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In the optical network of different manufacturers and various equipment, according to the problem of heterogeneous and comprehensive application of network management big data, the differences of typical network management system is realized by using CORBA technology; with middleware technology, the big data integration and fusion of multi-source and multi-domain data is implemented; moreover, for the promotion of optical network maintenance and operation management capabilities, the application services of optical network big data is preliminarily explored.

Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the pollinating weevil, is the most efficient insect pollinator of oil palm, Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Arecales: Arecaceae). In this experiment, the pollinating activity of E. kamerunicus was observed in an oil palm field in Hainan, China, in order to further understand the dynamics of the weevil's behavior on inflorescences. Both male and female inflorescences emitted an anise-like fragrance. Female inflorescences appeared to reward the weevils with copious nectar production, whereas male inflorescences appeared to do so with both nectar and pollen. The number of weevils visiting an inflorescence was assessed by the use of a sticky trap encircling it, and by counting the weevils present on samples of spikelets of inflorescences. The weevil population peaked on the 3rd day of anthesis on male inflorescences, and on the 2nd day of anthesis on female inflorescences. Weevil activity recorded on the day of highest abundance during anthesis rev...

Assisted by theoretical analysis, we designed a small indolic squaraine with δ > 8000 GM at 780 nm, which is ideal for both in vitro and in vivo bio-imaging applications., Small organic dyes with large two-photon absorption (TPA) cross sections (δ) are more desirable in many applications compared with large molecules. Herein, we proposed a facile theoretical method for the fast screening of small organic molecules as potential TPA dyes. This method is based on a theoretical analysis to the natural transition orbitals (NTOs) directly associated with the TPA transition. Experimental results on the small indolic squaraine dyes (ISD) confirmed that their TPA cross sections is strongly correlated to the delocalization degree of the NTOs of the S2 excited states. Aided by this simple and intuitive method, we have successfully designed and synthesized a small indolic squaraine dye (ISD) with a remarkable δ value above 8000 GM at 780 nm. The ISD dye also exhibits a high singlet oxygen generation quantum yield about 0.90. The rationally designed TPA dye was successfully applied in both two-photon excited fluorescence cell imaging and in vivo cerebrovascular blood fluid tracing.

A heterogeneous reaction mechanism based on elementary reaction steps is proposed for the prediction of pyrolytic carbon deposition in chemical vapor infiltration, involving 72 surface species and 277 surface elementary reactions. A “prototype” gas-phase reaction is chosen to match with the corresponding surface reaction, and correction methods for kinetic data are also proposed for three kinds of surface reactions (i.e., surface/gas reactions, unimolecular surface reactions, surface/surface reactions) in the present work. Simulation results of deposition kinetics and gas-phase compositions of propane pyrolysis are validated by previously published experimental results of Marquaire’s group, with a surface to volume ratio from 5 to 175 cm–1 and temperature from 1173 to 1323 K. The reaction pathways of the heterogeneous surface reactions and homogeneous gas-phase reactions are studied on the basis of the reaction flow rate analysis. An acceptable agreement indicates that the present heterogeneous reaction m...

Electrode jump motion strategy was adopted to fabricate noncircular tool using wire electrical discharge grinding (WEDG). The machining procedure and electrode jump motion strategy for noncircular tool fabrication were determined through experiments. This approach has been verified by successfully machining of rectangular electrode (38μm×38μm, 700μm length) and D-shaped electrode (diameter 45μm, height 42μm, 500μm length). D-shaped array holes of 6×6 matrix were drilled using corresponding single noncircular tool which was manufactured by the adopted machining approach. The array holes have tight diameter tolerance and height tolerance which are both less than 2μm, and positioning errors are both less than 1μm in the direction of the X, Y-axes.

The inkjet template is an important part of digital printing equipment. The diameter of hole arrays on the template determines the consistency of the ink droplet and thus affects print quality. To improve the printing performance of digital printing equipment, this study investigated the effect of micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) on the diameter consistency of micro-hole arrays on an inkjet template. Combining block electrical discharge grinding and wire electrical discharge grinding enabled the online processing of the fine tool electrode, whose diameter can be stably controlled at less than 45 μm, whose maximum diameter deviation was about 1 μm. The tool electrode can also be used to process micro-hole arrays. Subsequently, the relationship between the discharge energy of micro-EDM and the erosion material was theoretically analyzed, as was the effects of the diameter consistency of the micro-electrode itself on that of the micro-hole array processed by the micro-electrode and the relationship between processing parameters and the discharge gap between the micro-electrode and the workpiece. Experimentations were conducted on the effect of the flow rate, flush angle, and rotation speed of the electrode and the resistivity of de-ionized water to the diameter consistency of the micro-hole arrays. On the optimized parameters, a 16×16 micro-hole array with a diameter deviation of less than 2 μm was successfully processed, and the average diameter of the holes, about 44 μm, was used for the inkjet template. Beside, an electrode with a diameter of 14μm is also machined and it was used to process a 8×8 micro-hole array, whose diameter deviation is 0.9μm and average diameter is less than 20μm. Large number of experiments show that by the proposed method, one electrode can stably machined 800 holes with diameter less than 50μm, and their diameter deviation is less than 3μm. ​The digital printing equipment with these holes can meet the current demand for components with micro-hole arrays.

The viscoelastic behavior and thermal property of 3, 3'-diethyl-N, N, N', N'-tetraglycidyl-4, 4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (C2H5-TGDDM) epoxy resin in presence of methyl nadic anhydride (MNA) as curing agent and 2-ethyl-4-methyl imidazole (2,4-EMI) as accelerator were investigated by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) in single cantilever mode at different frequencies and non-isothermal DSC-TGA, respectively. According to the DMTA data, the results show that the storage and loss moduli and loss factor curves were shifted to higher temperatures region with increasing frequencies. The value of glass transition temperature (Tg) is in the range of 224 °C to 247 °C, and the difference between the Tg determined by the loss modulus and loss factor peaks is ca. 15 °C, and the glass transition activation energy was calculated. The results of DSC-TGA show that the curing and the decomposition heat-release peaks of epoxy resin were occurred at ca. 191 °C and 360 °C, respectively. The onset temperature of degradation is 324°C, and the epoxy resin system was heat-resistant.

Since a linear dynamic system parameter uncertainties and un-modeled dynamics in Air-breathing hypersonic vehicle (ABHV), extended it to a nonlinear dynamics system including the linear parameter uncertain term in control matrix. An adaptive tuning function is used to compensate uncertainty impact for system and the robust term is designed to solve the issue of approximation error. The projection operator function is introduced to avoid possible controller singularity problem. In adaptive inverse design progress, a dynamic surface method is used and the first order filter is introduced. The Lyapunov stability theorem guaranteed error is uniformly bounded. The simulation shows the effectiveness of the algorithm.

According to the characteristics of Chinese characters image, we propose an improved corner detection method based on FAST algorithm and Harris algorithm to improve detection rate and shorten the running time for next feature extraction in this paper. The image of Chinese characters is detected for corners using FAST algorithm Firstly. Second, computing corner response function (CRF) of Harris algorithm, false corners are removed. The corners founded lastly are the endpoints of line segments, providing the length of line segments for shape feature extraction. The proposed method is compared with several corner detection methods over a number of images. Experimental results show that the proposed method shows better performance in terms of detection rate and running time.

To study the relationship between the molecular main chain structure and the properties of amine based tetra-functional epoxy resins, especially for the thermal stabilities and the mechanical properties, N,N,N',N'-Tetraglycidyl-2,2-Bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane (TGBAPP) and N,N,N',N'-Tetraglycidyl-4,4'-diamino diphenyl ether (TGDDE) were cured with Methyl nadic anhydride (MNA). The thermal behavior of the cured epoxy resins were studied with the thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), and the glass transition temperature (Tg) were determined with the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). Additionally, the mechanical properties of them were tested. The results indicated that the cured epoxy resin based on TGBAPP had better thermal stabilities and toughness.

As the critical dimension of devices is approaching the resolution limit of 193nm photo lithography, multiple patterning processes have been developed to print smaller CD and pitch. Multiple patterning and other advanced lithographic processes often require the formation of isolated features such as lines or posts by direct lithographic printing. The formation of isolated features with an acceptable process window, however, can pose a challenge as a result of poor aerial image contrast at defocus. Herein we report a novel Chemical Trimming Overcoat (CTO) as an extra step after lithography that allows us to achieve smaller feature size and better process window.

Three main obstacles in modeling electrostatic torsional micromirror are hard to calculate – damping coefficient, mechanical spring constant and electrostatic torsion accurately. Because that parameter variations and model uncertainty of the torsional micromirror resulting from fabrication imperfections are inevitable, it is another problem to seek a control scheme for achieving accurate positioning and trajectory tracking of an electrostatic torsional micromirror. In this paper, aimed at a real prototype of circular electrostatic torsional micromirrorr, both static and dynamic behaviors are modeled and studied. A novel nonlinear Proportional, Integral and Derivative (PID) control are proposed in succession. Simulation results show that the system model derived is more accurate to the micromirror and the nonlinear PID can eliminate the static deviation.

This paper describes the development of an embedded high-temperature measuring instrument, which is composed of lens, photoelectric converter based on area-array CCD, and data acquisition, processing, Ethernet communication module based on DSP. The device is a creation of imaging spectrum, CCD imaging technology, digital image processing method and Ethernet communication together effectively. The advantages of this approach are: First, the networked measuring platform provides the possibility for process parameters optimization. Second, direct digital signal communication improves the anti-interference ability. Third, by employing 4-stage pipeline data processing mechanism greatly improves the real-time requirement. Fourth, through the constitution of application-layer protocol, the reliability of high-speed data transmission via Ethernet is guaranteed. The experiment by blackbody furnace in the laboratory shows that the maximum absolute error is 3.2 ºC, and the maximum relative error is 0.40%.

The wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) has been widely used in the field of metal cutting, mold industry, aerospace and so on. However, in the discharge machining, it is very important to restrain the wire-tool vibration for the improvement of machining accuracy. In this paper, it is created a model of the wire vibration with double-ended fixed, established the differential equation of vibration, and derived its full theoretical solution to analysis the vibration factors. Simulations of the wire vibration with ANSYS Transient dynamics analysis were given. An orthogonal design of the wire vibration using L9 orthogonal table was made, and the experiment found that minimize the servo voltage, reduce the pulse width, and select the appropriate wire tension and pulse interval, which can reduce the wire vibration.

As demands for the micro array holes in modern industry and the characteristics of micro Electrical Discharge Machining (micro EDM), a new type micro EDM machine tool used to machine micro array holes was designed and manufactured. The machine tool contains following systems: the mechanism system, the control system, the pulse generator system and other auxiliary systems. Each system was studied respectively. Base on a large number of experiments, finally, a sample with 256 array holes was processed by the machine tool. The diameter of single hole is 45µm and precision of the holes is ±1µm. The sample has been successfully applied to R & D test of micro nozzle components

A new method of the fluorescent detection is introduced to use for detecting glucose molecule marked by fluorescence in microchannels. The fluorescent detection for glucose molecule is successfully realized in microchannels. The experiment results show that it is feasible to use sodium fluorescein marking the glucose molecule. At the same time, the experiment analyzes that experimental results have been influenced by wavelength of exciting light and acidity and basicity of solution. It is concluded that the glucose molecule marked with sodium fluorescein can be identified effectively in microchannels in this experiment. The new technology based on the study will lead to new application in bioanalysis and biological detection.

An observation scheme, which is designed several frequencies suited over the natural audio electric field frequency range, is used to qualitatively understand the electrical structure of underground geological body. Weak signal detection technology has been used to amplify and filter the weak natural electric field signal, and read out them after selecting corresponding frequencies and integrating. This instrument can observe eight natural electric field signal at frequency of 8Hz, 16Hz, 32Hz, 64Hz, 128Hz, 256Hz, 512Hz, 1024Hz. Several reliable technologies have been used in the hardware design and software development to improve both the anti-interferences capability and system stability. Compared with field work instance, we conclude that natural audio electric field frequency selecting instrument can get the underground geological information within a certain depth, and therefore it can be used for fast survey in geology and mineral resources, and in engineering geophysical and water resources.

The C/C-SiC composites are prepared by the reaction molten infiltration process of silicon powders, using porous C/C composites as preform. C/C composite frameworks with various bulk densities are prepared by the chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) combined with the resin impregnation-pyrolysis methods, using needled-carbon fiber felts as preform. Characterization of the microstructure was conducted with a digital microscope (VHX-500) and a polarized light microscopy, respectively. The hardness (H) and the elastic modulus (E) of the composites are measured using a nano indentor. The results show that the indentation behaviors of the pyrolytic carbon and resin carbon are elastic while silicon and silicon carbide show a plastic deformation behavior. The hardness of the resin carbon as well as the pyrolytic carbon is 2.1GPa and 1.3~1.6GPa, respectively. E of SiC varied from 360 to 259GPa and H from 36 to 21GPa. For Si, the value of E and H are 155-170GPa and 11.7GPa, respectively. The relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of C/C-SiC composites were analyzed.

The effect of DLC film on tribological properties of C/C composites was investigated with a ball-on-disk tribometer in dry air, compared with the result of specimen without DLC film. The DLC film was prepared on the surface of C/C composites substrate by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition method (PECVD). After PECVD, structural characterization of the film, adhesion strength of film to substrate, surface morphology and linear wear were studied by Raman spectroscopy, Rockwell-C apparatus, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Optical Microscopy (OM), respectively. The result showed that the film deposited on the surface of C/C substrate exhibited typical Raman spectroscopy fingerprints of DLC films and a good adhesion to the substrate surface was found. A stable friction coefficient was observed during the friction tests. With the DLC film, the friction and wear properties of C/C composites were improved significantly. The average friction coefficient of the C/C specimen with DLC film (0.08637) was reduced by 65.56% than that of the one without DLC film (0.2508) and the linear wear was decreased by 84.7% ( from 148.47μm to 22.71 μm) as well.

This article applied multidimensional and cooperative game theory to analysis the resource distribution problems of monopoly group and oligarchic groups. Such distribution method will make sure that every sub company can not only obtain normal profit but also can maximize the profit of whole group. This article also gives some application research which can provide reference to the choices of group competitive strategy

According to the requirements of aluminum conductor composite cores, a kind of resin system was developed with TGDDM as main body, and self-made flexible epoxy SUC-1 as auxiliary, plus methyl hexahydrophthalic anhydride as curing agent. The gel rate of the system was high enough to meet the demands of pultrusion technique. The heat deformation temperature of cured sample reached 194°C, and the tensile strength achieved 62.95Mpa. The elongation at break matched that of carbon fibers. The interfacial bonding between the matrix and the fibers, observed by scanning electron microscope, was tight without debonding phenomenon.

In layer-by-layer EDM milling based on inner jetted dielectric, the dielectric inlet pressure is an important process parameter and has great influence on the machining characteristics. So, numerical simulation of the liquid-solid two-phase flow field in discharge gap is conducted. The simulation results of debris concentration reveal that the debris can be evacuated from the discharge gap in time, which increases the machining process stabilization and improves the machining efficiency. Finally, the effect of dielectric inlet pressure on material removal rate (MRR) and tool wear ratio (TWR) were also researched and discussed. The optimum inlet pressure, which maximized the MRR and minimized the TWR, was found through experiment.

The wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) technology is widely used in the field of mold industry, aerospace, automobile and so on. However, in the discharge machining, the electrode wire wear will affect the machining accuracy and machining efficiency. There are many factors that affect the electrode wire wear, and cutting many work-piece and precise surveying are needed in the wear experiment, so the whole experiment is complex. This article analyzed the wear mechanism and found the main reason of affect the electrode wire wear by using the ANSYS software to do the temperature field simulation. The simulation parameters and simulation results were verified through experiments. The experiment showed that appropriate ratio of peak current and pulse width and the slow current rise slope can reduce the electrode wire wear significantly.

Micro-EDM technology has the advantages of no-contact and no-cutting force, it has been used in many fields. In order to use micro-EDM to machine proprietary micro array holes, which needs high precise of hole spacing and consistent hole diameter, a new macro-micro dual-drive system of micro-EDM have been made. It uses macro drive to move to a place, measures the error with the high precise grating, and uses micro drive to compensate the error. Online measurement proved that this method has important value if it will be used in micro-EDM.

The powder mixed electro-discharge machining (PMEDM) technologies of silicon carbide particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites (SiCp/Al) are researched in this article. SiCp/Al is widely acknowledged as one of the most competitive varieties of metal matrix composites, firstly applied in the aviation, aerospace and military fields, and gradually extended. Because of the hard and brittle SiC particles contained in this material, mechanical machining is difficult, but EDM does have some advantages. To the same kind of moderate volume fraction (45%) SiCp/Al material, a comparative test was conducted using two kinds of processing methods, traditional EDM (the former) and PMEDM (the latter). Effects of the electrical parameters of both processing methods on the material removal rate (MRR) were analyzed and compared. After processing, the surface roughness value of the former is Ra1.386μm while the latter is Ra0.406μm which is only 29.3% of the former. The surface hardness was also tested by the MTS nano indenter: the former is about 1.7GPa, and the latter is about 2.2GPa which is 1.3 times of the former. Finally, to the machined surface, the micro-topography and the component of ‘white point’ were observed and analyzed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy spectrum respectively. Experiments and investigation results show that the PMEDM has a better performance compared with traditional EDM in improving the roughness, hardness and so on. So PMEDM will have a great potential in the processing of aluminium matrix composites.

The silicon carbide particle reinforced aluminium matrix composite (SiCp/Al) which is acknowledged as one of the most competitive metal matrix composites is now widely applied in aviation, aerospace and military fields, and its application is extending gradually. As a result of the hard and brittle SiC particles contained, mechanical machining of the material is difficult, but the method of electric discharge machining (EDM) has certain prominent advantages. In this paper, SiCp/Al was machined using micro-EDM. First, a Ф40μm × 4.1mm micro tool electrode of which the aspect ratio is up to 100 was made; and then, through experiment, the impact of open-circuit voltage and electrode material on processing speed and electrode wear was analyzed; finally, 28μm wide micro slits, micro square platform of 34μm long on each side and other micro three-dimensional structure were machined. Research and experimental results show that the use of appropriate micro-machining parameters and reasonable processing methods can improve processing performance to better achieve the micro-EDM of SiCp /Al.

In Wire Electro Discharge Machine (WEDM), as the big randomicity of electro discharge, single discharge energy is various. In this paper a resistor-less and half-bridge power supply is investigated based on pulse width modulation(PWM), whose single discharge energy is equal , adopting discharge control strategy of breakdown waiting. And the experiment shows the cutting speed and surface roughness of this isopluse power supply is superior to that of traditional isofrequency power supply.

In this paper, a novel Pulsed-Width-Modulated (PWM) half-bridge High Speed Drilling Electrical Discharge Machining (HSDEDM) power supply has been developed. This power supply has excellent features that include minimal component count and inherent protection. This topology has an energy conservation feature and eliminates the output bulk capacitors and current limiting resistances. Energy used in the erosion process will be controlled by the switched Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) in the half-bridge network and be transferred to the gap between the tool and work-piece. The relative tool wear and machining speed of our proposed topology have been compared with that of a normal power supply with current limiting resistances.

We studied the effects of isoquinoline alkaloid neferine (Nef) extracted from the seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn on Human ether-a-go-go-related gene (HERG) channels stably expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells using whole-cell patch clamp technique, western blot analysis and immunofluorescence experiment. Nef induced a concentration-dependent decrease in current amplitude according to the voltage steps and tail currents of HERG with an IC50 of 7.419 μM (n H −0.5563). Nef shifted the activation curve in a significantly negative direction and accelerated recovery from inactivation and onset of inactivation, however, slowed deactivation. In addition, it had no significant influence on steady-state inactivation curve. Western blot and immunofluorescence results suggested Nef had no significant effect on the expression of HERG protein. In summary, Nef can block HERG K+ channels that functions by changing the channel activation and inactivation kinetics. Nef has no effect on the generation and trafficking of HERG protein. A blocked-off HERG channel was one mechanism of the anti-arrhythmic effects by Nef.

Designing the approximate reasoning matching schemes and the corresponding algorithms with similarity relation ℚ instead of equivalence relation ℚ can reflect the nature of approximate reasoning and meet more application expectations. This paper bases on similarity relation ℚ and introduces the type V matching scheme and the corresponding approximate reasoning type V ℚ−algorithm with the given input A * and knowledge A→B. We also present type V completeness and type V perfection of knowledge base K in ℚ−logic ℂℚ in this paper.

Advanced engineering ceramics are more and more widely employed in modern industries because of their excellent mechanical properties such as high hardness, high compressive strength, high chemical and abrasive resistance. These properties limited the machining to the insulated ceramics. This paper investigates the electrical discharge machining (EDM) of ZrO2-based ceramics by assisting electrode method. The theory of assisting electrode method is introduced. The machining phenomena under different electrical parameters were studied. The material removal mechanisms change with the increase in the power of single pulse. Some work-pieces have been machined successful through the assisting electrode method.

Blank and erythromycin-loaded gelatin microspheres were successfully fabricated via emulsion chemical-crosslinking technique. The surface morphology of the microspheres was characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and optical microscope. The results show that the microspheres were spherical and smooth. The particle average size of erythromycin-loaded microspheres was found to be 20.6 μm, with a high purity of more than 90% and with a good dispersibility. The microspheres could be obtained in a high yield. Erythromycin released from the microspheres was monitored in buffer and artificial body fluid at 37 °C. Average drug content was 27.2%, and erythromycin-loaded gelatin microspheres showed good release profiles with a nearly constant release during 4–8 h in artificial body fluid in vitro degradation studies. These gelatin microspheres are useful for studying and developing various drug-delivery systems.

Super-capacitors are new equipments for energy storage，and they have wide application in practice. At present, blanking is used to machining the electrodes of super-capacitor; however, the disadvantages of the method are burrs, electrode collapse. A new method processing electrode of super-capacitor, wire electrical discharge machining in gas (dry WEDM), were presented in this paper, and the electrode surface morphologies were studied utilizing scan electron microscope (SEM). First, the surface morphologies comparison studies of super-capacitor electrodes processed with different method, such as shearing, blanking and dry WEDM etc., were performed, and research results show that the super-capacitor electrode surfaces machined by dry WEDM achieve flat machining surface, and electrode edges do not collapse. Further surface morphology analysis was carried out based on different pulse durations and air pressure, and analysis results indicate that better machining surface can be achieved when suitable pulse duration and gas pressure are selected. Finally, surface energy spectrum analysis of the super-capacitor electrode processed by dry WEDM is performed, and the analysis result show that alumina are formed on the middle of electrode, aluminum foil, which is favored to the performance of super-capacitor.

Advanced engineering ceramics are more and more widely employed in modern industries because of their excellent mechanical properties such as high hardness, high compressive strength, high chemical and abrasive resistance. This paper investigates the high speed wire electrical discharge machining (HS-WEDM) of Si3N4-based ceramics by assisting electrode method. The theory of assisting electrode method is introduced. The machining phenomena under different electrical parameters were studied and the optimized machine pulse width was got. The material removal mechanisms change with the increase in the power of single pulse.

A novel circulating granular bed filter with conical louver plates (CGBF-CLPs) was designed to remove dust particulates from the flue gas stream of a coal power plant. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the performance of the CGBF-CLPs. Dust collection efficiency and pressure drop data were analyzed to determine better operating conditions. The effect of solid mass flow rate, collector particle size and dust/collector particles separator types on the dust collection efficiency and pressure drop in the CGBF-CLPs were investigated in this study. The solid mass flow rate ( B ) varied from 15.59 ± 0.44 to 20.36 ± 0.68 g s −1 and the initial average collector particle sizes were 1500 and 795 μm, respectively. Two types of separators, a cyclone and an inertial one, for separating the dust and collector particles were used in the CGBF-CLPs system. An Air Personal Sampler (SKC PCXR8) was used to determine the inlet and outlet dust concentrations. A differential pressure transmitter and data acquisition system were used to measure the pressure drop. Experimental results showed that the highest dust collection efficiency was 99.59% when the solid mass flow rate was 17.08 ± 0.48 g s −1 and the initial average collector particle size was 795 μm with the cyclone type separator. The results showed that the attrition fines of the original collector particles returning to the granular bed filter (GBF) reduced bed voidage. This phenomenon significantly increased the dust collection efficiency in the CGBF-CLPs. As a consequence, a bigger bed voidage creates a lower dust collection efficiency in the GBF.

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was used for identification of two problematic ureides, asparagine and citrulline. We report here a technique that takes advantage of the predictable delay in retention time of the co-asparagine/citrulline peak to enable both qualitative and quantitative analysis of asparagine and citrulline using the Platinum EPS reverse-phase C18 column (Alltech Associates). Asparagine alone is eluted earlier than citrulline alone, but when both of them are present in biological samples they may co-elute. HPLC retention times for asparagine and citrulline were influenced by other ureides in the mixture. We found that at various asparagines and citrulline ratios [= 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3; corresponding to 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75 (μMol m−1/μMol ml−1)], the resulting peak exhibited different retention times. Adjustment of ureide ratios as internal standards enables peak identification and quantification. Both chemicals were quantified in xylem sap samples of pecan [ Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] trees. Analysis revealed that tree nickel nutrition status affects relative concentrations of Urea Cycle intermediates, asparagine and citrulline, present in sap. Consequently, we concluded that the HPLC methods are presented to enable qualitative and quantitative analysis of these metabolically important ureides.

In immersion lithography the optical path between the lens element and the photoresist is currently water. Defects have been identified as a major roadblock for the introduction of immersion lithography to real device manufacturing. To address these immersion specific defect issues we have developed a novel additive approach for controlling the resist surface and it's interaction with water.[1] These additives have been designed to segregate within the resist film and migrate to the resist surface. Due to the high local concentration of these additives at the resist/water interface they create a very hydrophobic surface and allow control of surface properties. Data will be presented on this novel concept, illustrating the control of leaching and resist surface hydrophobicity. The use of this new technique allows control of leaching, resist surface contact angles and immersion specific defects.As critical dimensions (CDs) in the semiconductor industry shrink, pattern collapse becomes a problem. We classify pattern collapse into three classes: adhesion failure, pattern strength failure and pattern film loss failure, and relate these to the capillary forces which drive failure. In this paper, the correlation of PCM with Ψ (carbon heteroatom ratio) of polymer composition, resist profile, PEB temperature and time are discussed. Finally, mechanistic understanding of pattern failure and subsequent correlations gives us the tools to design advanced resist with excellent PCM.

The positive regulatory role of PSM/SH2-B downstream of various mitogenic receptor tyrosine kinases or gene disruption experiments in mice support a role of PSM in the regulation of insulin action. Here, four alternative PSM splice variants and individual functional domains were compared for their role in the regulation of specific metabolic insulin responses. We found that individual PSM variants in 3T3-L1 adipocytes potentiated insulin-mediated glucose and amino acid transport, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and key components in the metabolic insulin response including p70 S6 kinase, glycogen synthase, glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), Akt, Cbl, and IRS-1. Highest activity was consistently observed for PSM alpha, followed by beta, delta, and gamma with decreasing activity. In contrast, dominant-negative peptide mimetics of the PSM Pro-rich, pleckstrin homology (PH), or src homology 2 (SH2) domains inhibited any tested insulin response. Potentiation of the insulin response originated at the insulin receptor (IR) kinase level by PSM variant-specific regulation of the Km (ATP) whereas the Vmax remained unaffected. IR catalytic activation was inhibited by peptide mimetics of the PSM SH2 or dimerization domain (DD). Either peptide should disrupt the complex of a PSM dimer linked to IR via SH2 domains as proposed for PSM activation of tyrosine kinase JAK2. Either peptide abolished downstream insulin responses indistinguishable from PSM siRNA knockdown. Our results implicate an essential role of the PSM variants in the activation of the IR kinase and the resulting metabolic insulin response. PSM variants act as internal IR ligands that in addition to potentiating the insulin response stimulate IR catalytic activation even in the absence of insulin.

In this paper, we summarize our development efforts for a top-coatless 193nm immersion positive tone development (PTD) contact hole (C/H) resist with improved litho and defect performances for logic application specifically with an advance node. The ultimate performance goal was to improve the depth of focus (DoF) margin, mask error enhancement factor (MEEF), critical dimension uniformity (CDU), contact edge roughness (CER), and defect performance. Also, the through pitch CD difference was supposed to be comparable to the previous control resist. Effects of polymer and PAG properties have been evaluated for this purpose. The material properties focused in the evaluation study were polymer activation energy (Ea), polymer solubility differentiated by polymerization process types, and diffusion length (DL) and acidity (pKa) of photoacid generator (PAG). Additionally, the impact of post exposure bake (PEB) temperature was investigated for process condition optimization. As a result of this study, a new resist formulation to satisfy all litho and defect performance was developed and production yield was further improved.