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142 results on '"Cottin, Hervé"'

101. High-molecular-weight organic matter in the particles of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Author

Fray, Nicolas, primary, Bardyn, Anaïs, additional, Cottin, Hervé, additional, Altwegg, Kathrin, additional, Baklouti, Donia, additional, Briois, Christelle, additional, Colangeli, Luigi, additional, Engrand, Cécile, additional, Fischer, Henning, additional, Glasmachers, Albrecht, additional, Grün, Eberhard, additional, Haerendel, Gerhard, additional, Henkel, Hartmut, additional, Höfner, Herwig, additional, Hornung, Klaus, additional, Jessberger, Elmar K., additional, Koch, Andreas, additional, Krüger, Harald, additional, Langevin, Yves, additional, Lehto, Harry, additional, Lehto, Kirsi, additional, Le Roy, Léna, additional, Merouane, Sihane, additional, Modica, Paola, additional, Orthous-Daunay, François-Régis, additional, Paquette, John, additional, Raulin, François, additional, Rynö, Jouni, additional, Schulz, Rita, additional, Silén, Johan, additional, Siljeström, Sandra, additional, Steiger, Wolfgang, additional, Stenzel, Oliver, additional, Stephan, Thomas, additional, Thirkell, Laurent, additional, Thomas, Roger, additional, Torkar, Klaus, additional, Varmuza, Kurt, additional, Wanczek, Karl-Peter, additional, Zaprudin, Boris, additional, Kissel, Jochen, additional, and Hilchenbach, Martin, additional

Published
2016
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102. Astrobiology and the Possibility of Life on Earth and Elsewhere...

Author

Cottin, Hervé, Kotler, Julia Michelle, Bartik, Kristin, Cleaves II, H. James, Cockell, Charles S., De Vera, Jean-Pierre P., Ehrenfreund, Pascale, Leuko, Stefan, Ten Kate, Inge Loes, Martins, Zita, Pascal, Robert, Quinn, Richard, Rettberg, Petra, Westall, Frances, Cottin, Hervé, Kotler, Julia Michelle, Bartik, Kristin, Cleaves II, H. James, Cockell, Charles S., De Vera, Jean-Pierre P., Ehrenfreund, Pascale, Leuko, Stefan, Ten Kate, Inge Loes, Martins, Zita, Pascal, Robert, Quinn, Richard, Rettberg, Petra, and Westall, Frances

Abstract

Astrobiology is an interdisciplinary scientific field not only focused on the search of extraterrestrial life, but also on deciphering the key environmental parameters that have enabled the emergence of life on Earth. Understanding these physical and chemical parameters is fundamental knowledge necessary not only for discovering life or signs of life on other planets, but also for understanding our own terrestrial environment. Therefore, astrobiology pushes us to combine different perspectives such as the conditions on the primitive Earth, the physicochemical limits of life, exploration of habitable environments in the Solar System, and the search for signatures of life in exoplanets. Chemists, biologists, geologists, planetologists and astrophysicists are contributing extensively to this interdisciplinary research field.From 2011 to 2014, the European Space Agency (ESA) had the initiative to gather a Topical Team of interdisciplinary scientists focused on astrobiology to review the profound transformations in the field that have occurred since the beginning of the new century. The presentpaper is an interdisciplinary review of current research in astrobiology, covering the major advances and main outlooks in the field. The following subjects will be reviewed and most recent discoveries will be highlighted: the new understanding of planetary system formation including the specificity of the Earth among the diversity of planets, the origin of water on Earth and its unique combined properties among solvents for the emergence of life, the idea that the Earth could have been habitable during the Hadean Era, the inventory of endogenous and exogenous sources of organic matter and new concepts about how chemistry could evolve towards biological molecules and biological systems. In addition, many new findings show the remarkable potential life has for adaptation and survival in extreme environments.All those results from different fields of science are guiding our perspecti, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2015

103. Presentation of the Biochip experiment on the EXPOSE-R2 facility aboard the International Space Station

Author

Vigier, Flavie, Cottin, Hervé, Dobrijevic, M., Berger, Thomas, Coussot, Gaelle, Incerti, Sebastien, Vandenabeele-Trambouze, Odile, Le Postollec, A., Chaput, Didier, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SSE 2012, Laboratoire d'astrodynamique, d'astrophysique et d'aéronomie de bordeaux (L3AB), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB), Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron [Pôle Chimie Balard] (IBMM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM), Interface Physique et Chimie pour le Vivant (IPCV), Centre d'Etudes Nucléaires de Bordeaux Gradignan (CENBG), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pomies, Marie-Paule, and Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (ENSCM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience; Not Available

Published
2012

104. Cometary Organic Chemistry : experimental study of the contribution of the refractory organic component to the gas phase

Author

Cottin, Hervé, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris XII Val de Marne, François Raulin, Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Cottin, Hervé

Subjects
Source Etendue, Simulation Expérimentale, Actinométrie, Héxaméthylènetétramine, Experimental Simulation, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Organic Chemistry, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Formaldéhyde, Chimie Organique, Photodégradation, Actinometry, [CHIM.OTHE] Chemical Sciences/Other, Comet, Comète, [CHIM.OTHE]Chemical Sciences/Other, Polyoxyméthylène, Extended Source
Abstract

This PhD work is an experimental and theoretical study of the cometary organic refractory component contribution to the gaseous phase of comets. We present the reasons that explain the major interest arousing from these objects, mainly from the point of view of the organic chemistry which is one of the most complex ever encountered in the solar system (except on the Earth).From observations and experimental simulations we have made an inventory of all molecules present or suspected to be present in comets. This list has been the starting point of the selection process of chromatographic columns for the COSAC experiment on board the Rosetta mission. Our bibliographic work points out that a noticeable amount of the organic compounds of comets consists of high molecular weight molecules that don't sublime in the coma, but cover the dust particles emitted from the nucleus. We then put forward the hypothesis that refractory compounds might be degraded in the cometary environment by heat, UV and charged particles processes. We have built up an experimental set-up in order to study two of these mechanisms : photo and thermal degradation.The S.E.M.A.Ph.Or.E cométaire experiment allows to irradiate solid molecules in the far UV at a controlled temperature. We have studied the photodegradation of polyoxymethylene and shown that this polymer was degraded by UV of wavelengths under 190 nm mainly into H2CO and CO. We have also identified other photodegradation products : CO2, HCOOH, CH3OH, CH3OCHO, CH3OCH2OCH3 and C3H6O3. We have estimated for most of them their quantum yield of production and have proposed chemical mechanisms to explain their formation from the polymer. The thermal degradation rate (activation barrier, frequency factor) has also been measured.Then, we have been able to calculate the density profile of formaldehyde in the comet Halley, if polyoxymethylene is degraded by photo and thermal degradation, in order to estimate if this polymer is a good candidate to explain the extended source of H2CO. The first mechanism requires a dust production much higher than observed, but thermal degradation allows a good adjustment of our model to observations for cometary grains made of about 7 % of POM and warmed to a temperature of 350 K in the coma. Thus, we propose for the first time a mechanism which explains the formaldehyde extended source in realistic conditions of the cometary environment.We also present our first results obtained with another molecule which could also be present on comet and contribute to the CN extended source : hexamethylenetetramine. The photodegradation of this molecule is not very efficient, and we only detect a little production of HCN. The comparison of these results with previous works shows that it is important to consider interaction between the solid compound and the products of water photochemistry., Ce travail de thèse consiste en une étude expérimentale et théorique de la contribution de la composante organique réfractaire des comètes à la phase gazeuse. Nous présentons dans ce mémoire les différentes raisons qui expliquent l'intérêt majeur suscité par ces objets, et plus particulièrement du point de vue de la chimie organique qui pourrait y avoir atteint l'un des stades de complexité les plus avancés du système solaire après la Terre. A partir des observations et de simulations expérimentales, nous avons établi une compilation des molécules présentes sur les comètes ou susceptibles de l'être. Cette liste a été le point de départ du travail de sélection des colonnes chromatographiques qui seront embarquées à bord de la mission Rosetta dans le cadre de l'expérience COSAC. Ce travail bibliographique a aussi permis de rappeler qu'une fraction non négligeable de la composante organique des comètes se trouve sous la forme de molécules de poids moléculaire élevé qui ne subliment pas dans la coma, mais recouvrent les grains de poussière. Nous avons alors émis l'hypothèse que ces composés réfractaires pouvaient être dégradés dans l'environnement de la coma et produire des molécules volatiles sous l'action de la température, des UV solaires ou encore de particules énergétiques chargées. Nous avons donc conçu et mis en place un dispositif expérimental permettant d'étudier quantitativement deux de ces mécanismes : la photo et la thermodégradation.L'expérience S.E.M.A.Ph.Or.E Cométaire permet en effet d'irradier des composés solides à différentes longueurs d'onde dans l'UV lointain, tout en contrôlant leur température. Grâce à cet outil, nous avons pu étudier de façon approfondie la photodégradation du polyoxyméthylène. Nous avons montré que ce polymère se dégradait sous l'action des UV de longueur d'onde inférieure à environ 190 nm, principalement en H2CO et CO, deux molécules présentant des sources étendues dans les comètes. Nous avons aussi identifié d'autres produits de photodégradation : CO2, HCOOH, CH3OH, CH3OCHO, CH3OCH2OCH3 et C3H6O3. Nous avons obtenu pour une partie de ces molécules des estimations de leur rendement quantique de production et proposé des mécanismes réactionnels permettant de rendre compte de leur formation à partir du polyoxyméthylène. La vitesse de dégradation thermique du POM en formaldéhyde et les paramètres cinétiques permettant de calculer cette vitesse en fonction de la température (énergie d'activation et facteur de fréquence), ont été aussi déterminés.Nous avons donc alors pu modéliser le profil de densité du formaldéhyde dans la coma de la comète de Halley, par dégradation photochimique et thermique de grains de POM, afin d'estimer si ce composé est un bon candidat pour expliquer la source étendue de H2CO. Si le premier processus requiert une production de poussière irréaliste, la dégradation thermique du polymère permet un très bon ajustement du modèle aux observations pour des grains composés d'environ 7 % de POM et portés à une température de 350 K dans la coma. Nous proposons donc pour la première fois un mécanisme rendant compte de la source étendue de formaldéhyde dans des conditions réalistes de l'environnement cométaire.Nous présentons aussi les premiers résultats obtenus sur une molécule azotée susceptible elle aussi d'être présente sur les comètes et d'être à l'origine d'une source étendue de radicaux CN : l'hexaméthylènetétramine. La photodégradation de cette molécule n'est pas très efficace et nous n'avons pu mettre en évidence qu'une faible production de HCN. La confrontation de nos résultats à des travaux antérieurs tend à montrer qu'il est important de considérer l'interaction entre la molécule et les produits de photolyse de l'eau.

Published
1999

105. Astrobiology and the Possibility of Life on Earth and Elsewhere…

Author

Cottin, Hervé, primary, Kotler, Julia Michelle, additional, Bartik, Kristin, additional, Cleaves, H. James, additional, Cockell, Charles S., additional, de Vera, Jean-Pierre P., additional, Ehrenfreund, Pascale, additional, Leuko, Stefan, additional, Ten Kate, Inge Loes, additional, Martins, Zita, additional, Pascal, Robert, additional, Quinn, Richard, additional, Rettberg, Petra, additional, and Westall, Frances, additional

Published
2015
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106. Physical properties of interplanetary dust: laboratory and numerical simulations

Author

Hadamcik, Edith, Lasue, Jérémie, Levasseur-Regourd, Anny Chantal, Renard, Jean-Baptiste, Buch, Arnaud, Carrasco, Nathalie, Cottin, Hervé, Fray, Nicolas, Yong Guan, Yuan, Szopa, Cyril, PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lunar and Planetary Institute [Houston] (LPI), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire de Génie des Procédés et Matériaux - EA 4038 (LGPM), CentraleSupélec, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IMPEC - LATMOS, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Cardon, Catherine

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Abstract

Laboratory light scattering measurements with the PROGRA2 experiment, in A300-CNES and ESA dedicated microgravity flights or in ground based configurations, offer an alternative to models for exploring the scattering properties of particles with structures too complex to be easily handled by computer simulations [1,2]. The technique allows the use of large size distributions (nanometers to hundreds of micrometers) and a large variety of materials, similar to those suspected to compose the interplanetary particles [3]. Asteroids are probably the source of compact particles, while comets have been shown to eject compact and fluffy materials [4]. Moreover giant planets provide further a small number of interplanetary particles. Some interstellar particles are also present. To choose the best samples and size distributions, we consider previous numerical models for the interplanetary particles and their evolution with solar distance. In this model, fluffy particles are simulated by fractal aggregates and compact particles by ellipsoids. The materials considered are silicates and carbonaceous compound. The silicate grains can be coated by the organics. Observations are fitted with two parameters: the size distribution of the particles and the ratio of silicates over carbonaceous compounds. From the light scattering properties of the particles, their equilibrium temperature can be calculated for different structures and composition. The variation of their optical properties and temperatures are studied with the heliocentric distance [5,6]. Results on analogs of cometary particles [7] and powdered meteorites as asteroidal particles will be presented and compared to numerical simulations as well as observations. Organics on cometary grains can constitute distributed sources if degraded by solar UV and heat [8, 9]. The optical properties of CxHyNz compounds are studied after thermal evolution [10]. As a first approach, they are used to simulate the evolution of cometary or interplanetary dust organics approaching the Sun. Albedo and polarization variations will be discussed. The polarization evolution will be compared to those obtained through observations [11]. Studies of the properties of our interplanetary dust cloud should provide information to better interpret observations of dust around exoplanets. Some of these planets are very close to their star. The thermal evolution of organics driven by chemical reactions will represent a fundamental knowledge to interpret the relevant polarimetric observations. We acknowledge CNES for funding the PROGRA2 experiment, CNES and ESA for the micro-gravity flights. [1] Renard J.-B. et al., Appl. Opt. 41, 609 (2002) [2] Hadamcik E. et al., In: Light scattering rev. 4, 31 (Kokhanovszky ed.), Springer -Praxis, Berlin (2009) [3] Mann I. et al., Space Sci. Rev. 110, 269 (2004) [4] Hoertz F. et al., Science 314, 716 (2006) [5] Lasue J. et al., Astron. Astrophys. 473, 641 (2007) [6] Levasseur-Regourd A.C et al., Planet Space Sci. 55, 1010 (2007) [7] Hadamcik E. et al., Icarus 190, 660 (2007) [8] Cottin H. et al., Adv. Space Res. 42, 2019 (2008) [9] Fray N. et al., Planet. Space Sci. 53, 1243 (2005) [10] Sciamma-O'Brien E. et al., Icarus, accepted [11] Levasseur-Regourd A.C., et al., In: Interplanetary dust, Gruen, Gustafson B., Dermott S., Fechtig H. (Eds), Springer, Berlin, 57 (2001)

Published
2010

109. ILMA: Ion Laser Mass Analyser. A Mass-Spectrometer for In-Situ Characterization of a Near Earth Object (NEO)

Author

Cottin, Hervé, Arezki, B., Berthelier, Jean-Jacques, Bouabdellah, Abdel, Boukrara, A., Briois, Christelle, Carrasco, Nathalie, Gilbert, P., Engrand, C., Grand, Noël, Hilchenbach, M., Krüger, H., Makarov, A., Pennanech, C., Puget, P., Quirico, E., Szopa, Cyril, Thirkell, L., Zapf, Pascal, Thissen, R., Hadrossek, Christine, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Abstract

Symposium B, session 04, paper number B04-0044-10 (Oral); Like other small bodies of the Solar System, asteroids are the remnants of planet formation. Their compositions are inherited from the Solar Nebula at the time of planetesimals accretion into planets, 4.5 billion years ago. They are valuable objects to assess the physicochemical conditions prevailing at the time and place of their formation in the Solar Nebula. Among them, some are known to be rich in carbon and volatile species (including water), which suggests that they never underwent major heating and differentiation events. Their organic content is also of prime interest because the chemical evolution leading to life on Earth may have been initiated by the delivery of extraterrestrial organic compounds into primitive oceans. For these reasons, several space missions are currently considered by ESA and JAXA for a sample return mission to a primitive carbonaceous Near-Earth Object (NEO): MARCO POLO, HAYABUZA 2, etc... Their goal is to characterize a NEO at multiple scales via in-situ measurements by a science payload onboard an orbiter and a lander, and to bring samples back to Earth. ILMA is a concept for a new generation high resolution mass spectrometer, proposed to be part of a lander payload for in situ science. This instrument will be a Fourier Transform ion trap mass spectrometer using Laser Desorption and Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LDIMS) into a single platform. To this end, an Orbitrap mass analyser (developed by the Thermofisher Company) will be coupled to a laser source. The sample will be exposed to the laser beam producing desorbed ions which will be collected into the ion trap using the orbital trapping method. Ions will be stabilized in the trap by purely electrostatic quadro-logarithmic electrical fields and the detection undertaken by a non destructive measurement of the ion oscillation frequency inside the trap. Indeed, the trapped ions induce a periodic signal converted using Fourier Transform (FT) into an ultra-high mass resolution spectrum (M/∆M > 60,000 up to m/z =400 u). Moreover, ILMA is planned to become one of the lightest (2 kg), smallest (15x15x5 cm3 without the electronic box) and low power consumption (around 9 Watts) mass spectrometer ever achieved for space. Therefore ILMA will constitute a significant progress compared to previous mass spectrometers in space, allowing to distinguish isomass compounds and to measure isotopomer abundances. ILMA will be able to measure in situ chemical (mineral and organic) and isotopic compositions of the NEO, and should bring a new light of their astrobiological relevance for the study of the origin of life on Earth.

Published
2010

110. Orbitrap for ILMA: Ion Laser Mass Analyser. A Mass-Spectrometer for In-Situ Characterization of a Near Earth Object (NEO)

Author

Thissen, Roland, Arezki, Brahim, Berthelier, Jean-Jacques, Bouabdellah, Abdel, Boukrara, Amirouche, Briois, Christelle, Carrasco, Nathalie, Gilbert, Pierre, Engrand, C., Grand, Noël, Hilchenbach, M., Krüger, H., Makarov, A., Pennanech, Cyril, Puget, P., Quirico, E., Szopa, Cyril, Thirkell, L., Zapf, Pascal, Cottin, Hervé, Hadrossek, Christine, Laboratoire de Planétologie de Grenoble (LPG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Planétologie et d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (IPAG ), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers de Grenoble (OSUG), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), PLANETO - LATMOS, Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung (MPS), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), and Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR.EP] Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [PHYS.ASTR.EP]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], [SDU.ASTR.EP] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP]
Abstract

Symposium F, session 33, paper number F33-0006-10 (Oral); Like other small bodies of the Solar System, asteroids are the remnants of planet formation. Their compositions are inherited from the Solar Nebula at the time of planetesimal accretion into planets, 4.5 billion years ago. They are valuable objects to assess the physicochemical conditions prevailing at the time and place of their formation in the Solar Nebula. Among them, some are known to be rich in carbon and volatile species (including water), which suggests that they never underwent major heating and differentiation events. Their organic content is also of prime interest because the chemical evolution leading to life on Earth may have been initiated by the delivery of extraterrestrial organic compounds into primitive oceans. For these reasons, several space missions are currently considered by ESA and JAXA for a sample return mission to a primitive carbonaceous Near-Earth Object (NEO): MARCO POLO, HAYABUZA 2, etc... Their goal is to characterize a NEO at multiple scales via in-situ measurements by a science payload onboard an orbiter and a lander, and to bring samples back to Earth. ILMA is a concept for a new generation high resolution mass spectrometer, proposed to be part of a lander payload for in situ science. This instrument will be a Fourier Transform ion trap mass spectrometer using Laser Desorption and Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LDIMS) into a single platform. To this end, an Orbitrap mass analyser (developed by the Thermofisher Company) will be coupled to a laser source. The sample will be exposed to the laser beam producing desorbed ions which will be collected into the ion trap using the orbital trapping method. Ions will be stabilized in the trap by purely electrostatic quadro-logarithmic electrical fields and the detection undertaken by a non destructive measurement of the ion oscillation frequency inside the trap. Indeed, the trapped ions induce a periodic signal converted using Fourier Transform (FT) into an ultra-high mass resolution spectrum (M/DM > 60,000 up to m/z =400 amu). Moreover, ILMA is planned to become one of the lightest (metricconverterProductID2 kg2 kg), smallest (15x15x5 cmˆ3 without the electronic box) and low power consumption (around 9 Watts) mass spectrometer ever achieved for space. Therefore ILMA will constitute a significant progress compared to previous mass spectrometers in space. ILMA will be able to measure in situ chemical (mineral and organic) and isotopic compositions of the NEO, and should bring a new light of their astrobiological relevance for the study of the origin of life on Earth.

Published
2010

111. Organics in Comets

Author

Despois, Didier, Crovisier, Jacques, Bockelée-Morvan, Dominique, Biver, Nicolas, Cottin, Hervé, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2007

112. Inferring the interplanetary dust properties

Author

Lasue, Jérémie, Levasseur-Regourd, Anny Chantal, Fray, Nicolas, Cottin, Hervé, Service d'aéronomie (SA), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA (UMR_7583)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ), and Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
radiation mechanisms: thermal, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-AO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics [physics.ao-ph], polarization, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, interplanetary medium, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, methods: numerical
Abstract

Since in situ studies and interplanetary dust collections only provide a spatially limited amount of information about the interplanetary dust properties, it is of major importance to complete these studies with properties inferred from remote observations of scattered and emitted light, with interpretation through simulations. Aims.Physical properties of the interplanetary dust in the near-ecliptic symmetry surface, such as the local polarization, temperature, and composition, together with their heliocentric variations, may be derived from scattered and emitted light observations, giving clues to the respective contribution of the particle sources. Methods.A model of light scattering by a cloud of solid particles constituted by spheroidal grains and aggregates thereof is used to interpret the local light-scattering data. Equilibrium temperature of the same particles allows us to interpret the temperature heliocentric variations. Results.A good fit of the local polarization phase curve, $P_{\alpha}$, near 1.5 AU from the Sun is obtained for a mixture of silicates and more absorbing organic material ($\approx$40% in mass) and for a realistic size distribution typical of the interplanetary dust in the 0.2 $\mu$m to 200 $\mu$m size range. The contribution of dust particles of cometary origin is at least 20% in mass. The same size distribution of particles gives a dependence of the temperature with the solar distance, R, in R-0.45 that is different than the typical black body behavior. The heliocentric dependence of $P_{\alpha=90^{\circ}}$ is interpreted as a progressive disappearance of solid organic (such as HCN polymers or amorphous carbon) towards the Sun.

Published
2007

113. Refractory organic matter of comets as an origin of extended sources: laboratory experiments to understand observations

Author

Cottin, Hervé, Bénilan, Yves, Fray, Nicolas, Gazeau, Marie-Claire, Raulin, François, Biver, Nicolas, Bockelée-Morvan, Dominique, Crovisier, Jacques, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2006

114. Origin of the formaldehyde (H2CO) extended source in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp)

Author

Fray, Nicolas, Bénilan, Yves, Biver, Nicolas, Bockelée-Morvan, Dominique, Cottin, Hervé, Crovisier, Jacques, Gazeau, Marie-Claire, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pôle Planétologie du LESIA, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)

Subjects
[PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience

Published
2004

116. The AMINO experiment: methane photolysis under Solar VUV irradiation on the EXPOSE-R facility of the International Space Station

Author

Carrasco, Nathalie, primary, Cottin, Hervé, additional, Cloix, Mégane, additional, Jérome, Murielle, additional, Bénilan, Yves, additional, Coll, Patrice, additional, Gazeau, Marie-Claire, additional, Raulin, François, additional, Saiagh, Kafila, additional, Chaput, Didier, additional, and Szopa, Cyril, additional

Published
2014
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118. The PROCESS Experiment: An Astrochemistry Laboratory for Solid and Gaseous Organic Samples in Low-Earth Orbit

Author

Cottin, Hervé, primary, Guan, Yuan Yong, additional, Noblet, Audrey, additional, Poch, Olivier, additional, Saiagh, Kafila, additional, Cloix, Mégane, additional, Macari, Frédérique, additional, Jérome, Murielle, additional, Coll, Patrice, additional, Raulin, François, additional, Stalport, Fabien, additional, Szopa, Cyril, additional, Bertrand, Marylène, additional, Chabin, Annie, additional, Westall, Frances, additional, Chaput, Didier, additional, Demets, René, additional, and Brack, André, additional

Published
2012
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121. Very high resolution mass spectrometry of HCN polymers and tholins

Author

Vuitton, Véronique, primary, Bonnet, Jean-Yves, additional, Frisari, Maeliss, additional, Thissen, Roland, additional, Quirico, Eric, additional, Dutuit, Odile, additional, Schmitt, Bernard, additional, Le Roy, Léna, additional, Fray, Nicolas, additional, Cottin, Hervé, additional, Sciamma-O'Brien, Ella, additional, Carrasco, Nathalie, additional, and Szopa, Cyril, additional

Published
2010
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122. Darwin—an experimental astronomy mission to search for extrasolar planets

Author

Cockell, Charles S., primary, Herbst, Tom, additional, Léger, Alain, additional, Absil, O., additional, Beichman, Charles, additional, Benz, Willy, additional, Brack, Andre, additional, Chazelas, Bruno, additional, Chelli, Alain, additional, Cottin, Hervé, additional, Coudé du Foresto, Vincent, additional, Danchi, William, additional, Defrère, Denis, additional, den Herder, Jan-Willem, additional, Eiroa, Carlos, additional, Fridlund, Malcolm, additional, Henning, Thomas, additional, Johnston, Kenneth, additional, Kaltenegger, Lisa, additional, Labadie, Lucas, additional, Lammer, Helmut, additional, Launhardt, Ralf, additional, Lawson, Peter, additional, Lay, Oliver P., additional, Liseau, Rene’, additional, Martin, Stefan R., additional, Mawet, Dimitri, additional, Mourard, Denis, additional, Moutou, Claire, additional, Mugnier, Laurent, additional, Paresce, Francesco, additional, Quirrenbach, Andreas, additional, Rabbia, Yves, additional, Rottgering, Huub J. A., additional, Rouan, Daniel, additional, Santos, Nuno, additional, Selsis, Franck, additional, Serabyn, Eugene, additional, Westall, Frances, additional, White, Glenn, additional, Ollivier, Marc, additional, and Bordé, Pascale, additional

Published
2008
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126. Comets, Titan and Mars: Astrobiology and Space Projects.

Author

Brack, André, Horneck, Gerda, Mayor, Michel, McKay, Christopher P., Stan-Lotter, H., Gargaud, Muriel, Martin, Hervé, Claeys, Philippe, Bénilan, Yves, and Cottin, Hervé

Abstract

To date, there is nothing that could allow us to figure out if we will ever know whether the Earth is the only inhabited planet in the universe. However, astrobiology has gone a long way since the very first experiments by Miller in 1950 and since then, questions related to astrobiology are feeding the exploration of our solar system, and even beyond with ambitious programs for the observation of extrasolar planets (TPF, Darwin). The answer is maybe already at hand, by a rock analyzed with a Martian rover, or further away, under a few kilometers of ice in the Jupiter neighborhood. . . This chapter deals with the preliminary steps of the astrobiological exploration of the solar system, we are currently witnessing. We focused on the search of organic matter and liquid water, but none of them is a clear indicator of past or present life. We did not discuss the next issue about measurement(s) (chemical, geological, spectroscopic), which could allow us to claim that we have finally detected life on another planet. The scientific debate about it is still at its very first stages, and opens the most fascinating prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2007
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130. VITRINE: a next generation low Earth orbit exposure facility for astrochemistry and exobiology

Author

Cottin, Hervé, Coll, P., Ehrenfreund, P., Baratta, G. A., Bénilan, Y., Bertrand, M., Fabien BORGET, Buch, A., Chieavassa, T., Couturier, I., Dartois, E., D Hendecourt, L., Duvernay, F., Fray, N., Gazeau, M. C., Leach, S., Mattioda, A., Piétri, N., Quinn, R., Raulin, F., Ricco, A. J., Santos, O., Strazzulla, G., Szopa, C., Theulé, P., Westall, F., Villenave, M., Lefevre, F., Belasic, M., Chazalnoel, P., and Viso, M.

131. Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko sheds dust coat accumulated over the past four years

Author

Langevin, Yves, Zaprudin, Boris, Le Roy, Léna, Lehto, Harry, Briois, Christelle, Orthous-Daunay, François-Régis, Fray, Nicolas, Merouane, Sihane, Thirkell, Laurent, Silen, Johan, Kissel, Jochen, Rynö, Jouni, Fischer, Henning, Engrand, Cecile, Cottin, Hervé, Godard, Marie, Bardyn, Anaïs, Paquette, John, Varmuza, Kurt, Schulz, Rita, Baklouti, Donia, Hornung, Klaus, Hilchenbach, Martin, Siljeström, Sandra, and Stenzel, Oliver

Subjects
13. Climate action, 520 Astronomy

132. Cometary Dust

Author

Levasseur-Regourd, Anny-Chantal, Agarwal, Jessica, Cottin, Hervé, Engrand, Cécile, Flynn, George, Fulle, Marco, Gombosi, Tamas, Langevin, Yves, Lasue, Jérémie, Mannel, Thurid, Merouane, Sihane, Poch, Olivier, Thomas, Nicolas, and Westphal, Andrew

Subjects
13. Climate action, 520 Astronomy, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, 620 Engineering, complex mixtures, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, respiratory tract diseases
Abstract

This review presents our understanding of cometary dust at the end of 2017. For decades, insight about the dust ejected by nuclei of comets had stemmed from remote observations from Earth or Earth’s orbit, and from flybys, including the samples of dust returned to Earth for laboratory studies by the Stardust return capsule. The long-duration Rosetta mission has recently provided a huge and unique amount of data, obtained using numerous instruments, including innovative dust instruments, over a wide range of distances from the Sun and from the nucleus. The diverse approaches available to study dust in comets, together with the related theoretical and experimental studies, provide evidence of the composition and physical properties of dust particles, e.g., the presence of a large fraction of carbon in macromolecules, and of aggregates on a wide range of scales. The results have opened vivid discussions on the variety of dust-release processes and on the diversity of dust properties in comets, as well as on the formation of cometary dust, and on its presence in the near-Earth interplanetary medium. These discussions stress the significance of future explorations as a way to decipher the formation and evolution of our Solar System.

133. Evidence of ammonium salts in comet 67P as explanation for the nitrogen depletion in cometary comae

Author

Altwegg, Kathrin, Balsiger, Hans, Hänni, Nora, Rubin, Martin, Schuhmann, Markus, Schroeder, Isaac, Sémon, Thierry, Wampfler, Susanne, Berthelier, Jean-Jacques, Briois, Christelle, Combi, Mike, Gombosi, Tamas I., Cottin, Hervé, De Keyser, Johan, Dhooghe, Frederik, Fiethe, Björn, and Fuselier, Steven A.

Subjects
13. Climate action, 530 Physics, 520 Astronomy, 620 Engineering
Abstract

Cometary comae are generally depleted in nitrogen. The main carriers for volatile nitrogen in comets are NH₃ and HCN. It is known that ammonia readily combines with many acids, such as HCN, HNCO and HCOOH, encountered in the interstellar medium as well as in cometary ice to form ammonium salts (NH₄⁺X⁻) at low temperatures. Ammonium salts, which can have a substantial role in prebiotic chemistry, are hard to detect in space as they are unstable in the gas phase and their infrared signature is often hidden by thermal radiation or by, for example, OH in minerals. Here we report the presence of all possible sublimation products of five different ammonium salts in the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko measured by the ROSINA instrument onboard Rosetta. The relatively high sublimation temperatures of the salts leads to an apparent lack of volatile nitrogen in the coma. This then also explains the observed trend of higher NH₃/H₂O ratios with decreasing perihelion distances in comets.

135. AMBITION – comet nucleus cryogenic sample return.

Author

Bockelée-Morvan, D., Filacchione, Gianrico, Altwegg, Kathrin, Bianchi, Eleonora, Bizzarro, Martin, Blum, Jürgen, Bonal, Lydie, Capaccioni, Fabrizio, Choukroun, Mathieu, Codella, Claudio, Cottin, Hervé, Davidsson, Björn, De Sanctis, Maria Cristina, Drozdovskaya, Maria N., Engrand, Cécile, Galand, Marina, Güttler, Carsten, Henri, Pierre, Herique, Alain, and Ivanovski, Stavro

Subjects
*COMETS, *SOLAR system, *GAS giants, *SPACE exploration, *AMBITION, *ASTEROIDS
Abstract

We describe the AMBITION project, a mission to return the first-ever cryogenically-stored sample of a cometary nucleus, that has been proposed for the ESA Science Programme Voyage 2050. Comets are the leftover building blocks of giant planet cores and other planetary bodies, and fingerprints of Solar System's formation processes. We summarise some of the most important questions still open in cometary science and Solar System formation after the successful Rosetta mission. We show that many of these scientific questions require sample analysis using techniques that are only possible in laboratories on Earth. We summarize measurements, instrumentation and mission scenarios that can address these questions. We emphasize the need for returning a sample collected at depth or, still more challenging, at cryogenic temperatures while preserving the stratigraphy of the comet nucleus surface layers. We provide requirements for the next generation of landers, for cryogenic sample acquisition and storage during the return to Earth. Rendezvous missions to the main belt comets and Centaurs, expanding our knowledge by exploring new classes of comets, are also discussed. The AMBITION project is discussed in the international context of comet and asteroid space exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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136. The detection of solid phosphorus and fluorine in the dust from the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.

Author

Gardner, Esko, Lehto, Harry J, Lehto, Kirsi, Fray, Nicolas, Bardyn, Anaïs, Lönnberg, Tuomas, Merouane, Sihane, Isnard, Robin, Cottin, Hervé, Hilchenbach, Martin, and team, the COSIMA

Subjects
*CHURYUMOV-Gerasimenko comet, *FLUORINE, *PHOSPHORUS, *DUST, *MASS spectrometry, *APATITE, *COMA
Abstract

Here, we report the detection of phosphorus and fluorine in solid particles collected from the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko measured with the COmetary Secondary Ion Mass Analyser (COSIMA) instrument on-board the Rosetta spacecraft, only a few kilometers away from the comet nucleus. We have detected phosphorus-containing minerals from the presented COSIMA mass spectra, and can rule out e.g. apatite minerals as the source of phosphorus. This result completes the detection of life-necessary CHNOPS-elements in solid cometary matter, indicating cometary delivery as a potential source of these elements to the young Earth. Fluorine was also detected with CF+ secondary ions originating from the cometary dust. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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137. On structural properties of Comet 67/P dust particles collected in situ by ROSETTA/COSIMA from observations of electrical fragmentation.

Author

Hornung, Klaus, Mellado, Eva Maria, Stenzel, Oliver J., Langevin, Yves, Merouane, Sihane, Fray, Nicolas, Fischer, Henning, Paquette, John, Baklouti, Donia, Bardyn, Anais, Engrand, Cecile, Cottin, Hervé, Thirkell, Laurent, Briois, Christelle, Rynö, Jouni, Silen, Johan, Schulz, Rita, Siljeström, Sandra, Lehto, Harry, and Varmuza, Kurt

Subjects
*DUST, *SECONDARY ion mass spectrometry, *CHURYUMOV-Gerasimenko comet, *COMETS
Abstract

During ESA's Rosetta science mission, the COSIMA instrument collected dust particles in the coma of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko during two years near the comet's nucleus. The largest particles are about 1 m m in size. The collection process involved a low velocity impact on porous gold-black surfaces, often resulting in breakup, from which information on structural properties has previously been derived (Langevin et al., 2016). However, some of the particles were collected with little damage, but fragmented due to charging during subsequent secondary ion mass spectrometry. This report shows that the details of this electrical fragmentation support the concept of the existence of stable units with sizes of tens of μ m within the incoming cometary dust particles prior to collection, possibly representing remnants of the early accretion processes. [Display omitted] • We collected dust in the near coma of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. • Dust particles become charged when exposed to the ion beam of the COSIMA secondary ion mass spectrometer and are fragmented by electrical forces. • The results confirm the existence of stable sub-units of several tens of μ m in size within the cometary matter. • Consequently, 67/P refractory cometary matter can be considered pristine on size scales of tens of μ m and smaller. • These sub-units are possible remnants of the early accretion processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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138. Heliocentric evolution of the degradation of polyoxymethylene: Application to the origin of the formaldehyde (H2CO) extended source in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp)

Author

Fray, Nicolas, Bénilan, Yves, Biver, Nicolas, Bockelée-Morvan, Dominique, Cottin, Hervé, Crovisier, Jacques, and Gazeau, Marie-Claire

Subjects
*WAVELENGTHS, *MACROMOLECULES, *POLYMERS, *SPACE vehicles
Abstract

Abstract: The H2CO production rates measured in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) from radio wavelength observations [Biver, N., and 22 colleagues, 2002a. Earth Moon Planets 90, 5–14] showed a steep increase with decreasing heliocentric distance. We studied the heliocentric evolution of the degradation of polyoxymethylene (formaldehyde polymers: ( -CH2-0- ) n, also called POM) into gaseous H2CO. POM decomposition can indeed explain the H2CO density profile measured in situ by Giotto spacecraft in the coma of Comet 1P/Halley, which is not compatible with direct release from the nucleus [Cottin, H., Bénilan, Y., Gazeau, M.-C., Raulin, F., 2004. Icarus 167, 397–416]. We show that the H2CO production curve measured in Comet C/1995 O1 (Hale–Bopp) can be accurately reproduced by this mechanism with a few percents by mass of solid POM in grains. The steep heliocentric evolution is explained by the thermal degradation of POM at distances less than 3.5 AU. This study demonstrates that refractory organics present in cometary dust can significantly contribute to the composition of the gaseous coma. POM, or POM-like polymers, might be present in cometary grains. Other molecules, like CO and HNC, might also be produced by a similar process. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Published
2006
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139. Electrical properties of cometary dust particles derived from line shapes of TOF-SIMS spectra measured by the ROSETTA/COSIMA instrument.

Author

Hornung, Klaus, Mellado, Eva Maria, Paquette, John, Fray, Nicolas, Fischer, Henning, Stenzel, Oliver, Baklouti, Donia, Merouane, Sihane, Langevin, Yves, Bardyn, Anais, Engrand, Cecile, Cottin, Hervé, Thirkell, Laurent, Briois, Christelle, Modica, Paola, Rynö, Jouni, Silen, Johan, Schulz, Rita, Siljeström, Sandra, and Lehto, Harry

Subjects
*MASS spectrometry, *ANIONS, *CHURYUMOV-Gerasimenko comet, *IONS spectra, *PERMITTIVITY, *DUST, *TIME-of-flight mass spectrometry
Abstract

Between Aug. 2014 and Sept. 2016, while ESA's cornerstone mission Rosetta was operating in the vicinity of the nucleus and in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, the COSIMA instrument collected a large number of dust particles with diameters up to a millimeter. Positive or negative ions were detected by a time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometer (TOF-SIMS) and the composition of selected particles was deduced. Many of the negative ion mass spectra show, besides mass peaks at the correct position, an additional, extended contribution at the lower mass side caused by partial charging of the dust. This effect, usually avoided in SIMS applications, can in our case be used to obtain information on the electrical properties of the collected cometary dust particles, such as the specific resistivity (ρ r > 1. 2 ⋅ 10 10 Ω m) and the real part of the relative electrical permittivity (ε r < 1.2). From these values a lower limit for the porosity is derived (P > 0.8). Image 1 • Dust particles from the Coma of Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko are of low electrical conductivity. • Their electrical permittivity is close to 1 (< 1.2) and their porosity is high (>80%). • During TOF-SIMS analysis they charge up to about 130 V within a second. • Asymmetrical shapes of negative ion mass lines can be a valuable source of information in TOF-SIMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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141. Future space experiment platforms for astrobiology and astrochemistry research.

Author

Elsaesser A, Burr DJ, Mabey P, Urso RG, Billi D, Cockell C, Cottin H, Kish A, Leys N, van Loon JJWA, Mateo-Marti E, Moissl-Eichinger C, Onofri S, Quinn RC, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, de la Torre Noetzel R, Slenzka K, Ricco AJ, de Vera JP, and Westall F

Abstract

Space experiments are a technically challenging but a scientifically important part of astrobiology and astrochemistry research. The International Space Station (ISS) is an excellent example of a highly successful and long-lasting research platform for experiments in space, that has provided a wealth of scientific data over the last two decades. However, future space platforms present new opportunities to conduct experiments with the potential to address key topics in astrobiology and astrochemistry. In this perspective, the European Space Agency (ESA) Topical Team Astrobiology and Astrochemistry (with feedback from the wider scientific community) identifies a number of key topics and summarizes the 2021 "ESA SciSpacE Science Community White Paper" for astrobiology and astrochemistry. We highlight recommendations for the development and implementation of future experiments, discuss types of in situ measurements, experimental parameters, exposure scenarios and orbits, and identify knowledge gaps and how to advance scientific utilization of future space-exposure platforms that are either currently under development or in an advanced planning stage. In addition to the ISS, these platforms include CubeSats and SmallSats, as well as larger platforms such as the Lunar Orbital Gateway. We also provide an outlook for in situ experiments on the Moon and Mars, and welcome new possibilities to support the search for exoplanets and potential biosignatures within and beyond our solar system., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Published
2023
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142. Prebiotic chemicals-amino acid and phosphorus-in the coma of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.

Author

Altwegg K, Balsiger H, Bar-Nun A, Berthelier JJ, Bieler A, Bochsler P, Briois C, Calmonte U, Combi MR, Cottin H, De Keyser J, Dhooghe F, Fiethe B, Fuselier SA, Gasc S, Gombosi TI, Hansen KC, Haessig M, Jäckel A, Kopp E, Korth A, Le Roy L, Mall U, Marty B, Mousis O, Owen T, Rème H, Rubin M, Sémon T, Tzou CY, Hunter Waite J, and Wurz P

Subjects
Mass Spectrometry methods, Amino Acids chemistry, Meteoroids, Phosphorus chemistry, Prebiotics analysis
Abstract

The importance of comets for the origin of life on Earth has been advocated for many decades. Amino acids are key ingredients in chemistry, leading to life as we know it. Many primitive meteorites contain amino acids, and it is generally believed that these are formed by aqueous alterations. In the collector aerogel and foil samples of the Stardust mission after the flyby at comet Wild 2, the simplest form of amino acids, glycine, has been found together with precursor molecules methylamine and ethylamine. Because of contamination issues of the samples, a cometary origin was deduced from the (13)C isotopic signature. We report the presence of volatile glycine accompanied by methylamine and ethylamine in the coma of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko measured by the ROSINA (Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis) mass spectrometer, confirming the Stardust results. Together with the detection of phosphorus and a multitude of organic molecules, this result demonstrates that comets could have played a crucial role in the emergence of life on Earth.

Published
2016
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