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This paper aims to examine the extent to which economic values for protection of internationally significant environmental and cultural resources are influenced by social desirability across geopolitical boundaries. Valuation results were examined using discrete choice models across three samples from Korea, China and Japan. The impact of social desirability on the protection value was tested as the relationship between willingness-to-pay estimates from the conventional "subjective" questioning approach (i.e., my preferences) and an alternative "projective" questioning approach (i.e., others' preferences). The results demonstrated significant spillover benefits and the extent to which value spillovers work is substantially influenced not only by types of resources and national backgrounds, but also by social desirability bias. Although the overall findings support significant global spillover effects, the potentially inflating impact of social desirability bias might mask their true gravity because the bias is likely to be stronger in the hosting communities than in the international counterparts. Weak global spillovers might be observed using the conventional subjective questioning even when they are substantial in reality. Accordingly, a stronger engagement of international communities in the conservation activities involving globally significant environmental and cultural heritage sites might be granted.

This study developed and tested a theoretical framework of event quality, motivation, value, and destination image in order to investigate visitors’ behavioral intentions to revisit an inte...

Despite increasing research interest in the field of gaming and corporate social responsibility (CSR), empirical studies on the impact of a gaming company's CSR on residents have been limited. Thus, the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of a gaming company's CSR on residents' quality of life, perceived benefits, and support for the company's casino development based on stakeholder theory and social exchange theory. This study also investigates the mediating roles of residents' quality of life and perceived benefits. An onsite survey was conducted with 459 residents in a gaming community. This study found that the gaming company's CSR was comprised of four dimensions (economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic) and positively influenced residents' quality of life and perceived benefits. CSR also influenced residents' support directly and indirectly. In particular, residents' quality of life and perceived benefits played significant roles in mediating the relationship between CSR and support.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how employees’ perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) influence their work engagement (WE), innovative behavior (IB) and intention to stay (IS) with their company, to illuminate the role of CSR at the individual employee level. Design/methodology/approach The data for this study are responses of 455 employees to an online survey at the largest travel company in South Korea. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in Mplus 7.3 are used to analyze the data. Findings Results show that employee perceptions of CSR regarding customers and employees significantly and positively influence their WE, which in turn positively influence their IB and IS. Moreover, WE mediates these relationships. Research limitations/implications Results of this study may not represent the entire travel industry or the country. This study’s model should be tested in other companies and countries. Additionally, longitudinal studies will help understand how employees’ perceptions of CSR and their effects on work attitudes and behavior change over time. Practical implications CSR can be an important tool for developing social capital within an organization by increasing employees’ engagement at work. Higher WE can help employees exert more efforts toward their company’s innovation and stay longer with their company, which can contribute to the company’s performance and competitiveness. Originality/value This study develops and empirically tests a theoretical model based on various disciplines. It extends existing CSR studies by examining the effects of CSR on WE and the mediation effects of WE, which have been rarely explored. This further explains how CSR influences employees’ attitudes and behavior that benefit a company’s competitive advantage to shed light on the resource-based view about employees being an important resource.

Cultural heritage is important in sustaining community identity and boosting local economies via tourism. Stakeholder theories suggest that residents and non-residents may have different perspectives on the values and meanings attached to cultural heritage. Focusing on the Grand Canal in China, designated as World Heritage Site in 2014, this study aims to estimate and compare residents and non-residents’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the preservation of the Canal. A field survey of tourists visiting the Grand Canal was conducted between 12 April and 2 May 2015. Logit models were estimated to compare factors influencing WTP between residents and non-residents. Similarities and differences between residents and non-residents were found. Main differences were the effect of place identity and revisit intention differed between residents and non-residents. WTPs for the preservation of the Canal were larger for residents than that for non-residents.

This study explores how residents' lives are influenced by their emotional and psychological responses to tourism development. In particular, we propose that residents' emotional solidarity with tourists and perceived tourism-related stress significantly affect individuals' quality of life (QoL) within their community. Findings reveal that the relationship between residents' emotional solidarity with tourists and perceptions of QoL are mediated by perceived tourism-related stress. Though the research connecting residents' emotional and psychological responses to tourism and their QoL continues to grow within the tourism literature, this work marks a new research direction that establishes connections among residents' emotional solidarity, stress, and QoL, using an integrated model. By focusing on the emotional and psychological aspects of tourism impacts rather than tangible ones, this study provides alternative perspectives to the existing QoL literature. Findings further expand the nomological network of tourism and the QoL research paradigm and inform tourism development policy.

Tourists are important destination stakeholders who mainly impact sustainable nature-based tourism destinations. While destinations promote socially responsible programs to protect the environment, tourists' engagement in pro-environmental behaviors is different. This research examined a conceptual framework to investigate tourists' pro-environmental behaviors at an ecological destination through the lens of the Values–Identity–Personal norms (VIP) model and the concept of destination social responsibility (DSR) from economic, environmental, and social perspectives. Examination of the VIP model, with a sample of 433 visitors to a nature-based destination, revealed that tourists' biospheric values, environmental self-identity, and personal norms had significant progressive relationships in influencing pro-environmental behaviors. Furthermore, a latent moderated structural equation analysis revealed that the DSR, particularly the environmental dimension, had a negative moderating effect between personal norms and pro-environmental behaviors. This finding implies that the effect of personal norms on pro-environmental behavior decreases when environmental DSR increases. This result highlights a significant role of destination environmental responsibility in impacting tourists' pro-environmental behaviors. The integrated model enhanced the predictability of pro-environmental behaviors, extending a methodological approach that improved the ability to analyze moderation effects. The findings offer managerial strategies for developing effective DSR messages to promote tourists’ pro-environmental activities.

This study explores whether heavy spenders in casinos are really loyal customers. It applies a volume segmentation technique in order to identify segments of the Korean casino market and then examines differences among emergent segments in terms of service quality, satisfaction, and loyalty. An onsite survey was conducted for casino gamblers at K casino, which allowed the research team to interview gamblers in a live gambling situation. A total of 470 usable questionnaires were collected. A two-step cluster analysis identified three emergent segments: recreational players, high spending players, and high frequency players. The results show that high frequency players were less satisfied with all four dimensions of casino service quality than recreational players. Ratings for satisfaction, loyalty, recommendation, and word-of-mouth were significantly lower for high frequency players and high spending players than for recreational players. These findings imply that, interestingly, traditional assumptions regarding customer loyalty do not seem to apply to the casino market. Casino marketers should focus on identifying truly loyal customers rather than merely heavy players to ensure their sustainable operation. This study addressed that volume segmentation appeared to be important in the casino industry and revealed unique characteristics of the Korean casino market.

The recent deployment of the THAAD system to South Korea has resulted in complex and controversial issues, particularly in the political, diplomatic, and economic relations between Korea and China [Perlez, J. (2017, May 31). China woos South Korea’s new leader, but the U.S. left behind a spoiler. The New York Times. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/31/world/asia/china-south-korea-xi-jinping-moon-jaein-thaad.html?_r=0]. To minimize its negative impact on international tourism, the underlying psychological mechanisms of Chinese tourists associated with this complex political issue should be determined. As an attempt to resolve the current crisis, this study identified the subjective characteristics of Chinese tourists who cancelled visits to Korea using Q-methodology and classified Chinese tourists’ attitude towards the THAAD issue. Based on respondent’s evaluations on Q-sample statements, four types of Chinese tourists were articulated, namely, patriotism, risk awareness, external dep...

Although a majority of seniors continue to express interest in using mobile social network sites (MSNSs), research has yet to provide sufficient understanding of this very large market’s motivations related to MSNS usage. As a viable consumer business segment, seniors are attractive enough to warrant potential MSNSs to invest necessary capital for developing tourism related MSNS designed to assist with this market’s decision making and ultimately with their purchasing behavior. To address this gap, a research model was developed for this study using seniors having used MSNSs for purposes directly related to tourism and travel. Findings revealed intrinsic motivations had stronger effects on flow experience than did extrinsic motivations. Flow experience was found to have the greatest effect on subjective well-being, which in turn highly influenced purchase intention. Results documented that senior MSNS users differed significantly according to levels of anxiety attachment. Findings provide theoretical and practical contributions for tourism research, products, and services regarding senior MSNS consumers.

This study aims to understand the formation of festival visitors’ environmentally friendly attitudes. Results reveal that environmental knowledge and concern influence environmental emotion, which,...

This study investigated the relationships between tourism-related public relations, publicity, and tourism demand. Publicity was split into three aspects: attention, prominence, and valence based on multidimensionality of media salience. These relationships were tested in the context of United States tourists to South Korea using a system of equations. Empirical findings indicated that public relations and the three aspects of publicity had a significant effect on tourism demand. Public relations was also found to have a significant effect on the prominence and valence dimensions of publicity. However, public relations did not influence the attention dimension. Theoretical and practical implications along with suggestions for future research are presented.

본 연구의 목적은 목표지향적 행동모형을 이용하여 승마체험의 행동의도를 예측하는데 있다. 이러한 목표를 달성하기 위하여 고양시에 있는 한 승마장에서 약 1개월 동안 승마체험을 실시하는 자녀들의 학부모를 대상으로 현장설문조사를 실시하였다. 본 연구의 분석결과 목표지향적 행동모형은 합리적 행동이론과 계획행동이론보다 승마체험의 행동의도를 더 잘 예측하는 것으로 나타났다(R-square 기준). 목표지향적 행동모형 분석결과 지각된 행동통제는 욕망에 유의한 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 긍정적, 부정적 예기정서도 또한 욕망에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 욕망은 승마체험의 행동의도를 예측함에 있어서 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 태도와 주관적 규범은 욕망에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과 긍정적 예기정서는 모든 선행변수 중에서 욕망에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 욕망은 승마체험의 행동의도를 예측함에 있어서 매우 중요한 역할을 수행하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 더욱이 욕망은 지각된 행동통제와 행동의도 간뿐만 아니라 긍정적, 부정적 예기정서와 행동의도 간에 있어서도 중요한 매개역할을 수행하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 본 연구결과는 부모가 인식한 청소년 승마체험의 행동의도를 이해하는데 기여할 뿐만 아니라, 목표지향적 행동모형을 이용한 의사결정과정의 이론적 틀을 확장하는데 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

More than two-thirds of seniors use smartphones and in South Korea, over half of all senior smartphone owners are mobile social media (MSM) users. This study tested two basic routes to persuasion in the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), applying the new concepts of benefits and authentic experience among senior MSM users for travel- and tourism-related purposes, along with the moderating role of discretionary time spent on MSM. To this end, an online survey was conducted for senior MSM users for tourism activities, and partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed to analyze data obtained from 500 study participants. Results reveal that argument quality had a stronger effect on benefit than source credibility. Benefits and authentic experience played important mediating roles in the ELM. Discretionary time on MSM played a significant moderating role in the central and peripheral routes. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed in the conclusions section.

This study examines the antecedents and consequences of perceived “slow” value in a structural model – specifically, the role authenticity plays for visitors who seek slow food and participate in slow-life-related programme activities. Data were collected from participants in a slow-life festival in South Korea. Results show that slow-food-seeking behaviour has a significant effect on the authentic experience, and both concepts affect the perception of “slow” value of the event. Attitude and the intention to revisit were significant consequences of “slow” value. This study extends the knowledge about tourist behaviour in slow-life-related activities, particularly in a non-Western context, and suggests that a slow-life-related event should consider visitors’ preference for slow food and a programme that stages authentic experiences.

This study integrated the Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB) and the Attention, Interest, Desire, and Actions (AIDA) model into a conceptual framework to examine how pop culture influences decisions to visit a pop culture–featured destination. Findings revealed that visit intentions were significantly influenced by variables in the two models (MGB and AIDA), highlighting that attention to pop culture and positive anticipated emotions played important roles in unifying them. Results suggest that the integrated framework offers a comprehensive and coherent perspective on the complicated decision-making process of pop culture fans, which enhances the explanatory power for predicting future intentions. Thus, this paper offers an innovative approach to integrating models from the disciplines of psychology and advertising.

The purpose of this study is to examine the decision-making process for responsible tourism (RT) using a theoretical framework of the Model of Goal-directed Behavior (MGB). Because ethics is essential to protect the natural environment, respect the local culture, and benefit local communities that are significantly important for RT, this study also investigates the role of perceived ethics in the decision-making processes of responsible tourists by incorporating the three ethics into the original MGB. A quota sampling method was employed based on gender, age, and residential district, and the data were analyzed using a partial least squares-structural equation modeling approach. Results suggest that perceived ethics (economic, socio-cultural, and environmental concerns) has a significant effect on attitudes toward, desire for, and behavioral intention to participate in RT. Subjective norms and anticipated emotions have significant impacts on the desire for RT, and perceived behavioral control over RT also influences both desire and behavioral intention. In particular, desire is an important antecedent in predicting behavioral intention of responsible tourists. This study contributes to extending knowledge of responsible tourist behavior and identifies the significant role of perceived ethics in RT. Further, this study provides managerial implications to RT stakeholders (e.g., locals, tourism businesses, tourists).

Purpose This study aims to explore the relationships among antecedents (i.e. quality) and outcomes (i.e. trust, support, theme awareness and extension effect) of satisfaction at the 2013 Osong Cosmetics & Beauty (C&B) Expo held in Korea. Design/methodology/approach An onsite survey with self-administered questionnaires was administered for this study. A structural equation modeling (SEM) technique was used to analyze the relationships among ten constructs in the research model. Findings The results indicate that hospitality and product dimensions of quality positively affect satisfaction, satisfaction exerts positive influence on trust and theme awareness, trust performs an important role as a mediator between satisfaction and support and theme awareness significantly mediates satisfaction and extension effect. Practical implications This study encourages the Expo’s organizers to manage quality attributes to ensure Expo satisfaction and to consider extension effects of Expo experiences from long-term perspectives. This study also recommends that local governments develop symbolic products with exhibitors to strengthen the association of Expo themes with regions. Originality/value The current study highlights the role of quality as an antecedent of satisfaction with the C&B Expo, which has not been well-known despite its crucial role in the industry and the regional economy. It also improves the understanding of the inherent cause–effect relationships among antecedents and outcomes of Expo satisfaction. Therefore, this study provides crucial insights that the C&B Expo could be an effective means to reach target markets and stimulate trust from visitors, which, in turn, would encourage support for the C&B industry and extension effects for C&B products as a whole.

Drawing on Hobfoll’s conservation of resources theory and Maslach’s burnout theory, this study proposed and tested a conceptual model depicting relationships among the two forms of emotional labor strategies, depersonalization and customer orientation (CO). The model also examined the mediating role of depersonalization in the relationship between emotional labor and CO. Multigroup analyses were conducted to examine moderating effects of job position and job responsibility. Data obtained from cabin crews, airport service staff, and call center representatives working for an airline company in Korea were used to gauge these relationships. Results of structural equation modeling revealed that deep acting affects CO positively while surface acting affects CO negatively. The results further suggest that these relationships are mediated by both reduced and increased depersonalization, and the strength of the direct relationships may differ by employee position and area of service work. Theoretical and management implications are discussed based on the findings.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether perceptions of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives affect casino customers’ corporate image as well as the customers’ behavioral intentions (i.e., revisit intentions), through the lens of Carroll’s corporate social performance model, stakeholder theory, and legitimacy theory. This study also examines the mediating effect of corporate image on the relationship between perceived CSR and behavioral intentions. An onsite survey was conducted with 596 casino customers in South Korea. The results revealed that ethical CSR had the strongest impact on corporate image, followed by economic and philanthropic CSR. Only philanthropic CSR had a significant and direct effect on behavioral intentions. Corporate image mediated the relationship between three types of CSR (ethical, economic, and philanthropic) and behavioral intentions. Companies can benefit from these findings by understanding how specific CSR initiatives can enhance corporate image and increase customer retention. This study advances the emerging field of CSR in the gaming industry.

To determine characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in Korea using disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) for at least 6 months, and to identify factors associated with poor health-related outcomes.A total of 2000 RA patients aged20 years, treated with DMARDs for at least 6 months, and signed informed consent, were enrolled in this non-interventional, multicenter, cross-sectional observational study from December 2012 to June 2013. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was measured using EuroQuol 5D (EQ-5D) and functional disability was measured using the Korean Health Assessment Questionnaire (KHAQ). Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were used to determine the association between patient characteristics and patient-reported outcomes (PROs).Of all RA patients, 84% were female, patients with low Disease Activity Score of 28 joints erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS-28-ESR3.2) was 54%, while moderate (DAS-28-ESR 3.2-5.1) and high disease activity score (DAS-28-ESR5.1) were 38% and 7.6%, respectively. Mean EQ-5D index score and KHAQ score were 0.6 ± 0.28 and 0.7 ± 0.67, respectively. In multivariate analysis with both PROs, average HRQoL and functional disability score appeared to be worse in persons with older age compared to younger age (P0.001), and worse in females compared to males (P0.001). Compared to patients having lower DAS (3.2), those with moderate and highest DAS (3.2-5.1 and5.1) had worse outcome measures (P0.001).In this study, higher DAS was one of the most influential factors for poor PROs among all other factors. Therefore, we could suggest appropriate treatment approaches according to DAS along with other significantly associated factors with PROs in the early stage of RA.

Slow lifestyles have become a way for individuals to reduce the amount of stress in their lives. Moreover, along with wellness and slow food, slow life seeking is emerging as an area of study, though little research has been studied at Slow Life Festivals (SLFs) associated with consumers&rsquo, wellness pursuits, slow life seeking, and perceptions of slow food. To address this gap, this study examined visitors&rsquo, decision-making processes using an extended theory of planned behavior (ETPB) by incorporating wellness pursuit, slow life seeking, and perceptions of slow food at an SLF. Thus, this study developed a theoretically comprehensive framework by applying field survey. Results revealed significant impacts of visitors&rsquo, wellness pursuits and slow life seeking on their decision-making, indicating that wellness and slow life were important factors to consider for SLF management. The research further identified the perception of slow food as a mediator in predicting behavioral intentions. Results further demonstrated a strong relationship between wellness pursuit and perception of slow food for highly attached visitors while revealing a significant relationship between slow life seeking and perception of slow food for less attached visitors. Consequently, this study shed significant light on our understanding of why visitors intend to revisit SLFs.

Although virtual reality (VR) is an emerging technology in tourism, little research has been conducted on what factors make consumers visit destinations presented by VR. To address this gap in the literature, this study developed a theoretical framework including authentic experience, cognitive and affective responses, attachment, and visit intention with VR tourism using a stimulus-organism-response (SOR) theory. The results revealed significant impacts of authentic experience on cognitive and affective responses, indicating that authentic experience is an important factor in VR tourism. The study identified cognitive and affective responses as significant mediators in predicting attachment and visit intention. The results demonstrated that the intention to visit places shown in VR tourism was influenced by attachment to VR. Cognitive response had a stronger influence than affective response on the intention to visit a destination in VR. This study sheds light on why potential tourists visit destinations shown in VR.

Background To evaluate the therapeutic benefits of the treat-to-target (T2T) strategy for Asian patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Korea. Methods In a 1-year, multicenter, open-label strategy trial, 346 patients with early RA were recruited from 20 institutions across Korea and stratified into 2 groups, depending on whether they were recruited by rheumatologists who have adopted the T2T strategy (T2T group) or by rheumatologists who provided usual care (non-T2T group). Data regarding demographics, rheumatoid factor titer, anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody titer, disease activity score of 28 joints (DAS28), and Korean Health Assessment Questionnaire (KHAQ) score were obtained at baseline and after 1 year of treatment. In the T2T group, the prescription for disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs was tailored to the predefined treatment target in each patient, namely remission (DAS28 < 2.6) or low disease activity (LDA) (2.6 ≤ DAS28 < 3.2). Results Data were available for 163 T2T patients and 162 non-T2T patients. At the end of the study period, clinical outcomes were better in the T2T group than in the non-T2T group (LDA or remission, 59.5% vs. 35.8%; P < 0.001; remission, 43.6% vs. 19.8%; P < 0.001). Compared with non-T2T, T2T was also associated with higher rate of good European League Against Rheumatism response (63.0% vs. 39.8%; P < 0.001), improved KHAQ scores (−0.38 vs. −0.13; P = 0.008), and higher frequency of follow-up visits (5.0 vs. 2.0 visits/year; P < 0.001). Conclusion In Asian patients with early RA, T2T improves disease activity and physical function. Setting a pre-defined treatment target in terms of DAS28 is recommended., Graphical Abstract

In the digital age, virtual reality (VR) has become a new tool for destination marketing. Building on flow theory and the stimuli-organism-response model, this study examined the psychological process through which the VR travel evokes flow and leads to satisfaction and visit intention. Two key attributes of VR travel, sense and information quality, were identified and found to positively influence tourists’ flow experience. Flow in VR travel consisted of multiple dimensions (telepresence, focused attention, and temporal distortion). Only telepresence and focused attention positively led to a high level of satisfaction. The former had a stronger effect than the latter. The effect of temporal distortion on satisfaction was not significant. Satisfaction with the VR tour experience also positively led to visits to the focal destination of the VR travel.

This study explores how COVID-19-induced stress (CID) influences organizational trust, job satisfaction, self-esteem, and commitment in tourism and hospitality organizations. A total of 427 tourism affiliated employees in South Korea participated in an online survey. Using structural equation modelling (SEM), the proposed conceptual model reveals that CID stress in tourism/hospitality employees is negatively related to organizational trust, job satisfaction, and self-esteem which, in turn, is positively related to organizational commitment. CID stress also indirectly affects organizational commitment. The findings have significant strategic implications for tourism and hospitality organizations‒specifically, the provision of instrumental resources (e.g., safety glasses, latex gloves, hand sanitizers, facial masks) to alleviate their employees&rsquo, work-related stress during pandemics.

Due to the spread of COVID-19 and restrictions on international travel, popular destinations around the world have experienced an influx of domestic tourists. Regardless of the economic benefits that tourists could bring, residents have expressed their concerns about the health risks that would accompany tourists. Residents are not risk-proof or risk-tolerant, but the literature to date has overlooked the relevance and importance of residents' perceived risk associated with tourists. Addressing this research gap, this study investigated how residents’ perceived risk, emotional solidarity, and support for tourism were interrelated amid the pandemic. It was found that perceived risk was negatively associated with emotional solidarity and support for tourism, and emotional solidarity had a positive impact on support for tourism. Also, emotional solidarity was a partial mediator between perceived risk and support for tourism. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed within the closing of the article.

Although cultural worldview and authenticity have been suggested to be important concepts, little research has been conducted to explore their roles in the decision-making process for visiting heritage destinations. Thus, this study developed a theoretical framework using an extended model of goal-directed behavior (MGB) to determine whether cultural worldview and authenticity play important roles in understanding the decision-making process. An onsite survey was conducted for tourists (n = 323) who visited Hankok (traditional Korean house) village. Results revealed that both cultural worldview and authenticity influence tourists' decision-making process using MGB with authenticity having a greater impact on the process than cultural worldview. Results also revealed that both cultural worldview and authenticity are indirectly related to desire and behavioral intention. Desire was also found to play an important mediating role between antecedents of MGB and behavioral intention. It is believed the results provide important theoretical and managerial implications related to heritage tourists’ decision-making process.

Given the growing interest in the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) as a tourism destination, this study investigated DMZ tourists' place attachment and tourism development support, by identifying the importance of perceived similarity and shared beliefs in symbolic, touristic, and preservation values. Using survey data collected from 378 DMZ tourists, this study revealed that perceived similarity was a significant antecedent of shared beliefs, which further influenced place attachment and support for tourism development. In particular, shared touristic value had a direct impact on place attachment, while symbolic and preservation values influenced tourism development support only. This study adds to the burgeoning research on DMZ tourism and offers a unique approach to evaluate destination values from tourists' sociological perspectives. This study suggests managerial guidance on how the destination can develop the DMZ as a tourism destination, concerning tourists’ perspectives and shared beliefs highlighting key values associated with the place.

Our study investigated the follower perceptions of leader–member exchange (FPLMX) as a mediator between leader political skill (LPS) and follower morale and tested these relationships using data obtained from casino dealers in Korea. Social astuteness, interpersonal influence, networking ability, and apparent sincerity are the indicators of LPS, while follower morale is composed of job satisfaction and affective organizational commitment. The results from structural equation modeling suggest that the research model we have proposed is viable. Broadly speaking, FPLMX is a partial mediator between LPS and follower morale.

Remission is a primary end point of in clinical practice and trials of treatments for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The 2011 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) remission criteria were developed to provide a consensus definition of remission. This study aimed to assess the concordance between the new remission criteria and the physician’s clinical judgment of remission and also to identify factors that affect the discordance between these two approaches. A total of 3,209 patients with RA were included from the KORean Observational Study Network for Arthritis (KORONA) database. The frequency of remission was evaluated based on each approach. The agreement between the results was estimated by Cohen’s kappa (κ). Patients with remission according to the 2011 ACR/EULAR criteria (i.e. the Boolean criteria) and/or physician judgment (n = 855) were divided into three groups: concordant remission, the Boolean criteria only, and physician judgment only. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors responsible for the assignment of patients with remission to one of the discordant groups rather than the concordant group. The remission rates using the Boolean criteria and physician judgment were 10.5% and 19.9%, respectively. The agreement between two approaches for remission was low (κ = 0.226) and the concordant remission rate was only 5.5% (n = 177). Pain affected classification in both discordant groups, whereas fatigue was associated with remission only by physician clinical judgment. The Boolean criteria were more stringent than clinical judgment. Patient subjective symptoms such as pain and fatigue were associated with discordance between the two approaches., Graphical Abstract

Conflicts remain an integral part in shaping the world. Tensions on the Korean Peninsula are no exceptions. The Korean DMZ (Demilitarized Zone) World Peace Park has been proposed to help obtain peace by erasing the memories of war and creating new beginnings of trust, cooperation, and unity on the Korean Peninsula. With their ties to geographical space and conflict, peace park research provides an excellent platform for both activism and research in positive peace. Little, however, is known about peoples’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the creation of peace parks, in general, and specifically for the development of the Korean DMZ World Peace Park. Using contingent valuation methods, the weighted average WTP for development of the Peace Park is $49.03 per household per year. It appears South Koreans are willing to pay not only for the conservation of the DMZ, but also for the peace and unification of the Korean Peninsula the Peace Park may bring to the area.

The purpose of this study was to propose and test a quality–value–attitude model by examining the antecedents and relationships among these three constructs at the Shanghai Expo 2010. The results of the structural equation modeling revealed that controllable service quality characteristics, such as program content, staff, and convenience, significantly affected both visitors’ emotional and economic values that, in turn, influenced visitors’ attitude. The findings of the study render important conceptual insights for understanding mega-event attendees’ perceptions and provide practical implications for the event organizers and planners.

Why do people help others on mobile shopping sites, even when members have never met? To answer the research question, this study applies attachment theory to investigate the relationships between formation variables (trust, enjoyment, and timesaving), transfer variables (site, group, and interpersonal attachments), and an outcome variable (reciprocal altruism). An online survey was conducted of shoppers who had purchased tourism products with smartphones. The results show that trust, enjoyment, and timesaving have significant effects on site attachment, which, in turn, have a significant effect on both group and interpersonal attachments. Interpersonal attachment also has a highly significant effect on group attachment. Reciprocal altruism is influenced by both site and interpersonal attachments. The findings not only provide theoretical contributions to the tourism literature but also practical contributions to the tourism industry.

Since the 2008 global financial crisis and resulting recession, many countries have been following unconventional monetary policies. Little information is known on how these policies may influence tourism demand. This study starts to fill this gap by investigating the impact of the Japanese economic policy known as Abenomics on South Koreans’ travel to Japan, the largest inbound market for Japan. Per capita gross domestic product, relative prices, and exchange rates are significant determinants of Japanese inbound tourism. As these variables have been influenced by Abenomics, one can infer that Abenomics is associated with a significant increase in tourist arrivals from South Korea. Findings highlight the importance of government economic policy in stimulating international tourism demand through its impact on the economy.

This study examines the structural relationships among film quality, value, and satisfaction on the perspective of moviegoers. The experience economy concept is employed as the theoretical framework, where moviegoers’ cognitive and affective evaluations are projected in fulfilling their perceived value. Moviegoers’ perceived movie attributes and experiences are assessed to evaluate the moviegoers’ satisfactions through functional and emotional values. In particular, this article investigates how four dimensions of experience mediate the effect of movie attributes on perceived value and satisfaction. A total of 565 samples were analyzed with structural equation modeling to investigate the relationship of ‘quality—value—satisfaction.’ The findings show that two movie attributes (core and peripheral) affect three dimensions of experience (entertainment, educational, and escapist), which in turn influence functional and emotional values, and moviegoers’ satisfaction. The results also confirm that emot...

This study extends the leisure constraint-effects-mitigation model to the perceived behavioural control (PBC)- constraint-negotiation model by adding PBC. Three competing models were tested to determine which model best fits the data. Results suggested that PBC mediates the relationship between motivation and negotiation, and there is a direct path from motivation to participation. Findings contribute to deepening and broadening the theory of leisure constraint negotiation because the new variable was successfully added to the original model and the model was extended to new settings (i.e. solo travel and non-Western).

Elaboration likelihood model is employed to understand mobile tourism shoppers.Argument quality significantly influences perceived usefulness (central route).Source credibility has a significant impact on attachment (peripheral route).Site attachment has mediating effects between antecedents and continued usage.Social network involvement has a moderating effect on central and peripheral route. The purpose of this study is to develop and test a communication model for persuasive processes for mobile tourism shopping (MTS). Applying the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), we adopted a confirmatory approach using partial least squares as the analytical method. Respondents (n=357) who had recently purchased a tourism product using mobile devices (smartphones or tablets) were analyzed. Argument quality significantly influences perceived usefulness (central route); source credibility has positive effects on perceived usefulness and site attachment (peripheral route); perceived usefulness significantly influences site attachment and continued usage; and site attachment has a positive effect on continued usage. Social network involvement has a moderating effect on central and peripheral routes. This study reflects increased awareness and interest in understanding persuasive processes at work in MTS. Empirical results demonstrate the value of using the ELM to understand dual-route communication processes at work among mobile shoppers for tourism products. As markets become increasingly competitive, it becomes ever more important for tourism managers to better understand the persuasive processes at work among different segments of MTS. As this study demonstrates, applying the ELM holds promise in achieving such understanding.

This study examined the effects of four aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) (i.e., economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibility) and five aspects of internal marketing (IM) (i.e., welfare system, training, compensation, communication, and management support) on employees’ organizational commitment (OC) and turnover intentions (TI) in the casino industry. Based on survey data collected from 310 employees working for a casino company, the relationships were examined using confirmatory factor analysis, second-order factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The results indicate that both employees’ perceptions of CSR and IM are positively related to their OC and negatively to their TI, suggesting that adding CSR programs to existing IM programs is likely to improve desirable employee work attitudes such as OC, which in turn contributes to decreasing TI. This study makes a contribution to the literature by conceptually and empirically evaluating CSR and IM dimensions simultaneously in the casino environment.

The main purpose of the study is to examine an impact of festival quality on behavioral intentions and investigate the role of place attachment (PA) as a moderator between festival quality and behavioral intentions. Data were collected from the visitors of the 2013 Seoul Lantern Festival in South Korea. Results show that festival quality has a significant direct impact on behavioral intentions to revisit, spread word of mouth (WOM), and engage in pro-environmental behavior. The study also reveals that PA moderates the effect of festival quality on behavioral intentions, suggesting the differential impact of festival quality based on the level of PA. The study suggests that festival organizers may want to focus on program and esthetics to promote visitors’ return and positive WOM. Festival organizers may also want to customize quality management strategies based on visitors’ level of PA.