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Citrullus lanatus was tested for its suitability as an Inhibitor on Mild Carbon Steel in a Carbon (IV) Oxide (CO2) saturated saline solution. The mechanism of corrosion was investigated with and without Inhibitor additive in order to compare the effectiveness of the Inhibitor. Thermodynamic computations namely Enthalpy, Entropy and Gibbs free energy were used to determine the Inhibitive property of the Citrullus lanatus Extract. In addition, four Kinetic Models namely; Langmuir, Temkin, Flory-Huggins and Frumkin were also used to fit the experimental data. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy and Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy were used to characterize the Watermelon Seed Extract. Analysis of the results shows that Inhibitor efficiency decreases with increasing Temperature. The result also shows Inhibition efficiency within the range of 17.39%-71.79%. From the Result, the test sample without Inhibitor has the least Activation Energy in comparison with those with Inhibitor additives. The investigation also revealed that the Frumkin model at 50oC best fits the Experimental data with a Coefficient of determination, R2 of 99.9%, though; the other Models also fit the Experimental data.

Engineered nanomaterials that produce reactive oxygen species on exposure to X- and gamma-rays used in radiation therapy offer promise of novel cancer treatment strategies. Similar to photodynamic therapy but suitable for large and deep tumors, this new approach where nanomaterials acting as sensitizing agents are combined with clinical radiation can be effective at well-tolerated low radiation doses. Suitably engineered nanomaterials can enhance cancer radiotherapy by increasing the tumor selectivity and decreasing side effects. Additionally, the nanomaterial platform offers therapeutically valuable functionalities, including molecular targeting, drug/gene delivery, and adaptive responses to trigger drug release. The potential of such nanomaterials to be combined with radiotherapy is widely recognized. In order for further breakthroughs to be made, and to facilitate clinical translation, the applicable principles and fundamentals should be articulated. This review focuses on mechanisms underpinning rational nanomaterial design to enhance radiation therapy, the understanding of which will enable novel ways to optimize its therapeutic efficacy. A roadmap for designing nanomaterials with optimized anticancer performance is also shown and the potential clinical significance and future translation are discussed.

Purpose The number of studies on the use of choice cues in the purchase decision of a smartphone does not appear to be extensive, given the size and rate of growth of the market. Surprisingly, it appears that no study of this type in the Chinese context has been undertaken. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to fill the existing gap in the marketing literature in this area. Design/methodology/approach Best–Worst (BW) scaling method was used in the study. It is suggested that the method overcomes some of the biases commonly found in surveys where Likert-type scales are used, and it has superior discriminating power, because respondents are asked to rank the most and the least important factor from a group, and are thereby forced to make tradeoffs between factors. Findings Among the 13 choice cues, connectivity, price and memory capacity are found to be the most important, whereas recommendation from others, ease of handling and availability of apps are found to be the least important. Findings due to gender, income and age difference were also analyzed and discussed for orderly decision-making purposes. Practical implications The ranking of factors showing what choice cues consumers consider most or least important in a particular market helps practitioners to develop appropriate adaptation strategies for the market. The comparison of findings for gender, income and age difference can further help practitioners to devise various alternative marketing strategies for different market segments and identify underserved segments, if any. Originality/value The BW scaling method, however, appropriate in ranking order of importance, had never been used in ranking choice cues of smartphone purchase. Moreover, there seems to be a dearth of studies about ranking of choice cues on smartphone purchases in the Chinese context.

Background Ewing sarcoma (ES) is currently staged using Radiography, ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and skeletal scintigraphy (bone scan). 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (18F-FDG PET-CT) is increasingly used for staging and follow-up, but its role is still under evaluation. Objective To evaluate the added information from 18F-FDG PET-CT studies compared to conventional imaging and to estimate radiation doses received from radiological and nuclear medicine imaging during staging of Ewing sarcoma. Material and methods Sixty-one patients under the age of 30 years (mean 16, range 5–26) were diagnosed with Ewing sarcoma in Norway during the period 2005–2012. Nineteen patients met the inclusion criteria for this population-based study: pre therapeutic 18F-FDG PET-CT and a minimum follow-up of 12 months. Imaging reports, medical records and pathology reports were collected and compared for all patients. Biopsy histology, supplementary imaging and long-term follow-up (median 27 months) were taken as composite gold standard. Results 18F-FDG PET-CT detected more lesions than conventional imaging in four patients (21%) but this did not change planned treatment as they all had extensive metastatic disease. The 18F-FDG PET-CT study was false negative in one patient and showed false positive lesions in three patients (16%). The estimated mean (range) effective total radiation dose was from CT: 7 mSv (2–16), skeletal scintigraphy: 3 mSv (0–5) and 18F-FDG PET-CT: 5 mSv (4–6). Conclusion 18F-FDG PET-CT is useful for staging of Ewing sarcoma and increase detection of metastases. False positive lesions are quite common, emphasizing the need for supplementary imaging or biopsy of suspected FDG positive metastases.