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La tristesa va lligada a Tristán des del seu naixement, i així queda impregnada al seu nom. Ens proposems analtizar la presència d'aquest sentimient i el seu oposat al carácter del heroi al llarg de diverses obres artúriques i caballeresques, fonamentalment el Tristán de Leonís (1501). També s'estudiarà la presència de l'antropònim Tristán a la societat medieval i àurea, així com el seu tractament al teatre auri on s'emprava per nomenar a criats i rufians., La tristeza va unida a Tristán desde su nacimiento, y así queda inserta en su nombre. Nos proponemos analizar la presencia de este sentimiento y su opuesto en el carácter del héroe a lo largo de diversas obras artúricas y caballerescas, fundamentalmente el Tristán de Leonís (1501). También se estudiará la presencia del antropónimo Tristán en la sociedad medieval y áurea, así como su tratamiento en el teatro áureo donde se empleaba para nombrar a criados y rufianes., The sadness is joined to Tristan from his birth, and this way it remains inserted in his name. We propose to analyze the presence of this feeling and his opposite in hero’s behavior along different Arthurian romances, fundamentally the Tristán de Leonís (1501). We will also study the presence of the name Tristan in the medieval and Spanish Golden Age, as well as its treatment in the Spanish Golden Age theatre where it was used to name servants and villains.

While entrepreneurship training is widely supported as a policy instrument, the impact of entrepreneurship training remains understudied. In this 37 nation study, we report the results of a novel multivariate analysis of the effect of training in starting a business. This study overcomes many methodological problems experienced by prior studies, including representativeness, selection bias, delay between treatment (training) and effect (awareness, attitudes, intention or activity), multiple sources of training over time, and national context. Results suggest that training is most effective in contexts with low TEA rates and a low proportion of trained individuals; other aspects of the environment for entrepreneurship do not show significant effects. Implications are drawn for educators and policy-makers in different national contexts.

El gigante o jayán es un tipo constante en los libros de caballerías. Simbolizando la desmesura, la so- berbia y la brutalidad, representa el mal y se opone al caballero, arquetípicamente virtuoso. En esta ocasión, nos proponemos analizar su presencia en el ciclo amadisiano para, desde él, extraer una poética antroponímica propia de la raza gigantea extensible a todo el género caballeresco.

The actual triple-C, as a combination of economic and financial crises, in addition to the crisis in credibility of economic policy, has fostered North-North and South-North immigration. The objective of this work is to determine the dimension of immigrant´s entrepreneurship, according to their recipient countries being factor driven, efficiency driven, and innovation driven economies. We demonstrate that efficiency driven nations are characterized by moderate demographic growth and immigrant´s entrepreneurial activity along with a very discrete immigration, while the innovation driven nations are defined by a negative demographic growth and discrete immigrant´s entrepreneurial activity along with an important reception of immigrants. La actual triple-C, como combinación de crisis económica, fiscal y de credibilidad en política económica, ha impulsado la emigración Norte-Norte y Sur-Norte. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar la dimensión del emprendimiento de los emigrantes, según los países estén impulsados por factores de producción tradicionales, por su eficiencia y por la innovación. Se demuestra que las naciones impulsadas por factores se caracterizan por un alto crecimiento demográfico y una fuerte actividad emprendedora inmigrante, los países impulsados por la eficiencia muestran un crecimiento demográfico moderado y una actividad emprendedora inmigrante muy discreta, mientras que los países guiados por la innovación se definen por una tasa de crecimiento demográfico negativo y una discreta actividad emprendedora inmigrante acompañada por una importante llegada de este tipo de colectivo.

La antroponimia caballeresca ha sido asunto escasamente atendido por la crítica. Sí se han acometido estudios que se ocupaban, fundamentalmente, de la antroponimia pastoril, quijotesca y la propia del teatro áureo, entre otros, pero ningún trabajo de conjunto dedicado al ámbito caballeresco. El presente trabajo pretende ofrecer una imagen de la antroponimia de los libros de caballerías a la luz de la propia de otros géneros literarios de la Edad Media y el Siglo de Oro, con el fin de brindar una serie de similitudes y contrastes entre ellas.

Introduction: The Myelodisplastic syndromes (MDS) are a heterogeneous group of clonal hematological neoplasms characterized by a progressive bone marrow failure with an increased risk for transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The WHO 2008 classification and the revised international prognosis-scoring system (IPSS-R) had improved prognosis assessment and therapy. The IPSS-R is based on the cytogenetic risk scoring system focus into the presence of cytogenetic alterations. However more than 50% of MDS patients are diagnosed without cytogenetic abnormalities (diploid Cytogenetics, DC-MDS), different to their counterparts with abnormal karyotype (AK-MDS) they face problems for prognostication. Epigenetic tests like microRNAs (miRNAs) studies can found biomarkers for diagnostic, prognosis and potentially target therapy. The miRNAs implications on hematopoiesis are wide recognized. After an exploratory work of miRNAs implication on MDS patients, a cluster located inside the chromosome region 19q13.2-19q13.4 appears to be related with the outcomes and risk for transformation. Here there is described novel data incorporated into a combined model to improve prognostication of patients with DC-MDS. Aims: To explore the usefulness of miRNAs determination to improve prognosis assessment in MDS patients. Patients and Methods: Based on previous works (Andres-Coduras, et al, ELN 2012, Andrade-Campos et al, Blood 2015: 126(23): 1642), a miRNAs profile, composed by 19 miRNAs identified in 40 patients with MDS compared to controls was analyzed in 242 plasma samples obtained at diagnosis from patients with MDS, ethic committee and inform consent according Helsinki declaration signature were required. The miRNA profile included: hsa-miR-26a, hsa-miR-451, hsa-miR-99b, hsa-miR-24, hsa-miR-625, hsa-miR-15b, hsa-miR-19b, hsa-let-7e, hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR361-3p, hsa-miR-378 and hsa-miR-942; The 2-d(dCT) method and expression over 1.3 (-10Log) times were considered as overexpression. Results: from 242 samples, 141 (62.4%) were males, mean age of the entire cohort: 73.3 (29-91 years). For DC-MDS patients (n=154), mean age 74 (33-91) years, 94 (61.0%) males. For WHO, Cytogenetic and IPSS-R risk classification see table 1. During follow-up (median 29 (2-76) months), 47 progressions (24 on DC-MDS group) and 108 deaths (64 in DC-MDS) were registered. For a median progression free survival (PFS) of 49.4 (42.4-56.3) months and 58.0 (52.0-64.5) months for AK-MDS and DC-MDS respectively, and overall survival (OS): 36.0 (29.6-42.6) months and 45.4 (40.9-49.8) months respectively. During the multivariate analysis with the objective to assess the risk of progression/death, the cytogenetic risk, IPSS-R and overexpression of miRNAs Let-7e-5p, miR-99b-5p and miR-140-3p showed significant differences among all subgroups. Regarding miRNAs only Let-7e and miR-99b showed a normal distribution into the entire cohort, and considering that both are part of a cluster, a combined expression model analysis was carried out. The hazard ratio (HR) for risk to progression of the combined overexpression (Let-7e + miR-99b) was 2.9 for the entire cohort, HR 1.3 for AK-MDS, but for the DC-MDS group: HR: 4.5 confirmed by Cox regression (p=0.034), for OS the results were also significant (p=0.008) for the DC-MDS, but not for the AK-MDS, in which IPSS-R remain as the more predictive tool. Considering the fact that >50% of patients present DC-MDS with problems for the stratification, a combined model adding the overexpression of Let-7e+miR-99b-information to the IPSS-R was created in order to split the categories as follows: 1. Very low with miRNAs overexpression 2-Very low without miRNAs overexpression, 3-Low with miRNAs overexpression, 4-Low without miRNAs overexpression, 5- Intermediate with miRNAs overexpression, 6- Intermediate without miRNAs overexpression (see table 2). With this approach the predictive value of the combined system (IPSS-R & miRNAs) improves the AUC for ROC analysis= 0,786 for PFS and AUC (ROC)=0.752 for OS (both p Conclusions: this model offers for the first time the possibility to improve the accuracy of IPSS-R and identified high-risk patients. This work has been partially supported by FEHHA. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of regional economic development by constructing a regional entrepreneurship index that captures the essence of the contextual features of entrepreneurship and fills a gap in the measurement of economic and social development in the cases where high heterogeneity is found in the entrepreneurial climate between countries and regions. This paper builds on Acs and Szerb (2011) and aims to provide a regional application of the Global Entrepreneurship and Development Index (GEDI). Originally the GEDI has been developed to measure national level of entrepreneurship. The GEDI refers to the contextual feature of entrepreneurship by focusing on the twelve pillars of entrepreneurial attitudes, entrepreneurial action and entrepreneurial aspirations. The country level index construction integrates 31 variables, 16 from the GEM (Global Entrepreneurship Monitor data) adult population survey, and 15 from other data sources, into 14 pillars, three sub indexes and a 'super index'. One of the most important finding of Acs and Szerb (2011) is that the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic development appears to be mildly S-shaped. The model has important implications for development policy. The regional application of the GEDI is relatively straightforward, since the GEM related individual variables are available in regional levels for a few countries, including Spain. The key element of the regional entrepreneurship index construction is to find regional level institutional data that are available also in the country level. Out of the 15 institutional variables we apply for the entrepreneurship index construction 10 are available in the NUTS-2 regional levels that is the same or very similar to the country level variables. Because of the lack of the remaining four pillars we used the Spanish country level variables. While the overall regional level entrepreneurship and development index for the Spanish regions are calculated as benchmarking the country level pillars the analysis focuses on comparing 17 Spanish autonomous regions. This paper provides tailor-made entrepreneurship policy suggestions for the different autonomous Spanish regions by showing the relatively weak and strong points of their entrepreneurial climate. For an optimum configuration of a public policy to improve entrepreneurship we suggest different levels of public policy as national, multi- and single levels depending on the deviation of a particular pillar from the best benchmarking value and on how many regions are affected by the weakness of a particular pillar. Key Words: Entrepreneurship, Regional Development, Regional Policy JEL: L26, R11, R58

Ressenya de: De cavaleiros e cavalarias. Por terras de Europa e Américas, org. Lênia Márcia Mongelli, Sâo Paulo, Humanitas, 2012, 677 pp.

This paper constructs a Regional Entrepreneurship and Development Index (REDI) that captures the contextual features of entrepreneurship across regions. Using both institutional data and survey data weaknesses in the incentive structure that affects regional development can be identified. The entrepreneurial disparities among regions are analysed at the country and regional level using a penalty for bottleneck methodology. The methodology allows us to coordinate public policy action at national and regional levels.

La inclusión de la muerte de Amadís de Gaula en el Lisuarte de Grecia de Juan Díaz, de escaso agrado para los lectores, ocasionaría que este libro de caballerías no conociese ninguna edición más allá de la princeps ni el éxito cosechado por el resto del ciclo amadisiano, sumiendo al texto en el olvido de la crítica. El presente artículo pretende analizar, por un lado, la descripción y narración de dicha muerte y sepultura del rey Amadís, así como el lamento y duelo por la misma, en conexión con la devoción pasionaria y diversos pasajes bíblicos y, por otro, su relación con el código establecido para el ritual fúnebre medieval, que conecta dicho ceremonial con el de diversos monarcas del Medievo y, en el plano literario, con el de otros caballeros como Tristán, Tirant y Palmerín, con los que se establecerán semejanzas y diferencias.

Las listas o catálogos de combatientes, tan presentes en la épica clásica y en la romance, constituyen un motivo común en los libros de caballerías. El presente artículo analizará la reaparición de una nómina de combatientes de las Sergas de Esplandián de Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo en el Lisuarte de Grecia de Feliciano de Silva, hecho este que informa de la copia directa de Feliciano y que alerta al investigador de la posible reincidencia del autor en este proceder. La recurrencia y estructura de estas listas, en las que el componente oral y el papel del auditorio resultan fundamentales, proporcionan claves acerca de la dispositio narrativa de estos textos.

Mémoire des chevaliers. Édition, diffusion et reception des romans de chevalerie du XVIIe au XXe siècle es el resultado editorial de un coloquio internacional organizado por l‟École nationale des Chartes, la Universidad de Reims Champagne-Ardenne y la Médiathèque de l‟agglomération troyenne. Reúne catorce trabajos de diversos autores (Vielliard, Chatelain, Gevrey, Bolognini-Centène, Biu, Bähler, Clot, Stanesco, Delcourt, Ménard, Corbellari, Renonciat, Boulaire y Koopmans) dedicados al estudio de la edición, difusión y recepción de los romans de chevalerie del siglo XVII al XX en Francia. Los estudios vienen encabezados por una introducción de Diu y Parinet, y al final del texto, se incluye un índice de colecciones y autores así como un apéndice de ilustraciones tras las conclusiones de Busby

La celebración del V Centenario del Amadís de Gaula (1508) de Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo, ha dado lugar a diferentes actos y estudios conmemorativos, entre los cuales se encuentra este Amadís de Gaula: quinientos años después. Estudios en homenaje a Juan Manuel Cacho Blecua, cimentador de los estudios amadisianos y “el mejor andante omne deste mundo” (p. 11), en palabras de Carlos Alvar en el Pórtico a esta obra. Este extenso volumen, publicado por el Centro de Estudios Cervantinos y editado por José Manuel Lucía Megías y Mª Carmen Marín Pina, con la colaboración de Ana Carmen Bueno Serrano, reúne en sus páginas estudios de los mayores especialistas en el Amadís y en el género caballeresco. Un total de treinta y ocho artículos firmados por amigos, colegas y discípulos del homenajeado conforman este libro que aborda temas tan diversos como la maravilla, el teatro, el arte, las fuentes e influencias literarias o la propia experiencia filológica siempre desde la perspectiva del Amadís, en sus distintas fases de escritura, o la de los libros de caballerías.

Background: The myelodisplastic syndromes (MDS) is a heterogeneous group of hematological neoplasms secondary to a clonal alteration in the hematological stem cell. There is a relationship with the elderly and their major clinical manifestations reflect a status of progressive bone marrow failure with cytopenias and an elevated risk to transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The WHO 2008 classification for myeloid malignancies and the use of the revised international prognosis-scoring system (IPSS-R) had permitted to improve both therapy and prognosis approaches. The IPSS-R use the new cytogenetic risk scoring system, based in the presence of cytogenetic alterations clinically implicated in patients' outcomes. However more than 50% of patients with MDS are diagnosed without cytogenetic abnormalities (normal karyotype, NK) and they are classified mostly in the good and intermedium risk categories of IPSS-R, different to their counterparts with cytogenetic abnormalities that are more precisely classified. Epigenetic studies and innovative techniques like multiparameter karyotype, molecular biology or wide genetic sequencing can found biomarkers or alterations related with MDS status in these patients. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding regulatory molecules that act on the promoting or silencing different cellular processes. Few years ago, their relationship with hematological malignancies was evidenced. Here there is described an exploratory work of miRNAs implication on MDS patients and their utility on diagnosis and classification of NK-MDS patients. Aims: To explore the expression of a profile of miRNAs in patients with MDS and NK, assessing the role of them in the risk stratification. Patients and methods: Based on previous works of our group (Andres-Coduras, et al, ELN 2012; Andres-Codura, et al, SEHH 2013), a miRNAs profile, composed by 14 miRNAs over more than 7,000 miRNAs, was identified, on 40 patients with MDS compared to controls. This profile was analyzed in 243 plasma samples from patients with MDS at diagnosis from the INBIOMED group, previously ethic committee and board approval were required and patients signed an inform consent according the Helsinki declaration revised in 2013. Here, we are presenting a subanalysis including only patients with NK. The miRNA profile included: hsa-miR-26a, hsa-miR-451, hsa-miR-99b, hsa-miR-24, hsa-miR-625, hsa-miR-15b, hsa-miR-19b, hsa-let-7e, hsa-miR-16, hsa-miR-140-3p, hsa-miR361-3p, hsa-miR-378 and hsa-miR-942. Results: From 154 plasma of NK-MDS patients. All of them classified as very good, good and intermediate risk category by IPSS-R or low and intermedium-1 by IPSS, a total of 143 have associated follow-up information at 2 years of diagnosis. Thirty-seven patients evolved to AML or died in this time. 4 miRNAs differentially expressed (miRNA140-3p, miRNA-15b, miRNA-99b-5p and miRNA-361-3p) showed advantage to identified patients with MDS. Based in IPSS-R, patients were classified as good prognosis group (no candidates to therapy) and high risk group (candidates to therapy). An increase in both the expression of miR-140-3p and miR-99b-5p was able to identified patients with MDS and NK with good prognosis independently of IPSS-R risk category, improving the identification of patients with good outcomes (ROC curve for IPSS-R: 0,669 and for miRNAs model: 0,785), contrary, the underexpression of both miRNAs was a predictor of worse outcomes. Comments: Here we describe a non-previously described signature of miRNAs that can improve the classification of MDS patients without cytogenetic alterations, especially for patients with good or intermediate risk group. miRNAs could be a good biomarkers during follow-up considering their variations and easy assessment. Disclosures Ramos: Amgen: Consultancy, Honoraria; GlaxoSmithKline: Honoraria; Janssen-Cilag: Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Novartis: Consultancy, Honoraria; Celgene Corporation: Consultancy, Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.

Our study examines to what extent female and male entrepreneurs differ in the way they perceive and assess entrepreneurial success, measured by extrinsic or intrinsic dimensions. Our results indicate a number of similarities between men and women entrepreneurs but also reveal interesting gender-based differences related to family status. Rather than assuming that women entrepreneurs are a homogeneous group, we found that family factors, and especially parental status, play a key role in shaping fundamentally different perceptions of entrepreneurial success amongst different types of women entrepreneurs. In particular, women entrepreneurs with dependent children placed more emphasis on independence as a measure of success than other types of entrepreneurs.

Resumen El gigante o jayán es un tipo constante en los libros de caballerías. Simbolizando la desmesura, la soberbia y la brutalidad, representa el mal y se opone al caballero, arquetípicamente virtuoso. En esta ocasión, nos proponemos analizar su presencia en el ciclo amadisiano para, desde él, extraer una poética antroponímica propia de la raza gigantea extensible a todo el género caballeresco. Palabras clave: Gigante, antroponimia, libros de caballerías, ciclo amadisiano. Abstract The giant or jayán is a constant type in romance of chivalry. Symbolizing savageness, arrogance and brutality, represents evil, opposite the knight, vitue’s archetype. On this occasion, we analyze the giant’s presence in the Amadisian cycle, deducing an anthroponimic poetics of giants extensible to all of the chivalric genre. Key words: Giant, anthroponymy, chivalric romances, Amadisian cycle.

Se trata de una exposición acerca de la ubicación de los estudios de investigación sobre Comportamiento y Resultados electorales en el ámbito de la Ciencia Política. En dicha exposición se profundiza sobre diversos aspectos de la propia definición de la Ciencia Política que han afectado y afectan a la ordenación de la propia materia central objeto de la tesis. Se demuestra que habría sido más adecuado llamar a la Ciencia Política Politología, se demuestra en sus inicios se la llamó Ciencia debido a la forma de proceder a finales del siglo XIX con las nuevas materias que se iban consolidando, pero que en realidad, su cienticidad sólo se justifica cuando en las investigaciones que se llevan a cabo en su seno siguen el método científico. Se repasa el método científico y se pone de manifiesto la infravaloración que han sufrido los métodos cualitativos frente a los cuantitativos, demostrándose que ello se tiene razón de ser y que ambos son complementarios y necesarios al mismo tiempo. Se muestra la trayectoria que ha seguido el estudio del comportamiento electoral en España y las principales fuentes de procedencia de los estudios, así como la metodología empleada. Se divide de forma global a estos estudios en: estudios de datos agregados, desagregados y de ambos tipos a la vez. A partir de este punto se exponen las técnicas estadísticas que deberían constituir la continuación natural de las que hasta ahora se han venido empleando y se demuestra las ventajas de las más sobresalientes., en este caso: el análisis no lineal de componentes principales, el análisis exploratorio de datos y el análisis multilevel. Se presentan ejemplos de aplicaciones prácticas de todo ello. Lo más sobresaliente de la Tesis es la discusión metodológica acerca de la propia Ciencia Política, su relación con el resto de las Ciencias Sociales, su relación con la Estadística y, especialmente, en su aplicación al análisis de datos y resultados electorales.