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In this paper, we investigate the causal link between bank-based financial development and economic growth in Morocco between 2003 and 2018 using a vector autoregression framework. We test for caus...

The virus SARS-CoV2 and the disease spectrum caused by it have led to a widespread impact on the medical and economic status of all nations of the world. This led to an expedited mission to introduce a vaccine which could attempt to neutralize the pandemic to some extent. Many vaccines have been introduced with an acceptable safety profile, producing only mild adverse effects of soreness at injection site, malaise, fever, diarrhoea, myalgia and uncommonly allergic/anaphylactic reactions and possibility of getting infected with SARS-CoV2. Some isolated reports have also emerged of serious thromboembolic phenomena and neurological complications such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS). A similar incident was noticed at our institute, where a 71 year old male recipient of COVID-19 vaccine at an immunization centre, presented to us with features of GBS. We hereby report this case, not establishing a direct link between the two, but to raise awareness regarding the ongoing mass immunization world-wide.

BACKGROUND: Ranitidine injection is not well-known to cause cardiac arrest except in few published case reports. The Eritrean Pharmacovigilance Centre received four cases of cardiac arrest associated with ranitidine injection. OBJECTIVE: To assess the causal relationship between cardiac arrest and ranitidine, and to identify possible risk factors. METHODS: This is a descriptive case series assessment of cardiac arrest associated with ranitidine and data was mined to supplement the cases from the WHO global database of individual case safety reports. RESULTS: In all cases, ranitidine injection was administered fast IV bolus without proper dilution and the outcome was fatal in three. All patients encountered cardiac arrest within 20 minutes of intravenous use. Causality was found to be probable in two cases and possible in the other two. Cardiac arrest could have been prevented in all cases. On top of this, from the WHO global database, 185 cases of cardiac arrest and cardio-pulmonary arrest associated with ranitidine were retrieved and 49.7% were fatal. In 40% of the cases, ranitidine was reported as a single suspect. In 36 cases, cardiac arrest resolved following withdrawal of ranitidine and reaction recurred in one case after re-introduction of the product. CONCLUSION: There appears a causal link between ranitidine and cardiac arrest, possibly related to medication errors that warrants immediate attention from healthcare professionals.

In the prevailing phenomenon of peptide fibrillization, β-strand conformation has long been believed to be an important structural basis for peptide assembly. According to a widely accepted theory, in most peptide fibrillization processes, peptide monomers need to intrinsically take or transform to β-strand conformation before they can undergo ordered packing to form nanofibers. In this study, we reported our findings on an alternative peptide fibrillization pathway starting from a disordered secondary structure, which could then transform to β-strand after fibrillization. By using circular dichroism, thioflavin-T binding test, and transmission electron microscopy, we studied the secondary structure and assembly behavior of Ac-RADARADARADARADA-NH2 (RADA16-I) in a low concentration range. The effects of peptide concentration, solvent polarity, pH, and temperature were investigated in detail. Our results showed that at very low concentrations, even though the peptide was in a disordered secondary structure, it could still form nanofibers through intermolecular assembly, and under higher peptide concentrations, the transformation from the disordered structure to β-strand could happen with the growth of nanofibers. Our results indicated that even without ordered β-strand conformation, driving forces such as hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction could still play a determinative role in the self-assembly of peptides. At least in some cases, the formation of β-strand might be the consequence rather than the cause of peptide fibrillization.

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is the most lethal form of child abuse; preventing AHT should be a national priority, but research into this area is woefully underfunded. Prevention programs have primarily focused on universal parent education during the neonatal period, a time when parents are a captive audience of the health care establishment whose focus is on the needs of their newborn infant, and who will soon be exposed to the frustration and anger of infant crying. Research has suggested a strong causal link between infant crying and AHT, and parents - particularly fathers and father figures - have been identified as the most common perpetrators of AHT. A number of studies have suggested that educating parents during the postnatal period about the normalcy of inconsolable infant crying and its evolution over the first several months of postnatal life improves parental knowledge about infant crying and a number of positive parenting behaviors, and decreases emergency room visits for crying. In 1998, we began a pilot program in Upstate New York near Buffalo that led to a 47% reduction in AHT incidence. Similar studies have demonstrated 35-75% reductions in incidence, which has led to enthusiasm for this approach to preventing AHT. We, as well as another group, have enacted statewide programs in Pennsylvania and North Carolina; unfortunately, these two large statewide replication trials failed to demonstrate any impact of such an intervention on AHT rates. Serial messages for parents, provided repeatedly over the period of greatest risk for AHT, might be another avenue of research.

Fiction reading experience affects emotion recognition abilities, yet the causal link remains underspecified. Current theory suggests fiction reading promotes the simulation of fictional minds, which supports emotion recognition skills. We examine the extent to which contextualized statistical experience with emotion category labels in language is associated with emotion recognition. Using corpus analyses, we demonstrate fiction texts reliably use emotion category labels in an emotive sense (e.g., cry of relief), whereas other genres often use alternative senses (e.g., hurricane relief fund). Furthermore, fiction texts were shown to be a particularly reliable source of information about complex emotions. The extent to which these patterns affect human emotion concepts was analyzed in two behavioral experiments. In experiment 1 (n = 134), experience with fiction text predicted recognition of emotions employed in an emotive sense in fiction texts. In experiment 2 (n = 387), fiction reading experience predicted emotion recognition abilities, overall. These results suggest that long-term language experience, and fiction reading, in particular, supports emotion concepts through exposure to these emotions in context.

This study examined the dynamics of conflict, emerging trends and relationship between inter-pastoral conflicts and environmental changes in Nyangatom, Southern Ethiopia. The study employed a qualitative approach and exploratory case study research design. The study revealed that inter-pastoral conflicts stem from multiple and compounding dynamics. The environmental change has escalated intense inter-pastoralists’ contestation and conflicts, including cross-border conflict, on the scarce and fast-depleting natural resources. Indeed, there is a causal link between inter-pastoral conflicts and environmental changes. In this regard, the environmental factor has uniquely affected the Nyangatom due to the drying of Kibish River and rapid invasion of Prosopis–Juliflora in their key grazing lands. In response to environmental stresses as part of the traditional copying mechanism, the Nyangatom cross border deep into South-Sudan to their ethnic kin of Toposa and into Kenya that usually causes frequent cross-border conflicts with Turkana pastoralists. Irrespective of discernible risk of conflicts, they used to migrate to Mursi and Surma territories that caused conflict. And yet, the Nyangatom has often engaged in frequent conflicts with Dasanach. The study suggests alternative livelihood options and an understanding of the complex conflict dynamics in view of the cause-effect relationships for future management of inter-pastoral and cross-border conflicts in the region.

The temporal-focus hypothesis (TFH) states that people’s mental conceptualization of past or future as in front is determined by their cultural attitudes towards time. Whereas previous studies have...

The present study aims to investigate the needs of users in connection with the information of intangible assets in current financial statements with an emphasis on the way of disclosing non-financial information. For this purpose, the effect of the two independent variables of causal links’ discussion and level of non-financial performance on the financial performance of the firm, as the dependent variable, has been studied. The research is applied in terms of its objective and it is a survey in terms of the research design. The research population includes PhD students of accounting in top-ranking universities of Iran. Statistical methods, including test ratio, single-sample t-test, independent t-test, and one-way and two-way variance analysis have been used to test hypotheses. The findings show that the disclosure of non-financial intangible information along with causal links does not affect the judgment of investors with a low or high level of knowledge. However, it should be noted that the recall of the performance in terms of non-financial criteria by investors, who have a causal link discussion, is higher than others.

Background: There is growing concern that the increased use of personal digital devices, which emit a high proportion of their light in the blue wavelengths, may have harmful effects on the retina. Extensive historical as well as current research demonstrates that exposure to high energy visible light (blue light) can damage the retina under certain circumstances. There are, however, no studies that directly address whether blue light at the intensities emitted by digital devices can potentially cause such harm. The present review aimed to examine whether blue light exposure from computers, tablets, and cell phones can, when used habitually over a prolonged period of time, be harmful to the retinal. Methods: A search of the literature on blue light-induced retinal damage was performed using a number of scientific search engines, including BioOne Complete™, Google Scholar™, Paperity™, PubMed™, and ScienceOpen™. Studies most significant for addressing the question of possible harmful effects of blue light emitted by personal digital devices were selected from this search and reviewed. Results: The data from the selected studies were summarized and their limitations in addressing the question of whether the blue light from personal digital devices is capable of producing retinal damage were addressed. Based on these limitations, a practical experimental protocol for collecting the additional data needed was proposed. Data from pilot experiments are presented that indicate the practicality of this approach. Conclusions: The currently available data on the effects of blue light on the retina are not sufficient to refute the hypothesis that the use of personal digital devices could, over a lifetime, produce retinal damage. Additional studies, such as those proposed in this article, are needed to resolve this issue.

There are different perspectives about the relationship between woman's health and economic growth. The question among economists is, whether the economic growth is affected by woman's health or economic growth causes woman's health? Accordingly, the major purpose of this study is to investigate the causal relationship between woman's health and economic growth group by using the Conjugated Granger Causality Approach and the Dumitrescu and Hurlin's test over the period 1990–2016 in two groups of D8 and G7 countries. Results indicate that in the D8 countries, the hypothesis of no causal relationship between life expectancy, fertility rate and economic growth mortality cannot be rejected at a significant level of 5%, but the hypothesis of no relationship causes of economic growth are rejected by life expectancy, fertility rates and mortality rates. Therefore, there is a one-way causal relationship between economic growth in life expectancy, fertility rates and mortality rates. On the other hand, the study for G7 group countries shows that, the hypothesis of no causal relationship between life expectancy and mortality rate to economic growth as well as the absence of causality from economic growth to life expectancy and mortality rates cannot be rejected at a significant level of 5%. Therefore, there is no causal relationship between life expectancy and mortality rate and economic growth and these two variables have no effect on each other. Also, the hypothesis of no causal relationship between fertility rate and economic growth and absence of causality relation from economic growth to fertility rate is rejected at the significant level of 5%. There is therefore a two-way causal link between fertility rate and economic growth.

Sandroni and Squintani (Am Econ Rev 97(5):1994–2004, 2007) argue that in the presence of overconfident agents, the findings of Rothschild and Stiglitz (Q J Econ 90:629–649, 1976) no longer hold since compulsory insurance makes the low-risk agents worse off. The main assumption of Sandroni and Squintani (2007) is that there exists a causal link between overconfidence and insurance-purchasing behavior. In this paper, I use a design similar to Camerer and Lovallo (Am Econ Rev 89(1):306–318, 1999) to establish this causal link. I show that overconfident subjects purchase significantly less actuarially fair insurance when the probability of loss is unknown and it depends on their own unknown ability than when the probability of loss is known.

The presented paper reflects upon the possible causal link between sin and disease from the biblical, and also Christian, point of view. This tradition and its knowledge are confronted with the facts of other sciences. The paper seeks to reveal the complexity of the issue and its importance in specific areas of social work.

Beetles of the genus Anthrenus are widespread worldwide and are quite common as grain and stock pests, especially in rural regions and suburban areas. The larvae of the beetles can trigger skin and occasionally mucosal reactions upon contact. The unfamiliar but typical image of "Anthrenus dermatitis" can easily be misinterpreted if beetle larvae are not detected or a causal link with them is not suspected. In the present article, the causes of Anthrenus dermatitis are discussed using as an example the larva of the woolly flower beetle (Anthrenus verbasci). For the examination of allergic causes, a prick-to-prick test with native larval material was performed in a patient and the specific IgE was determined by CAP coupling as well as in addition to a commercially available ImmunoCAP against larvae of a related beetle species. With the help of an immunoblot, an attempt was made to determine the responsible allergens in the native larval tissue. Important anatomical fine structures of the larva of a woolly herb flower beetle were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to understand functional processes that lead to the clinical picture of Anthrenus dermatitis. Our allergological findings suggest an IgE-mediated, immediate-type allergy.

Unfortunately, business is often associated with unethical behavior. While research has offered a number of explanations for why business might encourage unethical behavior, we argue that how a person frames a situation may provide important insight. Drawing on the decision frame literature, the goal of the current research is to identify the differences in cognitive processing associated with two decision frames dominant in the business ethics literature—business and ethical—and, with that knowledge, examine ways to mitigate the detrimental influence of frame on unethical behavior. We first demonstrate the causal link between frame and misrepresentation (Study 1), and then identify several differences in cognitive processing—cost–benefit analyses, concern for others, and construal level—that distinguish business and ethical frames, and investigate their effects on misrepresentation (Study 2). In our final set of studies (Studies 3a–c), we demonstrate that the influence of these frames on misrepresentation can be altered by manipulating these cognitive processes, both mitigating and exacerbating a decision maker’s engagement in misrepresentation. We conclude by summarizing our findings and their potential impact on unethical behavior more broadly.

This work was supported in part by the Project AutoNomous DiscoveRy Of depressIve Disorder Signs (ANDROIDS) through the Program VAnviteLli pEr la RicErca (V:ALERE) 2019 Universita della Campania ``Luigi Vanvitelli'' under Grant D.R.906del4/10/2019 and Grant prot.n.15726417/10/2019; in part by the EU H2020 Research and Innovation Program under Grant 769872 [Empathic, Expressive, Advanced Virtual Coach to Improve Independent Healthy-Life-Years of the Elderly (EMPATHIC)] and Grant 823907 [Mental health monitoring through interactive conversations (MENHIR)]; and in part by the Project SocIal ROBOTics for active and healthy ageing (SIROBOTICS) through Italian Ministero dell'istruzione, dell'universita e della ricerca (MIUR) under Grant PNR2015-2020, Grant D.D.1735, and Grant 13/07/2017., Currently, the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) and its subtypes is mainly based on subjective assessments and self-reported measures. However, objective criteria as Electroencephalography (EEG) features would be helpful in detecting depressive states at early stages to prevent the worsening of the symptoms. Scientific community has widely investigated the effectiveness of EEG-based measures to discriminate between depressed and healthy subjects, with the aim to better understand the mechanisms behind the disorder and find biomarkers useful for diagnosis. This work offers a comprehensive review of the extant literature concerning the EEG-based biomarkers for MDD and its subtypes, and identify possible future directions for this line of research. Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases were researched following PRISMA's guidelines. The initial papers' screening was based on titles and abstracts; then full texts of the identified articles were examined, and a synthesis of findings was developed using tables and thematic analysis. After screening 1871 articles, 76 studies were identified as relevant and included in the systematic review. Reviewed markers include EEG frequency bands power, EEG asymmetry, ERP components, non-linear and functional connectivity measures. Results were discussed in relations to the different EEG measures assessed in the studies. Findings confirmed the effectiveness of those measures in discriminating between healthy and depressed subjects. However, the review highlights that the causal link between EEG measures and depressive subtypes needs to be further investigated and points out that some methodological issues need to be solved to enhance future research in this field., Project AutoNomous DiscoveRy Of depressIve Disorder Signs (ANDROIDS) through the Program VAnviteLli pEr la RicErca (V:ALERE) 2019 Universita della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli'' D.R.906del4/10/2019, EU H2020 Research and Innovation Program 769872- 823907, Ministry of Education, Universities and Research (MIUR) D.D.1735

An increasing interest in transport affordability has brought attention to the factors driving household transport expenditure. Existent income inequality is part of what drives this interest. However, the possible causal link between income distribution and household transport expenditure is scarcely studied in the literature. In addition, the few existing studies only focus on post-tax income distribution. This paper provides the first known analysis that includes both pre-tax and post-tax income distribution, and a specific focus on the richest one percent. Random effects regressions and instrumental variables are used to analyse panel data covering 14 OECD countries during the 1992–2016 period. Inequality has an effect on overall household transport expenditure, and more specifically on purchase of vehicles and operation of private transport equipment. The pre-tax share of the rich increases overall expenditure on purchases of new private vehicles, with a decreasing effect when market inequality is high. The post-tax share of the poor has an effect on operation of transport equipment, but the sign of this effect depends on the existent level of post-tax inequality.

Scholars suggest that in high fertility settings where there is high wanted fertility, lowering the desired family size is a necessary precondition for fertility declines. Though accumulated evidence has linked socio-economic developments to changes in fertility desires, little efforts have taken to disentangle the relative importance of key socio- economic determinants such as education, income, and area of residence in a multi-level context. Combining individual and community-level data from Demographic and Health Surveys of 34 African countries to aggregate level indicators, we have quantified and compared the relative role of female education on fertility desire at the individual, community, and country levels. Results show that at the individual level, female education has a stronger effect compared to household wealth, and area of residence. The high levels of reported desired family size in the rural parts of SSA are mainly a consequence of their relatively lower levels of educational attainment compared to their urban counterparts. At the community level, the relative impact of female education is even more striking. The simulation results revealed that moving the most economically disadvantaged and illiterate woman from a low educated to a high-educated community would reduce her desired family size by about 20 percent. On the other hand, lifting the same woman from the poorest to the wealthiest community would reduce her family size desire only by 6 percent. Our findings are robust to alternative measures of fertility preferences. This study, thus, confirmed the findings of previous studies that have looked at the relationship and causal link between actual fertility and women’s level of educational attainment.

The pandemic period showed uneven access of the population to quality medical care. The rural population was the most vulnerable. Accordingly, the study’s primary purpose is to determine the level of satisfaction of the rural population with the quality and accessibility of medical services (for example, the rural population of Sumy City Council), establish сausal link, and develop recommendations for improving health care in rural areas. The meta-analysis, as well as patient surveys, were used as methodological tools in the study. The sources of information were the legislative framework in health care and survey results. The study results showed that 79.4% of respondents in the area of residence could receive medical care at a medical assistant and obstetric center or hospital. For most respondents (88.5%), getting to a medical institution is not a problem. After all, they spend no more than 40 minutes on the road. However, some patients need to travel by train, which reduces their satisfaction with the facility’s location. 91.5% of respondents turn to family doctors. 69% of them are satisfied with the quality of medical services. Nevertheless, it is necessary to pay attention to the following problems: 1) the required services were not provided; 2) the doctor was not present; 3) uncomfortable conditions. It will help to increase the level of patient satisfaction. The causal link of the low level of accessibility of the rural population to quality medical care was built using the obtained results. In general, the study results helped highlight the problems in medical services organizations to the people in rural areas. Understanding these issues allows finding the best ways to solve them, which will help strengthen health care in general. Accordingly, the authors identified the most promising areas for forming the regulatory framework for health care. It also reaffirmed the need to focus on the digitalization of health care. As for now, it is a global trend. Digitalization in health care will create more favorable conditions to ensure equal access of all populations to quality health services. The authors’ findings can be used to develop and implement measures to increase the availability of health services for the rural population at the state level.

Exposure to K-Pop music videos has been associated with increased negative body image in prior correlational work. Here, we experimentally assessed the causal link between exposure to K-Pop music videos and negative body image in teenagers. To investigate, we recruited a sample of 76 teenagers from high schools in the United States and Europe. Participants first rated their body image perception (pre-test) after which they were randomly assigned to watch a K-Pop music video (Experimental Condition) or a classical music video (Control Condition). Finally, participants rated their body image again (post-test). We did not find a causal relationship between K-Pop music video exposure and negative body image in teenagers. In exploratory analyses, we found that baseline levels of negative body image are lower in European compared to American teenagers. We discuss these results in the context of beauty standards across cultures.

Die beskerming van swanger werknemers in die werkplek is noodsaaklik om vroue aan te moedig om deel te neem aan die arbeidsmag. Indiensnemingsbeskerming met swangerskap verseker dat vroue nie onregverdig ontslaan word, of teen gediskrimineer word as gevolg van hulle biologiese vermoë om kinders te baar nie. Die Wet op Arbeidsverhoudinge 66 van 1995 en die Wet op Billike Indiensneming 55 van 1998 bied beskerming aan swanger werknemers deur die ontslag en diskriminasie van werknemers op grond van swangerskap te verbied. Waar daar ’n bewering van ontslag en/of diskriminasie op grond van swangerskap bestaan, moet die werknemer bewys dat haar swangerskap die rede vir die ontslag was. Gevolglik vereis die bewyslas ’n oorsaaklike verband tussen die swangerskap en die ontslag. Sodra die werknemer bewys dat sy weens swangerskap ontslaan is, skuif die onus na die werkgewer om te bewys dat die ontslag billik was. Dit vereis bewys dat die ontslagbesluit nie weens die swangerskap was nie, maar om ’n ander rede. Regspraak dui daarop dat die oorsaaklike verband tussen swangerskap en ontslag in die meeste gevalle geskep word deur die openbaarmaking van die swangerskap by die werkplek. Dit maak dit vir die werkgewer moeiliker om te bewys dat die werknemer om ander redes as haar swangerskap ontslaan is. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg is daar egter geen wetlike plig op ’n werknemer om haar swangerskap aan haar werkgewer bekend te maak nie. ’n Regsvergelykende bespreking van die Duitse wetgewing dui aan dat wetgewing aldaar spesiale beskerming bied aan swanger werknemers teen ontslag vir die duur van ’n werknemer se swangerskap tot en met vier maande na die geboorte van haar baba. Daar is geen plig op ’n werknemer om haar swangerskap bekend te maak nie, aangesien sy nie tydens die beskermingstydperk ontslaan kan word nie. Hierdie vergelykende perspektief weerspieël die waarde wat deur die Duitse reg op moederskap geplaas word. Dit waarborg die beskerming van vroulike werknemers teen ekonomiese kwesbaarheid tydens swangerskap weens die swangerskap. In die Suid-Afrikaanse reg is die bewys van onbillike ontslag op grond van ’n swangerskap meer ingewikkeld. Regspraak dui daarop dat die beskerming teen ontslag versterk word deur ’n mate van kennis van die swangerskap deur die werkgewer. Hierdie benadering hou nie rekening met die werklike ervarings van swanger vroue wat ontslaan is nie, hetsy sy op mediese bevestiging gewag het voordat sy haar swangerskap bekend maak, of moontlik swangerskapverwante siektes gehad het wat haar werksprestasie negatief beïnvloed het, of moontlik nie kon bewys het dat die werkgewer kennis van die swangerskap ontvang het uit ’n ander bron nie. Deur middel van ’n ontleding van relevante Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing en regspraak en ’n vergelykende ontleding van die Duitse verbod op ontslag van swanger werknemers, word hierdie beskerming van swanger werknemers teen ontslag en diskriminasie ondersoek, spesifiek aangesien dit verband hou met die werklikheid van die bekendmaking van swangerskap in die werkplek.

A afetividade é um princípio muito importante no âmbito familiar, estando relacionado não, necessariamente, com o amor, mas com a ligação entre as pessoas da instituição familiar, tendo carga positiva, nesse caso, o amor entre os indivíduos dessa instituição, sejam consanguíneos ou adotivos e, negativamente, por intermédio do ódio.. A abordagem do estudo é sobre o abandono afetivo inverso, aquele em que os descendentes abandonam materialmente e afetivamente os genitores quando mais precisam da ajuda dos familiares mais próximos. Portanto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo de analisar a responsabilização civil dos descendentes no abando afetivo dos genitores. A metodologia adotada foi a pesquisa bibliográfica narrativa, por meio do método dedutivo, com o auxílio de livros, artigos científicos, leis, jurisprudências, monografias, dissertações, teses e outros. Conclui-se que, primeiramente, foi abordado vários princípios constitucionais, os relacionados ao Direito de Família, muitos que embasam o relacionamento da família e levam à compreensão moral dos filhos ampararem seus genitores, tanto financeiramente como afetivamente; após, foi realizada a abordagem sobre os pressupostos que levam à responsabilidade civil, como a culpa presente, o nexo de causalidade o dano que, levados para o aspecto do abandono afetivo inverso, caso os filhos não amparem seus genitores, estará presente a culpa do agente, o nexo causal e o dano infringido ao genitores que, intuitivamente, quando não podem planejar a vida na velhice, ficando à mercê da boa vontade dos filhos, quando não de amigos e vizinhos; por fim, evidencia-se que o tema, abandono afetivo inverso é recente, sendo por enquanto mais presente em julgados quando algum genitor abandona afetivamente seus descendentes, podendo utilizar-se dos mesmos princípios na situação inversa, por isonomia, nos casos de abandono afetivo inverso, apenas deixando a ressalva que o amor é algo incondicional e não deve ser cobrado, mas sim os cuidados que a família deve ter com seus semelhantes sanguíneos ou adotivos, pois existe uma relação natural de solidariedade familiar e esta deve ser levada em consideração por estar de acordo com os demais princípios familiares que regem essa instituição social considerada a mais antiga da humanidade. Tudo isso leva à dificuldade dos tribunais deferirem o pedido de abandono afetivo por inconsistência dos fatos, bem diferente como abandono paternofilial que possui vastas decisões a favor do réu. Contudo, quando presente a responsabilidade civil do abandono afetivo do filho para com os genitores, por analogia aos casos de pais com seus filhos, deve-se ser feito o ressarcimento, apesar do Tribunal de Justiça do Rio de Janeiro não crer que possa ser quantificada essa situação com uma compensação monetária. Palavras-chave: Abandono Afetivo. Inverso. Responsabilidade Civil. Compensação. ABSTRACT: Affection is a very important principle in the family context, being related not necessarily to love, but to the connection between people in the family institution, having a positive charge, in this case, the love between the individuals of that institution, whether consanguineous or adoptive and, negatively, through hatred. The study's approach is about inverse affective abandonment, in which descendants abandon their parents materially and affectively when they need the help of their closest family members most. Therefore, the present work aims to analyze the civil liability of descendants in the affective care of their parents. The adopted methodology was the narrative bibliographic research, through the deductive method, with the aid of books, scientific articles, laws, jurisprudence, monographs, dissertations, theses and others. It is concluded that, first, several constitutional principles were addressed, those related to Family Law, many that support the family relationship and lead to the moral understanding of the children to support their parents, both financially and emotionally; afterwards, the approach was carried out on the assumptions that lead to civil liability, such as the present fault, the causal link and the damage that, taken to the aspect of reverse affective abandonment, if the children do not support their parents, the guilt of the child will be present. agent, the causal nexus and the damage inflicted on parents who, intuitively, when they cannot plan life in old age, being at the mercy of the goodwill of their children, if not of friends and neighbors; finally, it is evident that the theme, reverse affective abandonment is recent, being for the time being more present in judgments when some parent affects their descendants affectionately, being able to use the same principles in the inverse situation, by isonomy, in cases of affective abandonment conversely, just leaving the caveat that love is something unconditional and should not be charged, but the care that the family should have with their blood or adoptive counterparts, as there is a natural relationship of family solidarity and this must be taken into account by be in accordance with the other family principles that govern this social institution considered the oldest in humanity. All of this leads to the difficulty for the courts to grant the request for affective abandonment due to inconsistencies in the facts, quite differently as a paternofilial abandonment, which has vast decisions in favor of the defendant. However, when the civil liability of the child's emotional abandonment towards the parents is present, by analogy to the cases of parents with their children, reimbursement must be made, despite the fact that the Rio de Janeiro Court of Justice does not believe that it can be quantified. this situation with monetary compensation. Keywords: Affective Abandonment. Inverse. Civil responsability. Compensation.

According to the general tort law of Mauritius (articles 1382 through 1384 of the Mauritian Civil Code), three conditions must be met before tort liability may be implemented, namely the existence of harm, the existence of a causal link, and the existence of a harmful event. This paper contains an analysis of the fundamentals of the tort law of Mauritius, which is based on Mauritian case law and French case law and French doctrine, which are considered a persuasive authority in Mauritian Civil Law.

Pre-negotiation is widely accepted as a means to convince intrastate conflict parties to negotiate formally; however, research has not yet established a causal link between early efforts to bring warring parties together and the outcome of any negotiated settlement. This gap begs the question: To what extent do activities during the pre-negotiation phase contribute to the signing of a peace agreement? Theory on interstate conflict suggests that pre-negotiation reduces risk, thereby convincing conflict parties that they have more to gain from negotiating than from fighting. However, in conflicts between governments and non-state armed actors, this article argues that reciprocity paves the way for reaching peace agreements. This article introduces a new dataset on pre-negotiation including nearly all intrastate armed conflicts between 2005 and 2015. Confirming previous findings, mediation is significantly and positively correlated with reaching a type of peace agreement; conflicts over government are more likely to end in a negotiated agreement than conflicts over territory or both government and territory. In contrast to existing qualitative research, this study finds little evidence that pre-negotiation increases the likelihood that conflict dyads sign peace agreements. Future quantitative research on this topic requires more nuanced measures of the conditions under which conflict parties shift from unilateral to joint decisionmaking.

Background The use of Kampo medications (Japanese traditional herbal medications) is common in Japan. However, some Kampo medications may cause heart failure. Given that the incidence of heart failure has increased in past decades, investigating the prevalence of the use of Kampo medications that may cause heart failure in patients with acute heart failure is important. Method A retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted. All 437 consecutive hospitalized patients with acute heart failure from April 2017 to October 2019 were included. The primary outcome was the use of Kampo medications, including ephedra, licorice, aconite, or ginseng, which were defined as those that may cause heart failure. The causality between these medications and the index of acute heart failure was determined by clinical pharmacists based on the Naranjo criteria. Results The mean patient age was 81.1 years old, and 199 (54.5%) were women. Kampo medications that may cause heart failure were used in 30 patients (6.9%), and in four of these patients, acute heart failure was judged to be caused by Kampo medications. In the multivariable analysis, the number of non‐Kampo medications used regularly (OR 1.13) and female sex (OR 2.23) were the only independent predictive factors for the use of Kampo medications that may cause heart failure. Conclusions A substantial proportion of acute heart failure patients in Japanese hospitals use Kampo medications that may cause heart failure. Further study is warranted to investigate the causal link between the incidence of acute heart failure and the use of these herbal medications., Kampo medications composed of ephedra, licorice, aconite, or ginseng may cause or exacerbate heart failure. Our findings suggest that acute heart failure may be caused by these herbal medications in a substantial proportion of patients hospitalized with acute heart failure in a Japanese hospital.

BACKGROUND: Asthma remains a leading cause of hospitalization in US children. Well-child care (WCC) visits are routinely recommended, but how WCC adherence relates to asthma outcomes is poorly described. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective longitudinal cohort study using electronic health records among 5 to 17 year old children residing in Durham County with confirmed asthma and receiving primary care within a single health system, to compare the association between asthma exacerbations and previous WCC exposure. Exacerbations included any International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, or International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, coded asthma exacerbation encounter with an accompanying systemic glucocorticoid prescription. Exacerbations were grouped by severity: ambulatory encounter only, urgent care, emergency department, hospital encounters

The Youngest Toba Tuff (YTT) supereruption from Toba Caldera in Sumatra at ca. 74,000 years BP is the largest volcanic event recorded in the Pleistocene. Intriguingly, recent radioisotopic dating of the near antipodal Los Chocoyos (LCY) supereruption from the Atitlán caldera in Guatemala finds an identical age within uncertainties to that of YTT. This opens the question of whether these synchronous supereruptions may be a coincidence or could be a consequence of each other? Using the known eruptive record from the past 2 Myr, we find that the likelihood of having two near antipodal supereruptions (>1,000 km3 tephra volume) within centuries (

Abnormally increased β bursts in cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits are associated with rigidity and bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Increased β bursts detected in the motor cortex have also been associated with longer reaction times (RTs) in healthy participants. Here we further hypothesize that suppressing β bursts through neurofeedback training can improve motor performance in healthy subjects., Abnormally increased β bursts in cortical-basal ganglia-thalamic circuits are associated with rigidity and bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Increased β bursts detected in the motor cortex have also been associated with longer reaction times (RTs) in healthy participants. Here we further hypothesize that suppressing β bursts through neurofeedback training can improve motor performance in healthy subjects. We conducted a double-blind sham-controlled study on 20 human volunteers (10 females) using a sequential neurofeedback-behavior task with the neurofeedback reflecting the occurrence of β bursts over sensorimotor cortex quantified in real time. The results show that neurofeedback training helps healthy participants learn to volitionally suppress β bursts in the sensorimotor cortex, with training being accompanied by reduced RT in subsequent cued movements. These changes were only significant in the real feedback group but not in the sham group, confirming the effect of neurofeedback training over simple motor imagery. In addition, RTs correlated with the rate and accumulated duration of β bursts in the contralateral motor cortex before the go-cue, but not with averaged β power. The reduced RTs induced by neurofeedback training positively correlated with reduced β bursts across all tested hemispheres. These results strengthen the link between the occurrence of β bursts in the sensorimotor cortex before the go-cue and slowed movement initiation in healthy motor control. The results also highlight the potential benefit of neurofeedback training in facilitating voluntary suppression of β bursts to speed up movement initiation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT This double-blind sham-controlled study suggested that neurofeedback training can facilitate volitional suppression of β bursts in sensorimotor cortex in healthy motor control better than sham feedback. The training was accompanied by reduced reaction time (RT) in subsequent cued movements, and the reduced RT positively correlated with the level of reduction in cortical β bursts before the go-cue, but not with average β power. These results provide further evidence of a causal link between sensorimotor β bursts and movement initiation and suggest that neurofeedback training could potentially be used to train participants to speed up movement initiation.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: CSF loss in spontaneous intracranial hypotension disrupts a well-regulated equilibrium. We aimed to evaluate the volume shift between intracranial compartments in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension before and after surgical closure of the underlying spinal dural breach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 19 patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension with a proved spinal CSF leak investigated at our institution between July 2014 and March 2017 (mean age, 41.8 years; 13 women) were included. Brain MR imaging–based volumetry at baseline and after surgery was performed with FreeSurfer. In addition, the spontaneous intracranial hypotension score, ranging from 0 to 9, with 0 indicating very low and 9 very high probability of spinal CSF loss, was calculated. RESULTS: Total mean ventricular CSF volume significantly increased from baseline (15.3 mL) to posttreatment MR imaging (18.0 mL), resulting in a mean absolute and relative difference, +2.7 mL and +18.8% (95% CI, +1.2 to +3.9 mL; P

Social adversity events commonly occur in our daily lives. However, an individual’s perception of social adversity experienced may be more important than actual events in impacting an individual’s psychological functioning and reactions. In the current study, we examined how individuals’ perception of social adversity events they experienced is associated with their traumatic stress symptoms as well as mood and anxiety symptoms using the Bayesian network model. The findings indicated that individuals with a perception of social adversity events as traumatic and frequent showed an increase in the probability of displaying a high level of posttraumatic stress symptoms.

The paper formulates the procedure for forensic veterinary determination of the severity of damage to animal health. According to the severity of injuries to animals, it is necessary to distinguish between injuries of three degrees: mild, moderate and severe. Forensic veterinary examination to determine the severity of injuries is carried out by a forensic veterinary expert through a veterinary examination of the injured (subject) animal. During the examination of the subject animal, the forensic veterinary expert establishes data about the animal according to the animal’s passport or other document that replaces it (animal’s nickname, individual number, species, sex, age, breed, etc.). If there are no documents for the animal, they are limited to information about the animal received from its owner or guardian; establishes the anamnestic data of the examined animal according to the explanations of the owner of the animal or its guardian; finds out the circumstances of the injury to the investigator, coroner, owner or guardian of the animal; clarifies complaints from the owner about the state of health of the animal; gets acquainted with the case materials provided by the law enforcement agency; examines other available veterinary documents, if necessary, finds out other information. The forensic veterinary expert, estimating the statute of limitations for violation of the anatomical integrity of tissues and organs and their functions, proceeds from their usual duration. Defects in veterinary care should not be taken into account when assessing the severity of injuries. In such cases, the forensic veterinary expert is obliged to indicate the nature of the causal relationship between the injury and such consequences. Damage to diseased tissues and organs of an animal can be considered as severe as damage to these organs and tissues in clinically healthy animals, if there is a direct causal link between the damage and the adverse effect. If during the examination of the subject animal the expert finds different origins of bodily injuries, he establishes what weapon of injury could have been inflicted on each of them. If the injuries are of different ages, indicate the frequency, non-simultaneity and sequence of their application, indicate the time of infliction of each of the injuries, determine the severity of each of them. In cases of death of an animal in the presence of bodily injuries, the forensic veterinary expert, along with resolving other issues, establishes the presence or absence of a causal link between the injury and the death of the animal. In cases where there is a causal link between injury and death, they can be considered fatal. All the information obtained is reflected in the expert’s report or in the report of the expert study. The results in the expert’s opinion should be the result of the analysis of objective information established during the forensic veterinary examination of the subject. They must be detailed and scientifically sound.

A bstract Using a fixed-effects approach as well synthetic control methods we provide evidence on a causal link between regional trade agreements and investment confidence. Interestingly, we find that this causal impact is not observed immediately after the agreement is enacted but takes time, as observed in corresponding event studies. Our results hold to a broad array of robustness tests.

The subject of this research is the Russian case law of conducting legal proceedings against the representatives of medical sphere based on the constituent elements of crime established by the Part 2 of the Article 109 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation – infliction of death by negligence due to improper discharge of professional duties. The subject of this research also includes legal norms that regulate the procedure of forensic medical examination in the Russian Federation, norms of medical legislation, as well as corresponding provisions of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The object of this research is the social relations emerging in the event of causing death due to improper provision of medical care, conduct of forensic medical examination, as well as consideration of such cases by the courts. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive approach towards its implementation that would include the analysis of relevant practice of Russian courts on iatrogenic crimes. As a result of this research, the author outlines the key problems faced by the Russian courts in assessment of causal link in iatrogenic crimes, first and foremost committed by medical negligence. The detailed analysis of legal norms that regulate the procedure forensic medical examination allowed determining the possible reasons for discrepancies in forensic practice, which, in turn, lead to discrepancies in judicial practice. Based on the historical method of interpretation, the author detected the presence and origins of fundamental contradictions in the relevant legislation. The comparative-analytical method applied to the Russian criminal and forensic legislation allowed identifying the key issued that currently impede the efficient and just consideration of iatrogenic cases; the solution approach depending on priorities of the government in criminal law policy is proposed.

Incidence of Covid-19 positivity (21/2/2020-28/3/2020) in provinces of 4 Italian regions whose territory was described as previously exposed to Malaria was compared with those of other provinces of the same regions. The climate of such provinces was compared with the climate of the other provinces in some regions. Previously malarial areas show a lower risk than other provinces of the same regions: Mantua (Lombardy) RR=0.94 (CI95%0.89-0.99); Venice-Rovigo (Veneto) RR=0.61 (CI95%0.58-0.65); Ferrara-Ravenna (Emilia-Romagna) RR=0.37 (CI95%0.35-0.41); Cagliari-Oristano-SouthSardinia (Sardinia) RR=0.25 (0.17-0.31). The maximum temperature in March 2020 in those provinces was higher in mean 1.5° for other provinces. The lower frequency of COVID-19 in the provinces previously exposed to Malaria of four Italian regions does not reveal a causal link. The phenomenon has emerged independently in all the regions investigated. People born between the 1920s and 1950s were those most exposed to malaria years ago and today are the most exposed to the severest forms of COVID-19. A warmer climate seems to be associated with a lower risk of COVID, in line with the evidence highlighted in equatorial states where a lower lethality of the virus has emerged, however this regardless of the presence of Malaria. This may suggest that climate and not Malaria is the real risk factor, though further studies need to determine the role of the association climate / COVID.