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Although the literature on sports commitment within the sports population is extensive, in-depth studies of the commitment to the practice of physical activity and exercise in the general population are needed. The aim of this paper was to synthesize the methodological characteristics of articles that have studied the commitment to the practice of physical activity and exercise in the general population. A systematic review was developed following the PRISMA statement. Furthermore, electronic searches were conducted in the PsycINFO and Medline databases from 2009 to 2019. A total of 14 articles was selected, mainly with cross-sectional designs. The most studied population included female university students with no clinical condition. All instruments used to assess commitment to physical activity and exercise were written in English, mostly applied in the United States, and used a Likert scale with high reliability. The main variables associated with the evaluation of commitment were age, gender, ethnic origin, educational and economic level, level of physical activity, behavior, eating disorders, and body mass index, as well as sociocognitive variables such as self-efficacy, social support, and perceived barriers and benefits of physical activity. This review provides a profile of the population in which the commitment to physical activity and exercise is evaluated, the instruments used, and associated variables, which updates the existing knowledge about the commitment to physical activity and exercise in the general population. Aunque la literatura sobre el compromiso deportivo en población deportista es extensa, se requiere profundizar sobre el compromiso hacia la práctica de actividad y ejercicio físicos en la población general. El objetivo del estudio fue sintetizar las características metodológicas de los artículos que han estudiado el compromiso hacia la práctica de actividad y ejercicio físicos en la población general. Se desarrolló una revisión sistemática siguiendo la declaración PRISMA. Se realizaron búsquedas electrónicas en las bases de datos PsycINFO y Medline desde 2009 al 2019. Un total de 14 artículos fueron elegidos, principalmente con diseños transversales. La población más estudiada fue de estudiantes universitarias mujeres, sin condición clínica. Todos los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar el compromiso hacia la actividad física y ejercicio estaban escritos en inglés, en su mayoría aplicados en Estados Unidos. Utilizaban una escala Likert con alta fiabilidad. Las principales variables asociadas a la evaluación del compromiso fueron la edad, género, origen étnico, nivel educativo y económico, nivel de actividad física, comportamiento, patologías alimentarias e índice de masa corporal y variables sociocognitivas, como autoeficacia, apoyo social, barreras y beneficios percibidos para la realización de la actividad física. Esta revisión entrega un perfil de la población en quien se evalúa el compromiso hacia la actividad física y ejercicio, los instrumentos utilizados y variables asociadas, lo que actualiza el conocimiento existente sobre el compromiso hacia la actividad física y ejercicio en la población general. Embora a literatura sobre o comprometimento esportivo na população esportista seja extensa, é preciso uma perscrutação sobre o comprometimento na prática de atividade e exercício físicos na população em geral. O estudo teve como objetivo sintetizar as características metodológicas dos artigos que estudaram o comprometimento na prática de atividade e exercício físicos na população em geral. Foi desenvolvida uma revisão sistemática seguindo a declaração PRISMA. Foram realizadas buscas eletrônicas nas bases de dados PsycINFO e Medline de 2009 a 2019. Um total de 14 artigos foram eleitos, principalmente com desenhos transversais. A população mais estudada foi a de estudantes universitárias mulheres, sem condição clínica. Todos os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar o comprometimento com relação à atividade física e ao exercício estavam escritos em inglês, em sua maioria aplicados nos Estados Unidos. Utilizavam uma escala Likert de alta fiabilidade. As principais variáveis associadas à avaliação do comprometimento foram a idade, o gênero, a origem étnica, o nível educativo e económico, o nível de atividade física, o comportamento, as patologias alimentarias e o índice de massa corporal e variáveis sociocognitivas, como autoeficácia, apoio social, barreiras e benefícios percebidos para a realização da atividade física. Esta revisão mostra um perfil da população na qual se avalia o comprometimento com relação à atividade física e ao exercício, os instrumentos utilizados e as variáveis associadas, o que atualiza o conhecimento existente sobre o comprometimento com relação à atividade física e ao exercício na população em geral.

Background: Handgrip strength is an indicator of frailty in older people. Aim: To determine the prevalence of low handgrip strength in older Chilean adults. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of 244 individuals aged 60 years or more, participating in the 2016-2017 Chilean National Health Survey, was carried out. Handgrip strength was evaluated by a hand dynamometer and low grip strength was determined as a grip strength ≤ 15 kg and ≤ 27 kg for women and men, respectively. Results: Twenty nine percent of participants had low grip strength. The average grip strength among 60-year-old men and women was 34.7 and 22.1 kg, respectively. These figures decreased to 28.8 kg and 17.2 kg among 90-year-old men and women, respectively. The prevalence of low grip strength in men and women aged 60 years was 18%. In 90-year-old men and women, these figures increased to 79% and 56.3%, respectively. Conclusions: The prevalence of low grip strength increased substantially with age.

Background: Depression has been previously associated with cognitive impairment in high income country populations. However, its association in the Chilean population has not been investigated. Aim: To investigate the association between depression and cognitive impairment. Material and Methods: Data from 1384 Chilean adults aged > 60 years, participating in the National Health Survey 2009-2010 was analyzed. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Mini Mental Examination score. The medical diagnosis of depression was self-reported. The association between depression and cognitive impairment was assessed using a logistic regression. Results: Depression was positively associated with cognitive impairment. However, the magnitude of the association was higher in men (Odds ratio (OR) = 4.02 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.44; 6.61], p < 0.01]) than in women (OR = 2.23 [95%CI: 1.03; 3.43], p = 0.04). Older adults who were diagnosed for the first time with depression after 65 years of age, showed a stronger association with cognitive impairment (OR = 6.65 [95% CI: 2.39; 10.9], p < 0.01) than those diagnosed before 55 years. Conclusions: Our study confirms the association between depression and cognitive impairment. Further research is needed to elucidate the nature and potential mechanisms that link depression with cognitive impairment.

Ageing will be one of the most significant social transformations of the 21st century worldwide. In the last 40 years, Chile has tripled its older adult population. As a result, by 2050 the country will have the highest proportion of older adults in Latin America. This remarkable growth reinforces the need to identify their current situation and to revise what is the society doing to maintain older people as active members. In this context, this narrative revision aimed to describe the sociodemographic, epidemiologic and sociocultural profile of the older Chilean adults. Besides, programs and public policies focused on the improvement of their quality of life were identified.

Background: Active travel has been suggested as a feasible way of increasing physical activity levels. Although international studies have demonstrated its effect over different health outcomes and adiposity, there is still limited evidence on this topic in developing countries, such as Chile. Aim: To investigate the associations between different types of travelling and markers of obesity in the Chilean adult population. Methods: 5411 participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017 (CNHS) were included in this study. Active travel was assessed using a questionnaire. Car commuters, public transport (PT), walking and cycling were the four forms of travelling assessed. Bodyweight, body mass index and waist circumference were used as markers of adiposity. Results: Compared to car travellers, body weight, WC and BMI levels were lower for PT walking and cycling travellers. The odds for obesity (Odds ratio (OR): 0.41 (95% CI: 0.28; 0.61 p ≤ 0.001) were lower for walking and the odds (OR: 0.56 (95%CI: 0.35; 0.89 p = 0.014) for central obesity were significantly lower for cyclist in comparison to car travellers. Additionally, participation in any form of active travel (walking or cycling) was low, with only 20.9% of the population reporting being active travellers. Conclusion: Active travel, such as walking and cycling, was associated with lower adiposity levels in the Chilean adult population. Promoting active travel could be a feasible strategy to tackle the high prevalence of obesity and physical inactivity in the Chilean population.

Background: One of the side effects of cancer treatment is a low level of physical activity (PA) due to fatigue and pain. Aim: To quantify PA levels in Chilean people with cancer. Material and Methods: Analysis of the National Health Survey 2016-2017 including 6,233 participants, comparing those with and without a self-report of cancer was conducted. Levels of PA and sitting time were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results: 3% of participants [confidence intervals (CI): 2.6; 3.9] reported having cancer and 34% [95% CI: 22.7; 46.7] of these reported being physically inactive, compared to 25% [95% CI: 22.5; 27,3] of those without cancer. Participants with cancer performed 56 and 77 minutes/day lower vigorous and total PA than participants without cancer. No differences between groups were observed for commuting PA, moderate PA and sedentary time. Lower level of PA was independent of the years elapsed since the diagnosis of cancer. Conclusions: People with cancer are less physically active than their counterparts without the disease.

Background: One of the side effects of cancer treatment is a low level of physical activity (PA) due to fatigue and pain. Aim: To quantify PA levels in Chilean people with cancer. Material and Methods: Analysis of the National Health Survey 2016-2017 including 6,233 participants, comparing those with and without a self-report of cancer was conducted. Levels of PA and sitting time were assessed using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Results: 3% of participants [confidence intervals (CI): 2.6; 3.9] reported having cancer and 34% [95% CI: 22.7; 46.7] of these reported being physically inactive, compared to 25% [95% CI: 22.5; 27,3] of those without cancer. Participants with cancer performed 56 and 77 minutes/day lower vigorous and total PA than participants without cancer. No differences between groups were observed for commuting PA, moderate PA and sedentary time. Lower level of PA was independent of the years elapsed since the diagnosis of cancer. Conclusions: People with cancer are less physically active than their counterparts without the disease.

Background: It is unknown if nutritional status could influence the accuracy of self-reported physical activity (PA) levels. Aim: To compare PA measured using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and by accelerometry (ActiGraph) according to nutritional status in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study that used information from the GENADIO project carried out in Chile between 2009-2011. The sample consisted of 322 people. PA levels and sitting time were determined through the IPAQ self-report questionnaire and ActiGraph accelerometers (GTM1). The nutritional status was determined according to body mass index (BMI). Results: Compared with the measurement made with accelerometry, the IPAQ self-report questionnaire underestimated the levels of light PA, total PA and sedentary time in −171.5, −54.8 and −40.6 min / day, respectively. However, IPAQ overestimated the levels of moderate PA and vigorous PA in 91.0 and 47.3 min/day respectively, compared with accelerometry. Compared with normal weight, obese subjects reported higher levels of moderate PA (105.5 and 48.9 min/day, respectively) and vigorous PA (54.1 and 38.3 min/day respectively). Total PA had a greater delta of underestimation between IPAQ and accelerometer measurements in normal weight than in obese subjects (-122.1 vs −16.5 min/day, respectively). Conclusions: The measurement of PA by means of a self-report questionnaire was discrepant with its objective measurement with an accelerometer. The discrepancy is even higher in obese people.

Background: It is unknown if nutritional status could influence the accuracy of self-reported physical activity (PA) levels. Aim: To compare PA measured using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and by accelerometry (ActiGraph) according to nutritional status in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study that used information from the GENADIO project carried out in Chile between 2009-2011. The sample consisted of 322 people. PA levels and sitting time were determined through the IPAQ self-report questionnaire and ActiGraph accelerometers (GTM1). The nutritional status was determined according to body mass index (BMI). Results: Compared with the measurement made with accelerometry, the IPAQ self-report questionnaire underestimated the levels of light PA, total PA and sedentary time in −171.5, −54.8 and −40.6 min / day, respectively. However, IPAQ overestimated the levels of moderate PA and vigorous PA in 91.0 and 47.3 min/day respectively, compared with accelerometry. Compared with normal weight, obese subjects reported higher levels of moderate PA (105.5 and 48.9 min/day, respectively) and vigorous PA (54.1 and 38.3 min/day respectively). Total PA had a greater delta of underestimation between IPAQ and accelerometer measurements in normal weight than in obese subjects (-122.1 vs −16.5 min/day, respectively). Conclusions: The measurement of PA by means of a self-report questionnaire was discrepant with its objective measurement with an accelerometer. The discrepancy is even higher in obese people.

RESUMEN En los últimos años, la obesidad ha aumentado y ello se ha asociado a una disminución de la condición física, problemas psicológicos y un bajo rendimiento escolar. El objetivo fue describir el estado nutricional, la condición física, el rendimiento escolar, el nivel de ansiedad y los hábitos de salud en escolares de enseñanza básica (6-7 años), y evaluar las diferencias entre sobrepesos/obesos y normo-pesos. Se realizaron dos estudios (n= 276) en escolares de 1° y 2° año básico. En ambos estudios, se obtuvieron parámetros antropométricos, de condición física y de rendimiento académico. Adicionalmente, en el 1° estudio se midió el perímetro de cintura (PC) y en el 2° hábitos de salud y sintomatología ansiosa. Niños y niñas presentaron altos niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad. Quienes poseían mayores niveles de IMC/edad tenían peor condición física, dedicaron menos horas semanales a actividad física sistemática y comían más alimentos no saludables. No hubo diferencias en rendimiento académico. Las niñas con sobrepeso/obesidad presentaron menores niveles de ansiedad que las con normopeso. Si bien estos resultados revelan el actual estado nutricional, condición física, académica y mental de una muestra de escolares de enseñanza básica, se necesitan más estudios para confirmar el alto grado de obesidad y sobrepeso detectado.

RESUMEN En los últimos años, la obesidad ha aumentado y ello se ha asociado a una disminución de la condición física, problemas psicológicos y un bajo rendimiento escolar. El objetivo fue describir el estado nutricional, la condición física, el rendimiento escolar, el nivel de ansiedad y los hábitos de salud en escolares de enseñanza básica (6-7 años), y evaluar las diferencias entre sobrepesos/obesos y normo-pesos. Se realizaron dos estudios (n= 276) en escolares de 1° y 2° año básico. En ambos estudios, se obtuvieron parámetros antropométricos, de condición física y de rendimiento académico. Adicionalmente, en el 1° estudio se midió el perímetro de cintura (PC) y en el 2° hábitos de salud y sintomatología ansiosa. Niños y niñas presentaron altos niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad. Quienes poseían mayores niveles de IMC/edad tenían peor condición física, dedicaron menos horas semanales a actividad física sistemática y comían más alimentos no saludables. No hubo diferencias en rendimiento académico. Las niñas con sobrepeso/obesidad presentaron menores niveles de ansiedad que las con normopeso. Si bien estos resultados revelan el actual estado nutricional, condición física, académica y mental de una muestra de escolares de enseñanza básica, se necesitan más estudios para confirmar el alto grado de obesidad y sobrepeso detectado. ABSTRACT In recent years, obesity has increased and its presence has been associated with poor physical condition, psychological problems and poor school performance. The aim of this study was to describe nutritional status, physical condition, school performance, anxiety level, and health habits in primary schoolchildren (6-7 years old). We also determined differences among overweight/obese and normal weight groups. Two studies were conducted among 1st and 2nd graders (n=276). In both studies we measured: anthropometry, physical fitness, and academic performance. In addition, in the first study, waist circumference was measured and, in the 2nd study, health habits and anxiety symptoms were obtained. Boys and girls had high levels of overweight and obesity. Those who had higher levels of BMI/age had worse physical fitness, spent less hours per week in scheduled physical activity, ate more unhealthy foods. There were no differences in academic performance. Overweight/obese girls had lower anxiety symptoms than normal weight girls. While these results shed light on current nutritional status, physical, academic and mental condition of a sample of primary school children, further studies are needed to confirm the elevated levels of obesity and overweight detected.

Background: Exercise may be a therapeutic tool for improving the functional capacity in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) who are on hemodialysis (HD). Aim: To determine the effects on muscle strength (MS), functional capacity (FC) and quality of life related to health (QOLRH) of a resistance training program in patients with CKD on HD. Patients and Methods: Thirteen CKD patients aged 38.8 ± 3 years, (7 men) on HD for more than one year participated in an exercise program twice a week during 8 weeks. At the beginning and at the end of the program, MS using a knee extension isometric strength test, FC using the six minutes walking test (6MWT) and QOLRH using the KDQOL CV-36 questionnaire were evaluated. Heart and respiratory rates, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and modified Borg scale were measured as control variables. Results: After training, there were significant improvements in MS in both legs; in the distance travelled during 6MWT and in the physical component summary score of the KDQOL-36. Furthermore, a significant decline in diastolic blood pressure was observed. All other control variables did not change significantly. Conclusions: Exercise training during eight weeks in CKD patients in HD resulted in significant improvements in muscle strength, walking capacity and in the physical component of a quality of life score for patients with CKD.

Introducción: En 1995 la Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró la obesidad como una enfermedad. Actualmente, se considera una epidemia en adultos y niños. Su presencia en edades tempranas es factor de riesgo de obesidad y riesgo coronario en la adultez. Los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad practican menos actividad física y más actividades sedentarias. Estos estilos de vida son tal vez los principales responsables de los limitados patrones motores que presentan. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión y compilación de los estudios actuales en Latinoamérica que hablen sobre la relación entre obesidad, sedentarismo y desarrollo psicomotor infantil. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó la búsqueda en Pubmed y Scielo. Las palabras clave utilizadas fueron: desarrollo psicomotor, desarrollo motor, retraso en el desarrollo psicomotor, sobrepeso infantil, obesidad infantil, nutrición infantil. Resultados: Existe evidencia que apoya la relación entre sobrepeso/obesidad infantil y un bajo rendimiento en pruebas psicomotoras en estudios realizados en Latinoamérica. No se encontraron estudios de establezcan una relación positiva entre sobrepeso y obesidad y mejores puntajes en test psicomotrices. Conclusiones: Los resultados confirman el negativo impacto que tiene la malnutrición por exceso, en el desarrollo psicomotriz de niños y niñas. Aun cuando, una mayor cantidad de estudios experimentales son necesarios para confirmarlo. Introduction: In 1995 the World Health Organization declared obesity as a disease. Currently, obesity is considered an epidemic in both adults and children. The presence of this disease at an early age is a risk factor for obesity and heart disease in adulthood. Increasingly, overweight and obese children practice less physical activity and they are more interested in sedentary activities. These lifestyles are perhaps the main cause of low performance in motor patterns. Objective: To conduct a review and compilation of current studies in Latin America to talk about the relationship between obesity, sedentary lifestyle and children's psychomotor development. Materials and methods: The search was conducted in Pubmed and Scielo. The keywords used were: psychomotor, motor development, delayed motor development, childhood overweight, childhood obesity and childhood nutrition. Results: There is evidence supporting the relationship between childhood overweight/obesity with poor performance in psychomotor tests in Latin America studies. No studies that establish a positive relationship between overweight and obesity with better psychomotor test scores were found. Conclusions: The results confirm the negative impact of malnutrition due to excess of food in children's psychomotor development. Although a greater number of experimental studies are needed to confirm this statement.

Background: Sedentariness is one of the main cardiovascular risk factors. Aerobic exercise can reduce the risk; however, resistance training seems to be more effective in reducing cardiovascular risk. Aim: To determine the metabolic effects of a 12 weeks resistance training program of high intensity and low volume in two groups of sedentary adult women. Material and methods: Forty women aged between 30 and 60 years were randomly assigned to an experimental group and a control group. Four kinds of strength exercises, using their own body weight were chosen. Plasma lipid profile and body composition were measured at baseline and at the end of the intervention. Results: A reduction in total cholesterol and triacylglycerol and an increase in HDL cholesterol was observed in the experimental group after the training program. Conclusions: The high intensity and low volume training improved plasma lipid profile in this group of women.

La inactivitat física s'associa a una major prevalença de malalties cròniques no transmissibles com les malalties cardiovasculars, diabetis mellitus tipus II i factors de risc com el sobrepès, l'obesitat i la pressió arterial. Aquest estudi ha avaluat els efectes d'un programa d'exercici físic d'alta intensitat i baix volum en un grup de dones adultes amb sobrepès. Els resultats mostren una millora de la salut cardiovascular, si bé no es va modificar el pes ni la composició corporal de les participants. La inactividad física se asocia a una mayor prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como las enfermedades cardiovasculares, diabetes mellitus tipo II y factores de riesgo como el sobrepeso, la obesidad y la presión arterial. Este estudio ha evaluado los efectos de un programa de ejercicio físico de alta intensidad y bajo volumen en un grupo de mujeres adultas con sobrepeso. Los resultados muestran una mejora de la salud cardiovascular, si bien no se modificaron el peso ni la composición corporal de las participantes. Physical inactivity is associated with a higher prevalence of chronic non- communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes mellitus, and risk factors such as overweight, obesity and high blood pressure. This study evaluated the effects of a high-intensity, low- volume exercise program in overweight sedentary adult women.The results show an improvement in participants' cardiovascular health, but no changes in body weight or composition.

Among adolescents, overweight, obesity and metabolic syndrome are rapidly increasing in recent years as a consequence of unhealthy palatable diets. Animal models of diet-induced obesity have been developed, but little is known about the behavioural patterns produced by the consumption of such diets. The aim of the present study was to determine the behavioural and biochemical effects of a cafeteria diet fed to juvenile male and female rats, as well as to evaluate the possible recovery from these effects by administering standard feeding during the last week of the study. Two groups of male and female rats were fed with either a standard chow diet (ST) or a cafeteria (CAF) diet from weaning and for 8 weeks. A third group of males (CAF withdrawal) was fed with the CAF diet for 7 weeks and the ST in the 8th week. Both males and females developed metabolic syndrome as a consequence of the CAF feeding, showing overweight, higher adiposity and liver weight, increased plasma levels of glucose, insulin and triglycerides, as well as insulin resistance, in comparison with their respective controls. The CAF diet reduced motor activity in all behavioural tests, enhanced exploration, reduced anxiety-like behaviour and increased social interaction; this last effect was more pronounced in females than in males. When compared to animals only fed with a CAF diet, CAF withdrawal increased anxiety in the open field, slightly decreased body weight, and completely recovered the liver weight, insulin sensitivity and the standard levels of glucose, insulin and triglycerides in plasma. In conclusion, a CAF diet fed to young animals for 8 weeks induced obesity and metabolic syndrome, and produced robust behavioural changes in young adult rats, whereas CAF withdrawal in the last week modestly increased anxiety, reversed the metabolic alterations and partially reduced overweight.