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The willingness of humans to engage in third-party punishment (TPP)-a lynchpin of our society-critically depends on the interaction between the wrongdoer's intent and the harm that he caused. But what compels us to punish such individuals when we are unaffected by their harms? Inconsistent with the idealized notion that TPP decisions are based on purely cognitive reasoning, intended harmful acts elicit strong emotional reactions in third-party decision makers. While these emotional responses are now believed to be a driving force in TPP decision making, there is debate about what emotions may be motivating this behavior. Here we show that-unlike anger, contempt, and disgust-moral outrage is evoked by the integration of culpable intent and severe harm, and that the expression of moral outrage alone mediates the relationship between this integrative process and punishment decisions. Sadness had the opposite effect of dampening punishment in response to accidental harms. We take these findings to indicate that moral outrage expresses the interaction of intent and harm in driving third-party punishment behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Is hate fundamentally different from other negative emotions? Despite a fair amount of theorizing about hate, there is little empirical evidence that helps to answer this basic question. The present research examines how people construe interpersonal and intergroup hate and provides an empirical analysis of how hate is conceptually different from dislike, anger, contempt, and disgust. In five preregistered studies, using exploratory (Pilot Study) and confirmatory (Studies 1, and 2a through 2c) within-subjects designs, we asked adult participants in the United States (Ntotal = 1,074) to describe examples of their interpersonal and intergroup targets of hate, dislike, anger, contempt, and disgust. We assessed their subjective experiences of each emotion by measuring the associated intensity, duration, arousal, valence, perceived threats, and action tendencies. Across studies, results revealed that participants feel consistently more emotionally aroused, personally threatened, and inclined toward attack-oriented behaviors when experiencing hate as compared with dislike, anger, contempt and disgust toward interpersonal targets. At the intergroup level, results revealed that participants experience hate as more arousing than the three moral emotions, more intense than dislike, anger and contempt, and feel more inclined toward attack-oriented behaviors than when they feel dislike and contempt. Results are in line with a general pattern of increasing differentiation suggesting that hate is conceptually closer to disgust and contempt than to anger and dislike. We discuss the specific differences and similarities between hate and these emotions across targets and their implications for future research on hate and negative emotions.

Powyższy tekst to dawna, acz nadal aktualna rozmowa ze znanym rosyjskim pisarzem na emigracji Andriejem Siniawskim (1925–1997) i jego żoną Marią Rozanową (ur. w 1921) – w latach 1983–2001 redaktorką naczelną czasopisma „Sintaxis” (wydawanego po rosyjsku w Paryżu). Wywiad ten przeprowadzony w Krakowie pod koniec 1993 roku przez dwóch współpracowników krakowskiego „Tygodnika Powszechnego”, jednocześnie filologów z Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, dotyczy gównie dramatycznej sytuacji w Federacji Rosyjskiej po krwawym konflikcie prezydenta Borysa Jelcyna z Radą Najwyższą, w październiku 1993 roku. Wbrew większości przedstawicieli ówczesnej demokratycznej inteligencji rosyjskiej, zarówno w kraju jak i na emigracji, małżeństwo Siniawskich opowiedziało się w tym konflikcie zdecydowanie przeciwko Jelcynowi. Oskarżali oni Jelcyna, iż walcząc zbrojnie przeciwko opozycji, nieważne że komunistycznej, podeptał on niewybaczalnie prawo i przyczynił się do wzrostu pogardy wobec wszelkiej demokracji ze strony rodzącego się dopiero społeczeństwa rosyjskiego.

The focus of the paper is to identify and discuss cases of what we call emergent impoliteness and persuasive emotionality based on selected types of discourse strategies in Polish media which contribute to increasingly high negative emotionality in audiences and to the radicalization of language and attitudes when addressing political opponents. The role and function of emotional discourse are particularly foregrounded to identify its persuasive role in media discourses and beyond. Examples discussed are derived from current Polish media texts. The materials are collected from the large Polish monitor media corpus monco.frazeo.pl (Pęzik 2020). The analysis is conducted in terms of quantitative corpus tools (Pęzik 2012, 2014), concerning emotive and media discourse approaches (Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk and Wilson 2013, Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk 2015, 2017a, 2017b). The analysis includes a presentation of the ways mass media construe events (Langacker 1987/1991) in terms of their ideological framing, understood as particular imposed/constructed event models and structures (cf. Gans 1979). Special attention is paid to the negative axiological evaluation of people and events in terms of mostly implicitly persuasive and offensive discourse, including the role emotion clusters of harm, hurt and offence, anger and contempt play in the media persuasive tactics. The research outcomes provide a research basis and categorization of types of emergent impoliteness and persuasive emotionality, which involve implicit persuasion directed at negative emotionality raising with the media public, as identifiedin the analyzed media texts.

This article presents the semiotic analysis of Giedrė Kazlauskaitė poem Venecijietiška kaukė… The research aims to delve into the structures of the poetic world of Giedrė Kazlauskaitė, which is achieved through executing a detailed semiotic analysis of one poem. Accordingly, this paper follows the semiotic framework of the analytical trajectory, which encompasses the analysis through the means of discursive, narrative, and logical semantic levels. In addition, the study includes Yuri Lotman’s discourse of the concept of the mirror in cultural semiotics. Findings derived from the semiotic analysis suggest that the figures of the mask and the mirror become central representations at the discursive level of the poem, as they exist in a paratopic space - the make-up room. The mask and the mirror appear in Kazlauskaitė’s poetry as an essential tool for shaping one’s own identity. Moreover, the analysis of the poem is supplemented with the expression of the passions of anger and jealousy. Such approach highlights two different forms of anger: destruction arising from jealousy and a creative act. These forms suggest that the passion of anger drives the subject to the act of doing. Furthermore, in this poem, the figure of the poet is not presented as calm or accommodating, but rather as angry and unafraid to show contempt.

This dissertation aims to advance our understanding of workplace aggression by developing and testing two models based on the stereotype content model (SCM) and adopting the social network analysis approach. Specifically, two studies of the dissertation focus on (a) unfavorable social evaluations stemming from competence stereotypes, (b) stereotype-driven negative emotions as a mechanism to explain the relationship between competence and workplace aggression, and (c) the role of informal workplace relationships in predicting workplace aggression. Study one investigates the nonlinear relationship between job performance and exposure to workplace aggression and two distinct mediating mechanisms at high and low levels of job performance. High performers provoke jealousy, and low performers provoke contempt from coworkers, both of which are positively associated with exposure to workplace psychological aggression. The study tested these relations using data from a sample of 187 teachers from educational institutions in India and found support for the curvilinear relationship between performance and workplace psychological aggression and the mediating mechanisms of jealousy and contempt for high and low performers, respectively. Study two examines the role of workplace social ties (advice and friendship ties) in predicting workplace aggression. Results from data collected at 2-time points from 248 individuals in 21 workgroups largely supported the proposition that highly competent employees become victims of covert aggression and low competence employees become victims of overt aggression. Interestingly, the findings suggest that advice-giving and friendship ties mitigate the experience of aggression by reducing coworkers’ envy. However, advice-seeking aggravates overt aggression by increasing coworkers’ contempt. Dissertation Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The paper deals with the poem by Ivan Franko “My soul! The soul of my soul!”, which wasn’t published during the poet’s lifetime. As one of the poems from Franko’s poetic cycle “The First Bunch” it might have been included in the forthcoming collection “The Withered Leaves”. That’s why the general context of this collection is relevant. The researcher reviews the genre and creative history of the poem and gives attention to its psychobiographical context. The comparison of the published text with the autograph revealed a discrepancy that modifies interpretation. The basis of this poetic reflection is the poet’s intimate feelings for Celina Żurowska (married name Zygmuntowska), so the paper focuses on this Polish woman, in particular her attitude to the poet and her influence on his work. The research focus also includes other works of the writer, which somehow relate to Celina. Her pride, stubbornness, and sometimes even contempt caused pain in the poet’s soul, which gave rise to poetic masterpieces. The memories of Franko’s contemporaries, as well as the ones of Celina herself, help to interpret the poem. The researcher analyzed the work in terms of its structure, poetic composition, emotional tone, and iconosphere. The images of the pearl (shell) and the soul, which are the central symbols of this work, show semantic similarity. The pearl is a symbol of love that grows and becomes stronger due to patience, and at the same time, it is a metaphor for the soul. The poetic language and versification have been examined as well.

This article focuses on the argumentative role of derisive laughter in broadcast political debates. Using Discursive Psychology (DP) we analyze how politicians use derisive laughter as an argumentative resource in multiparty interactions, in the form of debates about the U.K. and the European Union. Specifically, we explore how both pro- and anti-EU politicians use derisive laughter to manage issues of who-knows-what and who-knows-better. We demonstrate the uses of derisive laughter by focusing on 2 discrete, yet pervasive, interactional phenomena in our data—extended laughter sequences and snorts. We argue that in the context of political debates derisive laughter does more than signal trouble and communicate contempt; it is, more than often, mobilized in the service of ideological argumentation and used as a form of challenge to factual claims. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

While much is known about the prevalence and impact of incivility in the workplace, relatively less is known about those who instigate workplace incivility. This research aims to investigate incivility instigation through a moral lens by examining the roles of other-condemning moral emotions (contempt, disgust, and anger) and appraisals of coworkers’ morality as predictors of this behavior at work. In Study 1, we used structural equation modeling to analyze two waves of self-report data collected from a sample of 447 full-time United States (U.S.) working adults. Findings from this study indicate that appraising coworkers as low in morality elicited feelings of contempt, disgust, and anger. However, only contempt predicted incivility instigation and mediated the relationship between appraising coworkers as low in morality and instigating incivility. In Study 2, we collected self-report data from a sample of 309 full-time U.S. workers using a critical incident technique. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. Results from Study 2 replicated the association between low morality appraisals and contempt, anger, and disgust found in Study 1. However, anger predicted incivility instigation and mediated the relationship between appraising coworkers as low in morality and instigating incivility. Additionally, contempt and perceived civility norms had an interactive effect on instigated incivility. These studies provide insight into the roles of contempt, disgust, and anger in predicting incivility instigation, suggesting that employees may engage in incivility to condemn others who engage in moral transgressions. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

After recalling the progress made in the diagnosis of the post-truth phenomenon, thanks to recent experimental findings (from cognitive and social psychology) and theoretical work (post-truth versus half-lies and propaganda, degrees in epistemic vice and scale of responsibility), we indicate four other ways to improve our awareness of the scope and mechanisms of post-truth: we introduce some qualifications so as to distinguish between a post-truth world and an Orwellian universe, the negative and positive sides of emotions, an utter contempt for facts, and the sharp dichotomy between facts and values, and between science denialism and blind scientism. Finally, objective truth being taken for granted, we make some suggestions for a “way out”: we should be aware of our cognitive biases and of possible sources of manipulation, cultivate our epistemic virtues, and keep evidence as a prior demand. We should also work in a “scientific spirit,” i.e., refuse any compromise with society, morality, or practice so as to ensure freedom of conscience within an academic and democratic “space of reasons.” But even more urgently, we should avoid some still too frequent misunderstandings about truth itself and about knowledge (which we identify), and remember that post-truth is serious because it is a threat to reality itself: hence we should also take care of our metaphysical prejudices and work to find better ways of ensuring metaphysical knowledge.

Bald-faced lies are on the uptick by political leaders in democracies worldwide. In the United States, for example, we are becoming numb not only to outrageous falsehoods, but to the bizarre self-assurance with which they are pronounced. We were told crowds were bigger than they were, that the sun shined when it didn’t, that Trump won in a landslide—and that was just in the first few days after his election. What has shocked so many is the fearlessness in the face of the facts, the willingness to simply deny reality outright, and the apparent toleration—even joy—with which Trump’s followers greet the practice. Bald-faced lying by political leaders is an important phenomenon, but it is easy to misunderstand in ways that undermine our ability to combat its strange effectiveness. In this paper, I aim to first analyze political bald-faced lies and then examine the threat they pose to the norms of democratic discourse. My goal is not to answer the empirical question of how frequently denials of obvious facts occur in politics; it is the normative question of understanding what harms they cause — particularly when they are made by those — in political power. Nonetheless, I think it is important to resist the temptation to think that what we are talking about here are a few isolated and extreme examples. As Hannah Arendt noted, there are times in political life when truth, “if it happens to oppose a given group’s profit or pleasure, is greeted with greater hostility.” Arguably we are living in one of those times.

This article attempts to bring together the most important educational priorities which should be taken into consideration when planning education in a world recovering from a pandemic. Some of the priorities discussed here should have already been taken into account during the 20th century, whilst others are completely new and result from changes that have come about in the 21st century, such as increased arrogance, ignorance, authoritarianism, educational insecurity, contempt for nature, confusion and the promotion of the lies under the name of post-truth . The authors propose a holistic approach to the education process, focused on priorities. In turn, the definition of those priorities should result from the most important problems that affect humanity.

In this paper, I seek to analyze how notions of humiliation, disgust and contempt inform "images of brutality" regarding LGBT deaths claimed to have been the result of hate crimes or LGBTphobia. Based on data collected during the monitoring of the LGBTI+ movement’s activities in Paraiba between 2012 and 2016, in-depth interviews with its activists, and access to judicial proceedings related to those deaths, I focus especially on the narratives around: a) a scene of attempted murder provoked by a military police officer who, in a street downtown Joao Pessoa, shot a travesti at close range, one who worked as a prostitute and refused his flirt; and b) the case of the "serial killer of travestis", a military police officer accused of five murders in a town in the countryside of Paraiba. Thereby, my main purpose is to discuss the relevance of demeaning practices for the configuration of what is taken as brutal, including police violence. Above all, I seek to understand the narrative sexualization of the one who demeans, humiliates, feels disgusted and despises others, and whose act of raping or killing is identified as a gesture of pleasure or raises questions about desire.

On Tuesday, April 24, 1900, three days after Passover, Freud gave a talk at his B'nai B'rith lodge on Emile Zola's utopian novel penned in self-exile in London, Fécondité (1899). The next day Freud wrote Wilhelm Fliess that the night before the talk he had a dream in which “[t]he brethren … were unkind and scornful of me.” In the dream his brethren's contempt signifies that Freud is making his impious move to destroy their Tree of Life: no Law, no Judaism, no Christianity, no miserable anti-Semitism. In Freud's utopia, an enlightened socially just world grounded in reason, which mirrors the brotherly atheistic utopia envisioned in Fécondité, the seed of Abraham at long last can move across frontiers freely, develop their talents, and satisfy their needs.

The feedback process in the contemporary world is done on a timely basis filled particularly by the individual concerned. This hectic procedure often turns out to be peer-driven jeopardization of the primary objective of the process. To prevent this vulnerability, this work proposes a dynamic method of generating feedback automatically based on emotion classification by nonlinear logistic regression model and neural network-based convolutional neural networks (CNN). For a given test sample, our working project detects multiple faces followed by the cropping of these detected faces and finally, these cropped faces are stored in a destination folder. Iterating through the contents in this destination folder one by one, first, the binary classifier logistic regression gives a probabilistic output in the form of a percentage, the level of interest found on the concerned cropped facial image. Second, these iterated contents are passed on to the sophisticated CNN model, having the capability to detect and extract specific emotion features from an image. The CNN gives a detailed analysis report of the concerned individual by classifying them into emotions like Anger, Disgust, Contempt, Happiness, Neutral, Surprise or Fear. The outputs of these two models that are machine-generated feedback, would effectively encourage organizational, structural or end-user policy changes necessary to develop and evolve in the current competitive world.

As emoções possuem um forte impacto sobre as nossas percepções, nossas memórias, nossos pensamentos, nossa capacidade de ajuizamento e sobre o nosso comportamento. A compreensão dos comportamentos e das emoções manifestadas pela pessoa cuidada, nomeadamente em situação de fragilidade e de vulnerabilidade, é fundamental para o seu bem-estar, sendo importante a implementação de metodologias de cuidado promotoras de sentimentos positivos, por parte dos cuidadores. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as emoções percebidas pela direção de 6 residências para idosos no período de confinamento, devido à pandemia COVID-19, e identificar os contributos da Metodologia de Cuidado Humanitude (MCH) para a gestão dessas emoções. Realizou-se um estudo multicasos descritivo, sendo os dados coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas, realizadas com um membro da direção técnica de cada uma das residências. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo, aos dados obtidos, seguindo o modelo de Bardin, sendo organizados em categorias e subcategorias. Foram evidenciadas as seguintes emoções negativas: tristeza, apreensão, menosprezo, ansiedade e indignação, percebidas pelas dirigentes, tanto nos profissionais quanto nas pessoas cuidadas no período de confinamento frente à pandemia do COVID-19. Porém, houve a percepção de que a implementação dos principios da MCH, contribuiu para a minimização de emoções negativas e potenciou emoções positivas gerando mais otimismo, confiança e alegria em todos os envolvidos. Torna-se, pois, fundamental apropriação dos principios da MCH, por parte dos cuidadores, facilitadores da interação com a pessoa cuidada, promovendo sentimentos de bem-estar, mesmo em situação de grande vulnerabilidade e fragilidade, como é o caso da pandemia por COVID-19, vivenciada pelos idosos institucionalizados.

Bullfighting surgery has gone from being something that the surgeon presumed in all areas of his environment to being an activity frowned upon from a social point of view and included in our surgical guild. However, popular bullfighting festivities are still very frequent, with thousands of injured each year, some of them serious. Currently, health care in bullfighting festivals is immersed in a complex problem mainly due to four aspects: 1) social and professional discredit, 2) poorly paid professional activity, 3) abandonment by professional and academic institutions, and 4) lack of a specific body of doctrine. All this is leading to the health care teams in bullfighting surgery being less and less professionalized and more inexperienced, to problems of professional intrusion, and consequently is having a direct impact on the quality of care provided and on the morbidity and mortality of the injured population, with the legal implications that it entails. A restructuring of this situation and the support of professional institutions, especially Medical Associations, and academic institutions, is necessary.

Sexism clearly has a role to play in voter decision-making in the United States, but important questions remain about the contexts in which sexism is most likely to matter and what mechanisms explain the relationship between sexism and political behaviour. At the same time, evidence points to discrete emotions as important drivers of political behaviour (e.g. Redlawsk and Pierce 2017). Recent work has shed light on the salience of contempt, which is linked to negative appraisals of competence and integrity and is the most important emotion in predicting some electoral contests (Redlawsk, et al 2018; Roseman et al 2020). While much evidence points to the importance of sexism and emotions separately in voter decision-making, little is known about how candidate gender and sexism may influence voters’ emotions in general, and levels of contempt, in particular. Because contempt is about feeling others are inferior, we suspect that sexism within the electorate will lead female candidates will be more likely to elicit contempt from voters in a number of circumstances. First, women are subject to gender-based stereotypes related to competence, warmth and morality so we expect that female candidates who violate these stereotypes will be subject to higher levels of contempt than men displaying the same behaviour. Second, voters who express high levels of sexism are likely to see women as inferior in general so may feel more contempt toward female candidates than other voters. This increased contempt may also mediate the relationship between sexism and candidate evaluations. Finally, due to high levels of partisan polarisation and animosity, we expect that women running in a voter’s out-party will be seen as particularly contemptible, especially to strong partisans. To test our hypotheses, we will conduct an original survey experiment in which we provide participants with fictitious candidate profiles and systematically vary a number of the candidate’s attributes, including gender, political party, and the extent to which the candidate violates gender stereotypes related to warmth, competence or morality. A pre-experiment questionnaire will collect demographic data, and measure participants’ levels of hostile and benevolent sexism (Glick and Fiske 1996) as well as dispositional contempt (Schriber, et al 2017). A post-treatment survey will gather data on candidate appraisals, emotions elicited by the candidate and whether the participant would vote for that candidate.

Although many psychological theories about hate have been emerging since the beginnings of the 20th century, there is still a lack of consensus among scholars about its nature and operationalization. Additionally, there is considerable theorizing about what hate is, how it develops, and how it differs from other discrete emotions such as anger, hostility, contempt, or disgust (e.g. Allport, 1979; Sternberg & Sternberg, 2008). However, due to some methodological difficulties associated with studying hate, a more systematical data-based research is needed and only recently, a renewed interest in conducting data-driven studies on hate has emerged (Fischer, Halperin, Canetti, & Jasini, 2018). Despite this lacking of evidence for the understanding of hate feelings, the concept is broadly used in the public discourse and often offered as a potential explanation of important socio-political struggles like terrorism (Mills, Freilich, & Chermak, 2017) or religiously motivated crimes (Müller & Schwarz, 2018). Interestingly, some other related terms such as ideological intolerance or affective polarization are used interchangeably with hate for these purposes. Therefore, this project aims to provide some first insights into how people conceptualize hate and to provide empirical information for future correlational and experimental studies on hate. We address hate feelings directed towards interpersonal and intergroup targets, and we measure hate dimensions such as: intensity, duration, arousal, valence, associated threat perceptions, associated discrete emotions, and action tendencies.

La Convención de Viena sobre Relaciones Diplomáticas, adoptada hace sesenta años,constituye un singular ejemplo de acierto legislativo internacional. La intensidad de los procesos de globalización y de innovaciones tecnológicas, o los aislados casos de desacatamiento por parte de Estados, no le han restado eficacia como instrumento fundamental para fomentar relaciones internacionales de paz y solidaridad

Many scholars investigating sexism distinguish between two related, but distinct, forms of sexism aimed at women: hostile sexism and benevolent sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996). These sexist beliefs can seem contradictory, with hostile sexism (HS) reflecting more contempt for women and benevolent sexism (BS) offering protection and care to women, but both serve to maintain the gender status hierarchy. However, these concepts may have been created based on the white feminine ideal and may not apply to women of color. For example, expectations about female sexual purity may be different across race and may lead to differential treatment of women who violate purity norms. In the current research, participants (N = 410) read a news article about a black or white woman arrested for prostitution, and answered questions about convicting, punishing, and helping the woman. Participants high in HS and high in BS were more likely to convict and punish the sex worker than those low in HS and BS, but HS and BS did not interact with race when predicting conviction and punishment. For helping those high in HS were less likely to recommend immediate interventions and those high in BS were more likely to recommend dependency-oriented interventions, but none of the two-way interactions with sexism and race was significant. It is possible that sex work is such a strong violation of the female purity norm that punishment of women who violate this norm does not vary based on the characteristics of the woman but more intersectional research on race and sexism is needed.

The publication is focused on studying the state of legal regulation of the liability institution for direct contempt. Cases of direct contempt’s manifestation are negative phenomenon, since they negatively affect the activities and image of the judicial system; they are demonstration of the level of trust to the judicial power; they create obstacles in the formation of confident relationship between citizens and the court; they prevent the state from fulfilling its obligations to ensure everyone’s right to a fair trial. The current legislation of Ukraine has been analyzed. It has been established that the legislation has many gaps that need to be addressed immediately. Shortcomings in legal regulation hinder the full functioning of the liability institution for direct contempt on equal and fair terms, since they allow for ambiguous interpretation of the law norms and evaluation of a person’s actions. The authors have studied some gaps in legal regulation of the liability institution for direct contempt. It has been offered to combine all the shortcomings of the legislation into two groups: of qualifying and procedural nature. Qualifying shortcomings include problematic issues related to the qualification of a person’s actions (regarding the forms of direct contempt, the place and time of the action, the subjects of the offense). Procedural shortcomings include problematic issues related to the procedure for prosecuting direct contempt, in particular determining the range of courts that may hear such cases and the consistency of their powers; the procedure for appointing a judge to hear such cases; the need to draw up the minutes on administrative offenses and to record the procedure of hearing the case; features of notifying a person about the time and place of hearing the case on administrative offenses, etc. The opinions of scholars and practitioners on the functioning of the liability institution for direct contempt in Ukraine have been analyzed. The authors have formulated propositions on improving the legal regulation of the liability institution for direct contempt.

PurposeAlthough uncertainty has been identified as a key crisis characteristic and a multi-faceted construct essential to effective crisis management research and practice, only a few studies examined publics' perceived uncertainty with a focus on crisis severity uncertainty, leaving crisis responsibility uncertainty uninvestigated in organizational crisis settings.Design/methodology/approachTo close this research gap empirically, this study employed data from an online survey of a total of 817 US adults to examine how participants' crisis responsibility uncertainty and their attribution-based crisis emotions might impact their crisis responses such as further crisis information seeking.FindingsFirst, findings show that participants' crisis responsibility uncertainty was negatively associated with their attribution-independent (AI) crisis emotions (i.e. anxiety, fear, apprehension and sympathy) and external-attribution-dependent (EAD) crisis emotions (i.e. disgust, contempt, anger and sadness), but positively associated with internal-attribution-dependent (IAD) crisis emotions (i.e. guilt, embarrassment and shame). Second, crisis responsibility uncertainty and AI crisis emotions were positive predictors for participants' further crisis information seeking. Third, AI crisis emotions and IAD crisis emotions were parallel mediators for the relationship between participants' crisis responsibility uncertainty and their further crisis information seeking.Practical implicationsOrganizations need to pay attention to the perceived uncertainty about crisis responsibility and attribution-based crisis emotions since they can impact the decision of seeking crisis information during an ongoing organizational crisis.Originality/valueThis study improves uncertainty management in organizational crisis communication research and practice, connecting crisis responsibility uncertainty, attribution-based crisis emotions and publics' crisis information seeking.

The article is focused on the analysis of set of facts of an administrative offense for contempt of court or the Constitutional Court of Ukraine under the Art. 185-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses. The author has revealed the content of the main elements of the set of facts of an administrative offense for contempt of court or the Constitutional Court. It has been indicated that, unlike the established affirmation, the object of an administrative offense is not public relations in the field of judicial proceedings, but their specific element – it is the obligation of participants of the trial to comply with the established rules of conduct as part of the content of procedural legal relations. It has been clarified that the action, as a feature of the objective aspect of the offense under the Art. 185-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses can be manifested either in the action or omission. The main possible manifestations of actions and omission as manifestations of contempt of court or the Constitutional Court of Ukraine have been highlighted. The author has supported propositions on formalization of general rules of conduct in court and during court hearings. The author has proved the necessary to study the correlation of procedural and administrative offences committed during a court hearing, as well as the ratio of procedural coercive measures with administrative liability measures for contempt of court or the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. The author has clarified the expediency to unify approaches on determining the concept of “malicious evasion from appearing in court” in terms of the multiplicity of committing the offense. It has been stated that subjects of an administrative offense for contempt of court can be divided into general and special ones. It has been emphasized that an expert as a special subject of an administrative offense under the Art. 185-3 of the Code of Ukraine on Administrative Offenses is solely responsible for contempt of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine. Therefore, the author has offered to admit an expert as a special subject of administrative liability for contempt of court.

Hate is a negative emotional phenomenon whose characteristics are anger, contempt or disgust. This emotional attitude sometimes leads towards revenge in the form of criminal act. This situation may challenge the school administrators to keep teaching-learning process smooth and effective. Hate speeches on social media is a common exercise among all age group people. Educational institutes are also under attack due to these practices. Students are permanently and continuously connected on social media. They are less prepared and trained to deal with online hate speeches. This qualitative study has focused this issue and derived results from literature. Racism, homophobia, religious biasedness, trans-phobia and sexual harassment are common social media generated problems in educational institutes which are types of online hate speech. It is therefore, suggested at the end of this study that students must be trained and taught about gender violence and discrimination; raise awareness about the importance and positive usage of media and digital based information.

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar e discutir a função das astreintes como instrumento de acesso à justiça com intenção de maximizar a efetividade dos provimentos judiciais e a viabilidade de alteração do valor e da periocidade das multas cominatórias vencidas. Aborda também a importância da multa coercitiva para o ordenamento processual civil com observância dos princípios da proporcionalidade, da razoabilidade e da vedação ao enriquecimento sem causa. Conclui que a redução ou exclusão da astreinte deve ser feita com cautela pelo magistrado sob pena de se colocar em risco a própria natureza dos comandos judiciais.

The attributes of hubris are over-confidence, arrogance, pride, and contempt for the advice and criticism of others. Hubris is fuelled by prior successes and media praise and aided and abetted by c...