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Abbiamo visto che gli effetti della pandemia Covid hanno colpito le persone e le strutture più fragili, e che gli effetti sulle persone, gruppi sociali, località più deboli e fragili sono strati molto più negativi di quanto sarebbe stato possibile. A partire da tali fragilità, in questo saggio affrontiamo tre questioni: 1. Perché una buona politica e una buona pianificazione territoriale dovrebbero proteggere e rafforzare le persone, i luoghi e i sistemi più fragili? 2. Come potrebbero farlo, tenendo conto dei vincoli e della difficoltà a prevedere (soprattutto l’imprevisto)? 3. C’è un assetto territoriale, di organizzazione delle funzioni urbane e di riequilibrio tra città densa e territorio che può essere (più) antifragile?

In the Israeli-Palestinian context there is an intricate territorial conflict based on two different and contrasting narratives of historical, cultural and religious belonging. In this clash, it is the state of Israel that holds power and exercises it through spatial, politicaladministrative and economic control over the Occupied Palestinian Territories. Since 1948 a continuous process of contraction of Palestinian Territories (PT) has been initiated, this by means of targeted policies such as the incessant construction of Israeli settlements, the declaration of military zones and the construction of by Pass roads etc. The research explores and analyzes the role that planning has played in the process of colonization of the PT, using planning techniques to achieve political objectives, by making the strong part prevails against the weaker one. Thus, this thesis aims, from one hand to demonstrate the ineffectiveness of planning system used by the Palestinian National Authority in areas of its sovereignty: it is done through the use of analytical and comparative methodology to study the planning system in the PT and its historical development and the descriptive method of the impacts of Israeli policy on Palestinian cities. From the other hand, by using the city of Jericho as a case study, the thesis elaborates the research issues and advices for better planning and management of the PT based on future scenarios of the political situation.

This research aims to demonstrate if and how a Learning City can exist, and satisfy the requirement of a Healthy City, trying to give an operational meaning to this word beyond the current definitions and guidelines (OMS, OECD, UNESCO, ONU, MIUR) reflecting on the educational potential of space. The results of the research demonstrate a "healthy city” is above all a fully, inclusive and enabling, innovative and safe "usable and used" city by all its inhabitants. A malleable and transformable urban environment, not only a container of health or learning, but also as an instrument that creates them and allows the people to be not only recipients, but co-authors of their own processes of development and well-being in the full sense, in an emancipatory perspective. The research is therefore inscribed in the broad debate on what it means to be a "healthy city" as well as the particularly effervescent "innovative" learning spaces, "re-organizing” the priorities of the urban agenda. The research approach aims to overcome the limits inherent in the disciplinary and academic fields, often characterised by fragmentation and isolation, by moving onto other disciplinary domains, especially in the pedagogical sciences; re-center the city around the theme of learning, beyond the enclosures / standards/ disciplinary and exclusion devices produced by the contemporary city, from the beginning of the modern city. At the same time, the rhetoric of the Innovative Learning Spaces is replaced with projects / processes (of space and learning) based on the "Capability Approach" as a founding paradigm of the spatial and pedagogical choices (with the perspective for lifelong/wide/deep learning). In the III part of the work (chapter IV and V) explains the reasons why this could occur, opening learning spaces to the city and vice versa, from the perspective of widespread learning, with a series of reflections, ideas, research trails, case studies, and direct experience in the field as well as in the sphere of research & action. A possible methodology is introduced suggesting to elaborate the concept of "tactical counter-device" chosen as a tool that, by its nature, is able to “hack” and “dubug” space into an inclusive perspective, capacitative-enabling, "beta-permanent", open and incremental. Starting a new concept of learning, which guarantees different yet fair opportunities to all, ensuring everyone will have the chance to use and enjoy the city with respect to the development prospects chosen for each-ones own life and action projects, especially for all those categories of "disadvantaged" inhabitants to whom the city is hostile and inaccessible.

The research project „Learning Economies. Modelling Community-Led Local Development for the Sustainable Economic Trajectories оf the Negotin аnd Zlatibor Regions” is a policy oriented project that provides a platform for interdisciplinary scientific collaboration on identification and construction of a Community-Led Local Development (CLLD) intervention model on the regional sustainable development paths.The project is part of the “Executive Programme for Scientific and Technological Cooperation Between the Italian Republic and The Republic of Serbia for the Years 2016-2018” as a "Joint Research Project of Particular Relevance" ("Progetti di Grande Rilevanza" aisensi della I. 401/90).

This research aims at investigating the theoretical basis, the role, and the regularities of performing arts in the urban environment. References to theatre and dance are abundant in urban studies, but they serve almost exclusively as metaphors. Investigating the specificity of performing arts will also allow clarifying the performative aspects of every artistic intervention in urban space. Indeed, from ancient rituals to contemporary street theatre, an intentional and staged action plays a central role not only in the processes of sense giving and community building, or in what is today called "placemaking," but also in the "production of space." Three main conceptual tools are identified: the rhythmanalytical method, as sketched by Lefebvre; the trialectical logic, as elaborated by the Situationist International; and the category of liminality, as defined by Turner. The second section of the work, called "Atlas," while working as a repertoire of case studies supporting the theoretical text, is also intended to work autonomously by building a parallel discourse through images. That section aims to demonstrate how a range of performance interventions produce the city and underscore the notion that theatre is a requirement in the production – or building – of urban space and, as such, forms a continuum with architecture and urban design. The thesis is completed with a section of interviews with choreographers and directors who have dedicated their attention to performance in the urban environment.

The research is driven by the motivation to contribute to the elaboration of the "science of the city" (Lefebvre), through the study of relationships and correlations which insist in the city. The choice is to investigate processes in which the lefebvrian concept of the “right to the city” is claimed in order to verify if it can be verified in these contexts not only the emergence of rights or a way of exercising rights related to the city. Above all, it intends to understand if a capacity for legal production can be identified. Recognizing the impossibility and uselessness of denying the conflict, and even evaluating the contribution of urban movements and practices in promoting greater collective well-being, it was decided to verify their contribution to generate another meaning of the right to the city that include the genesis of rules and effective government tools. It has been chosen to adopt a methodology strongly based on research-action and case-studies that allowed analysis and continuous interactions. It was intended to operate considering the interaction between movements and groups with the institutions, in order to verify dialectics according to their contribution to the general interest, for an improvement of institutions and generative processes of norms.

The research examined mining landscape in Sardinia (Geo-mining, Historical and Environmental Park in Sardinia) as a place for everyday living. Developed within the theoretical framework of ‘production of space’ and cultural landscape concept it challenged place to identify and public participation in heritage conservation. Topic-specific theoretical principles and cases of practice have shown central role of everyday life routine and public participation in making-decision process for long-term heritage sustainability. Comprehensive elaboration of mining landscape in Sardinia confirmed domination of abstract space (bureaucracy and economy - mining industry in the past) that has modelled the landscape ever since. Productive synthesis of theoretical findings and international practices complemented the guidelines for the Sardinian case. Reproduction model illustrated components to the interpretative, evaluative and transformative value of mining landscape in Sardinia. Place identity (bound of place and people) is vital for reproduction of mining landscape in Sardinia as a place for living and loving. Both theory and practice, suggest territoriality of place-specific identities. The development principles focused rethinking the heritage conception on the regional level but starting from and with the local community. Research suggests more amplification of everyday life practices for a particular site of the mining landscape in Sardinia.

The essential theme of this research is the refugee issue in Jordan. This phenomenon, which accompanies the history of the Kingdom of Jordan, can’t be considered only as the management of an emergency through sectorial policies disconnected and not addressing the issue of administrative reorganization and promotion of public participation. For these reasons, its necessary to start from the history of Jordan: from a long history of refugees and asylum-seekers (Attachment 1), from a role it plays at international level as a territory where the government defines experimental management forms (Attachment 2), to description the current administrative situation of the Kingdom of Jordan (Chapter 5); in addiction, it is fundamental to deal with the actual crisis caused by the conflict in Syria (Chapter 4). These topics interrelate in Chapter 6; define the guide lines to deal with the problem of refugees and the question of government of the territory in Jordan (management of collective services, reorganization of administrative authority). The case study, useful to understand the current situation, is the refugee camp of Zaatari (illustrate in Chapter 2), from which can be draw inspiration information and good practices to create urban and territorial strategies for a refugees.

The topic of housing, understood as grouping of social housing or as construction of “bourgeois” apartment buildings, in recent decades has seen a constant renewal of perspectives related to urban newly-built projects, to the recovery of brownfields and of course to the recovery of existing buildings. Following the creeping economic crisis, which has affected most of the advanced economies for almost a decade, the theme of house has taken again a central role in the discipline of architectural design and in the urban and social development planning policies. This dissertation, therefore, aims to investigate what happened, especially in Europe, in the two decades after the end of the Second World War. This period of strong revision of the concepts and theories of dwelling in different disciplinary environments and the consequent need of social and urban reconstruction, urged designers, theorists, philosophers to question themselves again about principles of dwelling, with all the implications that this new reflection generated. Among the Fifties and Sixties and the present day there are many similarities, especially in the economic and social fields. Research on collective housing project, that has been a central theme of the contemporary architecture since the early 2000s, reinterprets many of the trials of those years, rediscovering the inhabitant as a thinking man and not as a number. This research work, therefore, wants to: understand what are today the design actions focused on collective housing and on shared living that can affect the architectural and social renewal of the contemporary urban palimpsest and that reinterpret the models of the ‘50s and ‘60s; to investigate the experimental and greatly distinguishing examples, that belong to a historical period that will still probably need a historical gap to be better understood and absorbed; to analyze changes and transformations relating to the theme of collective dwelling, that occurred since the end of the Forties, through the Fifties to get to the Sixties; to find in the models of the ‘50s and ‘60s current references capable of returning an architecture closer to the perception of the space of the so-called “man in the street” that in 1949 was considered by James Maude Richards as first recipient of architectural production.

The “Street as Project of Public Space” problem is a “Right to the City” problem. It is, because of – paradoxically- it increasingly denies the Right of large part of urban population to move freely in the city and finally to “use”, to live freely the city. All individuals whom do not match the “ideal citizen” [adult-male-healthy-productive-wealthy-driver], they live in a hostile city. We could maybe “give back” public spaces to these urban populations [children, women, elderly, disabled, migrants, poor, pedestrians, cyborgs, and fyborgs, and so on]starting from here: understanding the importance of individuals’ diversities, make it a big challenge for the project. The research explore possibilities about how to do it in a incisive and positive way, analysing conventional and unconventional tools of project and design of public space and street: play, education, participation, self-building, urban inclusive communication, colour, ephemeral structures, micro-scale interventions, unforeseen reactions, time and times, commercial services, slowness, velocity, but overall the incredible diversity of “urban” bodies. The first part analyzes and criticises strategies and modern proposals about the street design; the second part explores the tools and possibilities of different way of design; the third part present some fieldwork projects made by TaMaLaCà group and spin-off, and finally some proposals for the Street as Project of Inclusive Public Space.

The research deals with river basin planning considering both the relations between water, wetlands, and landscape, and the crisis caused by a design approach still conceiving water infrastructure elements – i.e. dams, water supply and treatment, and flood prevention systems – as separate and unrelated to the receiving water system, to its wetlands, and to landscape with its environmental, cultural, historic, and human features. Particular attention is given to artificial reservoirs and coastal wetlands insomuch as they represent nodal points of drainage basins, as they reflect territorial dynamics of water, and as they are cybernetic organisms representing a deeply interconnected socio-environment. The study examines two cases: the Boadella-Aiguamolls de l'Empordà system in Catalonia and the Cuga-Calich system in Sardinia. The research centres on the processes of review and structuration of landscape-water infrastructure relation, organizing its content based on multiple territorial layerings, within which complex issues – like flood risk, poor quality of water, low efficiency of water supply network, degradation of environment and landscape, or social denial of waterscapes – become driving forces in the definition of potential planning strategies rather than being mere outcomes.

The main focus of the thesis is an important experience in the conquest of public space from the citizens. Using the construction and deconstruction of Can Batlló's appropriation process, we are able to define the critical elements through which the context was educated, making possible the public space appropriation, recognizing the result reasons, understanding the problems and difficulties we came across and facing the future risks of this conquest. The thesis is not a simple narration of a story, but it follows the key issues and problem development, till arrive at the final results of this experience. The dissertation will be useful and meaningful for the answering of general questions, but especially for a practical critic about the project role and its expert, about the relationship with the institutions and participation problems and limits, typical democracy problems. An important goal for everyone that doesn't believe in the possibility of urban regeneration without the inhabitants as main protagonist, and for everyone that believes in the professionals' full immersion in the social practice, seen as a tool for discover again a role and a function of the expert, especially of the architects.