128 results on '"Cranfield, Michael R."'
Search Results
102. Cryptosporidium parvum is Not Transmissible to Fish, Amphibia, or Reptiles
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GRACZYK, THADDEUS K., primary, FAYER, RONALD, additional, and CRANFIELD, MICHAEL R., additional
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- 1996
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103. The Effect of Egg Yolk Sampling on Performance Parameters and Reproductive Indices of Northern Bobwhite Quail (Colinus Virginianus) Eggs
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Smith, Julia L., primary, Graczyk, Thaddeus K., additional, and Cranfield, Michael R., additional
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- 1996
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- View/download PDF
104. A model for the prediction of relative titres of avian malaria and Aspergillus spp. IgG in Jackass penguin (Spheniscus demersus) females based on maternal IgG in egg-yolk
- Author
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Graczyk, Thaddeus K., primary and Cranfield, Michael R., additional
- Published
- 1996
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105. Evaluation of Commercial Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) and Immunofluorescent Antibody (IFA) Test Kits for Detection of Cryptosporidium Oocysts of Species Other than Cryptosporidium parvum
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Graczyk, Thaddeus K., primary, Fayer, Ronald, additional, and Cranfield, Michael R., additional
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- 1996
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- View/download PDF
106. Maternal Transfer of Anti-Aspergillus spp. Immunoglobulins in African Black-footed Penguins (Spheniscus demersus)
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Graczyk, Thaddeus K., primary and Cranfield, Michael R., additional
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- 1995
- Full Text
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107. Fulminant Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis in a Lion-tailed Macaque (Macaca silenus) without Detected Signs
- Author
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Graczyk, Thaddeus K., primary, Cranfield, Michael R., additional, Kempske, Sandra E., additional, and Eckhaus, Michael A., additional
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- 1995
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108. SUBCLINICAL AVIAN MALARIA INFECTIONS IN AFRICAN BLACK-FOOTED PENGUINS (SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS) AND INDUCTION OF PARASITE RECRUDESCENCE
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Cranfield, Michael R., primary, Graczyk, Thaddeus K., additional, Beall, Frederick B., additional, laleggio, Donna M., additional, Shaw, Melvin L., additional, and Skjoldager, Mary L., additional
- Published
- 1994
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109. MATERNAL ANTIBODIES AGAINST PLASMODIUM SPP. IN AFRICAN BLACK-FOOTED PENGUIN (SPHENISCUS DEMERSUS) CHICKS
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Graczyk, Thaddeus K., primary, Cranfield, Michael R., additional, Shaw, Melvin L., additional, and Craig, Linden E., additional
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- 1994
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110. Early Brain Growth Cessation in Wild Virunga Mountain Gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei).
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MCFARLIN, SHANNON C., BARKS, SARAH K., TOCHERI, MATTHEW W., MASSEY, JASON S., ERIKSEN, AMANDINE B., FAWCETT, KATIE A., STOINSKI, TARA S., HOF, PATRICK R., BROMAGE, TIMOTHY G., MUDAKIKWA, ANTOINE, CRANFIELD, MICHAEL R., and SHERWOOD, CHET C.
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MOUNTAIN gorilla ,PRIMATOLOGY ,NEURAL development ,MOLARS - Abstract
Understanding the life history correlates of ontogenetic differences in hominoid brain growth requires information from multiple species. At present, however, data on how brain size changes over the course of development are only available from chimpanzees and modern humans. In this study, we examined brain growth in wild Virunga mountain gorillas using data derived from necropsy reports ( N = 34) and endocranial volume (EV) measurements ( N = 86). The youngest individual in our sample was a 10-day-old neonatal male with a brain mass of 208 g, representing 42% of the adult male average. Our results demonstrate that Virunga mountain gorillas reach maximum adult-like brain mass by 3-4 years of age; adult-sized EV is reached by the time the first permanent molars emerge. This is in contrast to the pattern observed in chimpanzees, which despite their smaller absolute brain size, reportedly attain adult brain mass approximately 1 year later than Virunga mountain gorillas. Our findings demonstrate that brain growth is completed early in Virunga mountain gorillas compared to other great apes studied thus far, in a manner that appears to be linked with other life history characteristics of this population. Am. J. Primatol. 75:450-463, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
111. Macaque monkey birth following transfer of in vitro fertilized, frozen-thawed embryos to a surrogate mother
- Author
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Cranfield, Michael R., primary, Berger, Nathan G., additional, Kempske, Sandra, additional, Bavister, Barry D., additional, Boatman, Dorothy E., additional, and Ialeggio, Donna M., additional
- Published
- 1992
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112. Proximate composition of milk from free-ranging mountain gorillas ( Gorilla beringei beringei).
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Whittier, Christopher A., Milligan, Lauren A., Nutter, Felicia B., Cranfield, Michael R., and Power, Michael L.
- Abstract
Published data on milk composition for nonhuman primates, especially great apes, are lacking. Milk composition data are important for understanding the physiology and evolution of mammalian milk production, as well as the nutritional requirements of infants. For many primate species these data have added relevance because of the need to hand raise infants orphaned by poaching or separated from their mothers in captivity. The proximate composition (dry matter (DM), protein, fat, sugar) of free-ranging mountain gorilla (MG) ( Gorilla beringei beringei) milk was characterized from samples ( N = 10) collected opportunistically during field procedures. The mean values for mid-lactation (1-50 months) milk samples from healthy MGs ( N = 7) were: 10.7% DM, 1.9% fat, 1.4% crude protein, 6.8% sugar, and 0.53 kcal/g. These results are lower in fat and total energy than most other Hominidae, including humans. One early-lactation sample was high in protein content while the composition of two samples from gorillas with poor health and suspected poor milk quality both deviated from the normal, mid-lactation pattern. This survey adds to the data available for primate milk composition and suggests that wild MG infants normally consume milk that is lower in fat and total energy than human milk. Zoo Biol 30:308-317, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2011
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113. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts is retained upon intestinal passage through a migratory water-fowl species (Canada goose, Branta canadensis).
- Author
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Graczyk, Thaddeus K., Cranfield, Michael R., Fayer, Ronald, Trout, James, Goodale, Holly J., Graczyk, T K, Cranfield, M R, Fayer, R, Trout, J, and Goodale, H J
- Published
- 1997
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114. Infectivity of Cryptosporidium parvumoocysts is retained upon intestinal passage through a migratory water‐fowl species (Canada goose, Branta canadensis)
- Author
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Graczyk, Thaddeus K., Cranfield, Michael R., Fayer, Ronald, Trout, James, and Goodale, Holly J.
- Abstract
SummaryFive Cryptosporidium‐free Canada geese (Branta canadensis) were individually orally dosed with 3–5 × 106Cryptosporidium parvumoocysts infectious to neonatal BALB/c mice. After intestinal passage, inoculum‐derived oocysts extracted from goose faeces established severe infection in 14 neonatal BALB/c mice (inoculum dose 2.5 × 105/mouse). The inoculum‐derived oocysts were detected in goose faeces up to 9 days post‐inoculation (PI); the number of intact oocysts and oocyst shells shed during the first 3 days PI was significantly higher than for the remaining 6 days PI (P<0.01). Based on acid‐fast stained air‐dried direct wet smears, 62% of the oocysts in goose faeces were intact (oocyst shells constituted 38%) and conformed to morphological features of viable and infectious inoculum oocysts. The fluorescence scores of the inoculated oocysts, obtained by use of the MERIFLUORtest, were identical to those obtained for the faeces‐recovered oocysts (majority 3 + to 4 +). The dynamics of oocyst shedding showed that overall, the birds released a significantly higher number of intact oocysts than oocyst shells (P<0.01) Retention of the viability and infectivity of C. parvumoocysts following intestinal passage through a migratory water‐fowl species has serious epidemiological implications. Water‐fowl can serve as mechanical vectors for the water‐borne oocysts and can contaminate surface waters with C. parvum.As the concentration of Cryptosporidiumoocysts in source waters is attributable to water‐shed management practices, water‐shed protection programme officials should consider water‐fowl as a potential factor enhancing contamination of the source water with Cryptosporidium.
- Published
- 1997
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115. Suspected Exposure to Filoviruses Among People Contacting Wildlife in Southwestern Uganda.
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Evans, Tierra Smiley, Tutaryebwa, Leonard, Gilardi, Kirsten V, Barry, Peter A, Marzi, Andrea, Eberhardt, Meghan, Ssebide, Benard, Cranfield, Michael R, Mugisha, Obed, Mugisha, Emmanuel, Smiley Evans, Tierra, Eberhart, Meghan, Kellermann, Scott, Mazet, Jonna A K, and Johnson, Christine K
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FILOVIRIDAE , *HOST-virus relationships , *EBOLA virus disease , *POLYMERASE chain reaction , *DISEASE risk factors , *ANIMAL experimentation , *ANIMAL populations , *COMPARATIVE studies , *GLYCOPROTEINS , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *RNA viruses , *VIRAL antigens , *EVALUATION research , *RNA virus infections - Abstract
Background: Human and filovirus host interactions remain poorly understood in areas where Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks are likely to occur. In the Bwindi region of Uganda, a hot spot of mammalian biodiversity in Africa, human livelihoods are intimately connected with wildlife, creating potential for exposure to filoviruses.Methods: We tested samples from 331 febrile patients presenting to healthcare facilities near Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and Western blot, using recombinant glycoprotein antigens for Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), and Marburg virus. Behavioral data on contact with wildlife were collected to examine risk factors for filovirus seropositivity.Results: All patients were negative for active filovirus infection, by PCR analysis. However, patients were seroreactive to SUDV (4.7%), EBOV (5.3%), and BDBV (8.9%), indicating previous exposure. Touching duikers was the most significant risk factor associated with EBOV seropositivity, while hunting primates and touching and/or eating cane rats were significant risk factors for SUDV seropositivity.Conclusions: People in southwestern Uganda have suspected previous exposure to filoviruses, particularly those with a history of wildlife contact. Circulation of filoviruses in wild animals and subsequent spillover into humans could be more common than previously reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
116. Detection of viruses using discarded plants from wild mountain gorillas and golden monkeys.
- Author
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Smiley Evans, Tierra, Gilardi, Kirsten V.K., Barry, Peter A., Ssebide, Benard Jasper, Kinani, Jean Felix, Nizeyimana, Fred, Noheri, Jean Bosco, Byarugaba, Denis K., Mudakikwa, Antoine, Cranfield, Michael R., Mazet, Jonna A.K., and Johnson, Christine K.
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MOUNTAIN gorilla , *GOLDEN snub-nosed monkey , *PATHOGENIC microorganisms , *NONINVASIVE diagnostic tests , *SAMPLING (Process) - Abstract
Infectious diseases pose one of the most significant threats to the survival of great apes in the wild. The critically endangered mountain gorilla ( Gorilla beringei beringei) is at high risk for contracting human pathogens because approximately 60% of the population is habituated to humans to support a thriving ecotourism program. Disease surveillance for human and non-human primate pathogens is important for population health and management of protected primate species. Here, we evaluate discarded plants from mountain gorillas and sympatric golden monkeys ( Cercopithecus mitis kandti), as a novel biological sample to detect viruses that are shed orally. Discarded plant samples were tested for the presence of mammalian-specific genetic material and two ubiquitous DNA and RNA primate viruses, herpesviruses, and simian foamy virus. We collected discarded plant samples from 383 wild human-habituated mountain gorillas and from 18 habituated golden monkeys. Mammalian-specific genetic material was recovered from all plant species and portions of plant bitten or chewed by gorillas and golden monkeys. Gorilla herpesviral DNA was most consistently recovered from plants in which leafy portions were eaten by gorillas. Simian foamy virus nucleic acid was recovered from plants discarded by golden monkeys, indicating that it is also possible to detect RNA viruses from bitten or chewed plants. Our findings show that discarded plants are a useful non-invasive sampling method for detection of viruses that are shed orally in mountain gorillas, sympatric golden monkeys, and potentially other species. This method of collecting specimens from discarded plants is a new non-invasive sampling protocol that can be combined with collection of feces and urine to evaluate the most common routes of viral shedding in wild primates. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1222-1234, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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117. Chapter 63 - Paramyxovirus
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BRONSON, ELLEN and CRANFIELD, MICHAEL R.
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118. Chapter 48 - Cryptosporidiosis
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CRANFIELD, MICHAEL R. and GRACZYK, THADDEUS K.
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119. Optimization of a Novel Non-invasive Oral Sampling Technique for Zoonotic Pathogen Surveillance in Nonhuman Primates.
- Author
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Smiley Evans, Tierra, Barry, Peter A., Gilardi, Kirsten V., Goldstein, Tracey, Deere, Jesse D., Fike, Joseph, Yee, JoAnn, Ssebide, Benard J, Karmacharya, Dibesh, Cranfield, Michael R., Wolking, David, Smith, Brett, Mazet, Jonna A. K., and Johnson, Christine K.
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PRIMATES , *SAMPLING (Process) , *PRIMATE diseases , *RHESUS monkeys , *BLOOD collection - Abstract
Free-ranging nonhuman primates are frequent sources of zoonotic pathogens due to their physiologic similarity and in many tropical regions, close contact with humans. Many high-risk disease transmission interfaces have not been monitored for zoonotic pathogens due to difficulties inherent to invasive sampling of free-ranging wildlife. Non-invasive surveillance of nonhuman primates for pathogens with high potential for spillover into humans is therefore critical for understanding disease ecology of existing zoonotic pathogen burdens and identifying communities where zoonotic diseases are likely to emerge in the future. We developed a non-invasive oral sampling technique using ropes distributed to nonhuman primates to target viruses shed in the oral cavity, which through bite wounds and discarded food, could be transmitted to people. Optimization was performed by testing paired rope and oral swabs from laboratory colony rhesus macaques for rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) and simian foamy virus (SFV) and implementing the technique with free-ranging terrestrial and arboreal nonhuman primate species in Uganda and Nepal. Both ubiquitous DNA and RNA viruses, RhCMV and SFV, were detected in oral samples collected from ropes distributed to laboratory colony macaques and SFV was detected in free-ranging macaques and olive baboons. Our study describes a technique that can be used for disease surveillance in free-ranging nonhuman primates and, potentially, other wildlife species when invasive sampling techniques may not be feasible. Author Summary: Wild nonhuman primates are frequent sources of pathogens that could be transmitted to humans because they are closely genetically related and have intimate contact with humans in many parts of the world. Sampling primates to screen for zoonotic pathogens is logistically challenging because standard invasive sampling techniques, such as the collection of a blood sample or an oral swab, requires field anesthesia. This research describes a non-invasive oral sampling technique that involves distributing a rope for primates to chew on that can be retrieved and screened for pathogens. Oral samples were successfully collected from multiple wild primate species in remote field settings and viruses were detected in those samples. This non-invasive sampling method has the potential for future applications in disease studies examining primates as sources of diseases that could affect humans in remote tropical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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- View/download PDF
120. Mountain gorilla genomes reveal the impact of long-term population decline and inbreeding.
- Author
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Yali Xue, Prado-Martinez, Javier, Sudmant, Peter H., Narasimhan, Vagheesh, Ayub, Qasim, Szpak, Michal, Frandsen, Peter, Yuan Chen, Yngvadottir, Bryndis, Cooper, David N., de Manuel, Marc, Hernandez-Rodriguez, Jessica, Lobon, Irene, Siegismund, Hans R., Pagani, Luca, Quail, Michael A., Hvilsom, Christina, Mudakikwa, Antoine, Eichler, Evan E., and Cranfield, Michael R.
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PRIMATE genomes , *PRIMATE populations , *MOUNTAIN gorilla , *INBREEDING , *PRIMATES , *ANIMAL variation , *HOMOZYGOSITY , *NUCLEOTIDE sequence - Abstract
Mountain gorillas are an endangered great ape subspecies and a prominent focus for conservation, yet we know little about their genomic diversity and evolutionary past. We sequenced whole genomes from multiple wild individuals and compared the genomes of all four Gorilla subspecies. We found that the two eastern subspecies have experienced a prolonged population decline over the past 100,000 years, resulting in very low genetic diversity and an increased overall burden of deleterious variation. A further recent decline in the mountain gorilla population has led to extensive inbreeding, such that individuals are typically homozygous at 34% of their sequence, leading to the purging of severely deleterious recessive mutations from the population. We discuss the causes of their decline and the consequences for their future survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
121. Human Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Confiscated Gorilla.
- Author
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Gilardi, Kirsten V.K., Oxford, Kristie L., Gardner-Roberts, David, Kinani, Jean-Felix, Spelman, Lucy, Barry, Peter A., Cranfield, Michael R., and Lowenstine, Linda J.
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HERPES simplex virus , *STOMATITIS in animals , *HERPESVIRUS diseases in animals , *EASTERN lowland gorilla , *VIRAL transmission - Abstract
In 2007, we detected human herpes simplex virus type 1, which caused stomatitis, in a juvenile confiscated eastern lowland gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) that had a high degree of direct contact with human caretakers. Our findings confirm that pathogens can transfer between nonhuman primate hosts and humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
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122. Contributors
- Author
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Barten, Stephen L., Bennett, R. Avery, Blanchard, Barbara, Boardman, Wayne, Boyer, Donal M., Boyer, Thomas H., Bronson, Ellen, Brown, Daniel R., Brown, Mary B., Campbell, Terry W., Cooper, John E., Cooper, Margaret E., Cranfield, Michael R., DeNardo, Dale, Done, Lisa B., Diethelm, Geraldine, Diaz-Figueroa, Orlando, Donoghue, Susan, Ferguson, Bruce, Fitzgerald, Kevin T., Funk, Richard S., Garner, Michael M., Gehrmann, William H., Gillespie, Donald Scott, Gold, Barry S., Greiner, Ellis C., Graczyk, Thaddeus K., Hernandez-Divers, Stephen J., Holz, Peter, Innis, Charles J., Johnson-Delaney, Cathy A., Kaufman, Gretchen, Klein, Paul A., Lane, Thomas, Lawton, Martin P.C., Lewbart, Daniel T., Lewbart, Gregory A., Lock, Brad A., Mader, Douglas, Mader-Weidner, Bonnie S., Mauldin, G. Neal, Mayer, Joerg, Mehler, Stephen J., Merigo, Constance, Mitchell, Mark A., Murray, Michael J., Nevarez, Javier, O'Leary, Nancy, Origgi, Francesco C., Paré, Jean A., Pace, Lonny B., Pokras, Mark, Ritchie, Bran, Rosenthal, Karen L., Rossi, John V., Rudloff, Elke, Schumacher, Juergen, Silverman, Sam, Sigler, Lynne, Slomka-M <ce:sup loc='post">c</ce:sup>Farland, Eileen, Stahl, Scott J., Stein, Geoff, Stetter, Mark D., Stoutenburgh, Gregory W., Taylor, W. Michael, Weber, E. Scott, III, Wellehan, Jim, Wendland, Lori D., Whitaker, Brent R., Wright, Kevin M., Wyneken, Jeanette, Vera, Rebecca, and Yelen, Trisha
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123. Histological examination of dental development in a juvenile mountain gorilla from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda.
- Author
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McFarlin, Shannon C., Reid, Donald J., Arbenz-Smith, Keely, Cranfield, Michael R., Nutter, Felicia, Stoinski, Tara S., Whittier, Christopher, Bromage, Timothy G., and Mudakikwa, Antoine
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MOUNTAIN gorilla , *DENTAL maturity , *SKULL morphology , *DENTITION , *DENTAL enamel , *DENTAL anthropology - Abstract
The microanatomy of enamel and dentine records important information about the rate and duration of tooth development, and the timing of key developmental milestones and stress events occurring during an individual's life. While much attention has focused on relationships between dental development and life history in great apes, opportunities to examine individuals from well-documented wild populations are exceptionally rare. Further, many taxa remain poorly known. We report on a histological examination of dental development in a young juvenile female mountain gorilla from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. This individual died an early death; associated records document the last several months of her life. In first and second mandibular permanent molars, we used histological methods to reconstruct cuspal formation times, daily secretion rates, and age at death, providing the first such data for mountain gorillas. Following a blind protocol, we also charted the timing of stress as recorded by accentuated growth increments. Calculated age at death of this individual was 3.10 years, at which time mandibular M1s were partially erupted through the gingiva. From analyses of daily and long-period growth increments, M1 mesiobuccal cusp calcification initiated 87 days before birth and total cuspal formation time was 2.27 years. Periodicity of long period growth increments was 6 days. A prominent stress line was determined to have formed four months before death, corresponding closely in time to a documented poaching event that left this individual orphaned. Subsequent to this, accentuated increments record repeated incidence of stress during a period of documented reintroduction attempts, injury resulting from aggression by other gorillas and a follow-up surgery. Our observations are consistent with accelerated dental development reported previously for a captive juvenile western gorilla (Schwartz et al. 2006), and demonstrate the value of dental histology for revealing aspects of individual life history and stress in wild great apes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
124. Facial asymmetry tracks genetic diversity among Gorilla subspecies.
- Author
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McGrath K, Eriksen AB, García-Martínez D, Galbany J, Gómez-Robles A, Massey JS, Fatica LM, Glowacka H, Arbenz-Smith K, Muvunyi R, Stoinski TS, Cranfield MR, Gilardi K, Shalukoma C, de Merode E, Gilissen E, Tocheri MW, McFarlin SC, and Heuzé Y
- Subjects
- Animals, Facial Asymmetry veterinary, Genetic Variation, Humans, Gorilla gorilla genetics, Hominidae
- Abstract
Mountain gorillas are particularly inbred compared to other gorillas and even the most inbred human populations. As mountain gorilla skeletal material accumulated during the 1970s, researchers noted their pronounced facial asymmetry and hypothesized that it reflects a population-wide chewing side preference. However, asymmetry has also been linked to environmental and genetic stress in experimental models. Here, we examine facial asymmetry in 114 crania from three Gorilla subspecies using 3D geometric morphometrics. We measure fluctuating asymmetry (FA), defined as random deviations from perfect symmetry, and population-specific patterns of directional asymmetry (DA). Mountain gorillas, with a current population size of about 1000 individuals, have the highest degree of facial FA (explaining 17% of total facial shape variation), followed by Grauer gorillas (9%) and western lowland gorillas (6%), despite the latter experiencing the greatest ecological and dietary variability. DA, while significant in all three taxa, explains relatively less shape variation than FA does. Facial asymmetry correlates neither with tooth wear asymmetry nor increases with age in a mountain gorilla subsample, undermining the hypothesis that facial asymmetry is driven by chewing side preference. An examination of temporal trends shows that stress-induced developmental instability has increased over the last 100 years in these endangered apes.
- Published
- 2022
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125. Suspected Exposure to Filoviruses Among People Contacting Wildlife in Southwestern Uganda.
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Smiley Evans T, Tutaryebwa L, Gilardi KV, Barry PA, Marzi A, Eberhardt M, Ssebide B, Cranfield MR, Mugisha O, Mugisha E, Kellermann S, Mazet JAK, and Johnson CK
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Animals, Wild immunology, Antigens, Viral immunology, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Filoviridae immunology, Filoviridae Infections immunology, Glycoproteins immunology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Uganda, Young Adult, Animals, Wild virology, Filoviridae pathogenicity, Filoviridae Infections genetics, Filoviridae Infections virology
- Abstract
Background: Human and filovirus host interactions remain poorly understood in areas where Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks are likely to occur. In the Bwindi region of Uganda, a hot spot of mammalian biodiversity in Africa, human livelihoods are intimately connected with wildlife, creating potential for exposure to filoviruses., Methods: We tested samples from 331 febrile patients presenting to healthcare facilities near Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and Western blot, using recombinant glycoprotein antigens for Ebola virus (EBOV), Sudan virus (SUDV), Bundibugyo virus (BDBV), and Marburg virus. Behavioral data on contact with wildlife were collected to examine risk factors for filovirus seropositivity., Results: All patients were negative for active filovirus infection, by PCR analysis. However, patients were seroreactive to SUDV (4.7%), EBOV (5.3%), and BDBV (8.9%), indicating previous exposure. Touching duikers was the most significant risk factor associated with EBOV seropositivity, while hunting primates and touching and/or eating cane rats were significant risk factors for SUDV seropositivity., Conclusions: People in southwestern Uganda have suspected previous exposure to filoviruses, particularly those with a history of wildlife contact. Circulation of filoviruses in wild animals and subsequent spillover into humans could be more common than previously reported.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
126. Mountain gorilla lymphocryptovirus has Epstein-Barr virus-like epidemiology and pathology in infants.
- Author
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Smiley Evans T, Lowenstine LJ, Gilardi KV, Barry PA, Ssebide BJ, Kinani JF, Nizeyimana F, Noheri JB, Cranfield MR, Mudakikwa A, Goldstein T, Mazet JAK, and Johnson CK
- Subjects
- Animals, Animals, Newborn, Gorilla gorilla, Herpesviridae Infections epidemiology, Herpesviridae Infections virology, Histocytochemistry, Lung pathology, Lung virology, Mouth virology, Tumor Virus Infections epidemiology, Tumor Virus Infections virology, Virus Shedding, Ape Diseases epidemiology, Ape Diseases virology, Herpesviridae Infections veterinary, Lymphocryptovirus isolation & purification, Tumor Virus Infections veterinary
- Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infects greater than 90% of humans, is recognized as a significant comorbidity with HIV/AIDS, and is an etiologic agent for some human cancers. The critically endangered mountain gorilla population was suspected of infection with an EBV-like virus based on serology and infant histopathology similar to pulmonary reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (PRLH), a condition associated with EBV in HIV-infected children. To further examine the presence of EBV or an EBV-like virus in mountain gorillas, we conducted the first population-wide survey of oral samples for an EBV-like virus in a nonhuman great ape. We discovered that mountain gorillas are widely infected (n = 143/332) with a specific strain of lymphocryptovirus 1 (GbbLCV-1). Fifty-two percent of infant mountain gorillas were orally shedding GbbLCV-1, suggesting primary infection during this stage of life, similar to what is seen in humans in less developed countries. We then identified GbbLCV-1 in post-mortem infant lung tissues demonstrating histopathological lesions consistent with PRLH, suggesting primary infection with GbbLCV-1 is associated with PRLH in infants. Together, our findings demonstrate that mountain gorilla's infection with GbbLCV-1 could provide valuable information for human disease in a natural great ape setting and have potential conservation implications in this critically endangered species.
- Published
- 2017
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- View/download PDF
127. Mountain gorilla genomes reveal the impact of long-term population decline and inbreeding.
- Author
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Xue Y, Prado-Martinez J, Sudmant PH, Narasimhan V, Ayub Q, Szpak M, Frandsen P, Chen Y, Yngvadottir B, Cooper DN, de Manuel M, Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Lobon I, Siegismund HR, Pagani L, Quail MA, Hvilsom C, Mudakikwa A, Eichler EE, Cranfield MR, Marques-Bonet T, Tyler-Smith C, and Scally A
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Physiological, Animals, Biological Evolution, DNA Copy Number Variations, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Endangered Species, Female, Gorilla gorilla classification, Gorilla gorilla physiology, Homozygote, Linkage Disequilibrium, Male, Mutation, Population Dynamics, Rwanda, Selection, Genetic, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Genetic Variation, Genome, Gorilla gorilla genetics, Inbreeding
- Abstract
Mountain gorillas are an endangered great ape subspecies and a prominent focus for conservation, yet we know little about their genomic diversity and evolutionary past. We sequenced whole genomes from multiple wild individuals and compared the genomes of all four Gorilla subspecies. We found that the two eastern subspecies have experienced a prolonged population decline over the past 100,000 years, resulting in very low genetic diversity and an increased overall burden of deleterious variation. A further recent decline in the mountain gorilla population has led to extensive inbreeding, such that individuals are typically homozygous at 34% of their sequence, leading to the purging of severely deleterious recessive mutations from the population. We discuss the causes of their decline and the consequences for their future survival., (Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
128. Anthropozoonotic Giardia duodenalis genotype (assemblage) a infections in habitats of free-ranging human-habituated gorillas, Uganda.
- Author
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Graczyk TK, Bosco-Nizeyi J, Ssebide B, Thompson RC, Read C, and Cranfield MR
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- Adult, Animals, Cattle, DNA, Protozoan chemistry, DNA, Protozoan genetics, Feces parasitology, Female, Genotype, Giardia lamblia classification, Giardiasis pathology, Humans, In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence, Male, Parasite Egg Count, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Ribosomal chemistry, RNA, Ribosomal genetics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Uganda, Zoonoses transmission, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Giardia lamblia genetics, Giardiasis parasitology, Giardiasis transmission, Gorilla gorilla parasitology, Zoonoses parasitology
- Abstract
To facilitate ecotourism and research, free-ranging mountain gorillas of Uganda have been habituated to humans. Testing of fecal samples of gorillas (n = 100), people sharing gorilla habitats (n = 62). and local pre- and postweaned cattle (n = 50) having access to these habitats with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated monoclonal antibodies revealed Giardia duodenalis cysts at prevalences of 2, 5, and 10%, respectively. The identification of G. duodenalis was confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization with 2 species-specific 18-bp oligonucleotide probes conjugated to hexachlorinated 6-carboxyfluorescein. The mean pathogen concentration was 2.5, 2.8, and 0.2 x 10(4) cysts/g of the gorilla, people, and cattle feces, respectively. All cyst isolates aligned with genotype (assemblage) A, as confirmed by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of a 130-bp region near the 5' end of the small subunit-ribosomal RNA gene. A single genotype (assemblage) A recovered from 3 genetically distant but geographically united host groups indicates anthropozoonotic transmission of G. duodenalis. A large percentage of the local community does not follow park regulations regarding the disposal of their fecal waste, as self-reported in a questionnaire. This genotype may have been introduced into gorilla populations through habituation activities and may have then been sustained in their habitats by anthropozoonotic transmission.
- Published
- 2002
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