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Poursuivant une analyse dont certains résultats ont été présentés dans Communication & langages (« Les éditeurs publient-ils trop de livres ? », n° 143), Christian Robin soumet ici à discussion l'idée, souvent défendue, que le passage au numérique est l'occasion d'un appauvrissement du travail editorial. À partir de certains indicateurs de l'économie du livre, il propose, au contraire, de réconcilier l'idée d'industrie culturelle avec celle de créativité. Une position qui alimente la controverse autour des questions débattues dans le dossier., Robin Christian. Numérisation du livre, quelle influence sur le contenu ?. In: Communication et langages, n°145, 3ème trimestre 2005. L'empreinte de la technique dans le livre. pp. 69-80.

Intramuscular myxomas of the head and neck are rare entities. Primarily found in the myocardium, these lesions also affect the bones and soft tissues. We present a case of an intramuscular myxoma of the temporalis muscle. After reviewing the literature, this case constitutes, to our knowledge, the second reported occurrence of a myxoma in this specific location. The patient was treated for this condition with an excisional biopsy after fine needle aspiration revealed a benign process. No recurrence was seen 18 months after the excision.

The growth stoichiometry of a Penicillium chrysogenum strain expressing the expandase gene from Streptomyces clavuligerus was determined in glucose-limited chemostat cultivations using a chemically defined medium. This strain produces adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (ad-7-ADCA) when it is fed with adipic acid. The biomass yield and maintenance coefficients for the strain were similar to those found for penicillin-producing strains of Penicillium chrysogenum. The maximum specific growth rate in the chemostat was found to be 0.11 h(-1). Metabolic degradation of adipate was found to take place in significant amounts only at dilution rates below 0.03 h(-1). After three to five residence times, adipate degradation and ad-7-ADCA production disappeared, and this allowed determination of the biomass yield coefficient on adipate. The morphology was measured at different dilution rates and the mean total hyphal length and mean number of tips both increased with an increase in dilution rate from 0.015 to 0.065 h(-1). Both variables decreased when the dilution rate was increased above 0.065 h(-1). A correlation between mean total hyphal length and productivity of ad-7-ADCA was found.

Christian Robin est maitre de conferences en sciences de l’information et de la communication a l’universite Paris XIII. Professionnel de l’edition livre ou multimedia ou il a exerce a divers postes de responsabilites pendant deux decennies, il mene actuellement ses recherches sur la relation entre les processus editoriaux et le contenu des publications. Membre du comite de redaction de la revue Communication et langages, il a publie Pratiques de gestion editoriale, du livre a Internet (Cercle de la librairie, 2000), et publie en janvier 2004, L’Edition, Nathan.

The production of adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (ad-7-ADCA) was studied, using two recombinant strains of Penicillium chrysogenum carrying the expandase gene from Streptomyces clavuligerus. The adipoyl-side chain of this compound may easily be removed using an amidase; and this process therefore represents a new route for the production of 7-ADCA, which serves as a precursor for the production of many semi-synthetic cephalosporins. In this study, one low- and one high-yielding strains were characterised and the specific productivities of ad-7-ADCA and byproducts of the biosynthetic pathway were compared. The fluxes through the biosynthetic pathway were quantified and it was found that there was a 30% higher flux through the expandase in the high-yielding strain. In both strains, there was a significant degradation of adipate. Furthermore, the initial adipate concentration in batch cultures was shown to have a positive effect on the formation of ad-7-ADCA.

QUANTIFYING BIOMASS AND CARBON BOOK TWO OF COCOA PRODUCTION SYSTEMS (Theobroma cacao L.) IN THE EXPERIMENTAL FIELD CHOCLINO BANDA DE SHILCAYO - SAN MARTÍN” The development of a new international market for environmental services (carbon sequestration) has been derived from the need to reduce global emissions of gases that contribute to "greenhouse effect". The aim of this paper is to quantify the amount of biomass and carbon in two systems of production of cocoa ( Theobroma cacao L.), system of forest management raleado (SMBR) and the traditional management system (GTS), associated with species Forestry, to analyze the data we used nonparametric statistics. Runs on the province and department of San Martín, geographically located South Latitude 06 º 28'37 .3 "West Longitude 76 º 19'54 .6", 506 msnmm altitude, soil reaction presents moderately acidic, with pH of 5.42 to 6.26 . . The results show that the total carbon obtained by the system of forest raleado in cocoa production was 187.55 ± 24.49 t ha -1 and the total carbon obtained by the traditional system (Rozo, slash and burn) from Cocoa product ion was 139.36 ± 12.33 t ha -1 .The parameter provides the most amount of carbon stored in both production systems with the ground was 129.29 ± 11.45 t ha -1 for the system of forest management raleado and 117.52 ± 12.85 t ha -1 to the traditional management system. CUANTIFICACIÒN DE BIOMASA Y RESERVA DE CARBONO EN DOS SISTEMAS DE PRODUCCION DE CACAO ( Theobroma cacao L. ), EN EL C AMPO EXPERIMENTAL EL CHOCLINO, BANDA DE SHILCAYO - SAN MARTÍN” El desarrollo de un nuevo mercado internacional de servicios ambientales (captura de carbono), se ha derivado de la necesidad de reducir a escala mundial las emisiones de gases que contribuyen al “efecto invernadero” . El objetivo del presente trabajo, es cuantificar la cantidad de biomasa y carbono en dos sistemas de producción de cacao (Theobroma cacao L .); sistema de manejo de bosque raleado (SMBR) y el sistema de manejo tradicional (SMT), asociado con especies forestales, para analizar los datos se utilizó estadística no paramétrica. Se ejecuto en la provincia y departamento de San Martín, ubicado geográfica Latitud Sur 06º 28’37.3”, de Longitud Oeste 76º19’54.6”, Altitud 506msnmm, el suelo presenta reacción moderada mente ácido, con pH de 5.42 a 6.26. Los resultados obtenidos, muestran que el carbono total obtenido por el sistema de bosque raleado de producción de cacao fue de 187,55 ± 24,49 t ha -1 y el carbono total obtenido por el sistema tradicional (rozo, tumba y quema) de producción de cacao fue de 139,36 ± 12,33 t ha -1 . El parámetro que aporto mayor cantidad de carbono almacenado en ambos sistemas de producción fue el suelo con 129,29 ± 11,45 t ha -1 para el sistema de manejo de bosque raleado, y 117,52 ± 12,85 t ha -1 para el sistema de manejo tradicional.

A BN interphase has been deposited, by isothermal/isobaric chemical vapor infiltration (ICVI) from BF3─NH3, within a preform made from ex-polycarbosilane (ex-PCS) fibers, at about 1000°C. In a second step, the BN-treated preform was densified with SiC deposited from CH3SiCl3─H2 at about the same temperature. From a thermodynamic standpoint, ex-PCS fibers could be regarded as unreactive vs the BF3─NH3 gas phase assuming they are coated with a thin layer of carbon or/and silica. The as-deposited interphase consists of turbostratic BN (N/B < 1) containing oxygen. The SiC infiltration acts as an annealing treatment: (i) the BN interphase becomes almost stoichiometric and free of oxygen; (ii) the fibers undergo a decomposition process yielding a SiO2/C layer at the BN/fiber interface. The weaker link in the interfacial sequence seems to be the BN/SiO2 interface. Deflection of microcracks arising from the failure of the matrix takes place at (or nearby) that particular interface.

3D-C/C composites were fabricated from a 0° ± 60° stack of ID-C (ex-PAN) fiber layers needled in the Z-direction. The preforms were densified with pyrocarbon by CVI and the composites submitted to a high temperature treatment (HTT). Oxidation kinetics in air, in presence or not of a catalytic impurity (K 2 CO 3 ) were assessed by thermogravimetric analyses. The oxidation rate (Vp) depends on several parameters including bum off level (τ ox ), temperature, occurrence of moisture and catalytic impurity. At a given T ox value, thermal variations of Vp obey an Arrhenius law (for 550 < T < 800°C) with an apparent activation energy E a = 205 kJ/mol. Catalytic impurity dramatically increases oxidation rate, the effect being particularly noticeable at low τ ox values and enhanced in wet air. Oxidation alters the mechanical properties in terms of compressive, interlaminar shear and tensile behaviors, the effect being already significant for low τ ox values.

We show that every additively representable comparative probability order on n atoms is determined by at least n - 1 binary subset comparisons. We show that there are many orders of this kind, not just the lexicographic order. These results provide answers to two questions of Fishburn et al (2002). We also study the flip relation on the class of all comparative probability orders introduced by Maclagan. We generalise an important theorem of Fishburn, Peke?c and Reeds, by showing that in any minimal set of comparisons that determine a comparative probability order, all comparisons are flippable. By calculating the characteristics of the flip relation for n = 6 we discover that the regions in the corresponding hyperplane arrangement can have no more than 13 faces and that there are 20 regions with 13 faces. All the neighbours of the 20 comparative probability orders which correspond to those regions are representable. Finally we define a class of simple games with complete desirability relation for which its strong desirability relation is acyclic, and show that the flip relation carries all the information about these games. We show that for n = 6 these games are weighted majority games.

In this paper we show that lobbying in conditions of “direct democracy” is virtually impossible, even in conditions of complete information about voters preferences, since it would require solving a very computationally hard problem. We use the apparatus of parametrized complexity for this purpose.

L'idée qu'il se publie trop de livres et que là réside la source d'une « crise de l'édition » est devenue plus ou moins une vulgate. C'est à introduire un peu de clarté dans ce débat, souvent fondé sur des impressions ou des études très générales, que s'emploie Christian Robin. Il se livre à une analyse construite de la production éditoriale, fondée sur un ensemble de sources, par l'analyse et l'estimation quantitative et qualitative des tendances. Prenant ses distances vis-à-vis du diagnostic médiatisé d'une édition qui produirait « trop de livres » (grief paradoxal dans une société qui se veut cultivée), l'auteur montre que la notion de nombre est insuffisante, en précisant les conditions diverses qui peuvent expliquer des évolutions de structure dans le processus editorial et son marché. L'analyse qui en ressort, nécessairement pluridimensionnelle, est assez éloignée d'une loi générale qui affecterait toute l'édition - un secteur complexe, hétérogène et soumis à des logiques multiples., Robin Christian. Les éditeurs publient-ils trop de livres ?. In: Communication et langages, n°143, 1er trimestre 2005. Dossier : Productions médiatiques et logiques publicitaires. pp. 71-90.

The production kinetics of a transformed strain of Penicillium chrysogenum expressing the expandase gene from Streptomyces clavuligerus was investigated in chemostat cultivations. The recombinant strain produces adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (ad-7-ADCA) as the major product; however, during the cultivations, the appearance of a major unknown and poorly secreted product was observed. Investigations using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) showed that this byproduct has a six-membered dihydrothiazine ring, which is characteristic for cephalosporins. The byproduct may be formed via isopenicillin N by as-yet unknown mechanisms, but involving expandase. It is likely that the unknown compound (UC) is deacetoxycephalosporin C (DAOC). Investigation of the instability of the various beta-lactams produced showed higher instability for compounds with a five-membered thiazolidine ring than those with a six-membered dihydrothiazine ring. Furthermore, secretion of products and byproducts was shown to be quite different. The productivity was studied as a function of the dilution rate in the range 0.015 to 0.090 h(-1). The specific productivity of total beta-lactams was compared with that of the penicillin-G-producing host strain, and it was found to be lower at dilution rates of

Idiopathic bone cavity is a lesion that has been described as a bony cavity lacking an epithelial lining. Other names have been used, which are not really descriptive of this process. We present a case that involved bilateral idiopathic bone cavities that were treated initially by surgical exploration. Both lesions recurred and were treated with a second procedure consisting of exploration and grafting with platelet--rich plasma and porous hydroxyapatite. The lesions have not recurred 14 months following the second surgery.

The influence of adipate concentration and dissolved oxygen on production of adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (ad-7-ADCA) by a recombinant strain of Penicillium chrysogenum expressing the expandase gene from Streptomyces clavuligerus was studied in glucose-limited continuous cultures. Operating conditions were maintained constant but the adipate and dissolved oxygen concentrations (DOC) were varied separately in a range from 1 to 37.5 g l −1 and from 2% to 125% air saturation (%AS), respectively. The total β-lactams specific productivity, r p total , was not significantly changed for adipate concentrations from 5 to 25 g l −1 , but the flux towards an unknown by-product decreased as the adipate concentration increased. Investigations at different DOC showed that r p total was stable around 18 μmol g DW −1 h −1 for DOC being in the range from 15 to 125%AS. When DOC was decreased from 15 to 7%AS, r p total increased to 25 μmol g DW −1 h −1 , mainly due to a two-fold increase in the adipoyl-6-aminopenicillanic acid (ad-6-APA) specific productivity.

Essayer de definir l'independance editoriale ou plus precisement l'independance d'une maison d'edition nous confronte tres rapidement aux limites de cette notion elle-meme. L'alliance des editeurs independants fait appel aux notions d'independance financiere et intellectuelle. Nous y ajoutons la question de l'independance commerciale puisqu'une grande partie des maisons d'edition francaise ne maitrise pas sa diffusion (commercialisation) et/ou distribution (logistique.) En lien avec les aspects financiers et commerciaux nous en questionnons les consequences organisationnelles. Nous nous interrogeons, par ailleurs, sur la realite de l'activite editoriale. Ainsi nous sommes amenes a preciser les deux mots qui composent l'expression «editeur independant ». A partir de quel moment est-on un editeur professionnel? N'existe-t-il pas une large frange de personnes et meme de societes dont l'activite editoriale pourrait etre qualifiee d'amateur comme dans d'autres secteurs lies a la culture? Ce travail de definition et la reflexion sur la realite de la notion nous font conclure sur un autre aspect de cette expression: ne serait-elle pas aussi et, peut-etre, d'abord un outil de communication?

Au-dela du demi-milliard d’euros verses annuellement par les editeurs francais en droits d’auteur, ceux-ci sont un point nodal de l’economie editoriale. Une pression s’exerce sur leur niveau car c’est le seul parametre sur lequel un editeur peut jouer aisement. Les evolutions techniques risquent donc de pousser l’auteur, qui a accru sa part du travail dans la chaine editoriale, a prendre en charge l’ensemble de celle-ci, mais le statut du livre reste un atout strategique des maisons d’edition. La croissance des remunerations passant par des instances collectives est liee a la mise en place de mecanismes adaptes.