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Objectives To review which names are used to refer to Hypericum perforatum L. in health regulation and medicinal plant references, and the potential for ambiguity or imprecision. Key findings Structured searches of Kew's Medicinal Plant Names Services Resource, supplemented with other online bibliographic resources, found that the scientific name Hypericum perforatum L. is used consistently in the literature, but variation between subspecies is rarely considered by researchers. Research is still published using only the common name ‘St John's wort’ despite it being imprecise; at least 80 other common names are also used for this plant in multiple languages. Summary Ambiguous and alternative plant names can lead to ineffective regulation, misinterpretation of literature, substitution of raw material or the failure to locate all published research. Kew's Medicinal Plant Names Services (MPNS) maps all names used for each plant in medicinal plant references onto current taxonomy, thereby providing for disambiguation and comprehensive access to the regulations and references that cite that plant, regardless of the name used. MPNS also supplies the controlled vocabulary for plant names now required for compliance with a new standard (Identification of Medicinal Products, IDMP) adopted by medicines regulators worldwide.

Cirsium arvense, known as “Kharlateh” or “Kangar Sahraee” in Iran, is a plant classified as an agricultural weed. Canada thistle is the common name for C. arvense. In this study we investigated the...

A scientific classification method for electromagnetic launchers (EMLs) is presented and discussed. The classification method is based on the well-known binomial nomenclature method developed by Carl Linnaeus (circa 1700s) that is used in other botany and zoology to classify flora and fauna. This investigation starts by establishing a formal definition for the launcher and the EML that, respectively, characterize the device and group. The EML can then be categorized into its respective class and type according to how its accelerating force is generated. The method developed here does not interfere with the inventor’s right to provide a common name for the EML. The scientific classification of EMLs highlights their similarities and differences to develop a better understanding of their operation and to produce more comprehensive general theories. The classification method is an intuitive approach that is both flexible to allow for changes in classification protocols and expandable to accommodate new EMLs that may be invented in the future.

The article discusses the transition of words from the category of common names to the category of proper names. The way of naming people in the fourteenth- and fifteenth-century court books indicates that it was a long process, in which the common denomination (e.g. voivode, castellan) fulfilled a double function before it became a proper name. In the complex descriptive and binominal formations it was additional information. When occurred alone, it often meant not only a common name, but also pointed to a particular person, i.e., it belonged to the transition phase between the nomen appellativum and nomen proprium. Publikacja finansowana przez Katedrę Współczesnego Języka Polskiego, Katedrę Historii Języka Polskiego oraz Dziekana Wydziału Filologicznego Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Food fraud involves both financial and health problems for consumers as well as conservation problems for target species worldwide. In Spain, the common name “zamburina”, which officially only refers to the species Mimachlamys varia (the variegated scallop), is frequently mistakenly used to refer to other pectinid species, and this confuses consumers. In this study, we carried out the first assessment of the levels of fraud in samples from 12 supermarkets/small shops offering fresh, frozen, or canned pectinid products and in 20 restaurants offering “zamburinas” in Asturias (northern Spain). Taxonomic and genetic identifications of the involved species (using 16S mitochondrial rRNA partial fragments) were conducted. Our results showed that 73 (49%) out of the 148 analyzed samples from the fifteen commercial products under study (4 fresh, 6 frozen and 5 canned products) were mislabeled (a global 60% of commercial products had substitutions). Moreover, the analysis of the dishes that were commercially labeled with the vernacular name “zamburinas” from 20 restaurants sampled across the region revealed that in all of them (100%), the species detected was the Peruvian scallop (Argopecten purpuratus), known in Spanish as “vieira del Pacifico”. These results imply intentional deceit and therefore violations of consumer rights. Moreover, this might result in economic damage and serious problems for correct marine resource management and exploitation plans.

A new species of Oecanthus is described from extreme northeast California. Oecanthus salviisp. nov. is currently known only from Lake Annie in Modoc County, California, and occurs on sagebrush (Artemisia) and rabbitbrush (Ericameria). It has the narrow tegmina, antennal markings, metanotal gland configuration, and trilling song found in the Oecanthus nigricornis species group. Song details and morphology, including the shape of the subgenital plate and copulatory blades, are provided in this paper. This new species has been given the common name of sage tree cricket.

This chapter deals with the profile of venomous marine cnidarian species comprising their common name (s), global distribution, ecology; biological aspects such as diagnostic characters, size and colouration, food and feeding, life cycle, association and predators; and envenomation including injuries caused to humans (scuba divers and seafarers) by individual venomous cnidarian species.

[EN] The common name designated to a species is important because it connects specialists with non–experts. The matter of the correct common name is relevant to the conservation and management of conspicuous or flag species. The English name ‘Spanish ibex’ to designate Capra pyrenaica is extensive in the scientific literature, and some have defended its appropriateness. However, in our opinion, it is not the best term to designate this species. We propose that ‘Iberian wild goat’ should be used. Herein, we review the etymology, history, taxonomy and public use of the names used to designate goats (domestic and wild) in southwestern Europe during the last two millennia. Used first by Pliny the Elder, the name ‘ibex’ has been applied most often for the Alpine wild goat (C. ibex), and few authors applied this name to C. pyrenaica until the 20th century when some influential works extended its use in the scientific literature. Adult males of C. pyrenaica have lyre–shaped, and typically smooth horns that do not match the ibex morphotype, which has scimitar–shaped knotted horns. Although C. pyrenaica and C. ibex are probably phylogenetically close, their common names do not necessarily have to match. The rules of common names differ from those of scientific names. Cabra montés or cabra brava (wild goat) is the common name used by most authors in the Iberian peninsula. This name is deeply entrenched in the Iberian languages and has been used since the earliest references to the species in mediaeval times. We propose the adoption of ‘Iberian wild goat’ for legal and scientific communication and when interacting with the media., [ES] El nombre común asociado a una especie es importante porque sirve de nexo entre los especialistas y las personas no expertas. El uso correcto del nombre común es importante para la conservación y gestión de las especies clave o emblemáticas. En las publicaciones científicas en inglés es muy frecuente denominar "Spanish ibex" a Capra pyrenaica y algunos autores defienden la idoneidad de esta opción, pero en nuestra opinión no es el mejor término para designar a esta especie. En este artículo proponemos el término "Iberian wild goat" y revisamos la etimología, la historia, la taxonomía y el uso del público en general de los nombres usados para designar a las cabras (domésticas y salvajes) en el sudoeste de Europa durante los dos últimos milenios. Utilizado por primera vez por Plinio el Viejo, el nombre "íbice" se ha aplicado en la mayor parte de los casos a la cabra salvaje de los Alpes (C. ibex) y son pocos los autores que lo aplicaron a C. pyrenaica hasta el siglo XX, cuando algunas obras influyentes extendieron su uso en las publicaciones científicas. Los machos adultos de C. pyrenaica tienen cuernos lisos en forma de lira, que no se corresponden con el morfotipo de ibex, que tiene cuernos con nudosidades en forma de cimitarra. Aunque C. pyrenaica y C. ibex probablemente sean dos especies próximas desde el punto de vista filogenético, sus nombres comunes no necesariamente tienen que coincidir. Los nombres comunes siguen reglas diferentes a las de los nombres científicos. "Cabra montés" o "cabra brava" (wild goat en inglés) son los nombres comunes utilizados mayoritariamente por los autores de la península ibérica. Estos nombres están profundamente arraigados en las lenguas ibéricas y se han utilizado desde las primeras referencias a la especie en la Edad Media. Proponemos que se adopte el término "Iberian wild goat" en textos jurídicos y científicos y en la interacción con los medios de comunicación

Cancer continues to be one of the prominent causes of mortality with millions of people getting affected by the disease every year around the world. Recently, chemoprevention has been projected as an efficient treatment for cancer. Hence, more focus is now on exploiting the vast treasure of conventional medicinal knowledge involving the use of medicinal plants rather than the use of chemicals in cancer treatment. Crocus sativus L. (common name Saffron) is rich in carotenoids and has shown a promising cure in cancer chemoprevention. This chapter is thus aimed at providing a review of the recent literature about the use of saffron and its various constituents as an alternative herbal anticancerous agent.

The Amazonian ayahuasca brews are known under many names: caapi, yahe, kaji, mihi, dapa, natema, shuri, kamalampi, pinde, vegetal, daime, hoasca, la purge, etc., but nowadays the most common name is ayahuasca from the northern Quechua language. 72 indigenous groups are known to use ayahuasca, and 42 different indigenous names have been reported (Luna, 1986a,b).

Among true falcons (Falco sp.), the lanner falcon (F. biarmicus), due to its rarity, has always been viewed as an ‘oddity’, even the name has a contorted history, with both common and scientific names being subject to debate. Unfortunately, the Latinisation of the common name for taxonomic purposes (F. lanarius) produced further confusion. Indeed, the old falconry term Lanier evolved independently from lanarius indicating the falcon species. In addition, the lanner falcon was often considered a very rare and possibly vagrant species in Europe. As a consequence of this scarcity, many controversial taxonomic issues arose due to the low number of occurrences in private collections and museums. Numerous sources originally published in the nineteenth century, as well as those published more recently in the twentieth century, should be very helpful in understanding many of the anomalies that have been inherited from the past, many of which remain with us today. From this historical analysis, it is possible to deduce some constraints that have strongly influenced and driven the current taxonomic position of this large falcon. In fact, in spite of the discontinuous process of classification, only a few peculiar morphological features persist today to justify the subspecies level. Thus, further in-depth morphological and genetical analyses are needed on lanner falcon subspecies.

One of the most common name to scale and benchmark new sculptures is the IoT (Internet of Things). This is certainly the ultimate fate of correspondence that has changed the objects of reality to intelligent gadgets. Useful part of IoT has to connect thing of the world in such a way that people can control them from anywhere. In addition, these things (objects) give updates to their end users according to their current status. Despite the fact that IoT ideas were proposed few years back, this might not be off base to cite that the term has become a standard for forming correspondence between items. IoT illustrate the citation to identify the most noticeable applications and gives an accurate survey for agriculture. This paper assesses the commitments compiled by several analysts & researchers in the course of recent years. Moreover, difficulties confronted while performing horticultural exercises have been featured alongside the upcoming research bearings to prepare scholars of this area to evaluate and additionally enhance them with all the more motivating and inventive thoughts.

Consumers rely on nutrition ingredient names in their food evaluations. Food companies could announce an ingredient name by using its common name focusing on the effects of a food component familiar to consumers (i.e., the name of the compound) or its specific and academia-based name (i.e., scientific name). Ares et al. (2009) indicated that displaying ingredient name affected consumer’s food evaluation. Drawing from construal level theory (Trope et al. 2007), we propose that consumers will look for advertising cues, which are congruent with high or low construal level that will facilitate or eliminate the effectiveness of ingredient name. Two moderators are proposed: food types (vice vs. virtue) and regulatory foci (promotion vs. prevention).

This chapter deals with the profile of venomous marine cnidarian species comprising their common name (s), global distribution, ecology; biological aspects such as diagnostic characters, size and colouration, food and feeding, life cycle, association and predators; and envenomation including injuries caused to humans (scuba divers and seafarers) by individual venomous cnidarian species.

This chapter deals with the profile of venomous marine cnidarian species comprising their common name (s), global distribution, ecology; biological aspects such as diagnostic characters, size and colouration, food and feeding, life cycle, association and predators; and envenomation including injuries caused to humans (scuba divers and seafarers) by individual venomous cnidarian species.

Esta contribución se ocupa de uno de los ejes sobre los que se articula la prestación farmacéutica en nuestro sistema sanitario: la receta médica. En este artículo se abordan las notas más relevantes que caracterizan el régimen jurídico de la receta médica en España y en Latinoamérica: concepto, tipos, reconocimiento por otros estados, identificación de fármacos por la denominación común internacional, objeción de conciencia del farmacéutico, receta médica electrónica o atención farmacéutica.

Regenerative medicine (RM) is a common name indicating the use of biotechnologies applied to obtain the regeneration, replacement, or repair of a tissue or organ. The complexity of the manipulation characterizing these procedures led to an increased oversight by regulatory agencies which have promulgated a consistent number of guidance documents and restricted their use. Although the general principles are quite consistent and harmonized between the United States and the EU agencies, the pathway to the authorization of clinical trials and marketing authorization could be quite dissimilar. In this chapter, the scientific principles underlying the existing guidance and the perceived risks are summarized for the therapies based on the use of pancreatic cells.

This chapter deals with the profile of venomous marine cnidarian species comprising their common name (s), global distribution, ecology; biological aspects such as diagnostic characters, size and colouration, food and feeding, life cycle, association and predators; and envenomation including injuries caused to humans (scuba divers and seafarers) by individual venomous cnidarian species.

An extensive survey of the Bulgarian seafood market was conducted to assess the diversity of fish products available and to compare the provided commercial designations (CDs) and scientific names (SNs) on the products with those on the Bulgarian official seafood designations list, in light of the requirements of Regulation (EU) No. 1379/2013 on seafood labelling. The survey was conducted in 15 different towns belonging to three different geographical macro-areas: North, North-east/South-east and South/South-west. Seventy-one points of sale, including both large and local retailers, were included in the study. In total, 1611 different products were recorded on the market, mostly comprising fresh, frozen and canned fish. Analysis of the product designations showed the presence of 110 different CDs, most of which (n = 43, 39.1%) were not associated with any SN. Forty-seven (42.7%) of the 110 CD were compliant with the current EU legislation on seafood labelling, reporting a descriptive common name. A highly significant difference was found in the percentages of non-compliant designations of fresh (57.3%) and frozen (3.9%) product categories (p-value

An ethnobotanical survey was conducted to explore the traditional knowledge on medicinal plants being used by the different tribes of Thoubal and Kakching district of Manipur, India. The present study was executed throughout the different community lives in Thoubal and Kakching district of Manipur like Maitei, Meitei-Muslim, Loi, Taithibi, Chiru, Hmar, Gangte, Kabui, Kometc. People live in rural and remote areas largely depend on the local tribal healers for their basic healthcare needs who are using different plants parts in the form extract, infusion, decoction, juice, powder and paste to treat a number of diseases. Altogether 40 plant species belonging to 35 families were documented and discussed briefly with particular emphasis on their scientific name, common name, family, habit, plant parts, and medicinal benefits. The usage of aboveground medicinal plant species was higher (72.5%) compare to underground (12.5%) followed by whole plants (15%). This study found that 40 medicinal plants are used to cure around 56 ailments, and all most all medicinal plant species documented in this study are used to cure more than one ailment related to primary health care problem.

The 'cornsilk fly,' Euxesta stigmatias Loew, is an attractive, dark metallic green fly with distinctive wing patterns and wing flapping behavior commonly found throughout southern Florida agricultural communities. Its normally saprophytic life style belies its destructive nature when it comes to its preference for sweet corn ears. Entire fields may have to be passed up for harvest if they went untreated for this destructive pest or if individual treatments were missed due to weather, time or other constraints. This document is EENY-224, one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date August 2001. Revised July 2005. EENY-224/IN381: Cornsilk Fly (suggested common name), Euxesta stigmatias Loew (Insecta: Diptera: Otitidae) (ufl.edu)

A seed-attacking weevil was recently found attacking Chinese privet in Tallahassee, Leon County, Florida (Cuda and Zeller 1998). The insect was discovered in a sample of several hundred seeds collected for germination studies. Six weevil adults that emerged from the infested seed sample were later identified (by M.C. Thomas) as the ligustrum weevil, Ochyromera ligustri Warner. The remaining seed stock from Tallahassee was dissected and inspected for the presence of the insect. Weevil larvae were recovered from 89 of the 358 seeds examined. Overall, 24.9% of the Chinese privet seeds collected were infested with weevil larvae. Voucher specimens of the larval and adult stages of the ligustrum weevil were deposited in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Gainesville. This document is EENY-343, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: May 2005. EENY343/IN620: Ligustrum Weevil (suggested common name), Ochyromera ligustri Warner (Insecta: Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Tychiinae: Tychiini: Endaeina) (ufl.edu)

The giant burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia limbata (Serville, 1829) (Figure 1) is one of the most widespread mayflies in North America and is well known for its importance in ecosystem health and water quality monitoring. The mayflies (order Ephemeroptera) are an ancient lineage of aquatic insects originating more than 300 million years ago (Merritt and Cummins 2008). Within this order, the burrowing mayflies of the family Ephemeridae are well-known for their importance in fly fishing and their massive synchronized mating flights.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1244 Also published on the Featured Creatures website: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/AQUATIC/mayfly.html

« Chelsea (Bradley) Manning » est une figure publique de singularité dont l’identité totalise une multiplicité de catégories d’appartenance, parfois antagoniques (« homme », « femme », « héros », « traître », « soldat », etc.), ainsi que la transformation du prénom, du visage et du corps et donc de la personne elle-même. Sous cet aspect, ce cas invite à faire l’hypothèse que le mode spécifique d’existence des figures publiques appelle une sociologie du nom propre et de sa circulation dans l’espace public médiatique. Le présent article vise à esquisser une telle sociologie. La première partie s’attarde sur les différentes fonctions (nomination, désignation, signification, représentation) remplies par le nom propre. La seconde partie se focalise quant à elle sur l’espace public médiatique comme lieu de production de la signification du nom propre, et propose de développer une pragmatique de la reconnaissance. « Chelsea (Bradley) Manning » is a public figure of singularity whose identity totals a multiplicity of membership categories, sometimes antagonistic (« man », « woman », « hero », « traitor », « soldier », etc.), as well as the transformation of the first name, face and body, and thus of the person themselves. In this respect, this case invites us to make the assumption that the specific mode of existence of public figures calls for a sociology of the proper name and its circulation in the public media sphere. This article aims to sketch such a sociology. The first part focuses on the different functions (nomination, designation, signification, representation) performed by the proper name. The second part focuses on the public media sphere as a place of production of the meaning of the proper name, and proposes to develop a pragmatic approach to recognition. Las figuras de la identidad. Una sociología de « Chelsea (Bradley) Manning » partiendo del nombre propio« Chelsea (Bradley) Manning » es una figura pública de singularidad cuya identidad suma una multiplicidad de categorías de pertenencia, a veces antagónicas (« hombre », « mujer », « héroe », « traidor », « soldado », etc.), así como la transformación del nombre, la cara y el cuerpo y, por tanto, de la persona misma. En este sentido, este caso nos invita a plantear la hipótesis de que el modo específico de existencia de las figuras públicas requiere una sociología del nombre propio y su circulación en el espacio mediático público. Este artículo pretende esbozar una sociología de este tipo. La primera parte se centra en las diferentes funciones (nombramiento, designación, significado, representación) que desempeña el nombre propio. La segunda parte se centra en el espacio público de los medios de comunicación como lugar de producción del significado del nombre propio, y propone desarrollar un enfoque pragmático del reconocimiento.

The orchard orbweavers, Leucauge argyrobapta (White) (Figure 1) and Leucauge venusta (Walckenaer), are attractive small spiders and collectively are some of the most common spiders in the eastern U.S. The name orchard orbweaver is the common name accepted by the American Arachnological Society Committee on Common Names of Arachnids (Breen 2003) for these species, but they have also been called simply orchard spiders (Kaston & Kaston 1953, Levi & Levi 2002). Orchard orbweavers belong to the family Tetragnathidae, the longjawed orbweavers (Levi & Hormiga 2017, World Spider Catalog 2018). This document describes its synonymy and nomenclature, distribution, description, behavior, and enemies. Also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1243

The flower thrips, Frankliniella tritici (Fitch) (Figure 1), is one of the most abundant species of flower thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in the eastern United States (Reitz 2008). The official common name established by the Entomological Society of America for this species is flower thrips, although the name flower thrips is often applied generically to the numerous species in the genus Frankliniella that inhabit flowers. For this reason, it is frequently referred to as the eastern flower thrips, presumably for its distribution in the eastern United States. Several species in the genus Frankliniella are considered economic pests and cause damage to a wide variety of crops through feeding and oviposition (Childers 1997). Several species are able to vector orthotospoviruses (or tospoviruses), including Tomato spotted wilt virus. However, Frankliniella tritici is not a vector of Tomato spotted wilt virus and is considered a pest of secondary importance (de Assis Filho 2005). Frankliniella tritici may, however, be confused with other similar Frankliniella species in Florida such as Frankliniella bispinosa and Frankliniella occidentalis which are capable vectors of Tomato spotted wilt virus (Riley et al. 2011). This document is also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1236

Objetivo: determinar la estacionalidad, de acuerdo con la presencia, consumo y distribución geográfica de los vegetales comestibles comercializados en los mercados municipales del estado de Tabasco. Metodología: se entrevistó a vendedores de vegetales regionales, preguntando nombre de la planta, parte comercializada, grado de manejo y forma de consumo. Se realizó un inventario de los vegetales confirmando su nombre científico en el herbario de la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco. La información se analizó con el paquete informático Excel. Resultados: la diversidad vegetal estuvo determinada por la disponibilidad. Se encontraron 126 especies siendo el 78.6 % cultivadas, 12.7 % silvestres colectadas y 8.7 % con manejo inicial, mientras que 56 % son nativas lo que significa que los agricultores resguardan este germoplasma. El mayor número de especies pertenecen a cuatro familias botánicas. El 31 % se utiliza como verdura, 37 % como fruta fresca, 24 % como condimento, 7 % en confituras y 1 % como auxiliar tecnológico. Limitaciones: poco tiempo para el estudio. Se sugiere continuar el estudio por más años para detectar las variaciones en la presencia de especies vegetales debidas a los cambios climáticos presentes actualmente. Conclusiones: en cada mercado municipal del estado de Tabasco se encontraron diferentes especies vegetales comestibles disponibles durante su estacionalidad y dependiendo de la cercanía de la sierra, ríos o costa, representando una diversidad que puede considerarse el arsenal alimentario del pueblo tabasqueño, así como el conocimiento de su manejo agrícola y culinario.

The terms "common noun" and "proper name" encode two dichotomies that are often conflated. This paper explores the possibility of the other combinations—"common name" and "proper noun"—and concludes that both exist on the basis of their morphosyntactic behavior. In support of common names, inflectional regularization is determined to result from a "name" layer in the structure, meaning that common nouns that regularize are, in fact, common names (computer mouses, tailor’s gooses). In support of proper nouns, there are bare singular count nouns in English that receive definite interpretations and seem to be licensed as arguments by the same null determiner as proper names (I left town, she works at home). Not only does a four-way distinction between nouns, names, proper nouns, and proper names achieve greater empirical coverage, but it also captures the independent morphosyntactic effects of [PROPER] and [NAME] as features on D and N, respectively.

The medicinal plants have received more attention among researchers to treat various diseases and disorders. This study was aimed to record the various medicinal plants present in Thudaripettai Village situated in Tharangambadi Taluk, Nagapattinam district of Tamil Nadu. A total of 60 plant species belonging to 35 families were reported with their medicinal values. These results will provide information about medicinal plants and methods of utilization of these plants to cure various diseases of mankind. Survey of the information of medicinal plants used by the villagers were collected and arranged alphabetically followed by common name, vernacular name, family name, parts of use, methods of uses, medicinal uses and their habit. The information is very much useful for further research which will lead to the discovery of new bioactive compounds from the above medicinal plants.

The analysis of macroscopic wood anatomy is a critical tool for the inspection and identification of commercial wood. Studies have reported two main problems in timber commerce: wood misidentification and the trade of endangered species. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, there exists a lack of scientific research into wood identification and commerce. Therefore, in 2011, the Research Institute of the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro and the Environmental State Institute signed an agreement of technical cooperation to record inventory of the wood involved in commerce in the above state based on wood identification. The present study aimed to identify, by macroscopic wood anatomy, wood samples collected by Environmental State Institute inspectors and to crosscheck the identified species to their assigned common names. In total, 277 samples were gathered from 52 different companies, of which we were able to identify 220 to genus and 57 to species. The identified wood samples represented 22 families and 43 genera, and included four endangered species. Sellers used the common name inappropriately in 18 % of the samples. Our study shows that there is currently a problem with the use of erroneous common names in the trade of endangered woods in the state of Rio de Janeiro.

Until recently, luthiers have been conservative in their wood choices for guitars and other chordophones. Most soundboards (tops) were made from American or European spruces. Rosewood and, less frequently, mahogany, maple, and koa, were used for backs and sides. Spanish cedar and mahogany were the preferred species for necks; ebony or rosewood for fretboards. Due to scarcity and increasing costs, new woods are now employed. Some are congeners of traditional woods; others are more innovative. The botanical identification of many of these species is inaccurate. A common name may refer to more than one species (under–differentiation, e.g., Madagascar rosewood for several Dalbergia spp.). Conversely, a binomial may be known by several common names (over–differentiation, e.g., European, German, or Italian spruce for Picea abies). Instrument makers and wood suppliers are unreliable sources of taxonomic names, especially with newer woods. Here, I provide the full taxonomic identification (binomials, author citations, and families) for both traditional and some new guitar woods. Many factors determine a wood’s suitability for lutherie. A model based on two mechanical properties of wood, density and modulus of elasticity, can be used to determine what species of wood constitutes each part of a guitar. Many of the “new” guitar woods are now becoming scarce. Luthiers face the continual task of finding suitable alternative woods. The model presented here can serve as a guide in future wood choices; further modifications, using additional wood properties, may help refine the model. These principles are also applicable to wood selection for other chordophones.

Dried plant parts used as culinary spices (CSs) in food are permitted as dietary ingredients in dietary supplements (DSs) within certain constraints in the United States. We reviewed the amounts, forms, and nutritional support (structure/function) claims of DSs that contain CS plants listed in the Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) and compared this label information with trial doses and health endpoints for CS plants that were the subject of clinical trials listed in clinicaltrials.gov. According to the DSLD, the CS plants occurring most frequently in DSs were cayenne, cinnamon, garlic, ginger, pepper, rosemary, and turmeric. Identifying the botanical species, categorizing the forms used, and determining the amounts from the information provided on DS labels was challenging. CS plants were typically added as a component of a blend, as the powered biomass, dried extracts, and isolated phytochemicals. The amounts added were declared on about 55% of the labels, rendering it difficult to determine the amount of the CS plant used in many DSs. Clinicaltrials.gov provided little information about the composition of test articles in the intervention studies. When plant names were listed on DS labels and in clinical trials, generally the common name and not the Latin binomial name was given. In order to arrive at exposure estimates and enable researchers to reproduce clinical trials, the Latin binomial name, form, and amount of the CS plant used in DSs and tested in clinical trials must be specified.

Includes: Introduction - Synonymy - Distribution - Description - Life Cycle - Hosts - Importance - Selected References This publication is also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/Creatures/BENEFICIAL/alligatorweed_stem_borer.htm

Includes: Introduction - Synonymy - Distribution - Description and Biology - Host Range - Economic Importance - Selected References. Also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/BENEFICIAL/Neoseiulus_cucumeris.htm

Antecedentes y Objetivos: En México existen alrededor de 156 especies de gimnospermas nativas pertenecientes a seis familias. Para el estado de Oaxaca, se registran 45 especies de gimnospermas y sus habitantes poseen un sobresaliente conocimiento ancestral en el uso tradicional de este grupo taxonómico. El presente estudio contribuye al registro y documentación del conocimiento tradicional de las gimnospermas en Oaxaca, a evaluar la importancia de las familias botánicas como fuente de recursos, analizar las relaciones existentes entre los grupos étnicos y la riqueza de especies útiles, así como a comparar los registros obtenidos con el número de gimnospermas a nivel nacional y estatal.Métodos: El estudio se realizó en 84 municipios en tres Regiones Terrestres Prioritarias al noreste de Oaxaca. Los datos etnobotánicos fueron recopilados mediante observación participante moderada, caminatas etnobotánicas, entrevista libre a guías locales y colecta de ejemplares botánicos. Los datos se analizaron cualitativamente para integrar el conocimiento tradicional, etnoflorístico y los aspectos ecológicos de las especies.Resultados clave: Se registraron 30 especies de las familias Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, Podocarpaceae y Zamiaceae. El mayor número de especies útiles (16) registradas pertenece a Pinaceae. Entre los zapotecos se encontraron usos para 16 diferentes especies, los mixes utilizan diez y los mazatecos nueve. Todos los taxa registrados tienen nombre común, 71% en lengua local y 97% en español. Los usos más frecuentes fueron el maderable, la construcción, el ornamental y el combustible. El bosque mesófilo de montaña es el tipo de vegetación del área estudiada que contiene el mayor número de gimnospermas útiles, con 15 especies. De los taxa registrados 45% son endémicos de México, seis especies de Pinaceae y ocho de Zamiaceae se consideran endémicos de Oaxaca.Conclusiones: Este estudio incrementa los registros sobre gimnospermas útiles en el estado de Oaxaca. Se requiere reconsiderar y entender el valor local de estas especies dentro de la cosmovisión étnica, para preservar los usos tradicionales y promover programas de manejo sostenible.

Originally published on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/bugs/Megamelus_scutellaris.htm Includes: Introduction - Distribution - Description - Life Cycle and Biology - Hosts - Selected References

The yellow-legged hornet, Vespa velutina (Lepeletier), is a pest of concern outside of its native range. Vespa velutina is native to Southeast Asia and has invaded several regions in Europe, first appearing in France in 2004. As a generalist predator, they are a pest of honey bees and a major concern to many beekeepers. Vespa velutina has not been intercepted in North America, but it is believed to have high invasion potential.

This chapter examines the critique of three medieval negative theologians with regard to the Name. It begins by illustrating the efforts of R. Bahya Ibn Paqudah and R. Abraham Ibn Daud to abolish the status of YHWH as a proper name. I show how these two thinkers interpreted YHWH as either a common name or a homonym (Ibn Daud), or a mere arbitrary sign (Ibn Paqudah). The chapter then contrasts these views to Maimonides’ audacious proposal in chapters 61–63 in part I of The Guide for the Perplexed. By denying YHWH any grammatical connections to natural language, Maimonides gave this name the status of a Kripkean “rigid designator”. As a rigid designator, the name YHWH succeeds in pointing directly at the named entity—God—without describing Him.

The present study deals with climbers creepers and twiners of Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, and adjoining areas of district Rajouri. Ethnomedicinal plants are necessary for treatment of various diseases and production of various medicines. The Climbers, Creepers and twiner are extensively used as medicine. The local people of district Rajouri use 43 climbers of the vascular plants for medicine, vegetable and fodder. As tradition culture is disappearing the knowledge about the plants wealth is going to lost. The information on Climbers, Creepers and twiner Species is obtained while studying the flora of (J&K) Himalaya and medicinal plants of Pirajapati Prohit. For each plant its family, botanical name, vernacular name, common name, Local name, English name, flowering Period is given. As per the climatic condition the plants are showing their presence in different sites. Some plants species which are climber creepers and twiner in their tendency are referred as climber creepers and twiner. A climbing plant includes tendrils and twiner having adventitious roots on nodular part of the stem helpful for their climber creepers and twiner on ant substratum. A total of 43 climbers’ creepers and twiner species belonging to 36 families were recorded for the medicinal, vegetable and fodder. Among all the families Convolvulaceae were found to be most abundant having 6 species followed by Cucurbitaceae and Dioscoreaceae.

Sotol is a distilled beverage originated in Mexico, which is produced from the crowns of plants of the Dasylirion genus. This botanical group is abundant and important ecological component of the Chihuahuan Desert, which comprises Central and Northern Mexico, and Southern United States. The common name of most Dasylirion spp. plants is sotol or sereque, and were an integral part of the diet and culture of the pre-Columbian communities of Aridoamerica. Currently, several Dasylirion species have an increasing economic importance for the manufacture of the distilled beverage called sotol, which is consumed in Mexico and exported to other countries. In this chapter, we review the natural history of Dasylirion spp., covering systematics, physiology, reproduction, and the ecology of its populations and communities. This is the basis for the technical elements of the collection, cultivation, restoration, and sustainable use of this plant group. We describe the technological process of transformation of the crown biomass into the distilled beverage, the topic of the Sotol Designation of Origin, as well as its characteristics regarding its composition and nutritional value. Finally, research needs are mentioned in the context of the covered topics.

The spread of invasive alien plants (IAPs) across countries does not only dilute the indigenous biodiversity richness and degrade the environmental integrity of local environments, but it also threatens human livelihoods. Although no studies have been conducted on the relationship between IAPs and indigenous knowledge on plants, contributors suspect that IAPs might have negative impacts on cultural application of indigenous plants, more especially in the case of medicinal plant use. In the province of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, where there are mainly isiZulu speakers, the use of plants for various human benefits is still relatively high. Plants are used for many reasons including traditional medicine, food, shelter and cultural rituals such as during burial ceremonies of family members. In certain parts of KZN, when a person is buried, a row of medium-sized logs of Black Wattle (Acacia mearnsii) are put on top of the casket to prevent soil from piling directly on top of the casket. Traditional healers rely heavily on certain plants to meet their different objectives and this now includes IAPs. Traditionally, they would use indigenous plants, which are known by their isiZulu common names but with the influx of IAPs, confusion between indigenous and alien plants has crept in.In some instances, an indigenous plant and an alien plant which resemble each other now even share the same isiZulu common name. Alternatively, there is confusion when one has to collect an indigenous plant but cannot differentiate between that and a similar IAP, which might not have an isiZulu common name (in that case it does not matter whether the IAP has an isiZulu common name or not). Additional problems arise when the intention is to propagate an indigenous species and an IAP ends up being unintentionally propagated. Furthermore, where indigenous plants have been over-utilized and become scarce to find and thus switching to an IAP that resembles the scarce indigenous plant, becomes an option. To make matters worse, when naming IAPs if the process is unregulated, IAPs are given attractive, positive names that unintentionally might create an impression that “these plants are good”. The intention of this article then was; a) To advocate for the naming of IAPs into indigenous languages and that the naming process should be structured and regulated, b) To systematically suggest names for some of the dominant IAPs within eThekwini Municipality, KZN province of South Africa, as a case study, c) To review existing isiZulu common names of some IAPs to make sure those names are not confused with those of indigenous plants (NB: Some English common names of IAPs also need to be reviewed!); d) To advocate for IAPs to be given negative names and finally, e) To facilitate the naming process and adoption of isiZulu common names for IAPs.

One of the challenges encountered by visitors while visiting and exploring a mangrove park is to identify the mangrove species and instantly retrieve its related information. This paper presents a mobile-based method for mangrove species identification called multi-layer mangrove species identification method (MSIA) and its application for Kilim Geo-forest Park, in Langkawi, Malaysia. This work involves formulating the identification method, the design and development of the mobile application, and its integration with the Mangrove Reference Data Centre. The application is designed with a user-friendly interface to support visitors with limited knowledge on the mangrove tree species. One of the main features of MSIA is the automatic identification of the mangrove tree species based on its leaf which enhances the performance of species identification. Firstly, the mangrove tree leaf is captured using the mobile phone camera. Next, the first layer in the identification method is carried out to identify the leaf shape. Once the species has been identified, additional parameters such as types of tree root, tree bark, flower or fruit will be entered in the second layer of the identification process. A specific mangrove species common name and its related information such as biological information and possible medicinal or commercial worth of the species will then be displayed. This paper presents the design and implementation of MSIA as well as the testing and the evaluation of the method and its application. It is believed that MSIA would make a visit to the mangrove park more meaningful and enjoying to the visitors.

Silverfish is a common name used to refer to many species in the order Zygentoma. The Entomological Society of America designates the term silverfish as the official common name to only one species, however: Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus. Lepisma saccharina is a pest in urban settings. It is a voracious feeder on materials high in starches, glue, and cellulose such as paper. Lepisma saccharina is a common pest in libraries and museums where paper books and labels are abundant. It can also be found outdoors under rocks, leaf litter, in caves, and in ant nests. Includes: Introduction - Distribution - Description - Life Stages and Biology - Hosts - Economic Importance - Survey and Detection - Management - Selected References.https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/in1211 Also published at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/URBAN/silverfish.HTM

We present a database regarding the distribution of spider mites (Acari, Tetranychidae) in Brazil. It is available open access on the internet and hosted by the Department of Entomology and Acarology, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, at www.lea.esalq.usp.br/tetranychidae. This database presents the first report of each species on a host plant for each State of Brazil and the corresponding reference. The home page of the site will allow searches under headings: Species, Host common name, Host species, Host Family, References and Locality.

[Graphic][1] What's in a name? For polar bears, a lot. While their common name identifies the extreme habitat they live in, their Latin name – Ursus maritimus – reminds us that unlike all other bears, these giant white carnivores rely on a marine diet. Adult seals are a perfect meal for

Several Cinnamomum species' barks are generally labeled as cinnamon, although only Cinnamomum verum carries the common name of true cinnamon. Cassia, a common name for a related species, is rarely used on labels; instead, various cassia types may also be labeled "cinnamon." Confusion of true cinnamon and cassia spices in foods generally does not present a risk to health, except possibly at the highest intake levels. However, clinical studies with Cinnamomum investigational products have been published that inadequately describe or lack botanical identification information. The results of such studies are confounded by an inability to determine which species was responsible for the observed effects. Due to differences in the quality and composition of various Cinnamomum species, safety and efficacy data are not generalizable or transferable. Pharmacopeial monographs for characterizing the identity, composition, purity, quality, and strength of Cinnamomum investigational products should be applied to remove the ambiguity of cinnamon.