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According to the development of China, China and Chinese culture are becoming more and more familiar to the world. And as the bridge between China and other countries, Oversea Chinese has gradually been noticed by scholars. In order to further understand the status quo, it will be divided into four parts to summarize and review the scholars’ research. They are Overseas Chinese disseminating Chinese culture, Chinatown as a place for disseminating Chinese culture, Chinese culture itself and the trend of overseas dissemination., 多文化社会研究, 8, pp.425-435; 2022

Chinatowns have long held various meanings for the Chinese diaspora, from connecting with heritage to finding a safe space. Initially, Chinatowns formed in response to anti-Asian policies and discrimination that left many with little resources and support. With increasing anti-Asian sentiment attributed to SARS-COV-2 (Covid-19) and a fast growing Asian population, Austin’s lack of an enclave has become more apparent. Thus, a Second Home aims to investigate the meaning of Chinatowns for the Chinese diaspora as well as expand the typology and idea of a Chinatown by exploring the spectrum of Chinese architecture and hybridizing traditional and modern aspects in the context of Austin, Texas.

The article traces mixed affiliations of the narrator of Maxine Hong Kingston’s The Woman Warrior (1976), permanently split between the world of Chinatown and broader American society outside Chinatown, both places crucial for the narrator in the on-going process of subjectivity construction. While both of these worlds constantly interpellate her, each of them entails a fair measure of hindrance and empowerment. The article undermines the criticism leveled at Kingston’s The Woman Warrior by a section of the Chinese American community represented primarily by Frank Chin. Chin accused Kingston of pandering to white tastes and white readers’ expectations of Chinese American authors. That, according to Chin, was achieved through the estrangement of Chinatown and its inhabitants as well as the criticism of the Chinese American community. I illustrate in the article that the narrator’s pronouncements on Chinatown or broader America outside Chinatown are neither equivocal nor arrived at without tension, internal struggle or misgiving at choosing one world and at least partly leaving the other one behind.

In 2017, the Terengganu Chinese Peranakan Association (TCPA) withdrew its participation in the 4th Annual Terengganu Peranakan Festival (TPF) organised by the Terengganu Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Industry (TCCCI) because of a dispute over the combined term “Mek Awang”. To TCPA members, Mek Awang is a derogatory term, which the Malays used to refer to someone as being “soft”, effeminate, or a cross-dresser. However, TCCCI has appropriated the term Mek Awang and used it as a brand name to promote the festival, and to highlight the “uniqueness” of the Terengganu Peranakan Chinese community. This case is an example of how local cultural terms or practices have been readapted to suit tourism interests. Tourism is often accused of reinventing culture for capital ventures. Consequently, many academics and social critics have come to regard official national heritage sites and heritage tourism with scepticism and disdain. Combining ethnographic data from our in-depth interviews with the Terengganu Peranakan Chinese and our participant observation during the festival, we argue that the dispute over Mek Awang is not only a simple change in reference, but is also an indication of a deeper contemporary global process that affects ethnic minorities and their identities. We conclude that various attempts to commodify the peranakan experiences and culture in Terengganu as well as the intention to place the peranakan as a marketable heritage in Chinatown can be interpreted as attempts to replace a heterogeneous community with a homogeneous, uniform, genetic and identifiable ethnic category with a Peranakan1 (with capital “P”) identity.

Background and Objectives Ethnic enclaves provide pivotal coping resources for immigrants, having important implications for cognitive health. This study examined the association between living in an ethnic enclave (i.e., Chinatown) and cognition, and potential moderating effect of education on such an association among Chinese older immigrants in the United States. We further examined subgroup differences based on preferred language (Mandarin, Cantonese, and Taishanese). Research Designs and Methods Data were derived from the Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago (N = 3,105, mean age = 73). Global cognition, assessed by a battery including Mini-Mental State Examination, working memory, episodic memory, and executive function, was compared between those who lived in Chinatown (n = 1,870) and those who did not (n = 1,235). Linear regressions with interaction terms were performed in the entire sample and subsamples with different language preferences. Results Chinatown residents had significantly poorer cognition than non-Chinatown residents. Regression results identified both protective and risk factors for cognition associated with living in Chinatown. Among them, education (β = 0.072, p < .001) played a salient role in explaining the cognitive disadvantage of Chinatown residents. Education also moderated the influence of Chinatown residence on cognition, but only among Mandarin speakers (β = −0.027, p = .04). Discussion and Implications Living in an ethnic enclave may be a risk factor for poor cognition for Chinese immigrants. Neighborhood-specific health assessment may facilitate early identification and prevention of cognitive impairment in this population. Studies need to examine divergent aging experiences of immigrants within single ethnic groups.

The health benefits of having a supportive community and access to community resources are well documented and for many immigrant communities, community-based organizations (CBOs) play an important role by providing culturally competent services. The current study uses communication infrastructure theory (CIT) to examine the associations between connections to CBOs, civic engagement, and protective health behaviors within the context of Boston Chinatown's Chinese immigrant community. According to CIT, neighborhood communication resources encourage residents to engage in civic activities and health-related problem-solving behaviors. To assess these associations, data from a needs assessment survey (N = 360) were analyzed. Results showed that connections to CBOs had a positive association with total number of protective health behaviors. Civic engagement was not found to be associated with health behaviors. We also found no indirect effect of connections to CBOs on the protective health behaviors via civic engagement. These results carry important theoretical and practical implications.

Examining a period of national debate over immigration and U.S. citizenship, this dissertation foregrounds the social, economic, and political contexts through which representations of Chinatown in Los Angeles were produced and consumed. My dissertation asks: how did Chinese Americans in Los Angeles create, negotiate, and critically engage changing representations of Chinatown? To what extent did popular representations and economic opportunities in Hollywood inform life in Los Angeles Chinatown? And in what ways were the rights and privileges of U.S. citizenship and national belonging related to popular representations of Chinatown? To answer these questions, this project examines four different “Chinatowns” in Los Angeles—Old Chinatown, New Chinatown, China City, and MGM’s set for The Good Earth—between the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 and the law’s symbolic repeal in 1943 during World War II.Whereas scholars have long argued that the geopolitical context of the Second World War and in particular the U.S. alliance with China led to both to the repeal of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1943 and a general increase in opportunities for Chinese Americans, my dissertation presents a different narrative. Building on film studies scholars who trace the birth of cinema to the overlapping forces of modernity and urbanization at the turn of the century, I argue that the same transformations in urban visual culture that led to the development of film also transformed Chinatown into a medium of cultural production. Tracing the co-evolution of Chinatown and cinema as overlapping media forms between the arrival of the film industry in Southern California and the openings of New Chinatown and China City in Los Angeles in 1938, I demonstrate the myriad ways that Chinese American merchants, background extras, and others in Los Angeles repositioned Chinatown as part of, rather than distinct from, the idea of a modern cosmopolitan city. In the process, I analyze the ways that Chinese Americans utilized performance in Hollywood film and Chinatown to lay the groundwork for the incorporation of Chinese Americans into the nation-state under the logic of racial liberalism during World War II. In making this argument, my project places the everyday actions and performances of Chinese Americans at the center of discussions of American Orientalism demonstrating that the increasing inclusion of Chinese Americans into the United States was not the product of geopolitical forces alone.

From the Garden to the Streets: Working-Class Immigrant Foodways as Resistance in a Gentrifying Los Angeles Chinatown explores how foodways traditional to working-class senior immigrants in Los Angeles Chinatown provide grassroots organizing tools and epistemological frameworks to challenge gentrification, exercise the right to the city, and reimagine community health. Through both a research thesis and a community-oriented storybook presenting creative text, photographs, and visual illustrations, From the Garden to the Streets centers these seniors and their life experiences in relation to their sense of well-being, self-determination, and collectivity. Foodways provides a critical lens to explore the intersection of race, class, and space in the neighborhood, while their stories paint a complex and multidimensional narrative of Chinatown.An unsustainable and inequitable form of neoliberal economic development facilitated by capitalist structures of power, gentrification is an intentional process of racial, spatial, and economic segregation. It aims to physically and figuratively erase the livelihoods and narratives of working-class senior immigrants who are deviant to the state. The sites of gardens and informal food economies produce knowledge and social networks that foster the community’s cultural wealth and collective power for resistance. Ultimately, these sites produce anti-capitalist politics that have the potential to actualize a vision of an equitable Chinatown that continues to support the poor, the elderly, and immigrants. Highlighting their narratives, thus utilizing their knowledge production as tools to address gentrification, renders possible working-class senior immigrants’ seemingly impossible continued existence in the midst of a gentrifying Chinatown.

Créé à la suite de l’arrivée des Asiatiques à Londres dans les années 1950, le Chinatown de Londres est devenu un espace urbain de transition ou intermédiaire, un entre-deux qui a permis aux immigrants de s’installer et mieux s’adapter à leur nouvel environnement. Petit à petit, le paysage économique et culturel du quartier s’est transformé en une attraction et le Chinatown londonien lui-même, en objet de consommation. Ce processus de commercialisation d’un quartier ethnique crée de nouvelles façons de lire cet espace et fait partie des stratégies mises en place par les collectivités locales, les associations et particulièrement Shaftesbury, une foncière britannique. À ce titre, cet espace entre-deux s’est métamorphosé en une construction sociale, économique et politique hybride propre aux dynamiques sociales londoniennes, à travers un phénomène intitulé le « place branding ». First created to nestle immigrants who had left their countries, mostly from Hong Kong and China, London’s Chinatown (near Soho) progressively allowed for the emergence of a transitional space, a medium, or a place in-between which helped those immigrants to adapt to the new habitat. Gradually, the cultural and economic landscape of London’s Chinatown has become an attraction and Chineseness, an object of consumption for both local residents and outsiders. The place branding process of London’s Chinatown has contributed to creating new ways of reading the place, and is not only carried out by the Chinese as some form of self-fashioning, but also by local authorities, networks of associations and mostly Shaftesbury—a British real estate investment trust. Highly marketed as a commodity, London’s Chinatown has been re-imagined and transformed into a hybrid social, economic and political construct that is intrinsic to the West, and more particularly to London.

This article aims to analyze how fading the Chinese diaspora culture from Lasem Chinatown over several generations. Previous studies show that Chinese descent's identity and orientation disappeared due to assimilation with the local community during the new order. In fact, there was a tendency for them not to show their Chinese identity from the beginning. This did not pay enough attention to the local context, social situation, and the cultural heritage of Chinese descent between generation s . This case study is conducted by interviews, observation, and document study. The data is analyzed using the NVivo Program. Baubock & Faist’s new concept of diaspora is used to review the phenomenon of the spread of Chinese descent from Lasem Chinatown. This research shows that the Indonesian Chinese people in Lasem tend to refer to themselves as 'Indonesian Chinese Peranakan and are increasingly detached from their identity relationship with their referent origin, China. Their Chinese identity is starting to fade since Chinese cultural heritage through religious rituals has been largely abandoned. Young Chinese children scattered out of Lasem Chinatown and lost their Chinese identity. The novelty in this research is that the assimilation and integration of Peranakan Chinese into local society are precisely related to the acceptance of the Lasem community, instead of Chinese culture's fading. Keywords: Chinese, Descent, Diaspora, Discontinuity, Dispersed

Responding to a recent call for interdisciplinary research into ‘night studies’, the present study attempts to put the nighttime at the centre of the sociolinguistic enquiry, seeking to explore how...

L’obiettivo del presente contributo è quello di esplorare la natura e la caratterizzazione dell’offerta di attività economiche urbane etnicamente connotate e quali siano le dinamiche evolutive in atto, con l’intento di definire alcune questioni emergenti e proporle all’agenda dei decisori pubblici come tema da trattare negli strumenti di governo del territorio. A partire dall’analisi delle posizioni ricorrenti nel dibattito internazionale sul tema, si approfondisce il caso del comparto Sarpi-Canonica-Bramante a Milano, caratterizzato da un’offerta di attività economiche urbane di matrice cinese. Lo studio del processo di formazione e consolidamento di questo sistema – che si configura come un laboratorio di integrazione culturale, funzionale ed economica – permette di riflettere sul ruolo che queste attività possono avere nel configurare ed abitare gli spazi pubblici della città post-pandemica. The aim of the present paper is to explore the nature and characterisation of ethnic diversity in urban economic activities available today and the ongoing development of these establishments. In doing so, we may identify some emerging issues and have policymakers add them to their agenda as topics of discussion for local government strategies. After reviewing the recurring positions in the international debate on the subject, this paper explores the case of the Sarpi-Canonica-Bramante area in Milan, which is characterised by a unique range of economic activities of Chinese origin. We then study how this system started, strengthened and how it has become a workshop for cultural, functional and economic integration. This analysis allows us to reflect on the role these businesses may play in shaping and inhabiting the public spaces of the post-pandemic urban context.

This article explores the links among the hygiene, surveillance, and urban planning policies of the Costa Rican liberal governments, the socio-spatial segregation that began with the rise of an agro-exporting elite, and the emergence of a loosely delineated strip of businesses and residences of Chinese immigrants from the last decades of the 19th century to the mid 20th century. It is noteworthy that the restrictions caused a centrifugal movement that landed the Chinese in at least three areas in San José downtown, which detracted from organically developing a Chinatown. Este artículo explora los vínculos existentes entre las medidas higiénicas, policiales y de ordenamiento urbano de los gobiernos liberales costarricenses, la segregación socio-espacial que inició con la conformación de una élite agroexportadora y el surgimiento de un corredor de comercios y residencias de inmigrantes chinos desde las últimas décadas del siglo XIX hasta mediados del siglo XX. Es de notar que las restricciones provocaron una dispersión de los chinos por al menos tres pasajes en el casco central josefino, con lo cual no se llegó a conformar orgánicamente un barrio chino.

This article historicizes and links the ways in which ethnically segregated neighborhoods are born and die in American cities. Based on a historical ethnography of five Chinatowns in Los Angeles from 1850 to 1950, I highlight Chinese residents’ agency in both the birth and death of their own neighborhoods through a process called neighborhood architomy. Chinese residents split off new neighborhoods from dying neighborhoods while maintaining their institutions and memories, showing how neighborhood death and birth are intimately intertwined. To understand either process fully, we must treat neighborhoods and their residents as sociological and historical agents at both the birth and death of neighborhoods.

Background. This article looks at the role that arts, culture, and creativity play in promoting social cohesion and community well-being. It presents research on the role that a community arts center plays in an ethnic enclave that is under stress of immigration and gentrification. Method. An academic–community research partnership conducted this research. A mixed-methods approach was used. Twenty-four interviews were conducted with stakeholders (including community leaders, neighborhood residents, and business owners). Surveys ( n = 102) were done of community members and those who participate in the Center activities. Results. Interviewees and survey respondents point to the importance of the ethnic enclave as a close-knot community that helps to foster a sense of belonging, security, and cultural identity. Arts, culture, and creativity plays a role in maintaining this sense of social cohesion, despite the threat of gentrification. Engagement in the arts and creative practice are important for buffering the stress of immigration. Discussion. The center has an important role as a critical cultural, civic, and creative space for the neighborhood and the broader community who sees the ethnic enclave as their cultural home.

Despite the rolling back of multiculturalism at government level, the realities of a diverse society remain very much visible at the local level. In the current context of globalisation and cosmopolitanism and as part of a broader effort to globalise London, the English capital still resorts to de facto multiculturalist policies to enhance its diversity in terms of ethnic groups. London’s Chinatown is one representative example of this phenomenon. The neighbourhood presents an important economic opportunity resulting from its cultural landscape. Thus, both public authorities and the corporate world seek to profit from the area’s cultural wealth, hence their attempts to negotiate Chinatown as a product by engaging a narrative that fits Western imagination. London’s Chinatown has thus been marketed and packaged for consumption through different branding strategies that focus on its cultural representation. The study of this ethnic enclave adds to the existing empirical and normative literature of multiculturalism by exploring the contrast in local and national politics in terms of integration and multicultural policies in the United Kingdom, thus participating in the debate on “Living together in the UK”.

El artículo compara dos textos que ofrecen distintas perspectivas sobre una misma situación de opresión ejercida sobre las mujeres desde el poder. En primer lugar, examina un informe emitido por la policía del distrito de Yongsan de Seúl en 1971. Se trata de unas directrices que, con un lenguaje retórico, pretendían condonar los crímenes que los soldados americanos cometían contra las prostitutas al mismo tiempo que trataban de imponer a la población coreana una actitud benévola hacia aquéllos. Paralelamente, el artículo analiza la novela Chinatown, escrita por Oh Jung-hee en 1979, en la que se muestra una visión de los acontecimientos de la época desde la perspectiva de los habitantes locales. En contraposición al texto anterior, en esta obra se refleja la creciente escalada de violencia que las prostitutas sufrieron a manos de los militares americanos. Con base en el análisis crítico del discurso, cotejo estos dos textos para revelar cómo determinados mecanismos lingüísticos contribuyen a la transmisión de una ideología patriarcal e imperialista.

Lion dances are an acrobatic form of ritual performance with roots in ancient China. Traditionally, men have performed lion dances to scare away evil spirits and protect themselves from harm. The m...

This dissertation examines transnational spaces of Chinatowns as a point of departure to reflect upon the production of architecture and urbanism on a global scale. More specifically, I trace the genealogy of “Chinatown” in East Asia—how a Chinatown has evolved into a distinct urban type, how it has been created as a discrete category which seems to exhibit inherent propensities, and how it has been mobilized to forge a different kind of space of governance. Contrary to the popular conception of architecture as a material form grounded and fixed in a particular locale, architecture and the built environment have often been the product of moving ideas and practices that migrate across different cultural and geographic contexts. It is also important to note that such traveling of ideas and practices is mediated by human and non-human actors alike, ranging from architects, planners, and researchers to materials, ideas, and images. While illuminating how different modes of global connectivity have enabled practices to build and govern new urban space to travel, this dissertation sheds light on the underexplored role of affect and sentiment as integral to the mobility of built form.This dissertation identifies three important historical shifts shaping and reshaping Chinatowns in East Asia: 1) the opening of East Asian ports to foreign trade and commerce in the late nineteenth century; 2) the onset of the Cold War upon the collapse of the Japanese empire; and 3) China’s (re)opening to global capitalism in post-Cold War East Asia. Drawing from a combined methodology of archival research and ethnography, my analytical focus is primarily placed on how people, things, and affects become circulated at new historical junctures, how people feel while encountering with novel spaces and objects, and how things come into play when people try to make sense of their places in a changing world. I argue that the global production and circulation of affects, closely associated with the geopolitical context in which they take place, have played a significant role in governing Chinese space and subjectivity, making Chinatown as a distinct urban “type”—a self-contained entity imagined to represent a different space of governance. I further contend that it is also the capacity of affect to propel action that enables Chinese residents to question the static meanings attached to their spaces, bring in materials and ideas from elsewhere, and thus redefine the idea of Chinatown.

This study explores how translanguaging pedagogy was practiced in a New York City Chinatown middle school to engage emergent bilingual students (EBs) with diverse language literacy backgrounds in their study of the grade level social studies curriculum. The data were collected over the past two decades while we worked with classroom teachers in search of effective ways to improve EBs’ school performance. We revisited this data utilizing a translanguaging lens to reconceptualize this past work and reframe our analysis to deepen understanding of translanguaging teaching praxis. Therefore, this research not only seeks possible ways to meet challenges in the education of EBs in U.S. schools but also to add to a research method that looks back at past data as an approach to looking ahead in scholarship.