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This paper empirically visualizes the spatial patterns of the inter-provincial electricity flows in relation to the distribution of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita using spatial geographical information system (GIS) and cartograms. It highlights how developed provinces in eastern China are net importers of electricity from western and central China, which creates a west–east power transmission pattern and helps deepen the regional economy disparity.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a growing focus of global attention and a critical factor in public-health decision making. Towards fighting the COVID-19 outbreak, countries worldwide and international organisations have taken various actions, including promoting the transparency of and public access to disease data. In such public communications, maps have played an important role in that a map is worth a thousand words. Most of these have taken the form of a choropleth map. Here, we propose employing cartograms to visualise both the expansion and spread of COVID-19. We designed a combination of six circular cartograms containing the data of confirmed cases every 48 hours from 24 January to 3 February 2020. Such a design conveys both spatial and temporal information more intuitively and efficiently, so it can be expected to facilitate better public participation in the fight against COVID-19.

The article presents the results of the application of geographic information systems for environmental auditing, which allows you to monitor the ecological situation on the objects, food and chemical industries and to ensure environmental safety of natural and industrial areas. The authors propose a mathematical model that performs monitoring of environmental objects. The computational experiment is performed in Matlab for classifying the soil measurement conditions. The results of the analysis and the electronic cartograms constructed on their basis are used to predict the location of the points exceeding the parasitological indices in the soil. The assessment of the condition of the soil in different districts of the Voronezh city is made with the help of the created neural networks. The results are compared with the same indicators, measured in 2017. Data is taken from the information Bulletin «Evaluation of the influence of environmental factors on the health of the population of the Voronezh region on indicators of socio-hygienic monitoring». Information was prepared by the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in the Voronezh region. A study cited in the article was conducted at the Department of information and control systems of the Voronezh state University of engineering technologies. Geographic information system was built with the help of MapInfo software product. It can be used to simulate the environmental situation and to inform about its current state with the help of cartography. Thus, the geoinformation research method reviewed in this article allows predicting the emission of harmful substances into the environment and it can be used by regulatory agencies of the state authorities to control the environmental state of the territory.

The highway network is considered to be an effective solution for reducing regional differences and promoting high-quality economic development. This study mapped Sichuan’s highway network on an equal per capita GDP cartogram and on an equal highway freight volumes cartogram, which can provide a unique perspective to recognize the rationality of highway layouts and its coordination relationship with the population and economic development. The research result indicates that highway layouts are seriously affected by the topographical and geologic conditions, and the population and level of economic development are key influencing factors. It also shows that the density of the highway network is still seriously inadequate in the vast mountain and plateau area.

The economic significance of the historical and cultural potential, including the field-established geographical centers of the regions, is revealed. The advantages and disadvantages of the methods of determining the geographical centers of territories are considered. Their relationship with geionformation systems is determined. It was found that the software of these systems has the functionality of automatically calculating the geometric center (centroid) of a polygonal object. It is suggested that the centroid can be used as the geographical center of the territories. The water area of Lake Baikal is used as the object for the study of software for geoinformation systems. We collected and systematized the digital topographic maps at a scale of 1:100 000 for the territory of Lake Baikal. A cartogram of digital material used in the experiment is compiled. The criterion is suggested for assessing the quality of software for geoinformation systems. We calculated the centroid of Lake Baikal, in the widely used commercial software for geoinformation systems and in the software package of one of these authors. The layout of the lake centroids is developed. Based on analyzing the location of the centroids across the water area of Lake Baikal and on assessing the quality criteria, an assessment is made of the possibility of using commercial software for geoinformation systems in order to determine the geographical center of territories. The coordinates of the geographical center of Lake Baikal are suggested, which have been determined by these authors.

The subject of the research is the method of constructing areal, linear and volumetric anamorphoses cartographic models for the analysis of geodata. The object of the research is the process of creating various types of anamorphoses cartographic models. The aim of the work is to improve the quality of geodata perception in cartographic models based on a new approach to their visualization, provided by an unusual representation of the geodata structure while taking into account a large number of parameters that they contain. Conclusions: Methods for constructing areal, linear and volume anamorphoses cartographic models have been developed, a mathematical model and an algorithm for creating anamorphoses cartographic models using the ArcGIS software package have been obtained. The methodology for constructing areal anamorphoses cartographic models, in particular, provides, through the use of the Cartogram module, the possibility of implementing anamorphoses cartographic models of demographic position in Ukraine based on data on the population size in the ArcMap package ArcGIS. At the same time, it is also possible to obtain volumetric anamorphoses cartographic models of the demographic state. In addition, based on an analysis of the activities of Wizz Air (as an example of modern lowcost air carriers), a methodology has been developed for constructing linear anamorphoses cartographic flight models performed by this company from Ukraine in the ArcMap environment. At the same time, the mandatory components of such cartographic models are specially implemented relational geodatabases containing comprehensive flight characteristics. The technique is universal and can be used for any airline and geolocation flights. The proposed methods for constructing anamorphic cartographic models allow obtaining their various types, due to specific visualization providing an opportunity to look at the geodata under study from different sides and gain new knowledge on nearby natural and technogenic phenomena. It is anamorphoses cartographic models that provide a unique opportunity to visually present non-obvious facts with the possibility of illuminating hidden natural and geographical patterns, analyzing the relationships between environmental phenomena against the background of their defining characteristics., Предметом исследования является методика построения площадных, линейных и объемных анаморфозных картографических моделей для анализа геоданных. Объектом исследования является процесс создания различных типов анаморфозных картографических моделей. Целью работы является повышение качества восприятия геоданных в картографических моделях на основании нового подхода к их визуализации, что обеспечивается необычным представлением структуры геоданных при одновременном учете большого количества параметров, которые они содержат. Выводы. Разработаны методики построения площадных, линейных и объемных анаморфозных картографических моделей, получена математическая модель и алгоритм процесса создания анаморфозных картографических моделей с использованием программного пакета ArcGIS. Методика построения площадных анаморфозных картографических моделей, в частности, предусматривает, благодаря использованию модуля Cartogram, возможность реализации в среде ArcMap пакета ArcGIS анаморфозных картографических моделей демографической ситуации в Украине на основании данных о численности населения. При этом обеспечивается возможность получения также и объемных анаморфозных картографических моделей демографического состояния. Кроме того, на основании анализа деятельности авиакомпании Wizz Аir (в качестве примера современных lowcost-авиаперевозчиков) разработана методика построения в среде ArcMap линейных анаморфозных картографических моделей перелетов, выполняемых данной компанией из Украины. При этом обязательными составляющими таких картографических моделей являются специально внедренные реляционные базы геоданных, содержащих исчерпывающие характеристики авиарейсов. Методика является универсальной и может применяться для любых авиакомпаний и геолокаций перелетов. Предложенные методики построения анаморфозных картографических моделей позволяют получать наиразнообразнейшиеих типы, которые за счет специфической визуализации обеспечивают возможность с разных сторон взглянуть на исследуемые геоданные и получить новые знания об окружающих природных и техногенных явлениях. Именно анаморфозные картографические модели дают уникальную возможность визуально представить неочевидные факты с возможностью освещения скрытых природно-географических закономерностей и проведения анализа взаимосвязей между явлениями окружающей среды на фоне их определяющих характеристик., Предметом дослідження є методика побудови площадкових, лінійних та об’ємних анаморфозних картографічних моделей для аналізу геоданих. Об’єктом дослідження є процес створювання різноманітних типів анаморфозних картографічних моделей. Метою роботи є підвищення якості сприйняття геоданих в картографічних моделях на підставі нового підходу до їх візуалізації, що забезпечується незвичним представленням структури геоданих при одночасному врахуванні великої кількості параметрів, які вони містять. Висновки. Розроблено методики побудови площадкових, лінійних та об’ємних анаморфозних картографічних моделей, отримано математичну модель та алгоритм процесу створення анаморфозних картографічних моделей з використанням програмного пакетуArcGIS. Методика побудови площадкових анаморфозних картографічних моделей, зокрема, передбачає, завдяки використанню додаткового модуля Cartogram, можливість реалізації в середовищі ArcMap пакету ArcGIS анаморфозних картографічних моделей демографічного стану в Україні на підставі даних про кількість населення. При цьому забезпечується можливість отримання також і об’ємних анаморфозних картографічних моделей демографічного стану. Крім того, на підставі аналізу діяльності авіакомпанії Wizz Аir (у якості прикладу сучасних lowcost-авіаперевізників) розроблено методику побудови в середовищі ArcMap лінійних анаморфозних картографічних моделей перельотів, що виконуються даною компанією з України. При цьому обов’язковими складовими таких картографічних моделей є спеціально впроваджені реляційні бази геоданих, що містять вичерпні характеристики авіарейсів. Методика є універсальною і може застосовуватись для будь-яких авіакомпаній і геолокацій перельотів. Запропоновані методики побудови анаморфозних картографічних моделей дозволяють отримувати їх найрізноманітніші типи, що за рахунок специфічної візуалізації забезпечують можливість з різних боків поглянути на досліджувані геодані та отримати нові знання щодо довколишніх природних і техногенних явищ. Саме анаморфозні картографічні моделі дають унікальну можливість візуально представити неочевидні факти з можливістю висвітлення прихованих природно-географічних закономірностей та проведення аналізу взаємозв’язків між явищами довкілля на тлі їх визначальних характеристик.

As the world’s largest carbon emitter, China is under great pressure to cut down carbon emissions. Understanding the evolution of carbon emissions across Chinese cities is important for policymakers when allocating carbon emission quota among these cities. This paper draws upon the Open-source Data Inventory for Anthropogenic CO2 to calculate city-level per capita carbon emissions in China from 2001 to 2016. Overall, we find that per capita carbon emissions of Chinese cities have been generally on the rise during the 2001–2016 period. However, there has been on average a modest decline in per capita carbon emissions of cities in China’s Yangtze River Delta region and Pearl River Delta region from 2011 to 2016, after a remarkable increase during the 2001–2011 period. Besides, the average north-south gap has been enlarged, with northern cities having a relatively higher level of per capita carbon emissions.

The visualisation of spatial information is a powerful tool for researchers in urban analytics seeking to convey their findings to the wider research community and the public in an accessible way. Yet, even the most well-intentioned cartographer may introduce misrepresentation by mapping irregularly shaped and sized areas. This paper explores the extent to which different methods of visualising area-based data can remedy (or exacerbate) this misrepresentation by presenting results from a crowdsourced survey. Data from the 2016 European Union referendum at Local Authority level in England are visualised using four alternative methods (balanced cartogram, hexogram, hexagonal grid, square grid) and compared to a traditional choropleth map, in terms of people’s understanding of the authors’ intended message, through a crowdsourced survey questionnaire. Results indicate that mapping out original boundaries can introduce misrepresentation, which can be mitigated by using balanced cartograms and hexograms to improve the accuracy of visualisations.

The monitoring studies of the ecological state of soils of agricultural lands in the area of operation of the mining and smelting enterprise OJSC MMC Pechenganikel, located in the North-Western part of the Kola Peninsula, are presented. Planning of the survey (creation of a digital cartographic base) was carried out in a GIS environment using raster archive data and Earth remote sensing data. The accuracy of soil sampling within the boundaries of the selected elementary areas and contours was ensured by the use of GPS navigators. A significant excess of the APC content of Cu, Ni, As in the studied samples was established. Based on the survey results, cartograms were compiled using the GIS software package.

Visualization of statistical data is used for a good communication among involved personals. Taking an example of question on earthquake, it is important to review information where it will be occurred and how strong intensity is. Cartogram types of maps allow to easily see such information at a glance for everyone.In case of insurance companies who develop their business worldwide, the map let them understand where we see earthquake risks without knowing local location information. This means that a European underwriter can review it even if this personal do not know Japanese earthquake risk at all, for example. So, the map is one of fundamental tools to assess where the company shall take insurance risks more or do not take it. In other word, where they efficiently do marketing to provide insurance? For marketing strategy, it is needed to see and to analyse several issues at once, i.e., how much exposures they are retaining within their portfolio, how much loss they will pay in future and how many expected clients they will have. Analysis for each aspect can be done by using a map to visualize relevant data. This is known as statistical map.However, a simultaneous observation of different maps is not easy to see and understand how each aspect of alanysis should be considered with others. Now, this paper aim to show a capability of Jacques Bertin’s Ordinal Matrix. So, information on maps is taken and integrated by Bertin’s Matrix to analyse all information at once. And we will see how the Matrix lead us to make a decision for future strategy.

The choropleth is a widely used thematic map type. But it is not always ideal to visualize social data in engaging and accurate ways, especially as a standalone map. In this paper we discuss choropleths and two thematic map types with altered geometry: area cartograms and tile maps with repeating icons. To identify benefits and drawbacks of each, we created a choropleth, contiguous cartogram, and repeating icon tile map visualizing the same data from the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicator about the proportion of women and girls aged 15–49 who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting in African countries, from SDG 5, on Gender Equality. We conducted a qualitative online survey to collect users evaluations, through informational tasks, quality ratings, and open-ended questions based on interaction with the maps. Results of this preliminary investigation suggest that though users are familiar and therefore more comfortable with choropleth maps, they interpreted thematic map types differently. Specifically, the relative novelty and unfamiliarity of the distorted geometry of cartograms and tile maps may have caused users to engage more thoughtfully with the visualized data and in the cartogram and tile map which are generally considered non-standard thematic maps.

This article discusses how cartographic work has contributed to geographic thinking and how maps have helped to change our perception of the world. A special focus is taken on cartograms as an alte...

The author discusses new classifications of cartograms. Cartographic anamorphoses terminology and a multi-level classification, including not only cartograms but also anamorphical projections, have been proposed. The selected area cartograms’ classes were discussed in detail and compared.

In this paper the interactions among the city of Patras, the University of Patras and its temporary international students are examined with the use of cartographic tools such as GIS, cartograms an...

The aim of this study is to identify the factors that significantly determine the regional spatial differentiation of housing prices as well as housing market activity in Poland. The present research makes the assumption that average housing prices and market activity (number of transactions) are regionally shaped by economic, social, infrastructural and environmental conditions which can be described as a set of diagnostic features ascribed to a given area, constituting a statistical unit. Furthermore, it is assumed that individual effects may appear, being tied to the idiosyncrasies and significance of the given area. The time horizon of the research is 2008-2018. Based on data sourced from the Central Statistical Office a panel data was prepared for each of 380 Polish districts (poviats). Next, parameters were estimated for a single-factor panel model, as well as a two-factor model in which the constant term is different for different time periods and different units. This resulted in a model encompassing both average price determinants, and individual effects which reflect certain regularities of their spatial distribution. Moreover, the research will result in a set of cartograms made with Geographic Information System tools, depicting the random effects resulting from estimates of panel models using the Nerlove and Swamy-Arora transformations.

France has a long tradition of using statistical (choropleth) maps, which use shading to represent the spatial distribution of a variable, such as population, by department. Such maps lead the observer to underestimate the importance of urban areas, especially Paris. A solution that complements the choropleth map is to create a cartogram, which deliberately distorts each department so that the area is in proportion to the variable (such as population). Shading can then be used to show a second variable, typically representing density, on the same map. We illustrate the use of cartograms for the case of metropolitan France, with maps that show the spatial distribution of social housing, unemployment, immigration, suicides, election patterns, and the advance of COVID-19. The maps are relatively straightforward to construct, using ArcMap, but attention is needed to the use of colors and classifications. The cartograms reveal patterns that would not be clear based solely on traditional statistical maps.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused ~ 2 million fatalities. Significant progress has been made in advancing our understanding of the disease process, one of the unanswered questions, however, is the anomaly in the case/mortality ratio with Mexico as a clear example. Herein, this anomaly is explored by spatial analysis and whether mortality varies locally according to local factors. To address this, hexagonal cartogram maps (hexbin) used to spatially map COVID-19 mortality and visualise association with patient-level data on demographics and pre-existing health conditions. This was further interrogated at local Mexico City level by choropleth mapping. Our data show that the use of hexagonal cartograms is a better approach for spatial mapping of COVID-19 data in Mexico as it addresses bias in area size and population. We report sex/age-related spatial relationship with mortality amongst the Mexican states and a trend between health conditions and mortality at the state level. Within Mexico City, there is a clear south, north divide with higher mortality in the northern municipalities. Deceased patients in these northern municipalities have the highest pre-existing health conditions. Taken together, this study provides an improved presentation of COVID-19 mapping in Mexico and demonstrates spatial divergence of the mortality in Mexico.

A generic rectangulation is a partition of a rectangle into finitely many interior-disjoint rectangles, such that no four rectangles meet in a point. In this work we present a versatile algorithmic framework for exhaustively generating a large variety of different classes of generic rectangulations. Our algorithms work under very mild assumptions, and apply to a large number of rectangulation classes known from the literature, such as generic rectangulations, diagonal rectangulations, 1-sided/area-universal, block-aligned rectangulations, and their guillotine variants. They also apply to classes of rectangulations that are characterized by avoiding certain patterns, and in this work we initiate a systematic investigation of pattern avoidance in rectangulations. Our generation algorithms are efficient, in some cases even loopless or constant amortized time, i.e., each new rectangulation is generated in constant time in the worst case or on average, respectively. Moreover, the Gray codes we obtain are cyclic, and sometimes provably optimal, in the sense that they correspond to a Hamilton cycle on the skeleton of an underlying polytope. These results are obtained by encoding rectangulations as permutations, and by applying our recently developed permutation language framework., LIPIcs, Vol. 189, 37th International Symposium on Computational Geometry (SoCG 2021), pages 54:1-54:18

Qualitative land accounting plays an important role in the efficient use of agricultural land, the targeted placement of crops and the imposition of taxes on land users. Today, the quality of irrigated agricultural land shows the use of traditional methods in determining, assessing and mapping is inefficient in terms of time and cost. This, in turn, increases the need for fast, resource-efficient and science-based methods of modern geographic information system (GIS) technologies to address these issues. This article describes the results of scientific research on the compilation of histogram maps of soil quality indicators and geostatistical analysis using GIS technologies to determine the quality of irrigated agricultural lands. Hereby, the quality of soils was mapped in an automated system using the method of quality colors, the results of geostatistical analysis were converted into cartographic data and a new scale of values was developed. Geostatic analysis was performed in ArcGIS based on agrochemical cartogram data of land contours.

No single discipline could be spared from the impact of COVID-19, while the importance of social science disciplines has been neglected. Given the significant role in fighting against the pandemic, the research achievements in social science need to be underlined to better cope with the continuous spread of the coronavirus. Therefore, in this study, 1,641 publications (published by July 2020) were analysed by visualizing the country-based research outputs, research influence and international collaborations. The results suggest that the global social science COVID-19 research is dominated by North American, European and Asia-Pacific countries, while international scholarly collaborations are highly geographical-based.

Unfamiliar or esoteric visual forms arise in many areas of visualization. While such forms can be intriguing, it can be unclear how to make effective use of them without long periods of practice or costly user studies. In this work we analyze the table cartogram-a graphic which visualizes tabular data by bringing the areas of a grid of quadrilaterals into correspondence with the input data, like a heat map that has been "area-ed" rather than colored. Despite having existed for several years, little is known about its appropriate usage. We mend this gap by using Algebraic Visualization Design to show that they are best suited to relatively small tables with ordinal axes for some comparison and outlier identification tasks. In doing so we demonstrate a discount theory-based analysis that can be used to cheaply determine best practices for unknown visualizations., Comment: EuroVis Camera Ready. 16 Pages, 19 Figures, including appendix

Income polarization is a pressing issue which is increasingly discussed by academics and policymakers. The present research examines income polarization in Canada’s eight largest Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) using data at the census-tract (CT) level between 1971 and 2016. Generally, there are significant decreasing trends in the middle-income population with simultaneously increasing trends in low-income groups. The high-income groups have been relatively stable with fewer significant increasing population trends. Using conventional mapping and cartograms, patterns of the spatial evolution of income inequality are illustrated. Every CMA examined contains an increasing trend of spatial fragmentation at the patch level within each CMA’s landscape mosaic. The results of a spatial autocorrelation analysis at the sub-patch, CT level, exhibit significant spatial clustering of high-income CTs as one process that dominates the increasingly fragmented landscape mosaic.

This article is located in the field of urban research when analyzing the morphology-functional of the intra-urban space of Januaria/MG, based on the application of the morphologicalfunctional zoning model for medium-sized cities in Minas Gerais, developed by Amorim Filho (2007). The methodological structure was based on bibliographic and documentary research, field immersion, construction of the morphological-functional cartogram of the urban space of Januaria and iconographic record. Theoretical and empirical analyses have shown that the space organization of Januaria was initially formed according to the proximity to the San Francisco River, where the expansion of the urban spot was driven by population growth, public policies and urban equipment, after the 1980s. The morphological-functional representation of the urban nucleus made it possible to recognize Januaria as a middle city "on the threshold", in which intra-urban space is configured as a result of singular and general geographic spatial processes.

Background: For effective allocations of limited human resources, it is significant to have accurate estimates of future elderly care demands at the regional level, especially in areas where aging and population decline vary by region, such as Hokkaido prefecture in Japan.Objectives: The present study aimed to estimate the numbers of short-stay service recipients in all administrative units in Hokkaido from 2020 to 2045 with the machine learning approaches and reviewed the changing trends of spatial distributions of the service recipients with cartograms.Methods: A machine learning approach was used for the estimation. To develop the model to estimate, population data in Japan from 2015 to 2017 were used as input signals, whereas data on the numbers of short-stay service recipients at each level of needs for long-term care (levels 1–5) from 2015 to 2017 were used as a supervisory signal. Three models were developed to avoid problems of repeatability. Then, data of the projected population in Hokkaido every 5 years from 2020 to 2045 were fed into each model to estimate the numbers of the service recipients for the 188 administrative units of Hokkaido. The medians of the estimations from the models were considered as the final results; the estimates for 188 administrative units were presented with continuous area cartograms on the map of Hokkaido.Results: The developed models predicted that the number of the service recipients in Hokkaido would peak at 18,016 in 2035 and the number of people at level 3 in particular would increase. The cartograms for levels 2 and 3 from 2020 to 2030 and level 3 for 2035 were heavily distorted in the populated areas in Hokkaido.Discussion: The large correlation coefficients indicated the accuracy of estimations by the developed models. The growing number of the service recipients especially at level 3 by 2035 was assumed to be related to aging of the first baby boomers in Japan. The distortions of the cartograms suggested that the majority of the service recipients would be concentrated in the populated areas in Hokkaido. Future allocations of human resources were discussed on the basis of the findings.

We investigate the memorability of two types of cartograms, both in terms of recognition of the visualization and recall of the data. A cartogram, or a value-by-area map, is a representation of a map in which geographic regions are modified to reflect a given statistic, such as population or income. Of the many different types of cartograms, the contiguous and Dorling types are among the most popular and most effective. With this in mind, we evaluate the memorability of these two cartogram types with a human-subjects study, using task-based experimental data and cartogram visualization tasks based on Bertin's map reading levels. In particular, our results indicate that Dorling cartograms are associated with better recall of general patterns and trends. This, together with additional significant differences between the two most popular cartogram types, has implications for the design and use of cartograms, in the context of memorability.

International audience; Ljungan virus (LV), which belongs to the Parechovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, was first isolated from bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in Sweden in 1998 and proposed as a zoonotic agent. To improve knowledge of the host association and geographical distribution of LV, tissues from 1685 animals belonging to multiple rodent and insectivore species from 12 European countries were screened for LV-RNA using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. In addition, we investigated how the prevalence of LV-RNA in bank voles is associated with various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We show that LV is widespread geographically, having been detected in at least one host species in nine European countries. Twelve out of 21 species screened were LV-RNA PCR positive, including, for the first time, the red vole (Myodes rutilus) and the root or tundra vole (Alexandromys formerly Microtus oeconomus), as well as in insectivores, including the bicolored white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) and the Valais shrew (Sorex antinorii). Results indicated that bank voles are the main rodent host for this virus (overall RT-PCR prevalence: 15.2%). Linear modeling of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could impact LV prevalence showed a concave-down relationship between body mass and LV occurrence, so that subadults had the highest LV positivity, but LV in older animals was less prevalent. Also, LV prevalence was higher in autumn and lower in spring, and the amount of precipitation recorded during the 6 months preceding the trapping date was negatively correlated with the presence of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis on the 185 base pair species-specific sequence of the 5 ' untranslated region identified high genetic diversity (46.5%) between 80 haplotypes, although no geographical or host-specific patterns of diversity were detected.

Ljungan virus (LV), which belongs to the Parechovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, was first isolated from bank voles (Myodes glareolus) in Sweden in 1998 and proposed as a zoonotic agent. To improve knowledge of the host association and geographical distribution of LV, tissues from 1685 animals belonging to multiple rodent and insectivore species from 12 European countries were screened for LV-RNA using reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. In addition, we investigated how the prevalence of LV-RNA in bank voles is associated with various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. We show that LV is widespread geographically, having been detected in at least one host species in nine European countries. Twelve out of 21 species screened were LV-RNA PCR positive, including, for the first time, the red vole (Myodes rutilus) and the root or tundra vole (Alexandromys formerly Microtus oeconomus), as well as in insectivores, including the bicolored white-toothed shrew (Crocidura leucodon) and the Valais shrew (Sorex antinorii). Results indicated that bank voles are the main rodent host for this virus (overall RT-PCR prevalence: 15.2%). Linear modeling of intrinsic and extrinsic factors that could impact LV prevalence showed a concave-down relationship between body mass and LV occurrence, so that subadults had the highest LV positivity, but LV in older animals was less prevalent. Also, LV prevalence was higher in autumn and lower in spring, and the amount of precipitation recorded during the 6 months preceding the trapping date was negatively correlated with the presence of the virus. Phylogenetic analysis on the 185 base pair species-specific sequence of the 5' untranslated region identified high genetic diversity (46.5%) between 80 haplotypes, although no geographical or host-specific patterns of diversity were detected.

This paper attempts to use the concept of cartography to review the morphological stages the city experienced for the period(1870- 1940). In particular,this study uses three dimensional volumetric maps to highlight the various stages of development along with Scape Toad, one of the cartogrpahic techniques which uses specific quantitative data (spatial space), and the environment tools ArcGis10.7 and Arc scene. One can present the phases of the city’s formation through a CD-ROM (avi) as a historical-geographical document. The paper has two sections, the first offers an introduction to the morphology of the city, while the second discusses the cartogram of morphological maps. Keywords:Cities, Morphology, GIS, Cartogram Maps

The methodological approaches to mapping of the demographic ageing as a component of the population age structure on the example of the Republic of Belarus are analyzed in the article. Based on the results of the revealed spatial and tem poral trends of demographic ageing in the Republic of Belarus, the necessity of mapping by new methods is justified. It is established that for the depiction of demographic ageing, analytical and synthetic maps are mainly developed, the cartogram is the classical way, innovative way is the volumetric block diagram which created in the electronic environment. Fragments of the author’s 3D model of demographic ageing in the Republic of Belarus are presented in the article. It is determined that it is required to consistently perform four stages: creation of a three-dimensional model; the production of a relief mold-base; print the card on the plastic; thermovacuum molding of plastic with a card printed on it for its development, and the using of three software products – ArcGIS ArcScene 10.5, Microsoft 3D Builder and Cura. It is concluded that such cartographic visualization was performed for the first time in the Republic of Belarus with reference to demographic processes.

The paper contains research results in modelling settlement basic framework. The settlement basic framework components were considered. They are historical-cultural, natural-ecological, transport-communication and settlement frameworks. Necessary and sufficient criteria for an integrated assessment of rural settlement basic framework were justified. The research methodological basis were system approach, comparative method and cartographic modeling. A settlement potential cartogram for Mogilev region has been compiled. Based on research results some recommendations have been formulated for determining the strategic approaches of Mogilev region sustainable development, taking into account the perspective of rural settlement.

The paper presents the designing and development of the Atlas Information System (AIS) of hazardous hydrometeorological events (HHME) in the Ural Prikamye region. AIS integrates classic mapping approaches and modern web mapping service technologies. AIS information basis includes several data sources, both ground-based and satellite observations. The basic techniques and algorithms for mapping of HHME spatiotemporal distribution and the main AIS content are briefly described. Examples are provided of periodicity and intensity mapping of various HHME types, as well as zoning results of the study area in terms of prevailing types of hazardous weather events. The AIS content functionality is considered, including various techniques of data visualization, connection to external databases, search and query generation, building of cartograms and structural diagrams. AIS is published in open access as cartographic web map service (http://ais.maps.psu.ru). The main result of the project for the Perm region is the development of the unique reference and information cartographic resource on the current climatic conditions of the region, its typical HHME, their spatiotemporal distribution, as well as HHME-related damage.

В работе агрохимической службы одной из важнейших задач является постоянное совершенствование методов и средств мониторинга плодородия почв. Поэтому при мониторинге сельскохозяйственных земель необходимы разработка и внедрение новых технологий, позволяющих автоматизировать многие процессы структурирования и анализа данных. Одной из таких технологий являются геоинформационные системы (ГИС), хранящие информацию об агрохимическом состоянии почв совместно с картографическими данными. Исследование посвящено рассмотрению ГИС Агроэколог Онлайн в аспекте мониторинга плодородия почв. В статье кратко описан функционал системы, который способствует ускорению и облегчению выполнения многих операций в процессе мониторинга сельскохозяйственных земель. Функционал ГИС опирается на основные направления агрохимического обследования, которые определены Федеральным законом РФ, а также на перечень показателей и методов исследований, определённых соответствующими ОСТами. Формы отчётов и таблиц разработаны совместно специалистами ФГБУ ЦАС Белгородский , департамента агропромышленного комплекса и воспроизводства окружающей среды Белгородской области и Министерства сельского хозяйства РФ. Модули ГИС реализованы с учётом потребностей пользователей системы. Основываясь на результатах данного исследования, пришли к заключению о необходимости применения ГИС Агроэколог Онлайн при проведении мониторинга плодородия почв., Permanent improvement of methods and tools of monitoring soil fertility is the most important task in the work of the agrochemical service. To monitor agricultural land, it is necessary to develop and implement new technologies in order to automate the processes of structuring and data analysis. One such technology is geographic information systems (GIS). It contains information on the agrochemical condition of soils and cartographic data. The research considers GIS Agroecolog Online in terms of monitoring soil fertility. The article briefly describes the functionality of the system, which helps to speed up and simplify the implementation of many operations carried out in the process of monitoring agricultural land. The Federal Law of the Russian Federation and a list of indicators and research methods defined by regulatory documents define GIS functionality. Forms of reports and tables developed by specialists of organizations of the FSBI Agrochemical Service Center Belgorodsky , Department of Agriculture and Environmental Reproduction of the Belgorod Region, and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation. GIS modules implemented taking into account the needs of users of the system. Based on the results of this study, we concluded that GIS Agroecolog Online is necessary tool for soil fertility monitoring., №1(112) (2020)

The demographic potential, especially in the peripheral and remote areas, Has been deteriorating. Negative natural increase, low or negative migration balances, unfavourable values of the feminisation index and growing relation of the number of people at post-working age to the number of people at working age have been threatening rural development. The aim of the research was to show spatial concentrations of municipalities (LAU 2 level) with a similar level of demographic potential. The study was carried out for 2169 municipalities (LAU 2 level), including rural and semi-urban (urban-rural, including small towns) ones. It was based on the data from the Statistics Poland. The municipalities were are ranked by the level of demographic potential (by 4 variables) and put into 5 groups by the potential level using the taxonomic development measure of Hellwig. The results were presented in maps using cartogram method. The most favourable and promising situation according to demographic potential is observed in central and southern Poland, especially in semi-urban and suburban areas of large cities. The worst demographic potential level and at the same time the least favourable demographic forecasts concern mostly the Eastern Poland, already known as problem area. The spiral of negative conditions accelerates, causing more disadvantages, making young people looking for new places to work and live, deepening current demographic problems and leading to socio-economic development pathologies.

Data uncertainty due to spatial gaps and heterogeneity is a fundamental problem in conservation and environmental planning. Thus, investigation of issues related to data uncertainty contributes to more efficient conservation plans. We evaluated the uncertainty of data related to forest diversity descriptors using a diffusion-based cartogram approach that visually displays how data information change in function with respect to degree of uncertainty. We used ground vegetation data for 3093 plots collected as part of the BioSoil project through the ICP Forests Level I network and stored in the LI-BioDiv database. For each plot, we assigned an uncertainty value based on the survey season and the mean monthly temperature for the survey period. The density-equalizing map or cartogram highlights that data collected in Spain, the United Kingdom and the German federal states of Berlin and Brandenburg have smaller values of species richness corresponding to larger values of uncertainty. We found that an awareness of the negative relationship between the survey period and species richness can lead to improved data handling and analysis. We demonstrated that cartograms are efficient tools for evaluating and managing uncertainty and can strengthen the results of data analysis by providing alternative perspectives and interpretations of spatial phenomena.

We describe bivariate cartograms , a technique specifically designed to allow for the simultaneous comparison of two geo-statistical variables. Traditional cartograms are designed to show only a single statistical variable, but in practice, it is often useful to show two variables (e.g., the total sales for two competing companies) simultaneously. We illustrate bivariate cartograms using Dorling-style cartograms, yet the technique is simple and generalizable to other cartogram types, such as contiguous cartograms, rectangular cartograms, and non-contiguous cartograms. An interactive feature makes it possible to switch between bivariate cartograms, and the traditional (monovariate) cartograms. Bivariate cartograms make it easy to find more geographic patterns and outliers in a pre-attentive way than previous approaches, as shown in Fig. 2 . They are most effective for showing two variables from the same domain (e.g., population in two different years, sales for two different companies), although they can also be used for variables from different domains (e.g., population and income). We also describe a small-scale evaluation of the proposed techniques that indicates bivariate cartograms are especially effective for finding geo-statistical patterns, trends and outliers.

Half the population of Europe’s largest economy by population and economic output lives in 30 main urban agglomerations. This paper presents a series of cartogram visualisations of population chang...