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Natural products can be a source of biomolecules with antioxidant activity which are able to prevent oxidative stress-induced diseases and show antitumor activity, making them important sources of new anticancer drug prototypes. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of an ethanol extract of Senna velutina leaves and to assess its antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in leukemic cells. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using a DPPH free radical scavenging assay and by examining the extract's inhibition of AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes. Its cytotoxicity and possible mechanisms of action were assessed in Jurkat and K562 leukemic cell lines. The ethanol extract contained flavonoids, such as epigallocatechin, epicatechin, kaempferol heteroside, rutin, and dimeric and trimeric proanthocyanidin derivatives. The extract exhibited antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and antihemolytic action, and it decreased malondialdehyde content in human erythrocytes. Furthermore, the extract also induced leukemic cell death by activating intracellular calcium and caspase-3, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential, and arresting the cell cycle in S and G2 phases. Hence, S. velutina leaf extract contains antioxidant and antileukemic biomolecules with potential applications in diseases associated with oxidative stress and in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation.

Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions involving ( E )-iodo vinyl stannanes and terminal acetylenes were carried out in the presence of Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 , CuI and several amines, affording ( Z )-tributylstannyl enynes in moderate to good yields (62–91%). Utilizing the catalytic system containing Pd(PPh 3 ) 4 (5%), CuI (10%), and TBAOH (40% in aqueous media) as activator, better yields (72–91%) and lower reaction times were achieved.

Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville (Fabaceae) is a tree species native to the Brazilian Cerrado commonly known as barbatim&atilde, o. In traditional medicine, decoctions or infusions of the stem bark of this plant are used in the treatment of several diseases. The objective of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of Stryphnodendron adstringens aqueous extracts (SAAE) prepared from the stem bark to assess their antioxidant activity and anticancer effects as well as characterize cell death mechanisms against murine B16F10Nex-2 melanoma cells. From the SAAE, gallic acid, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, dimeric and trimeric proanthocyanidins mainly composed of prodelphinidin units and the isomeric chromones C-hexosyl- and O-pentosyl-5,7-dihydroxychromone were identified. The SAAE showed antioxidant activity through direct free-radical scavenging as well as through oxidative hemolysis and lipid peroxidation inhibition in human erythrocytes. Furthermore, SAAE promoted apoptosis-induced cell death in melanoma cells by increasing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, inducing mitochondrial membrane potential dysfunction and activating caspase-3. Together, these data show the antioxidant and anticancer effects of Stryphnodendron adstringens. These results open new perspectives for studies against other tumor cell lines and in vivo models as well as for the identification and isolation of the chemical constituents responsible for these effects.

Gas-phase dissociation pathways of deprotonated 1,4-naphthoquinone (NQ) derivatives have been investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). The major decomposition routes have been elucidated on the basis of quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31 + G(d,p) level. Deprotonation sites have been indicated by analysis of natural charges and gas-phase acidity. NQ anions underwent an interesting reaction under collision-induced dissociation conditions, which resulted in the radical elimination of the lateral chain, in contrast with the even-electron rule. Possible pathways have been suggested, and their mechanisms have been elucidated on the basis of Gibbs energy and enthalpy values for the anions previously described at each pathway.

The refractionation of an alkaloidal extract of the leaves and twigs of Duguetia furfuracea has provided a minor aporphinoid alkaloid, named (+)-8-nitrous-isocorydine or (+)-1,2,3-trymethoxy-11-hydroxy-8-nitrous- aporphine. The structure of the new compound was elucidated by spectroscopic methods, notably 2D NMR and HRESIMS.

Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae) is a fruit tree, popularly known as mangabeira, and it is widely distributed throughout Brazil. Several parts of the plant are used in folk medicine, and the leaf and bark extracts have anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial properties. In this study, we investigated the chemical composition of the ethanolic extract of Hancornia speciosa leaves (EEHS) and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities as well as the mechanisms involved in cell death. The chemical compounds were identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The antioxidant activity of the EEHS was investigated using the method that involves the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals as well as the inhibition of oxidative hemolysis and lipid peroxidation induced by 2,2’-azobis (2-amidinopropane) in human erythrocytes. The antimicrobial activity was determined by calculating the minimum inhibitory concentration, minimum bactericidal concentration, minimum fungicidal concentration, and zone of inhibition. Kasumi-1 leukemic cells were used to assess the cytotoxic activity and mechanisms involved in cell death promoted by the EEHS. The chemical compounds identified were quinic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, rutin, isoquercitrin, kaempferol-rutinoside, and catechin-pentoside. The EEHS demonstrated antioxidant activity via the sequestration of free radicals, inhibition of hemolysis, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes incubated with an oxidizing agent. The antimicrobial activity was observed against American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and hospital strains of bacteria and fungi, filamentous fungi and dermatophytes. The cytotoxic activity of the EEHS was induced by apoptosis, reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential, and activation of cathepsins. Together, these results indicate the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids in the EEHS and that their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities in acute myeloid leukemia cells are mediated by apoptosis., This work was supported by grants from Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT, Brazil), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil) and PRODER, (24.073 – Â, Portugal). E.L.S.; E.J.P.G e C.A.L.C., were recipient of felowship from CNPq, Brazil. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Fundacao de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciencia e Tecnologia do Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq) Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES) Brazilian National Research Council (CNPq), Brazil Natural products can be a source of biomolecules with antioxidant activity which are able to prevent oxidative stress-induced diseases and show antitumor activity, making them important sources of new anticancer drug prototypes. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of an ethanol extract of Senna velutina leaves and to assess its antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in leukemic cells. The antioxidant properties were evaluated using a DPPH free radical scavenging assay and by examining the extract's inhibition of AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes. Its cytotoxicity and possible mechanisms of action were assessed in Jurkat and K562 leukemic cell lines. The ethanol extract contained flavonoids, such as epigallocatechin, epicatechin, kaempferol heteroside, rutin, and dimeric and trimeric proanthocyanidin derivatives. The extract exhibited antioxidant activity by scavenging free radicals and antihemolytic action, and it decreased malondialdehyde content in human erythrocytes. Furthermore, the extract also induced leukemic cell death by activating intracellular calcium and caspase-3, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential, and arresting the cell cycle in S and G2 phases. Hence, S. velutina leaf extract contains antioxidant and antileukemic biomolecules with potential applications in diseases associated with oxidative stress and in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. School of Environmental and Biological Science, Federal University of Grande Dourados, Rodovia Dourados Itahum, Km 12, 79.804-970 Dourados, MS, Brazil Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil Interdisciplinary Center of Biochemistry Investigation, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida Souza, No. 200, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil Center of Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Agricultural College of Bragança, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo 669, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil Web of Science

We evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Aspilia latissima - an abundant plant from the Brazilian Pantanal region - against Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The crude extracts and fractions showed activity in all tested microorganisms. The chloroform fraction of the leaves and roots showed the most antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, with an MIC of 500 μg/mL. This fraction was submitted to bioautographic assays to characterize the activity of the compounds. Two bands from the leaves (L-A and L-B) and three bands from the roots (R-C, R-D and R-E) were bioactive. Within the root-derived bands, the terpene derivatives stigmasterol, kaurenoic acid and kaura-9(11), 16-dien-18-oic acid were identified. Antibiotic activity of A. latissima is reported for the first time.

The search for new molecules with therapeutic properties, including antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activities, is facilitated by the vast biodiversity and bio-prospecting potential in Brazil. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of an ethanol extract of Senna velutina leaves and to evaluate its antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in in Jurkat and K562 leukemic cells. The antioxidant properties were evaluated with a DPPH free radical-scavenging assay and by examining the extract’s inhibition of AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes. Its cytotoxicity and possible mechanisms of action were assessed in leukemic cell lines. The ethanol extract contained flavonoids, such as epigallocatechin, epicatechin, kaempferol heteroside and rutin. The extract exhibited antioxidant and anti-hemolytic activities, and it decreased malondialdehyde content in human erythrocytes. Furthermore, the extract also induced leukemic cell death by activating intracellular calcium and caspase-3, decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential, and arresting the cell cycle in the S and G2 phases. Taken together, these results indicate that S. velutina leaf extract has therapeutic potential for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases related to oxidative stress and tumor cell proliferation. Supported by grants: FUNDECT, CNPq, and CAPES.

Five novel santalane-type sesquiterpenes were isolated from the stem bark of Duguetia glabriuscula - Annonaceae. Their structures have been established on the basis of spectral data and chemical evidences (¹H and 13C NMR, HMQC, HMBC) as (+)-alpha-santal-10-en-9-ol (1), (+)-alpha-santalan-10,11-epoxy-9-ol (2), alpha-santal-11-en-9,10-diol (3), (+)-alpha-santalan-9,10,11-triol (4), and (+)-alpha-santalan-9,11-epoxy-10-ol (5). Polycarpol, a triterpenoid, was also obtained.

Topical administration of powdered shells of the land snailMegalobulimus lopesiwas evaluated in Wistar rats for their healing activity in an excision wound model. The animals were distributed into three groups—G1 (control): no therapeutic intervention; G2 (vehicle controls): Lanette cream once daily; G3 (experimental animals): treated with powdered shells. Variables investigated were: wound area contraction, angiogenic activity, morphometric data, leukocytic inflammatory infiltrate, and total leukocyte count in peripheral blood. Thermogravimetric analysis and quantification and characterization of powdered shell proteins were also performed. Wound area on days 3, 7, and 14 was smaller in G3, besides presenting wound closure on day 21 for all these animals. Topical administration of the powdered shells also led to an increased number of vessels at the wound site, higher leukocyte counts in peripheral blood, and increased leukocytic inflammatory infiltrate. The results lend support to the southern Brazilian folk use ofM. lopesipowdered shells, as shown by the enhanced secondary-intention healing achieved with their topical administration to wounds in rats. Topical administration caused inflammatory response modulation, crucial to accelerating the healing process, the chronification of which increases the risks of wound contamination by opportunistic pathogens.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. Geopropolis is a resin mixed with mud, produced only by stingless bees. Despite being popularly known for its medicinal properties, few scientific studies have proven its biological activities. In this context, the objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and antimicrobial activities of the Melipona orbignyi geopropolis. The hydroalcoholic extract of geopropolis (HEGP) was prepared and its chemical composition determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). The antioxidant activity was determined by the capture of free radicals and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in human erythrocytes. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by the inhibition of the hyaluronidase enzyme and the antimutagenic action was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae colonies. The antimicrobial activities were determined against bacteria and yeasts, isolated from reference strains and hospital origin. The chemical composition of HEGP included flavonoids, derivatives of glycosylated phenolic acids and terpenoids. HEGP showed high antioxidant activity, it inhibited the activity of the inflammatory enzyme hyaluronidase and reduced the mutagenic effects in S. cerevisiae. In relation to the antimicrobial activity, it promoted the death of all microorganisms evaluated. In conclusion, this study reveals for the first time the chemical composition of the HEGP of M. orbignyi and demonstrates its pharmacological properties. This work was supported by grants from Foundation to Support to Fundação de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT, Brazil), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Brazil), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq, Brazil) and PRODER, (24.073 – Â, Portugal). info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A novel labdane diterpene was isolated from the plant Acritopappus longifolius. The structure of this compound was established by 1D- and 2D-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques and mass spectrometry data. N -Methyl-4-hydroxy- trans- proline, stigmasterol-3- O -β- d -glycoside, and the flavonoids quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and rutin were also isolated.

This study is the first phytochemical investigation of Selaginella sellowii and demonstrates the antileishmanial activity of the hydroethanolic extract from this plant (SSHE), as well as of the biflavonoids amentoflavone and robustaflavone, isolated from this species. The effects of these substances were evaluated on intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, an aetiological agent of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. SSHE was highly active against intracellular amastigotes [the half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) = 20.2 µg/mL]. Fractionation of the extract led to the isolation of the two bioflavonoids with the highest activity: amentoflavone, which was about 200 times more active (IC50 = 0.1 μg/mL) and less cytotoxic than SSHE (IC50 = 2.2 and 3 μg/mL, respectively on NIH/3T3 and J774.A1 cells), with a high selectivity index (SI) (22 and 30), robustaflavone, which was also active against L. amazonensis (IC50 = 2.8 µg/mL), but more cytotoxic, with IC50 = 25.5 µg/mL (SI = 9.1) on NIH/3T3 cells and IC50 = 3.1 µg/mL (SI = 1.1) on J774.A1 cells. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was lower in cells treated with amentoflavone (suggesting that NO does not contribute to the leishmanicidal mechanism in this case), while NO release was higher after treatment with robustaflavone. S. sellowii may be a potential source of biflavonoids that could provide promising compounds for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the gastroprotective and healing effects of the methanolic extract of the seed of the papaya Carica papaya L. (MECP) in rats. Models of acute gastric ulcer induction by ethanol and indomethacin and of chronic ulcer by acetic acid were used. The gastric juice and mucus parameters were evaluated using the pylorus ligation model, and the involvement of sulfhydryl compounds (GSH) and nitric oxide in the gastroprotective effect was analyzed using the ethanol model. The toxicity was assessed through toxicity tests. No signs of toxicity were observed when the rats received a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of extract. The MECP in doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced the gastric lesion with 56, 76, and 82 % inhibition, respectively, and a dose of 30 mg/kg lansoprazole showed 79 % inhibition in the ethanol model. MECP (125, 250, 500 mg/kg) and cimetidine (200 mg/kg) reduced the gastric lesion in the indomethacin model, with 62, 67, 81, and 85 % inhibition, respectively. The MECP (500 mg/kg) and cimetidine (200 mg/kg) treatments showed a reduction in ulcerative symptoms induced by acetic acid by 84 and 73 %, respectively. The antiulcerogenic activity seems to involve GSH because the inhibition dropped from 72 to 13 % in the presence of a GSH inhibitor. Moreover, the MECP showed systemic action, increasing the mucus production and decreasing gastric acidity. Treatments with MECP induce gastroprotection without signs of toxicity. This effect seems to involve sulfhydryl compounds, increased mucus, and reduced gastric acidity.

Achyrocline alata, known as Jateí-ka-há, is traditionally used to treat several health problems, including inflammations and infections. This study aimed to optimize an active extract against Streptococcus mutans, the main bacteria that causes caries. The extract was developed using an accelerated solvent extraction and chemometric calculations. Factorial design and response surface methodologies were used to determine the most important variables, such as active compound selectivity. The standardized extraction recovered 99% of the four main compounds, gnaphaliin, helipyrone, obtusifolin and lepidissipyrone, which represent 44% of the extract. The optimized extract of A. alata has a MIC of 62.5 μg/mL against S. mutans and could be used in mouth care products.

The taxonomic classification of the genus Vernonia Schreb is complex and, as yet, unclear. We here report the use of untargeted metabolomics approaches, followed by multivariate analyses methods and a phytochemical characterization of ten Vernonia species. Metabolic fingerprints were obtained by accurate mass measurements and used to determine the phytochemical similarities and differences between species through multivariate analyses approaches. Principal component analysis based on the relative levels of 528 metabolites, indicated that the ten species could be clustered into four groups. Thereby, V. polyanthes was the only species with presence of flavones chrysoeriol-7-O-glycuronyl, acacetin-7-O-glycuronyl and sesquiterpenes lactones piptocarphin A and piptocarphin B, while glaucolide A was detected in both V. brasiliana and V. polyanthes, separating these species from the two other species of the Vernonanthura group. Species from the Lessingianthus group were unique in showing a positive response in the foam test, suggesting the presence of saponins, which could be confirmed by metabolite annotation. V. rufogrisea showed a great variety of sesquiterpene lactones, placing this species into a separate group. Species within the Chrysolaena group were unique in accumulating clovamide. Our results of LC-MS-based profiling combined with multivariate analyses suggest that metabolomics approaches, such as untargeted LC-MS, may be potentially used as a large-scale chemotaxonomical tool, in addition to classical morphological and cytotaxonomical approaches, in order to facilitate taxonomical classifications.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Byrsonima verbascifolia is used in folk medicine to treat diarrhea, intestinal infections, chronic wounds, Chagas disease, inflammation and as a diuretic. However there is no investigation regarding the Byrsonima verbascifolia hydrometanolic extract (BVHME) used during gestation. Materials and methods The pregnant females were randomly divided into 5 groups. Control group received saline plus DMSO (1%) in a volume of 0.1 mL/10 g (b.w.), via gavage, for at least 15 days prior to mating and throughout the gestational period. The Pre-treatment group received the BVHME, via gavage, at a dose of 50 mg/kg (b.w.) for at least 15 days prior to mating and up to the appearance of the vaginal plug. The Organogenesis group received the BVHME at a dose of 50 mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, on the 5–15th gestational day. The Gestational group received the BVHME at a dose of 50 mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, throughout the gestational period (from the 1st to the 18th day of pregnancy). The Pre+Gestational group received the BVHME at a dose of 50 mg/kg (b.w.), via gavage, for at least 15 days prior to mating and up to throughout the gestational period. The clinical signals of maternal and fetuses toxicity were evaluated, as the mutagenicity and immunomodulation tests were performed. Results and conclusions The present investigation shows, for the first time, that the use of Byrsonima verbascifolia extract in pregnant Swiss mice, did not alter the female reproductive function, mutagenicity or immunostimulation as well as not interfere with embryofetal development at least in our experimental conditions.

This research evaluated the in vitro acaricidal activity of extracts from 21 plant species from the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul. During stage I, a larval immersion test was performed using three extract concentrations (5%, 20%, and 40%). During stage II, we used only plants that showed over 95% efficiency at the 40% concentration in stage I in an amount sufficient for the adult immersion test. Aeschynomene denticulata, Angelonia hirta, Aspilia latissima, Caperonia castaneifolia, Centratherum punctatum, Crotalaria micans, Diodia kuntzei, Echinodorus paniculatus, Hyptis mutabilis, Lantana canescens, Melanthera latifolia, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Richardia grandiflora, Sebastiana hispida, Tocoyena formosa, Zanthoxylum rigidum, and Sesbania virgata (fruit extract) showed acaricidal activity against the larval stage ofRhipicephalus (Boophilus)microplus higher than 95% at a 40% (w/v) concentration, while Hippocratea volubilis and Randia armatashowed moderate efficacy and Croton glandulosus andSenna obtusifolia had no effect. The M. latifolia, A. hirta, R. grandiflora, and A. latissima raw extracts were evaluated for their activity against adults, and only A. hirta showed an efficacy close to 90%. Eighteen extracts had an efficacy of up to 95% against larvae at a 40% concentration, seven extracts were effective at 20%, and only one (Sebastiana hispida) was effective at a 5% concentration. Este trabalho avaliou a atividade acaricida in vitrode extratos de 21 espécies de plantas do Pantanal de Mato Grosso do Sul. Na etapa I, foi realizado um teste de imersão larval utilizando três concentrações de extrato (5%, 20% e 40%). Na etapa II, utilizou-se apenas as plantas que apresentaram eficácia superior a 95%, na concentração de 40% na etapa I e que apresentasse quantidade suficiente para o teste de imersão de adulto. Aeschynomene denticulata, Angelonia hirta, Aspilia latissima, Caperonia castaneifolia, Centratherum punctatum, Crotalaria micans, Diodia kuntzei, Echinodorus paniculatus, Hyptis mutabilis, Lantana canescens, Melanthera latifolia, Ocotea diospyrifolia, Richardia grandiflora, Sebastiana hispida, Tocoyena formosa, Zanthoxylum rigidum e Sesbania virgata (extrato do fruto) apresentaram atividade acaricida sobre larvas de Rhipicephalus (Boophilus)microplus superior a 95% na concentração de 40% (w/v), enquanto Hippocratea volubilis e Randia armataapresentaram eficácia moderada e Croton glandulosus eSenna obtusifolia não apresentaram efeito acaricida. Os extratos brutos de M. latifolia, A. hirta, R. grandiflora e A. latissima foram avaliados sobre adultos e A. hirta apresentou eficácia próxima de 90%. Dezoito extratos apresentaram eficácia de até 95%, contra larvas, na concentração de 40%, sete extratos foram eficazes a 20% e apenas um (Sebastiana hispida) foi eficaz na concentração de 5%.

Objective: To analyze a product illegally sold as herbal medicine acquired and used by a patient and to understand the reasons that led the patient to use this product. Methods: The chemical analysis was performed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) analysis with a direct infusion with a Bruker Daltonics UltroTOF-Q, in positive mode. A qualitative interview was conducted with the patient. The data obtained were submitted to thematic analysis. Results: Chemical analysis confirmed the presence of piroxicam and orphenadrine, and the complete absence of a natural product. The qualitative study revealed three themes: previous experience with the disease and the use of medicines, feelings about the care provided by health professionals, and the patient’s solution.Conclusion: The commercial availability of this kind of product raises concerns about safety and demonstrates the necessity for more intensive surveillance by health authorities. In addition, the present study showed the need for a patient-centered practice and the understanding of medication experience to provide effective care to patients who use medicines to preserve them from unsafe products.

This study describes the chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the hydroethanolic extract of the xylopodium of Cochlospermum regium (Mart. & Schr.) Pilger, which has been associated with antimicrobial activity. Phytochemical investigation produced seven phenol derivatives: ellagic acid, gallic acid, dihydrokaempferol, dihydrokaempferol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside, dihydrokaempferol-3-O-β-(6"-galloyl)-glucopyranoside, pinoresinol, and excelsin. It also contained two triacylbenzenes, known as cochlospermines A and B. The hydroethanolic extract and its fractions exhibited antimicrobial activity (0.1 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Gallic acid showed activity against S. aureus. Dihydrokaempferol-3-O-β-(6"-galloyl)-glucopyranoside is reported here for the first time in the literature.

Análises comparativas entre os extratos hidrometanólico de Achyrocline alata (Kunth) DC. e A. satureioides (Lam.) DC., Asteraceae,foram desenvolvidas utilizando HPLC-DAD-MS. Ambas as plantas são utilizadas indistintamente para as mesmas indicações na medicina popular de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, enquanto a A. alata ("jatei-ka-há) é predominante neste estado, a A. satureioides ("marcela") é predominante nos demais estados da Federação. Amostras das duas espécies coletadas em épocas diferentes, 1996 e 2002, apresentaram o mesmo perfil cromatográfico. O presente resultado pode justificar que A. alata possa ser utilizada como sucedânea de A. satureioides, pois apresentam similar composição de metabólitos secundários polares. ABSTRACT - A comparative analysis between the hydromethanolic extracts of Achyrocline alata (Kunth) DC. and A. satureioides (Lam.) DC., Asteraceae, was performed by the use of HPLC-DAD-MS. Both plants were used without distinction and under the same indications in folk medicine in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. While Achyrocline alata ("jatei-ka-ha") is used in folk medicine of the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul, A. satureioides is predominantly used in other states. Samples of both plants collected in different periods, 1996 and 2002, showed a very similar chemical profile. The results indicate that A alata could be used in phytotherapeutic preparations as substitue for A. satureioides, since they have similar chemical compositions of the polar extract.

Fungi, including the entomopathogenic deuteromycete Metarhizium anisopliae, produce a wide diversity of secondary metabolites that either can be secreted or stored in specific developmental structures, e.g., conidia. Some secondary metabolites, such as pigments, polyols and mycosporines, are associated with pathogenicity and/or fungal tolerance to several stress-inducing environmental factors, including temperature and solar radiation extremes. Extracts of M. anisopliae var. anisopliae (strain ESALQ-1037) conidia were purified by chromatographic procedures and the isolated compounds analyzed by ¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry. LC-MS analyses were carried out to search for mycosporines (the initial targets), but no compounds of this class were detected. A molecule whose natural occurrence was previously undescribed was identified. It consists of betaine conjugated with tyrosine, and the structure was identified as 2-{[1-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino}-N,N,N-trimethyl-2-oxoethanammonium. Mannitol was the predominant compound in the alcoholic conidial extract, but no amino acids other than tyrosine were found to be conjugated with betaine in conidia. The fungal tyrosine betaine was detected also in conidial extracts of three other M. anisopliae var. anisopliae (ARSEF 1095, 5626 and 5749) and three M. anisopliae var. acridum isolates (ARSEF 324, 3391 and 7486), but it was not detected in Aspergillus nidulans conidial extract (ATCC 10074).

Duguetia furfuracea, Annonaceae, uma invasora de pastagens, é também usada na medicina tradicional em diversos estados no Brasil. Devido à significante diferença de odor entre dois grupos de indivíduos desta planta em um remanescente de cerrado em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, seis amostras foram selecionadas de acordo com a intensidade de odor em suas folhas: In-01, In-03 e In-05: odor pronunciado (Perfil A); In-02, In-04 e In-06: odor fraco ou ausência de odor (Perfil B). As folhas foram coletadas e submetidas a hidrodestilação para obtenção dos óleos essenciais, os quais foram analisados por CG/EM. Uma boa compatibilidade foi encontrada entre os resultados obtidos por CG/EM e a análise olfativa adotada para as amostras: espécimes odor pronunciado apresentaram uma alta porcentagem de monoterpenos e alguns sesquiterpenos: In-01 (β-felandreno, 42,2%; mirceno, 6,8%; α-felandreno, 4,6%); In-03 (terpin-4-ol, 21,6%; sabineno, 17,3%; p-cimeno, 5,6%); In-05 (sabineno, 25,1%; terpin-4-ol, 16,2%; p-cimeno, 8,3%). Apenas sesquiterpenos foram encontrados nos espécimes que apresentaram odor fraco ou ausência do mesmo (com constituinte majoritário biciclogermacreno: 21,4%, 24,0%, and 29,1%, respectivamente, para os In-02, In-04 e In-06). Duguetia furfuracea, Annonaceae, a pasture weed, is also used in folk medicine in several Brazilian states. Because of the significant difference in odor between two groups of this plant in a remnant patch of savanna in Campo Grande county, Mato Grosso do Sul, six samples were selected according to the odor intensity in the leaves (In-01, In-03, and In-05: pronounced odor; In-02, In-04, and In-06: weak odor or its absence). The leaves were collected and subjected to steam distillation for extraction of essential oils, which were analyzed by GC-MS. A good agreement was found between CG/MS results and olfactory evaluation of the samples: specimens exhibiting leaf scent had a high percentage of monoterpenes and some sesquiterpenes, as follows: In-01 (β-phellandrene, 42.2%; myrcene, 6.8%; α-phellandrene, 4.6%); In-03 (terpin-4-ol, 21.6%; sabinene, 17.3%; p-cymene, 5.6%); In-05 (sabinene, 25.1%; terpin-4-ol, 16.2%; p-cymene, 8.3%). Only sesquiterpenes were found in the specimens having weakly scented or scentless leaves (main constituent bicyclogermacrene: 21.4%, 24.0%, and 29.1%, respectively, for In-02, In-04 and In-06).

Mikania é o maior gênero da tribo Eupatorieae, com cerca de 430 espécies, sendo amplamente distribuído no Brasil, com aproximadamente 200 espécies descritas. Dentro deste gênero, Mikania cordifolia, M. micrantha e M. glomerata são comumente chamadas de guaco e estão entre as espécies mais usadas popularmente, principalmente para o tratamento de febre, reumatismo, doenças do trato respiratório e contra picadas de cobra. No presente trabalho, foram realizados estudos fitoquímicos destas três espécies e foram analisados os efeitos dos tipos de adubação, da radiação solar e do estresse hídrico sobre a produção de metabólitos secundários. Primeiramente, através de estudos fitoquímicos, foram identificados 62 compostos. As frações polares das espécies apresentaram como compostos majoritários derivados fenilpropanóicos, destacando-se o Ácido 3,5-dicafeoilquínico em M. glomerata e M. micrantha e o Ácido Fertárico em M. cordifolia. Na espécie M. glomerata também foram identificados derivados do Ácido glucárico di e tri esterificados por ácidos caféicos, até o momento não descritos na literatura, além de flavonóides sulfatados, os quais também estão presentes em M. micrantha. Nas frações apolares foi verificada a presença de triterpenos, principalmente em M. cordifolia e derivados do Ácido Caurenóico em M. glomerata e M. micrantha. As lactonas sesquiterpênicas foram encontradas em M. cordifolia (esqueleto melampolido) e em M. micrantha (esqueleto micranolido). A análise dos cultivares de M. glomerata e M. cordifolia, revelou uma grande influência das condições de cultivo na composição dos metabólitos secundários. Os experimentos mostraram uma grande variação entre a concentração dos compostos presentes nas duas espécies de Mikania, sendo verificado que as condições de cultivo e principalmente as taxas de luminosidade são de extrema importância na acumulação desses metabólitos. O estresse hídrico não apontou efeitos significativos no acúmulo de substâncias em M. glomerata. As análises histoquímicas se mostraram eficazes na obtenção de informações a respeito da localização de compostos fenólicos nas folhas de M. glomerata. Mikania is the largest gender of the tribe Eupatorieae, with about 430 species, being distributed thoroughly in Brazil, with approximately 200 described species. In this gender, Mikania cordifolia, M. micrantha and M. glomerata are commonly called \"guaco\" and are among the more popularly used species, mainly for the treatment of fever, rheumatism, diseases of the breathing tract and against snake bites. In the present work, phytochemical studies of these three species were carried out and the effects of the fertilization types, the solar radiation and the hydric stress upon the production of secondary metabolites were analyzed. Firstly, through phytochemical studies, 62 compounds were identified. The polar fractions of the species presented as majority compounds phenylpropanoic derivatives: 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid in M. glomerata and M. micrantha and Fertaric acid in M. cordifolia. In M. glomerata were also identified glucaric acid derivatives di- and tri-esterified with cafeic acids, which are no described in the literature until the moment, besides sulfated flavonoids, which are also present in M. micrantha. In the apolar fractions the triterpenes presence were verified mainly in M. cordifolia and kaurenoic acid derivatives in M. glomerata and M. micrantha. The sesquiterpene lactones were found in M. cordifolia (melampolide skeleton) and in M. micrantha (micranolide skeleton). The analysis of M. glomerata and M. cordifolia cultivars revealed a great influence of the cultivation conditions in the secondary metabolites composition. The experiments showed a great variation among the concentration of the compounds in the two species of Mikania, being verified that the cultivation conditions and mainly the taxes of solar radiation are of extreme importance in the accumulation of these metabolites. The hydric stress didnt have significant effects in the accumulation of substances in M. glomerata. The histochemical analyses were effective in supply information regarding location of phenolic compounds in the leaves of M. glomerata.

A different methodology was used to isolate and purify oxoaporphine alkaloids, as they are difficult to separate by the usual workup when in mixture. Alkaloid extracts from Annonaceae species were obtained by base/acid extraction. The extracts were concentrated and submitted to partition in solutions of acids of different pKa values, followed by separation by preparative TLC using 1 mm thick silica gel impregnated with oxalic acid (11.2% w/w). Liriodenine, lisycamine, lanuginosine, and O-methylmoschatoline were obtained and tested against tumoral cells (line Hep2, ATCC-CCL 23, larynx carcinoma). Only O-methylmoschatoline (IC50 12.4 µM) was more active than cisplatin (18.0 µM).

Two new aporphine alkaloids, N-nitrosoanonaine (1) and N-nitrosoxylopine (2), were isolated from the aerial parts of Duguetia furfuracea, a weed found in several Brazilian regions. Their structures were elucidated by NMR analysis, CHN analysis, CD, IR, and MS data. The single-crystal X-ray strucutural determination of the structure of 1 was also perfomed.

The cytotoxic effects of seven constituents isolated from Duguetia glabriuscula were evaluated against Hep2 human larynx carcinoma cells. The cytotoxicity exhibited by beta-sitosterol was as strong as that of cis-platin. (+)-Alloaromadendran-10,14beta-diol caused inhibition of cellular growth with IC50 values lower than 25 microg/ml, a feature that was considered as revealing significant activity. Polycarpol showed borderline cytotoxicity, whereas the other compounds were inactive.

Piper angustifolium Lam., Piperaceae, popularly known as “matito”, “pimenta-de-macaco”, “pimenta-longa” or “jagurandi” in Brazil, has been commonly used in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis-associated lesions, but there are few studies on the activity against visceral leishmaniasis-associated species. This study demonstrates the first in vitro antileishmanial activity of the P. angustifolium essential oil, of which the phytochemical profile showed the presence of sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes. The main compounds were spathulenol (23.8%) and caryophyllene oxide (13.1%). P. angustifolium essential oil was highly active [the half maximum inhibitory concentration = 1.43 μg/ml] against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the New and Old World. Activity was obtained 24 h after addition of the oil (6.25–50 μg/ml), with a reduction of 100% in the infection index at concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/ml. P. angustifolium essential oil showed low cytotoxicity for mammalian fibroblasts and macrophages (the half maximum inhibitory concentration values of 31.67 and 48.22 μg/ml, respectively), and it was 33 and 22 times more toxic to amastigotes than to mammalian cells, as indicated by selectivity indexes. The results demonstrated that P. angustifolium essential oil is a promising alternative for the study of potential drugs for visceral leishmaniasis. Keywords: Visceral leishmaniasis, Chemotherapy, Natural products, Sesquiterpenes

A subtribo Espeletiinae (Asteraceae) representa um exemplo clássico de adaptação em ecossistemas tropicais de altitudes elevadas. No entanto, estudos que combinem diferentes campos de pesquisa ainda são necessários para entender este caso proeminente de radiações adaptativas rápidas nos trópicos. Esta tese fornece uma abordagem multidisciplinar combinando informação metabolômica, biogeográfica, taxonômica, evolutiva, química, molecular e ecológica, para um estudo aprofundado da subtribo Espeletiinae e do seu gênero irmão Smallanthus. Através de análises metabolômicas baseadas em cromatografia líquida de ultra-alta eficiência acoplada a espectrometria de massas, nós fornecemos, pela primeira vez, evidências metabolômicas de segregação alopátrica em Espeletiinae e evidência metabolômica apoiando a possível segregação do gênero Espeletia em dois gêneros diferentes com distintas impressões digitais metabólicas. Em combinação com a filogenia molecular da subtribo e amplificações por PCR, demonstramos que a evolução dos caracteres químicos em Espeletiine seguiu cenários complexos de mudança química com alguns caracteres representando sinapomorfias químicas e outros representando múltiplos ganhos e perdas, implicando em evolução convergente. Por fim, analisando os padrões de expressão dos principais genes envolvidos na biossíntese de ácidos clorogênicos, flavonoides e lactonas sesquiterpênicas, em combinação com análises metabolômicas e informações ambientais, relatamos a regulação ambiental e de desenvolvimento do metabolismo secundário de Smallanthus sonchifolius, fornecendo informações relevantes para o entendimento dos fatores regulatórios e possíveis papéis adaptativos dos metabólitos secundários em táxons andinos. Em conclusão, esta tese fornece uma compreensão holística de uma linhagem que representa um exemplo clássico de radiações adaptativas rápidas nos Andes tropicais, abrindo uma nova perspectiva intrigante de pesquisa em outros grupos The subtribe Espeletiinae (Asteraceae) represents a classic example of adaptation in tropical high-elevation ecosystems. However, studies bringing different research fields are still necessary to understand this prominent case of rapid adaptive radiations in the tropics. This dissertation provides a multidisciplinary approach combining metabolomic, biogeographic, taxonomical, evolutionary, chemical, molecular and ecological information, for an in-depth study of the subtribe Espeletiinae and its sister genus Smallanthus. Through metabolomic analyses based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we provide, for the first time, metabolomic evidence of allopatric segregation in Espeletiinae and metabolomic evidence supporting a putative segregation of the genus Espeletia in two different genera with distinctive metabolic fingerprints. In combination with the molecular phylogeny of the subtribe and PCR amplifications, we also demonstrate that the evolution of chemical traits in Espeletiinae followed complex scenarios of chemical change with some traits representing chemical synapomorphies and other traits being gained and lost multiple times implying convergent evolution. Lastly, by analyzing the expression patterns of key genes involved in the biosynthesis of chlorogenic acids, flavonoids and sesquiterpene lactones, in combination with metabolomic analyses and environmental information, we report the developmental and environmental regulation of the secondary metabolism of Smallanthus sonchifolius, providing relevant information towards the understanding of the regulatory factors and possible adaptive roles of secondary metabolites in Andean taxa. In conclusion, this dissertation provides a holistic understanding of a lineage representing a classic example of rapid adaptive radiations in the tropical Andes, opening an intriguing new perspective of research in other groups

Diversas plantas com atuação no trato gastrointestinal - ricas em taninos e antraquinonas - ainda deixam muitas dúvidas quanto a sua caracterização estrutural, o seu mecanismo de ação e toxicidade. O presente trabalho objetivou o estudo químico e biológico de duas plantas utilizadas para doenças relacionadas ao sistema gastrointestinal: barbatimão (Stryphnodendron rotundifolium), rico em procianidinas e taninos (utilizada para combater gastrite); e cáscara sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana), rica em antraquinonas (utilizada para constipação). Inicialmente foi realizado um estudo químico com as plantas envolvendo isolamento e caracterização de componentes do extrato por RMN (1H, 13C, DEPT e NOESY), espectrometria de massas (MS), infravermelho e dicroísmo circular vibracional (VCD). Essas substâncias foram utilizadas para a padronização dos extratos utilizados em estudo biológico. O estudo biológico envolveu testes in vitro para avaliar a toxicidade de diferentes componentes do extrato de cáscara sagrada e teste in vivo com barbatimão, visando, através do tratamento de animais e remoção do estômago para estudo em microscopia confocal, entender o mecanismo de proteção gástrica. Com o desenvolvimento do trabalho foi possível desenvolver novas metodologias para a identificação de antraquinonas utilizando espectrometria de massas e provar a veracidade de regras empíricas utilizadas para a determinação da configuração absoluta de moléculas dessa classe. Os testes in vitro com antraquinonas isoladas e padrões comerciais indicam a possibilidade de aprimoramento dos perfis químicos utilizados para a produção de medicamentos a base de extratos de cáscara sagrada, visando à redução de toxicidade. Quanto ao barbatimão, o estudo químico possibilitou a aplicação da técnica de VCD para a diferenciação de procianidinas diasteroisomericas. Os estudos in vivo confirmaram a eficácia do uso de taninos para combater gastrite através da formação de um revestimento protetor. Several plants with action in the gastrointestinal tract - rich in tannins and anthraquinones - cause many doubts concerning their chemical characterization, mechanism of action and toxicity. The present work aimed to develop a chemical and biological study of two plants used for gastrointestinal system related diseases: barbatimão (Stryphnodendron rotundifolium), rich in procyanidins and tannins (used to treat gastritis); and cascara sagrada (Rhamnus purshiana), rich in anthraquinones (used for constipation). Initially, a chemical study with plants was performed comprising isolation and characterization of components of the extract through NMR (1H, 13C, DEPT and NOESY), mass spectrometry (MS), and infrared and vibrational circular dichroism (VCD). These substances were used for extract standardization used in biological studies. The in vitro tests were performed in order to evaluate the toxicity of different components of the cascara extract. The in vivo tests with barbatimão aimed to better understand the mechanism of gastric protection, by treating animals with the extract, removing their stomachs, and analyzing them with fluorescence microscopy. Through this work we were able to develop new methods for identifying anthraquinones by mass spectrometry and to prove empirical NMR rules used to determine the absolute configuration of molecules of this class. The tests with isolated anthraquinones indicated the possibility of improving chemical profile to further reduce cascara sagrada toxicity. The barbatimão chemical study allowed the application of VCD technique for the differentiation of diasteroisomeric procyanidins, and confirmed the effectiveness of using tannins for gastritis treatment through the formation of a protective coating.

Erythrina verna, conhecida popularmente como mulungu, é uma espécie nativa da flora brasileira e de maior ocorrência no sudeste do país. As cascas de E. verna são utilizadas na medicina popular como calmante e para outras desordens do sistema nervoso central, como insônia e depressão.Também é importante matéria-prima na indústria farmacêutica para produção de fitoterápicos ansiolíticos com grande participação no mercado de medicamentos fitoterápicos. Os marcadores químicos do gênero Erytrhina são os alcaloides eritrínicos, aos quais se atribui a atividade ansiolítica. No presente trabalho, extratos alcaloídicos das cascas da espécie nativa de E. verna e dos produtores comerciais A e B foram analisados por CG-EM e IES-EM em alta resolução para caracterização dos alcaloides eritrínicos presentes nas amostras. Verificou-se que o perfil de alcaloides encontrado nas cascas de B apresentou maior similaridade com o perfil de E. verna nativa. Observou-se também diferença de perfis alcaloídicos entre extratos de mulungu dos diferentes produtores comerciais, sendo que nas cascas de A os alcaloides majoritários são eritralina e erisovina, enquanto nas cascas de B o majoritário é a eritratidinona. Além disso, notou-se discrepância nos rendimentos em massa das frações alcaloídicas entre produtores comercias e entre estes e a espécie nativa. Essa possível variação dos teores de alcaloides eritrínicos nos materiais vegetais analisados pode ser decorrente da influência de fatores ambientais ou sazonalidade sobre o conteúdo de metabólitos secundários, ou da comercialização de espécies distintas do gênero Erythrina como E. verna. Não houve diferença qualitativa no perfil de alcaloides obtidos por extração ácido-base e partição L/L, o que sugere que estes marcadores não são degradados no baixo pH empregado na extração ácido-base. Realizou-se também o isolamento dos alcaloides eritralina, 8-oxo-eritralina, eritrinina e erisovina a partir das cascas de A e eritratidinona a partir das cascas de B. Esses alcaloides foram identificados por associação de dados de IE-EM e IES-EM em alta resolução e suas estruturas foram determinadas por RMN.Os dados obtidos neste trabalho constituem o primeiro relato de alcaloides eritrínicos presentes nas cascas de E. verna e pode ser um alerta aos usuários de preparações medicinais e fitoterápicos baseados em mulungu em relação a possíveis riscos quanto a ineficácia terapêutica e/ou toxicidade decorrentes de variações de perfil e teor dos marcadores químicos na espécie. Erythrina verna, popularly known as mulungu, is a native species from Brazil and occurs in brazilian southeast. The stem bark of E. verna are used in folk medicine to calm agitation and another disorders from nervous system, as insomnia and depression.It is also important raw material in pharmaceutical industry for the production of herbal anxiolytics with great interest in herbal medicines market. Chemical markers of the genus Erytrhina are erythrinian alkaloids, which have demonstrated anxiolytic activity. In this work, we have analyzed alkaloid extracts from stem barks of E. verna native species and from commercial producers A and B by GC-MS and ESI-MS in high resolution tocharacterize erythrinian alkaloids. Alkaloid profile of barks extracts from B showed greater similaritywith native E. verna profile. We also observed difference between alkaloid profiles of different extracts from commercial producers.Majority alkaloids found in A extract areerythraline and erysovine, while the major constituent of B extract is erythratidinone. Furthermore, it was noted discrepancy in yields between the alkaloid fractions from commercial producers and between commercial producers and native species.These possible changes in the levels of erythrinian alkaloids may be due to the influence of environmental factors or seasonality on the content of secondary metabolites, or also due to the marketing of distinct species from genus Erythrina as E. verna. It was also observed that there was no qualitative difference in the alkaloid profile between extracts obtained by acid-base extraction and liquid/liquid extraction, suggesting that these markers are not degraded in the low pH used in the acid-base extraction. We have also performed the isolation of erythraline, 8-oxo-erithraline, erythrinin and erysovine from A and erytratidinone from B. These alkaloids were identified by EI-MS data combined with ESI-MS in high resolution data. Alkaloid structures were determined by NMR. The data obtained in this study represent the first report of erythrinian alkaloids in E. verna barks and can alertusers of users of mulungu based medicinal preparations about potential risks, therapeutic ineffectiveness and/or toxicity resulting from variations in profile and chemical markers contents in the species.