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Salmonella control programs require the classification of positive herds according with the prevalence of infected pigs. This must be based on diagnostic methods that are reliable, accurate and cost effective. Since serological methods fulfill most of these prerequisites, many countries have adopted indirect ELISA tests to discriminate herds, based on their seroprevalence. In view of that, an in-house indirect ELISA test (ELISA-Typhimurium) previously developed proved to be able to detect sera antibodies against the most prevalent serovars of Salmonella found in Brazilian pig farms. This study aimed to assess different cut-off values of the ELISA-Typhimurium in terms of their correlation with Salmonella isolation results at the herd level. Blood and mesenteric lymph node or rectal swabs were taken from 56 slaughter and 14 grower batches from different farms. Serum was tested using the ELISA-Typhimurium at different cut-off points (OD: 6.87%-40%). A total of 55 slaughter batches had at least one Salmonella-positive sample, and the within-herd prevalence was 64.9% (SE±24.8). All 14-grower batches were negative on Salmonella isolation. The logistic regression demonstrated that at 20% OD the ELISA-Typhimurium test is the best model to predict Salmonella isolation frequency at the herd level. At this cut-off point, the test may be a helpful tool for discriminating Salmonella infected herds.

The cassava leaf, waste generated in the harvest of the roots, is characterized by high content of protein, vitamins and minerals; however, its use is limited due to the high fiber content and antinutritional substances, which can be removed by obtaining protein concentrates. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate protein extraction processes, aiming the use of cassava leaves (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as an alternative protein. Four methods were tested: 1) Coagulation of Proteins by Lowering the Temperature, 2) Extraction by Isoelectric Precipitation, 3) Solubilization of Proteins and 4) Fermentation of Filter Leaf Juice. To obtain the concentrates, the use of fresh or dried leaves and extraction in one or two steps were also evaluated. The solubilization of proteins (method 3) showed a higher extraction yield; however, with concentrate of low quality. The fermentation of the juice (method 4) produced concentrates with higher quality and lower costs and the isoelectric precipitation (method 2) promoted the obtention of concentrates in less time, both with good prospects for use. The use of two extraction steps was not advantageous to the process and there was no difference between the use of fresh or dried leaf, and the use of fresh leaves is presented as a good option for the simplicity of the method.

A progressiva redução da prevalência doença cárie é devido ao diagnóstico precoce e aos métodos preventivos utilizados atualmente. Todavia, houve um aumento de lesões com características clínicas diferenciadas, com extensa lesão de cárie em dentina enquanto no esmalte aparenta ser incipiente. Algumas hipóteses como o processo de remineralização maior que o de desmineralização e deficiências estruturais e anatômicas do esmalte podem ser entendidos como fatores etiológicos. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar, por meio de um caso clínico, sobre essas lesões e ressaltar a importância do exame radiográfico como complemento de diagnóstico. Paciente do gênero feminino, 10 anos de idade, compareceu à clínica de odontopediatria da Faodo/UFMS, relatando dor no dente 46. Clinicamente observou-se sulco oclusal pigmentado com sombreamento e microcavitações, e a presença de fístula na face vestibular. No exame radiográfico verificou-se extensa lesão cariosa com comprometimento pulpar. Foi preconizado a confecção de réplica oclusal, em seguida, procedeu-se o tratamento endodôntico em sessão única e restauração de resina composta com auxílio da matriz oclusal que apresenta baixo custo e facilidade de execução. Concluiu-se que, para um bom diagnóstico, é necessário o uso de exames complementares radiográficos para a detecção de lesões de cáries ocultas.

ABSTRACT: Fertilization of apple orchards with phosphorus (P) has received less attention than with nitrogen and potassium. In Brazil, the information about apple response to soil P addition is meager. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term effect of annual soil P addition on quality and mineral composition of apple fruits. The experiment started in 2010, in a commercial orchard located in the São Joaquim, Southern of Brazil. The orchard consisted of ´Fuji Suprema’, planted in high-density on a Haplumbrept soil. Treatments consisted of 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160kg ha-1 P2O5 applied annually starting in 2010 broadcast over the soil surface along the tree row. Evaluations were performed from 2012/2013 through 2014/2015 growing seasons. We harvested three samples from each experimental unit. One sample was cold stored in a controlled atmosphere chamber for six months; the others were immediately evaluated for firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity (TA), skin color, and the concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the fruit flesh. Application of P to the soil affected only flesh firmness at harvest and TA after six months of storage in the 2012/2013 season, as well as firmness after six months of storage in the 2013/2014 season. In the 2014/2015 season, the addition of P reduced fruit color but only at harvest. Addition of P to the soil affected the levels of P in the fruit in the 2012/2013 season, as well as N and the N/Ca ratio of fruit in the 2014/2015 season. Overall, attributes related to fruit quality of cultivar Fuji Suprema were slightly affected by long-term annual addition of P to the soil.

O cultivo da erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil.) apresenta grande importância econômica na região Sul do Brasil. Contudo, a necessidade de fertilização no estabelecimento de plantios de erva-mate ainda é pouco conhecida. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a adubação sulfatada no crescimento inicial de dois clones de erva-mate em um Cambissolo Húmico. O experimento foi implantado em Itaiópolis – SC, testando quatro doses de enxofre (S) (0; 1,2; 2,4 e 3,6 kg de S-SO4 ha-1)em dois clones femininos de erva-mate (F1 e F2). Avaliou-se a massa verde e a exportação de nutrientes pelas folhas, galhos finos (≤ 7mm), galhos grossos (> 7mm) e erva-mate comercial (folhas + galhos finos) e massa total. O S-SO4 foi avaliado na camada de 0-20 cm do solo 24 meses após a aplicação dos tratamentos e plantio das mudas. A produtividade de galho fino e a massa total foram influenciadas pela dose de S, independentemente do clone, indicando a exigência do nutriente para aumentar o rendimento de massa verde. Ainda, o clone F2 apresentou maior produção de galho grosso em função da dose de S. Assim, sugere-se o teor mínimo de 10 mg dm-3 S-SO4 no solo para um adequado estabelecimento de clones de erva-mate.

The present study aims to optimize the operational conditions in surface water coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation step, besides evaluating the association between seeds of Moringa oleifera Lam. (M. oleifera) and the synthetic coagulant aluminium sulphate for surface water treatment. The assays were performed in Jar Test using surface water from Pirapó River basin, Maringá, PR. It was observed that the operational conditions affect the coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation process efficiency. Optimal operational conditions for coagulants association are as follows: rapid mixing velocity (RMV) of 105 rpm, rapid mixing times (RMT) of 1 min, slow mixing velocity (SMV) of 30 rpm, slow mixing times (SMT) of 15 min, and sedimentation time (ST) of 15 min; this enables an improvement in the process, contributing to a reduction in synthetic coagulant aluminium sulphate demand of up to 30%, combined with an increase in M. oleifera dosage, not affecting the coagulation/flocculation and sedimentation process efficiency, considering the water pH range between 7 and 9.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as propriedades de polpas kraft marrons de madeiras de Eucalyptus grandise Eucalyptus urograndisde composição química distinta, principalmente em relação aos seus conteúdos de xilanas, para fabricação de papéis. As polpas marrons de número kappa 17-18 e conteúdos de xilanas variando de 6 a 21% foram produzidas sob diferentes protocolos de cozimento: 1) kraft convencional; 2) pré-hidrólise kraft; 3) kraft de alta alcalinidade; e 4) kraft de alto rendimento. As polpas marrons foram refinadas em moinho PFI e seus respectivos papéis produzidos foram avaliados quanto às suas propriedades físico-mecânicas e ópticas. De modo geral, as propriedades de resistência dos papéis foram beneficiadas pelo conteúdo de xilanas. Para níveis muito altos de refino, ocorreram quedas bruscas de resistência ao rasgo para os papéis e o consumo de energia de refino foi influenciado pelo conteúdo de xilanas nas polpas marrons. Os mais altos valores de volume específico aparente foram obtidos para os papéis com baixo conteúdo de xilanas, o que os torna interessantes, se branqueados, no segmento de papéis tissue. Os papéis com elevado conteúdo de xilanas apresentaram-se economicamente atrativos e com características de resistências adequadas para o segmento de papéis de imprimir e escrever.

RESUMO As duas espécies de espinheira-santa Maytenus aquifolium Mart. e Maytenus ilicifolia Mart. ex Reissek pertencentes à família Celastraceae e têm sido intensamente exploradas nas populações nativas devido seu alto valor medicinal. O grande interesse pela espinheira-santa é para o tratamento de gastrites, úlceras gástricas e duodenais. O efeito antiulcerogênico está relacionado com a presença de polifenóis totais, mais especificamente com os taninos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o teor de taninos entre essas duas espécies cultivadas no Horto Medicinal do Refúgio Biológico Bela Vista - RBBV da Itaipu Binacional no município de Foz do Iguaçu, PR - Brasil. Foram realizadas duas coletas com intervalo de um mês para cada espécie e para a quantificação foi realizada a análise por espectrofotometria segundo a Farmacopeia Brasileira V. Os resultados foram analisados através do teste de variância (ANOVA) e a diferença no teor de taninos foi evidenciada pelo teste Tukey, a 5% de nível de significância empregando-se o software SISVAR. Foram obtidos em média 0,61% para o lote 1 e 2 de Maytenus aquifolium e (3,90%) para Maytenus ilicifolia, resultando em uma média de 84,35% de taninos a mais para Maytenus ilicifolia em comparação com Maytenus aquifolium concluindo assim que as espécies não devem ser intercambiáveis.

Resumo: Para avaliação dos aspectos patológicos e microbiológicos de casos clínicos de doenças respiratórias em suínos de terminação foram analisados 75 suínos doentes oriundos de 36 lotes. Suínos que apresentavam sinais clínicos respiratórios evidentes foram necropsiados para avaliação macroscópica e colheita de amostras para análise histopatológica e microbiológica. Foram realizados testes de isolamento bacteriano para as principais bactérias do sistema respiratório dos suínos, PCR para Mycoplasma hyorhinis, imuno-histoquímica para Influenza A, Circovirus suíno tipo 2 e Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. A sensibilidade antimicrobiana de 24 amostras de Pasteurella multocida tipo A foi avaliada por testes de concentração inibitória mínima para os principais antimicrobianos utilizados em suinocultura. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae e Pasteurella multocida tipo A foram os agentes infecciosos mais prevalentes. Broncopneumonia supurativa e pleurite foram as principais lesões respiratórias encontradas. Pasteurella multocida tipo A, quando presente, aumentou a extensão das lesões pulmonares. Todas as amostras de Pasteurella multocida testadas foram sensíveis aos antimicrobianos Doxiciclina, Enrofloxacina e Tilmicosina. Em 58% das amostras foi identificado mais de um agente infeccioso, evidenciando a alta prevalência da associação de agentes nas doenças respiratórias de suínos em terminação.

Meat quality and cut yield of pigs slaughtered between 100 and 150kg live weight were evaluated. Pigs (417 Agroceres PIC barrows and gilts) were fed a daily allowance of 2.8kg per head from 80kg until 100.71±0.85, 118.58±0.99, 134.07±1.18 or 143.90±1.24kg live weight. Seventy-one pigs were used for the evaluation of primal and subprimal cuts. There was no interaction between sex and slaughter weight for any of the evaluated parameters. Ham, shoulder, and loin weights linearly increased (P

In this work, the fluoride adsorption by activated alumina (AAD) was evaluated in batch system. The point of zero charge of adsorbent was obtained. The effects of pH (2 to 12), temperature (30, 40 and 50 °C) and agitation (70, 100, 130 and 160 rpm) in the process were investigated. The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium were evaluated. The results show that the pHPZC of AAD is 7.04 and the highest adsorption capacities were obtained at pH 2 and 130 rpm. The temperature did not influence on the process. The equilibrium was achieved in 4 hours and the model that best described the kinetic data it was the pseudo-first order. The best fit to the experimental equilibrium data was obtained by Langmuir isotherm and the maximum adsorption capacity was 1.57 mg g-1, demonstrating the high efficiency of AAD on fluoride adsorption in batch system.

Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) primarily replicates in epithelial cells of the upper respiratory tract of chickens, inducing both morphological and immune modulatory changes. However, the association between the local immune responses induced by IBV and the mechanisms of pathogenesis has not yet been completely elucidated. This study compared the expression profile of genes related to immune responses in tracheal samples after challenge with two Brazilian field isolates (A and B) of IBV from the same genotype, associating these responses with viral replication and with pathological changes in trachea and kidney. We detected a suppressive effect on the early activation of TLR7 pathway, followed by lower expression levels of inflammatory related genes induced by challenge with the IBV B isolate when compared to the challenge with to the IBV A isolate. Cell-mediated immune (CMI) related genes presented also lower levels of expression in tracheal samples from birds challenged with B isolate at 1dpi. Increased viral load and a higher percentage of birds with relevant lesions were observed in both tracheal and renal samples from chickens exposed to challenge with IBV B isolate. This differential pattern of early immune responses developed after challenge with IBV B isolate, related to the downregulation of TLR7, leading to insufficient pro-inflammatory response and lower CMI responses, seem to have an association with a most severe renal lesion and an enhanced capability of replication of this isolate in chicken.

The objectives of the present study were to determine the parameters of Gompertz equations and to determine curves and growth rate, feed intake and body component deposition, as well as allometric coefficients of body water, protein, and fat relative to live weight of male and female broilers of intermediate performance (C44) and high performance (Cobb-500) genetic strains. In total, 384 one-d-old chicks were distributed into four treatments: male Cobb 500, male C44, female Cobb 500, and female C44, with six replicates of 16 birds, according to a completely randomized experimental design. Average body weight, weight gain, and feed intake were weekly determined, and six birds, representing the average weight of each treatment, were sacrificed to determine body composition. Growth curves were built applying Gompertz function, with excellent fit, and growth, feed intake, and tissue deposition rates were obtained by its derivatives. Superior growth rate was obtained for Cobb 500 male broilers. This genetic strain has higher feed intake capacity, which is achieved earlier than in the C44 strain. Protein and fat deposition maturity was reached earlier in males than in females in Cobb 500. The allometric coefficients showed earlier maturity for body water in C44 and females. In terms of body protein, male Cobb 500 broilers reached maturity earlier than females and C44. Body fat deposition maturity was reached earlier in Cobb 500 than in C44. The Gompertz equations obtained in the present study efficiently described body growth, feed intake, and deposition of body components, with a coefficient of determination higher than 0.99.

This study aimed to assess five composter types in poultry carcasses decomposition and to perform a physicochemical analysis of the compounds obtained. Composter types used were six-hole brick, wood, screen, windrow with three PVC pipes with six holes and windrow with three PVC pipes with 10 holes. Composting was followed by four periods using wood shaving like substrate with one bird carcass placed in each composter. Pile turning was performed every 10 days and temperature in each layer was measured on 1st, 7th, 14th, 19th and 29th day, at 3 p.m., as well as room temperature. Temperature during pile turning was also measured at five points per layer and carcass weighing performed to calculate decomposition percentage. Physicochemical parameters evaluated in substrates were moisture, ash, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, pH, organic carbon and C/N ratio, up to 30 days. Data were analyzed by repeated measures model, using MIXED method of SAS software. All values of final physicochemical composition of substrates were found according to values of IN-25, except nitrogen. The composter types were efficient in decomposition of poultry carcasses.

Em um sistema intensivo de produção de suínos, as falhas reprodutivas são uma das principais razões de descarte de matrizes e queda nos índices produtivos. A infecção urinária (cistite) e as endometrites são consideradas importantes causas de descarte em fêmeas suínas, por terem consequências reprodutivas relevantes e elevarem a taxa de reposição do plantel. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o aparelho reprodutivo e a bexiga de fêmeas suínas de descarte normal de granjas, bem como investigar a existência de relação entre as patologias encontradas. Foram examinadas 79 matrizes suínas oriundas de 20 rebanhos localizados no Estado de Santa Catarina. De cada fêmea foram coletados os ovários, fragmentos de útero e bexiga. Dentre as fêmeas avaliadas, 32 (40,5%) tinham diferentes graduações de cistite, 24 (30,4%) tinham algum tipo de inflamação uterina, e 9 (11,4%) estavam em anestro, com ovários inativos. Contudo, não foi observada dependência significativa entre cistite e endometrite nas amostras analisadas.

A cross-sectional study in four swine feed mills aimed to evaluate the correlation between the score of the inspection checklist defined in the Normative Instruction 4 (IN 4/ Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply), and the enumeration of total coliforms throughout the manufacturing process. The most of non-conformities was found in the physical structure of the feed mills. Feed mill B showed the lowest number of unconformities while units A and D had the largest number of nonconformities. In 38.53% (489/1269) of the samples the presence of total coliform was detected, however no significant difference in the bacterial counts was observed between sampling sites and feed mills. The logistic regression pointed higher odds ratio (OR) for total coliforms isolation at dosing (OR = 9.51, 95% CI: 4.43 to 20.41), grinding (OR = 7.10, 95% CI = 3.27 to 15.40) and residues (OR = 6.21, 95% CI: 3.88 to 9.95) In spite of having the second score in the checklist inspection, feed mill C presented the highest odds for total coliforms isolation (OR= 2,43, IC 95%: 1,68-3,53). The data indicate no association between the score of checklist and the presence of hygienic indicators in feed mills.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the morphometric and allometric relations of Iguaçu surubim (Steindachneridion melanodermatum) cultivated in net cages. One hundred and twenty specimens were cultivated at a density of 50 fish per square meter in three 6 m³ net cages. Fish were fed three times a day with commercial feed. Thirty fish were evaluated at 60, 120, 180, and 360 days of cultivation as to the variables: total body, head, clean trunk, viscera, skin, and fin weight; total, standard, and head length; and head and body height. The Iguaçu surubim shows later development of the clean trunk and early development of the other body parts.