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The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), is one of the most important pests of tomato worldwide. The use of chemicals is still the major tactic of control against this pest in Brazil, where spray overuse leads to resistance, frequently associated with control failures in the field. In this study, a survey of the susceptibility to indoxacarb, metaflumizone, chlorfenapyr, cartap, and abamectin aimed to determine the resistance status of T. absoluta populations. Also, the major enzyme systems associated with metabolic resistance were assessed to infer variability. The LC50 values varied among the populations for abamectin (0.54–3.38 mg a.i./L), cartap (93.1–589.8 mg a.i./L), chlorfenapyr (0.62–2.83 mg a.i./L), indoxacarb (0.86–2.89 mg a.i./L), and metaflumizone (0.35–7.44 mg a.i./L). Resistance ratios varied among populations being 6.2-, 6.4-, 4.6-, 3.3-, and 21.2-times for abamectin, cartap, chlorfenapyr, indoxacarb, and metaflumizone, respectively. Only the cartap confidence limits of the LC80 bracketed the recommended label concentration for three populations (Anapolis, Guaraciaba do Norte, and Tiangua), suggesting control failures. No cross-resistance was observed between indoxacarb and metaflumizone, and natural variation may explain the variability of response to this latter insecticide. The activity of enzymes frequently associated with metabolism of insecticides significantly differed among populations, and glutathione S-transferases and cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenases were variable among the populations of T. absoluta, while alpha and beta-esterases were very homogeneous. T. absoluta resistance to abamectin and cartap has not been critical in Brazil despite their long use and together with chlorfenapyr appear to be an interesting option of rotation with indoxacarb, for which there is no cross-resistance to metaflumizone.

A highly sensitive and selective two-photon sensing scheme for detection of cartap was developed by using Au@Ag bimetallic core-shell nanoparticles. Cartap was found to induce the aggregation of Au@Ag nanoparticles and up to 700-fold enhancement in two-photon photoluminescence. Huge enhancement in two-photon photoluminescence allows achieving a detection limit of as low as 0.0062 mg/kg, which is better than the conventional colorimetric methods. This two-photon sensing scheme has a broad dynamic range and displays excellent selectivity in detection of cartap against over other ten kinds of commonly used insecticides.

Cartap residue poses a great threat to human health and its derivatives would remain in soils, natural waters and other environmental domains for a long time. Herein, a simple, rapid and ultrasensitive analytical method for the determination of cartap based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) and rhodamine B (RB) is first described. With the presence of citrate-stabilized AuNPs, the fluorescence of RB was remarkably quenched by AuNPs via FRET. The fluorescence of the AuNPs-RB system was recovered upon addition of cartap, cartap can be adsorbed on the surface of AuNPs due to its amino group that has good affinity with gold, which could induce the aggregation of AuNPs accompanying color change from red to blue. Thus, the FRET between AuNPs and RB was weakened and the PL intensity of RB was recovered accordingly. A good linear correlation for detection of RB was exhibited from 1 nM to 180 nM, and the detection limit reached 0.88 nM, which was much lower than the safety limit required by USA, UK and China. To the best of our knowledge, it has been the lowest detection ever without the aid of costly instrumentation. This method was successfully carried out for the assessment of cartap in real samples with satisfactory results, which revealed many advantages such as high sensitivity, low cost and non-time-consuming compared with traditional methods.

Copidosoma truncatellum (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is an important parasitoid wasp of the soybean looper, Chrysodeixis includens , but its effectiveness can be severely curtailed by the application of certain insecticides. Therefore, to identify insecticides that are potentially compatible with C. truncatellum , the lethal and behavioral effects of nine chemicals used to control the soybean looper were evaluated for their toxicity to the wasp. Chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, flubendiamide, and indoxacarb were the least toxic insecticides to the parasitoid, resulting in mortalities of less than 25%. In contrast, cartap, deltamethrin, and methomyl caused 100% mortality, and acephate and spinosad caused 76% and 78% mortality, respectively. At least one of the detoxifying enzymes (monooxygenase, glutathione S-transferase, and/or esterases) may be involved in the mechanisms underlying the selectivity of chlorantraniliprole, chlorfenapyr, flubendiamide, and indoxacarb for the parasitoid based on the results for the insecticide plus synergist treatment. Changes in the behavioral patterns (walking time and resting time) of the parasitoid were found with exposure to acephate, flubendiamide, indoxacarb and methomyl, but behavioral avoidance was not observed. Our results indicate that the insecticides chlorantraniliprole and chlorfenapyr are the most suitable for inclusion in integrated pest management strategies for the control of C. includens .

During present studies nine insecticides modules were assessed against major pests of rice and their natural enemies. Amongst them eight modules consist of a basal application of chlorantraniliprole 0.4 G @ 40 g a.i./ha at 20 DAT and third application of flonicamid 50 WG @ 75 g a.i./ha at 65 DAT and module ten was untreated control. Whereas module nine consist of a basal application of cartap hydrochloride 4G @ 600 g a.i./ha at 20 DAT followed by acephate 75 SP @ 658 g a.i./ha at 50 DAT and third application dinotefuran 20 SG @ 40 g a.i./ha at 65 DAT which was taken as farmers practice. All first eight insecticide modules differed with each other only second treatment which was applied at 50 DAT. The second treatments included: acephate 95 SG @ 682 g a.i./ha; cartap hydrochloride 50 WP @ 375 g a.i./ha; rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 30 g a.i./ha; fipronil 5 SC @ 75 g a.i./ha; spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30% SC @ 135 g a.i./ha; flubendamide 48 SC @ 48 g a.i./ha; azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i./ha and chlorantraniliprole 0.4 G @ 40 g a.i./ha. The overall data revealed that all the treated plots recorded significantly lower per cent of dead heart, white ear-head caused by stem borer and plant hoppers respectively. Module with rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 30 g a.i./ha or spinetoram 6 + methoxyfenozide 30 SC @ 135 g a.i./ha treated plot recorded significantly higher % reduction of stem borer infestation and gave higher grain yield (5.26 t/ha and 5.15 t/ha respectively) than the other modules. Module with fipronil 5 SC @ 75 g a.i./ha recorded significantly lower number of plant hoppers than other modules. Among the different treated modules, the maximum numbers of spiders and mirid bugs were found in rynaxypyr 20 SC @ 30 g a.i./ha and azadirachtin 0.03 EC @ 8 g a.i./ha containing modules.

Potency of some insecticidal treatment schedules, viz T1 (spiromesifen + spiromesifen), T2 (thiamethoxam + thiamethoxam), T3 (thiacloprid + thiacloprid), T4 (imidacloprid+ imidacloprid), T5 (cartap hydrochloride + cartap hydrochloride), T6 (chlorpyriphos + chlorpyriphos) and T7 (untreated control) were evaluated against Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on potato variety, Kufri Jyoti for two potatogrowing years in 2017-2018 and 2018-2019. Among the seven different treatments, two foliar sprays of thiamethoxam 25 WG @125 g a.i/ha after emergence followed by second spray after 15 days of first spray and two foliar sprays of spiromesifen 240 S.C. @ 96 g a.i./ha after emergence followed by second spray after 30 days of first spray were found most effective in reducing the population of aphids. Cost benefit analysis revealed that T2 was most effective and at par with T1. The effect of thiamethoxam on natural enemies showed least detrimental effect followed by spiromesifen and imidacloprid. After tuberization, highest harvested yield of tuber and highest benefit cost ratio was found in treatment with thiamethoxam (T2) and spiromesifen (T1).

An experiment was conducted to study the bio-efficacy of nine different insecticides (triazophos 0.08 %, imidacloprid 0.002 %, profenophos 0.05 %, diafenthiuron 0.05 %, clothianidin 0.025 %, cartap hydrochloride 0.05 %, thiamethoxam 0.025 %, thiacloprid 0.012 % and spiromesifen 0.024 %) again sucking pests viz., jassid and whitefly in brinjal (GBH 1) at Main Vegetable Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand during Rabi season of 2011-12. Among different insecticides evaluated, thiamethoxam, diafenthiuron and thiacloprid emerged as most effective; profenophos, clothianidin and imidacloprid were mediocre; while cartap hydrochloride, spiromesifen and triazophos were found least effective against jassid. So far whitefly is concerned, spiromesifen, diafenthiuron and triazophos emerged as most effective; imidacloprid, profenophos and cartap hydrochloride as mediocre, while clothianidin, thiamethoxam and thiacloprid emerged as least effective. Diafenthiuron exhibited significantly higher brinjal fruit yield (350.57 q/ha), whereas triazophos and cartap hydrochloride hosted significantly lower fruit yield. The minimum and maximum per cent avoidable losses were recorded in diafenthiuron (0.00) and control (55.25), respectively. The highest Net ICBR (71.83) was obtained from the plots treated with profenophos followed by thiacloprid (56.10), cartap hydrochloride (43.93), imidacloprid (39.10) and diafenthiuron (27.69).

The Bio efficacy of insecticides for predator management of Kerria lacca was studied on the natural stand of Butea monosperma trees of 10 women lac growers of village Malhara Seoni district Madhya Pradesh during the July- October 2012. A combination of Cartap hydrochloride + Mancozeb(T1),Emamectin benzoate + Dithane M-45(T2) and Control(T3) was evaluated against the predators of the Lac insect. Pesticides application significantly reduced the incidence of major predators- E amabilis and P pulverea. In comparison to T3 there was a reduction in the population of E amabilis by 90 and 87 per cent respectively with (T2) and (T1). In case of P pulvera reduction in the population was 90 and 86.18 percent with T1 and T2 respectively over the control (T3).

The levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, carbofuran, and cartap were determined in muscles of Cyprinus Carpio sampled from 10 different sites of River Ravi between Shahdara to Balloki Headworks to assess level of contamination of these pesticides by GC-ECD (gas chromatograph equipped with electron capture detector) method. All fish samples were found contaminated with different concentrations of DDT, DDE, endosulfan, and carbofuran. DDT and DDE concentrations were higher than maximum residue limits (MRL) in food standards, while endosulfan sulfate and cartap were not detected. These findings indicate that pesticide concentrations in fish muscles decreased in the order: DDT > DDE > carbofuran > endosulfan. Furthermore, the sampling sites after Degh fall and beyond Hudiara Nulla Fall river sampling sites were more polluted. It is proposed that constant monitoring programs are needed to assess potential exposure risks.

The leaf miner is a key pest of coffee and the use of insecticides for its control results in high water consumption. The objective in this study was to evaluate the quali-quantitative aspects of reduced spray volumes with and without the addition of adjuvant, the efficacy of the insecticide cartap hydrochloride in the control of the pest and its effects on the parasitism. Two experiments were carried out in coffee plantations in São Desiderio, BA. Initially, solution of Brilliant Blue tracer (0.15% p v-1) of the 43, 112, 146 and 309 L ha-1 volumes was sprayed with and without the soybean oil methyl ester adjuvant (0.25 % v v-1). Before spraying, water-sensitive cards were fixed to the plants and subsequently used for analyze the droplet spectrum in Gotas 1.0 software. The tracer deposit was determined by spectrophotometry. Posteriorly, the insecticide cartap hydrochloride (0.5 kg a.i. ha-1) was applied in the same volumes and types of spray used in the first test. Infestation rates of pest and parasitism were evaluated before and after application of the insecticide. The quali-quantitative aspects of the sprays were affected by the volume of spray applied, by the adjuvant and by the interaction of the factors. The intermediate volumes yielded better spraying quality without the presence of the adjuvante, with higher number and desity of drops. The spraying volume affected the depoisto the Brilliant Blue tracer in a linear and positive form. The efficacy of the insecticide was prolonged with the lowest volume spray and with adjuvant and its impact on parasitism varied with the volume applied and time after application.

Here, we describe a simple fluorometric assay for the highly sensitive detection of cartap on the basis of the inner filter effect (IFE) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the fluorescence of CdTe quantum dots (QDs). In the presence of AuNPs, the fluorescence of CdTe QDs was significantly quenched due to the intensive absorption of AuNPs at the 522 nm plasmon band. The well-dispersed AuNPs exhibited a tendency to aggregate when exposed to cartap with positively charged amine groups, which induced an absorption band transition from 522 nm to the long-wavelength band and restored the IFE-decreased emission of CdTe QDs for cartap detection. Under optimum conditions, the response was linearly proportional to the concentration of cartap in Chinese cabbage within the range of 0.01 to 0.50 mg kg−1 with a detection limit of 8.24 μg kg−1 (S/N = 3). Further application in cartap-spiked vegetable samples suggested a recovery between 81.9% and 90.6%. The amount of cartap in the spiked samples detected by the present method and GC-MS was in good accordance, which indicates that this IFE-based fluorescent method is reliable and practical. The proposed assay exhibited good reproducibility and accuracy, providing a simple and rapid method for the analysis of cartap.

An experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University farm to study the efficacy of some insecticides against major insect pests of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The treatments of the experiment were T1: Bamper 20SL (Imidacloprid) @ 0.5 ml L -1 , T2: Shobicron4 25EC @ 2 ml L -1 , T3: Actara 25WG (Thiamethoxam) @ 0.3 g L -1 , T4: Chlorpyriphos 20EC @ 3 ml L -1 , T5: Sinothrin 10EC (Cypermethrin) 1 ml L -1 , T6: Fortap 50SP (Cartap) @ 3 g L -1 and T7: Control treatment. Results showed that the lowest number of whitefly plant -1 (3.28 at 60 DAS) and aphid plant -1 (4.82 at 60 DAS), the lowest infestation intensity by whitefly (5.92%) and aphid (14.25%), the lowest infested bean yield plant -1 (52.80 at 60 DAS), highest healthy bean yield plant -1 (166.40 g at 60 DAS), highest total healthy yield (11.28 t ha -1 ), lowest total infested yield (0.64 t ha -1 ) and highest gross return (Tk. 232000.00 ha -1 ) were obtained from the use of Chlorpyriphos. The highest percent reduction of whitefly plant -1 (81.44 % at 60 DAS) and aphid plant -1 (80.15 % at 60 DAS), highest percent reduction of infested bean yield plant -1 (81.82 % at 60 DAS) and highest increase of healthy bean yield plant -1 over control (215.20 % at 60 DAS) were achieved from the same treatment. Hence Chlorpyriphos 20EC performed best to suppress the whitefly and aphid of French bean followed by Fortap 50SP.

International audience; This study aimed at evaluating the toxicity of insecticides used in melon crop (Cucumis melo L.) on adults of Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) under laboratory conditions. Three ways of exposure were used: direct spraying, feeding with insecticide contaminated diet, and contact with sprayed leaves. Bees were exposed to the insecticides abamectin, acetamiprid, cartap chloride, chlorfenapyr, cyromazin, deltamethrin, thiamethoxam, flufenoxuron, and pyriproxyfen at the highest dosages recommended by the manufacturers for the melon crop in Brazil. Results indicated that, regardless of how the bees were exposed to insecticides, thiamethoxam, abamectin, and chlorfenapyr were extremely toxic to adults of A. mellifera. Acetamiprid, deltamethrin, and cartap chloride were most toxic when directly sprayed on the bees. Cyromazin and pyriproxyfen caused low mortality rates to A. mellifera, whereas flufenoxuron caused moderate mortality when fed to adult bees.

Neoleucinodes elegantalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) is one of the major pests of solanaceous plants in South America. It is considered a great threat by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization due to the serious economic damage that it causes on tomato farms; therefore, controlling this pest is a challenging task in South America. Controlling N. elegantalis at the egg stage is the best way to prevent it from damaging crops; however, thorough studies about the effectiveness of chemicals on the different life stages of this insect pest are lacking. In this study, the effects of different chemical classes were evaluated on N. elegantalis adults, female oviposition behavior, larvae, eggs, and embryonic development. None of the tested insecticides demonstrated toxicity to the adults; however, the results showed that cartap hydrochloride affects oviposition behavior. Moreover, methomyl and cartap hydrochloride exhibited high toxicity against the eggs and larvae, with higher than 80% of mortality. These insecticides interrupted larval hatching and caused alterations in the chorion layer. Flubendiamide and deltamethrin demonstrated toxicity on N. elegantalis larvae; however, lufenuron, indoxacarb, methoxyfenozide, and chlorantraniliprole demonstrated low toxicity on both eggs and larvae, with lower than 70% of mortality. Fruit treated with cartap hydrochloride had a deterrent effect. The ovicidal activity revealed by methomyl and cartap hydrochloride might provide new approaches regarding insecticide effects on eggs. Methomyl, cartap hydrochloride, flubendiamide, and deltamethrin demonstrated toxicity on larvae. The evaluation of the chorion of the eggshell in this study has clarified the toxic effect of methomyl and cartap hydrochloride on eggs.

The insecticide cartap (CP) is non-fluorescent in aqueous solutions. This property makes its determination through direct fluorescent method difficult. In acidic medium and at room temperature, palmatine (PAL) can react with cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) to form stable complexes, and the fluorescence intensity of the complex is greatly enhanced. Significant quenching of the fluorescence intensity of the CB[7]-PAL complex was observed with the addition of cartap. Based on the significant quenching of the supramolecular complex fluorescence intensity, a new spectrofluorimetric method with high sensitivity and selectivity was developed to determine cartap in aqueous solution. The fluorescence quenching values (ΔF) showed good linear relationship with cartap concentrations from 0.009 to 2.4 μg mL−1 with a detection limit 0.0029 μg mL−1. The proposed method had been successfully applied to the determination of cartap residues in grain and vegetable with recoveries of 87.4-103%. In addition, the association constants of the complexes formed between the host and the guest were determined. The competing reaction and the supramolecular interaction mechanisms between the cartap and PAL as they fight for occupancy of the CB[7] cavity were studied using spectrofluorimetry, 1H NMR and molecular modeling calculations.

The tomato borer Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) has been a recognized pest in South America since the 1960s, quickly spreading to the major tomato-producing countries in the region. A series of studies regarding this pest's biology, ecology and management were conducted to contain tomato losses within acceptable levels. Although cultural control methods were attempted against T. absoluta, as were the development of resistant tomato varieties and the use of pheromones and natural enemies, insecticides are still the main control method used. The sex pheromone of T. absoluta was identified, confirmed and synthesized in the late 1990s and it is currently used for detection and monitoring of this species, but improved sampling plans are still necessary for its use in decision-making regarding insecticide use. Insecticide use has shifted from earlier reliance on organophosphates, pyrethroids, cartap and abamectin to insect growth regulators and, more recently, to novel insecticides. Unfortunately, the overreliance on insecticide use led to problems with insecticide resistance in the region, which is a current matter of concern not only in South America, but also elsewhere since introduced strains may carry insecticide-resistance genes at high frequency even without local selection in the site of introduction. La mineuse de la tomate Tuta absoluta en Amerique du Sud: impact, controle et resistance aux insecticides La mineuse de la tomate Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) est consideree comme un ravageur en Amerique du Sud depuis les annees 1960, ou elle s'est rapidement disseminee dans les principaux pays produisant des tomates. Une serie d'etudes concernant la biologie de ce ravageur, son ecologie et sa gestion a ete menee pour limiter les pertes de tomate a des niveaux acceptables. Malgre des essais de developpement de lutte alternative (methodes culturales, varietes de tomates resistantes, utilisation de pheromones ou d'ennemis naturels), l'utilisation d'insecticides reste la principale methode de lutte utilisee contre T. absoluta. La pheromone sexuelle de T. absoluta a ete identifiee, confirmee et synthetisee a la fin des annees 1990 et est actuellement utilisee pour la detection et le suivi de cet insecte. Cependant, il faudrait encore ameliorer les plans d'echantillonnage pour pouvoir l'utiliser dans la prise de decision concernant l'utilisation d'insecticides. L'utilisation d'insecticides domine; elle ne repose plus comme avant sur les organophosphores, les pyrethrinoides, le cartap et l'abamectine, mais sur des regulateurs de croissance des insectes et plus recemment sur de nouveaux insecticides. Malheureusement, la dependance excessive a l'utilisation d'insecticides a conduit a des problemes de resistance aux insecticides dans la region, qui est une preoccupant non seulement en Amerique du Sud, mais aussi ailleurs puisque des souches introduites peuvent porter des genes de resistance aux insecticides a haute frequence, meme sans selection locale dans le site d'introduction.

The acute toxicity of 10 conventional insecticides to adult of Trichogramma chilonis Ishii (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was bioassayed by membrane method, and then their sublethal effects on the parasitoid were evaluated in the laboratory. Based on sublethal concentration (LC30) values at 8 h after treatment, we determined that adult T. chilonis were the most susceptible to chlorfenapyr, followed by fipronil, spinosad, avermectins, β-cypermethrin, and cartap, with lethal concentration (LC)30 values of 0.3133, 0.3269, 1.5408, 3.2961, 6.1469, and 9.021 mg/liter, respectively. The field-recommended concentrations of chlorfluazuron, indoxacarb, Bacillus thuringiensis, and tebufenozide caused

Field investigations were undertaken for two consecutive crop seasons to study the bio-efficacy of rynaxypyr 20% SC (Chlorantraniliprole), the only representative of a new class of insecticide, anthranilic diamide against eggplant shoot and fruit borer at Bidhan Chandra Krishni Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal, India. Cypermethrin 10% EC at 60 g a.i./ha and cartap hydrochloride 50% SP at 350 g a.i./ha were used as standard checks. Rynaxypyr 20% SC at 20-60 g a.i./ha significantly reduced shoot and fruit infestation by the pest compared with the untreated control and cartap hydrochloride 50% SP at 350 g a.i./ha, and increased the yield significantly. However, 40-60 g a.i./ha dosages of the insecticide showed better performance and gave significantly higher yields than the lower dosages, and to some extent with cypermethrin 10% EC at 60 g a.i./ha. Cartap hydrochloride 50% SP at 350 g a.i./ha showed higher percentages of fruit damage than the control. Considering the bio-efficacy of the insecticide and yield of egg plant, rynaxypyr 20% SC at 40 g a.i./ha is suggested for effective management of egg plant shoot and fruit borer. Rynaxypyr 20% SC at different dosages did not cause any significant reduction in the predatory fauna present on the eggplant ecosystem. This insecticide, even at a dosage of 300 g a.i./ha, did not produce any phytotoxicity to the treated eggplant crop.

Chemical insecticides were administered to larvae of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) concomitantly with a viral insecticide containing nucleopolyhedrovirus SpltNPV, in order to decrease the level of dietary intake of the virus-infected larvae. Aqueous solutions of imidacloprid (Admire), flubendiamide (Phenix), or cartap (Padan) at non-lethal doses, together with a lethal dose of SpltNPV occlusion bodies (Hasumon-Tenteki), were prepared. The surfaces of small blocks of food were treated with the mixtures and presented to S. litura larvae for 24 h. On the following day, a new diet block was provided which had been treated with one-third or one-fourth of the initial dose of the chemical insecticide. The larvae were reared for 5 days and the level of dietary intake was recorded. The administration of flubendiamide and cartap decreased the dietary intake more strongly in virus-infected larvae than in non-infected larvae.

A field experiment was conducted at the Central Research Station, Orissa University of Agriculture Technology, Bhubaneswar in RBD with nine treatments replicated thrice during kharif, 2016 and rabi, 2016–17 to evaluate the efficacy of eight pesticides viz., tolfenpyrad 15% EC @ 150 g a.i./ha, fipronil 5% SC @ 50 g a.i./ha, indoxacarb 14.5% SC @ 72.5 g a.i./ha, flubendiamide 480 SC @ 78.70 g a.i./ha, chlorantraniliprole 18.5% SC @ 30.83 g a.i./ha, spinosad 45% SC @ 75 g a.i./ha, cartap hydrochloride 50% SP@ 375 g a.i./ha and acephate 75% SP @ 375 g a.i./ha against the red pumpkin beetle Aulacophora foveicollis Lucas on cucumber cv. “Machaar”. All the insecticides evaluated were at par and significantly suppressed adult red pumpkin beetle (RPB) population up to 15 days after spraying to the extent of 77.11 to 81.59% and 75.46 to 82.59% over control during kharif, 2016 and rabi, 2016–17, respectively. The leaf-dip bioassay of tolfenpyrad against RPB revealed LC50 of 32.88 ppm with a fiducial limit of 25.41 to 42.56 ppm.

The effect of 14 insecticides, 6 fungicides and 6 herbicides used commonly in a rice ecosystem on mortality of infective stage juveniles (J2) of the rice root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola, is reported in-vitro bioassays. Among the insecticides studied more than 50 per cent mortality was recorded with cartap hydrochloride, monocrotophos, chlorpyriphos and azadirachtin with a mean juvenile mortality of 100.00, 84.50, 70.50 and 80.00 per cent, respectively at 96 h post-exposure. Among the fungicides, more than 50 per cent mortality of J2 was observed with propiconazole (81.43%) and mancozeb (57.14%) at 96 h after exposure. Among herbicides, bispyribac sodium and pendimethalin resulted in 95.72 and 67.86 per cent mortality of J2 at 96 h of incubation. The insecticide cartap hydrochloride (50% SP) caused 100 per cent mortality of J2 within 24 h of exposure.

Given the importance of green lacewings as agents of biological pest control, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of insecticides used on coffee crops on the eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla externa . The insecticides tested were (g or mL a.i./L) chlorpyrifos (2.25), cartap hydrochloride (1.66), pyriproxyfen (0.33), profenofos/lufenuron (1.33/0.13), fenpropathrin (0.40), triazophos/deltamethrin (0.70/0.02) and zetacypermethrin (0.05). The insecticides, when applied directly on the eggs, caused no adverse effects on the duration of the embryonic period. After the application of triazophos/deltamethrin, pyriproxyfen, profenofos/lufenuron and zetacypermethrin, a reduction in egg viability was induced. The insecticides triazophos/ deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos, and profenofos/lufenuron reduced the survival of newly hatched first instar larvae from treated eggs. The first instar larvae that were treated directly were sensitive to the effects of the products used, with the effect of triazophos and chlorpyrifos/deltamethrin being high. The survival of the second instar larvae was reduced by zetacypermethrin, fenpropathrin, profenofos/lufenuron, and cartap hydrochloride. The products chlorpyrifos and triazophos/deltamethrin also did not allow second instar larvae survival. For treated third instar larvae, chlorpyrifos and triazophos/deltamethrin allowed survival of only 20.0 and 57.5%. Eggs and larvae of C. externa showed sensitiveness to insecticides chlorpyrifos and triazophos, being needed more studies in semi-field and field conditions for the confirmation or not of the toxicity aiming the conservation of this predator specie on the coffee agroecosystem.

This paper presents the occurrence and damage characteristics of the rice leaf-folder populations in the paddy fields of Dangsu-dong, Suwon from 2004 to 2007, and also reports the insecticide response of rice leaf-folder populations, which were collected from 2005 to 2006 in Korea and Vietnam. Laboratory measurements of the head capsule width and body length data enabled the identification of the rice leaf-folder larva stages collected in the field. The rice leaf-folder population in Suwon from 2004 to 2007 has a clear pattern consisting of two different group: the low and high density years. During the low density years (2004 and 2006), only one adult peak was noted in late August, with the damaged-hill percent less than 10% in late July, and the damaged-leaf percent around 2% in September. In contrast, during the high density years (2005 and 2007), two adult peaks were noted in early August and mid-September, with the damaged-hill percent was around 30% in late July, and the damaged-leaf percent 15 to 30% in September, which was beyond the economic injury level of rice leaf-folder. High correlations existed between the occurrence of rice leaf-folder in late July and early August and damages to rice during September. Based on these results, we suggest that the information on the rice leaf-folder population monitored by the adult density or damaged-hill percent in late July and early August would be very useful for predicting the damages later in the season for aiding in decision-making for timely control. In addition, the regional populations of rice leaf-folder showed the similar responses to the insecticides tested: high susceptibility to IGRs (tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide) and organophosphates (chlorpyrifos-methyl, pyridaphenthion), but relatively low to cartap.

BACKGROUND:Informationontheinsecticidesusceptibilityofstripedstemborer,Chilosuppressalis(Walker),isessentialforan effective pest management programme. An early detection of resistance development can prompt the modification of current control methods and increase the lifespan of insecticides through the rotation of chemicals with different modes of action. In this study, the susceptibility of this pest in Taiwan to four classes of insecticides has been examined. RESULTS: Over 1000-fold resistance to carbofuran was detected in C. suppressalis collected from Chiayi and Changhua prefectures, with estimated LC50 values of > 3mgc m −2 . In addition, 61-fold resistance to cartap was found in the Chiayi population. On theother hand,alltested populations of rice stem borer were stillrelatively susceptible to chlorpyrifos,fipronil and permethrin, with LC50 values ranging from 30 to 553 ng cm −2 . Chilo suppressalis populations collected from the central parts of Taiwan have a higher degree of resistance to the tested insecticides than those from northernareas. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of high resistance to carbofuran in the Chiayi and Changhua areas suggests that this compound should be replaced with chemicals having a different mode of action, such as chlorpyrifos, fipronil and permethrin, to which low cross-resistance has been detected. c � 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

BACKGROUND: The B-type Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has become established in many regions in China, and neonicotinoids are extensively used to control this pest. Imidacloprid resistance in a laboratory-selected strain of B-type B. tabaci was characterised in order to provide the basis for recommending resistance management tactics. RESULTS: The NJ-Imi strain of B-type B. tabaci was selected from the NJ strain with imidacloprid for 30 generations. The NJ-Imi strain exhibited 490-fold resistance to imidacloprid, high levels of cross-resistance to three other neonicotinoids, low levels of cross-resistance to monosultap, cartap and spinosad, but no cross-resistance to abamectin and cypermethrin. Imidacloprid resistance in the NJ-Imi strain was autosomal and semi-dominant. It is shown that enhanced detoxification mediated by cytochrome-P450-dependent monooxygenases contributes to imidacloprid resistance to some extent in the NJ-Imi strain. Results from synergist bioassays and cross-resistance patterns indicated that target-site insensitivity may be involved in imidacloprid resistance in the NJ-Imi strain of B. tabaci. CONCLUSION: Although oxidative detoxification mediated by P450 monooxygenases is involved in imidacloprid resistance in the NJ-Imi strain of B-type B. tabaci, target-site modification as an additional resistance mechanism cannot be ruled out. Considering the high risk of cross-resistance, neonicotinoids should be regarded as a single group when implementing an insecticide rotation scheme in B. tabaci control.

A modified chemical ranking and scoring method entitled the CHEMS (Chemical Hazard Evaluation for Management Strategies) model was used to yield a relative weighted risk for insecticides used in the northern areas of Iran. The CHEMS model uses six toxicity and three exposure potential parameters to measure the overall hazard of a substance. The results suggest that Diazinon (granule [GR] 10%) was ranked as a high spot for release-weighted risk in this study although its relatively low risk score (RS) compared to other insecticides, which is due to its high volume consumption. The highest-priority insecticides for future action (the ones that present the highest weighted risk score [WRS]) would include Fipronil, Thiodicarb and Azinphos-methyl. Cartap identified as a hazardous insecticide regarding aquatic organisms and might threaten the natural aquatic ecosystems in these areas if continually used. Thiodicarb had the highest effect on human health. This study showed that a chemical with low RS but high en...

Toxicity of 10 registered insecticides and 6 fertilizers were tested against larva and adults of Korean firefly, Luciola lateralis Motschulsky(Coleoptera: Lampyridae). All experiments were tested at the recommended concentration of each inescticides by producer. MEP, PAP, Acephate, Fenthion, and Diazinon, which were organophates, a mixtures combined with Burofezin fenobucarb, Cartap buprofezin, and Thiamethoxam(Neonicotinoids), Fipronil(Phenylpyrazoles) showed more 80.0% mortality on larva and adults of L. lateralis. However, tebufenozide(I.G.R) showed low mortality of 33.3%. (ppm) value of Assit, Cartap buprofezin, Fenthion and PAP were showed 1.03 ppm, 1.90 ppm, 10.26 ppm, 0.98 ppm, respectively, against larva of L. lateralis. Effects against eggs showed very high toxicity. Otherwise, tebufenozide(I.G.R) was showed hatchability of 100%. Toxicity of Urea fertilizer, Ammonium sulfate, Potassium chloride, Fused phosphate, Complex fertilizer and Silicate fertilizer were showed the mortality with 27.3%, 56.7%, 73.3%, 0.0%, 0.0%, 0.0%, respectively, when exposed 72 hrs after treatment.

The aim of present study was to investigate the impact of selected insecticides used for controlling brinjal shoot and fruit borer on soil microorganisms and to find out the insecticides or nontoxic to soil microorganism the impact of nine selected insecticides on soil microbial respiration was studied in the laboratory. After injection of different insecticides solutions, the soil was incubated in the laboratory at room temperature for 32 days. The amount of CO2 evolved due to soil microbial respiration was determined at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 days of incubation. Flubendiamide, nimbicidine, lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin and thiodicarb had stimulatory effect on microbial respiration during the initial period of incubation. Chlorpyriphos, cartap and carbosulfan had inhibitory effect on microbial respiration and cypermethrin had no remarkable effect during the early stage of incubation. The negative effect of chlorpyriphos, cartap and carbosulfan was temporary, which was disappeared after 4 days of insecticides application. No effect of the selected insecticides on soil microorganisms was observed after 24 or 32 days of incubation.

The combinative rate measurement of (3-[I125] iodotyrosyl) α-bungarotoxin was applied in the analysis of the relation between nerve acetylcholine receptor and three types of insecticide resistance in diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). In the dimehypo-resistant strain and in the cartap-resistant strain, the nerve acetylcholine receptor showed the remarkable insensitivity to dimehypo and cartap, of which the binding rate to ligand was approximately 66 and 60%, respectively, of the susceptible strain. The sensitivity to deltamethrin in the deltamethrin-resistant strain did not show visible change. These results indicated that the decline in the sensitivity of nerve acetylcholine receptor to insecticide might be a potential mechanism to nereistoxin insecticides resistance in the diamondback moth.

Bio-efficacy of various treatment schedules, viz T1 (phorate + chlorpyriphos + imidacloprid + cartap hydrochloride), T2 (imidacloprid + acephate + chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin), T3 (phorate + chlorpyriphos + azadirachtin + Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki), T4 (Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki + azadirachtin ), T5 (phorate + imidacloprid + chlorpyriphos + cypermethrin), T6 (phorate + azadirachtin + Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstaki) and T7 (control) were evaluated against Agrotis ipsilon (Hufner) and mole cricket, Gryllotalpa africana, P.de. Beau. in single potato variety, Kufi Chandramukhi during rabi season of two potato-growing years in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 from November to February. The percentage of plant (shoot) damage was found low in T1 (5.82 – 5.87%), than by T3 (6.12 – 6.49%), T2 (6.86 – 6.92%), T5 (7.31 – 7.62%), T6 (8.21 – 8.81%), T4 (8.61 – 9.32%) and T7 (10.70 – 11.13%) respectively. Similarly percentage of tuber damage of potato was noted highest in T7 (34.29 – 43.90 %) and it was lowest in T2 (13.15–15.66 %). Maximum marketable yield (t/ha) of potato tubers was obtained in T2 (26.28–26.80 t/ha), which was succeeded by T1 (26.19 – 26.92 t/ha) than other treatments and it was recorded minimum in control T7 (11.17–12.69 t/ha). Maximum cost-benefit ratio (CBR) was recorded in T5 (1:2.03 – 1:2.04) while it was found minimum in T6 (1:1.11 – 1:1.17). Among the different treatment schedules T5 and T2 were most effective in increasing marketable yield of potato tubers and reduction of soil pest incidence over control T7 and also over other treatments.

The present field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of seven different treatment schedules during rabi season from November to February in 2012-13 and 2013-14, respectively against aphids, namely, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Aphis gossypii Glover on potato at Adisaptagram Block Seed Farm, Hooghly, West Bengal. All the treatment schedules were significantly superior over control throughout the experimental period. Among the seven treatment schedules, T1, which received phorate 10 G @ 1.5 kg a. I/ha at planting, followed by spraying of chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2.5 ml/lit of water at 40 days after planting (DAP), imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 1.5 ml/7.5 lit of water at 55 DAP and cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 1g/lit of water at 75 DAP was most effective and the aphid population never crossed the economic threshold level i.e. 20 aphids/100 compound leaves which was followed by T2 and T3 than other treatments as well as control (T7). The per cent reduction of aphid population over control was recorded highest in T1 (92.44 – 93.11), which was succeeded by T3 (88.87 – 89.35), T2 (88.46 – 91.30), T5 (85.67 – 87.60), T6 (82.72 – 84.10) and T4 (75.93 – 78.18) respectively. Maximum marketable yield of potato tubers (t/ha) was obtained in T2 (26.28-26.80), followed by T5 (26.25-26.67) than other treatments and it was found minimum in control (14.17-15.69). Cost benefit ratio was found highest in T2 (1:18.43-1:25.99) while it was noted lowest in T6 (1:9.50-1:11.45)

Efficient chemical control is achieved when insecticides are active against insect pests and safe to natural enemies. In this study, the toxicity of 17 insecticides to the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the selectivity of seven insecticides to natural enemies of this insect pest were evaluated. To determine the insecticide toxicity, B. tabaci adults were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion, methamidophos, bifenthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, fenitrothion, fenpropathrin, fenthion, phenthoate, permethrin and trichlorphon at 50 and 100% of the field rate (FR), and to water (untreated control). To determine the insecticide selectivity, adults of Encarsia sp., Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. were exposed to abamectin, acephate, acetamiprid, cartap, imidacloprid, malathion and methamidophos at 50 and 100% FR, and to water. Groups of each insect species were exposed to kale leaves preimmersed in each treatment under laboratory conditions. Mortality of exposed individuals was recorded 24 h after treatment. Cartap and imidacloprid at 50 and 100% FR and abamectin and acetamiprid at 100% FR showed insecticidal activity to B. tabaci adults. Abamectin at 50 and 100% FR was the least insecticidal compound to the natural enemies Acanthinus sp., Discodon sp. and Lasiochilus sp. The present results suggest that abamectin at 100% FR may decrease B. tabaci field populations but can still be harmless to predators. Implications of these results within an integrated pest management context are discussed.

The advanced oxidation of Cartap hydrochloride (Cartap) promoted by the Fenton system in an aqueous medium was investigated. Based on total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand and high-performance liquid chromatography, the oxidation of Cartap is quite efficient by the Fenton system. Its long chain is easily destroyed, but the reaction does not proceed to complete mineralization. Ion chromatography detection indicated the formation of acetic acid, propionic acid, formic acid, nitrous acid and sulfuric acid in the reaction mixtures. Further evidence of nitrogen monoxide and sulfur dioxide formation was obtained by using a flue gas analyzer. Monitoring by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer demonstrated the formation of oxalic acid, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and l-alanine ethylamide. Based on these experimental results, plausible degradation pathways for Cartap mineralization in an aqueous medium by the Fenton system are proposed.

Melon cultivation is an important agricultural activity in the Northeastern Region of Brazil. During its commercial cultivation, the melon crop is attacked by pests, mainly leafminers Liriomyza sativae Blanchard and Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) (Diptera: Agromyzidae). To keep leafminer populations below an economic issue level, it is essential to adopt control measures such as spraying insecticides and biological control. However, there is little information on the toxicity of insecticides used in the melon crop against leafminers’ natural enemies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of insecticides used in melon crops against the parasitoid Opius scabriventris , a natural enemy of leafminers from the genus Liriomyza (Diptera: Agromyzidae). The experiment was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions, in a completely randomized design, using two bioassays: I - Contact of parasitoids with a recently sprayed surface; and II - Contact of parasitoids with a surface containing dried residues of the insecticides that were significantly toxic in the bioassay I. In both bioassays, the toxicity of the insecticides was evaluated by observing parasitoid mortality. In bioassay I, from eight insecticides tested, only Cartap hydrochloride and Abamectin + mineral oil were considered harmful (Class 4) and Deltamethrin showed to be slightly harmful (class 2). Only Abamectin + mineral oil was harmful (Class 4) to the parasitoid O. scabriventris in the bioassay II. These are the first results regarding the effect of insecticides used in the management of melon pests on the parasitoid of the leafminer fly O. scabriventris .

The stone leek leafminer, Liriomyza chinensis (Kato), has become a serious pest on onioncrops in the whole Vietnam, and it is treated by a wide range of conventional insecticides. Growers apply insecticides early after a few mines on several leaves have been seen, and repeated applications are usually made. Field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of a single application of four currently and potentially used insecticides on L. chinensis. These insecticides were applied at recommended field rates. Leaf samples were used to monitor larval population, and yellow sticky traps were used to monitor adult population. Cyromazine was effective on the larvae, but no effective on the adults. Cartap, permethrin and phenthoate were not or less effective on neither larvae nor adults of the leafminer. These results suggest that cyromazine application provide one potential component of an effective L. chinensis control strategy for Vietnamese onion farmers.

The effects of the insecticides abamectin, acetamiprid, cartap and chlorpyrifos on larvae, pupae (within the host egg) and adults of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym.: Trichogrammatidae) were evaluated under laboratory conditions, using three standard tests described by IOBC. When sprayed on the immature stages of this parasitoid, cartap and chlorpyrifos proved to be the most harmful insecticides, affecting both the emergence success and parasitism capacity of this parasitoid, whereas abamectin and acetamiprid were selective. Abamectin was harmful to adults (residue test on glass plates), slightly harmful to larvae, and moderately harmful to pupae (sprayed on the immature stages within host eggs Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller)); acetamiprid was moderately harmful to adults, harmless to larvae, and slightly harmful to pupae; cartap was harmful to adults, moderately harmful to larvae and harmful to pupae; chlorpyrifos to adults, harmless to larvae and harmful to pupae.

leafminers was investigated in the laboratory. Among 10 insecticides available in Vietnam, dimethoate, phenthoate, permethrin, and cartap were highly or moderately effective on either larvae or adults of L. chine77;sis, but ethofenprox was ineffective. Of the seven insecticides labeled for leafminer control in Japan, cyromazine, emamectin benzoate, cartap, and spinosad were highly effective, but thiamethoxam, flufenoxuron, and chlothianidin were less or no effective on L. chinensis at their field recornmcnded dilutions. While dimethoate was effective on both the larvae and adults, cyromazine was only highly effective on the larvae and spinosad, and phenthoate were only found highly effebtive on the adults. These results suggest that dimethoate, cyromazine, spinosad, phenthoate, and cartap can be rotationally used for L.

Interactions between baculoviruses and insecticides vary from synergism to antagonism. The granulovirus infection of Spodoptera litura (SpltGV) produces slow kill of the tobacco cutworm larva. Hence, we tested SpltGV in combination with several insecticides including, endosulfan 35EC, chlorpyrifos 20EC, fenvalerate 20EC, and cartap hydrochloride 25WP for synergistic insecticidal activity. We found that interaction between virus at a lethal concentration for 25% mortality (LC25) dose and LC25 and LC50 dose of insecticides was synergistic with chlorphyriphos, additive with fenvalerate and endosulfan and antagonistic with cartap hydrochloride. A significant mitigation of the carboxyl esterase induction was observed for chlorpyrifos treatments applied 48 and 96 h following virus inoculation. Our results indicate that co-application of the granulovirus along with chlorpyrifos reduces the induction of carboxyl esterase. Application of the virus along with insecticide may be an effective insecticide resistance management strategy.

A diamondback moth (DBM) colony (KOBII) originally collected from cabbage fields of Iwaoka-cho in Kobe City, Japan, where acetamiprid is the primary insecticide for DBM control was selected for studies on resistance to acetamiprid, phenthoate, esfenvalerate and cartap, using the leaf-dipping method. Resistance to acetamiprid was slow to develop in KOBII compared with the other insecticides. Three selection experiments each with phenthoate and esfenvalerate yielded a resistance ratio (RR) of 140 and 222, respectively, in the selected strains compared with a part of KOBII that was not exposed to any insecticide (KOBII-NS). Three selection experiments with cartap also gave an RR of 15. However, six selection experiments with acetamiprid yielded an RR of just 9.5 in the selected strain. When cross-resistance to acetamiprid was evaluated, the cartap-resistant strain showed a moderate level of cross-resistance to acetamiprid. In the case of the phenthoate-resistant strain, a very low cross-resistance to acetamiprid was observed. There was however no discernible cross-resistance to acetamiprid in the esfenvalerate-resistant strain.

The contact and ingestion toxicities of selected agrochemicals applied at the standard field rate against adult females and pupae in host mummies of a native parasitoid Aphidius gifuensis were studied using several bioassays. Fresh residues of five insecticides (cartap, chlorfenapyr, emamectin benzoate, permethrin and imidacloprid) were found to be highly toxic against adult females as compared with the pupae in mummies. Evaluation of the residual effects of these five insecticides on cabbage foliage showed that cartap and imidacloprid were highly persistent. In the same assay, two IGRs (chlorfluazuron and lufenuron) and a fungicide (copper oxychloride) were harmless against adult females. When these agrochemicals were fed orally at the field rate, the mortality of adult females ranged from 13.3 to 46.7%. Ingestion of copper oxychloride had a slightly negative effect on parasitism.

To clarify the reason for the recent dramatic outbreak of the leafminer, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau), on the green pea in Japan, the insecticide susceptibility of two leafminer populations collected from grower's pea fields in Shizuoka and Kagoshima Prefectures was measured in a laboratory assay. Of the five insecticides registered for leafminer control on the pea, cartap was moderately effective, but phenthoate, malathion, permethrin and tralomethrin were less effective on larvae of the leafminer populations at their recommended dilutions. The leafminer population from Shizuoka was slightly less susceptible than the population from Kagoshima to all insecticides tested by LC50 assay. Emamectin-benzoate, fipronil, spinosad, chlorfenapyr, cyromazine and isoxathion were very effective in controlling leafminer populations. The impact of insecticide applications on the leafminer and associated parasitoids in pea fields in Shizuoka Prefecture was also discussed. Of the four samples of pea shoots collected from three fields, two samples collected one month after insecticide application had very few leafminers and many parasitoids. However the sample taken immediately after insecticide application had a very large number of emerged adult leafminers, but few parasitoids. The results suggest that the recent large outbreak of C. horticola might have resulted from a combination of low susceptibility to insecticides in the species and the destruction of the parasitoid complex due to frequent insecticide applications.

The insecticide susceptibility of the stone leek leafminer, Liriomyza chinensis Kato, on Welsh onion was evaluated at 25°C under a 15L-9D photoperiod. Among 21 insecticides tested on second instar larvae using the leaf dipping method, CVP (mortality: 98.0%), thiocyclam (98.0%), cyromazine (80.9%) and nitenpyram (81.8%) produced high mortality. Adults of L. chinensis were highly susceptible to CVP (mortality: 85.4%), ethofenprox (100.0%), and spinosad (85.7%). Cartap, thiocyclam, ethofenprox, cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate reduced the number of feeding and oviposition punctures made by adult L. chinensis females.

The insecticide susceptibility of the garden pea leafminer, Chromatomyia horticola (Goureau), on garden pea, Pisum sativum L. was evaluated at 25°C under a 15L-9D photoperiod. Among 21 tested on second stadium larvae using the leaf dipping method, isoxathion, chlorpyrifos, cartap, thiocyclam, ethofenprox, cypermethrin, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, tolfenpyrad, and milbemectin produced high mortality. Adults of C. horticola were highly susceptible to isoxathion, chlorpyrifos, thiocyclam, ethofenprox, emamectin benzoate, and pyridalyl.