Therefore, it is relevant to study if and how social remittances are associated with the sexual and reproductive health of those Pakistani that remain behind, by analysing the 2017-2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). We would like to address the following research questions: 1) To what extent is having a migrant household member associated with the birth control knowledge, intention and use of those who remain behind in Pakistan? a. To what extent are the characteristics of those who remain behind in Pakistan associated with the reception of birth control knowledge, intention and use of migrant household members? b. To what extent are the characteristics of the migrants associated with the birth control knowledge, intention and use of those who remain behind in Pakistan? c. To what extent are the conditions at destination (of the migrants) associated with the birth control knowledge, intention and use of those who remain behind in Pakistan? 2) To what extent is having a migrant household member associated with the normative structures related to HIV/AIDS of those who remain behind in Pakistan? a. To what extent are the characteristics of those who remain behind in Pakistan associated with the reception of normative structures related to HIV/AIDS of migrant household members? b. To what extent are the characteristics of the migrants associated with the normative structures related to HIV/AIDS of those who remain behind in Pakistan? c. To what extent are the conditions at destination (of the migrants) associated with the normative structures of HIV/AIDS of those who remain behind in Pakistan?