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The main purpose of this study is to understand the demographic, personal and situational determining factors leading to academic misconduct among undergraduate students by comparatively analyzing the differences among Economics and Business students and other major students. Two thousand four hundred ninety-two undergraduate students from different Portuguese Public Universities answered a questionnaire regarding their propensity to commit academic fraud, 640 of whom were Economics and Business students. Results concluded that Economics and Business students can be distinguished from others regarding the likelihood of copying from the other Major students. Younger students admit more readily to the possibility of cheating than older students. Results indicate a greater probability of acceptance of dishonest practices outside the area of Economics and Management and a greater probability of condemnation of improper practices by students of Economics and Management. This indicates that students of Economics and Management are aware that their behavior is incorrect and unacceptable; peer-pressure and the learning process itself constitute the main justifications provided by Economics and Business students for their fraudulent actions. Implications for this practice are discussed.

The Bologna Declaration imposed significant changes in European higher education , placing emphasis on teaching methods that promote students’ active learning and the development of skills , including both the skills that are specific to the academic qualification area and the ones that became known as transferable skills . The latter have been considered to be fundamental to the promotion of graduate employability. This chapter presents the specific case of the Transferable Skills Development Programme of a Portuguese public university and analyses the perceptions of 21 graduate students , in the area of Economics and Management , regarding its relevance and contribution to the development of transferable skills. Through the completion of qualitative questionnaires and the interaction established within three focus groups, the respondents acknowledged the innovative profile of the programme in the Portuguese university context and its contribution to the development of transferable competencies, which they believed to be especially relevant to their future job performance . The graduate students involved considered that the Transferable Skills Development Programme should continue to reinforce its commitment to activities and contents which were markedly more practical.

eTherapy can bring numerous advantages, however people have to adapt to a different discourse. It would be interesting to know patients’ expectations regarding to this type of therapy. A questionnaire was developed with the most studied factors proved to have an important role in technology acceptance. The results allowed highlighting some important factors that influence behavioral intention, and made it possible to verify that some of these factors may be linked or influence others among different dimensions.

Objective: 1) Evaluate the prevalence of asymmetry of the nasal base in the general population. 2) Quantify among the individuals who carried nasal base asymmetry how many were aware of the fact.Method: Photos of the nasal base of 43 volunteers chosen randomly were taken using a macro lens. Individuals were classified as carriers or noncarriers of nasal base asymmetry. When any asymmetry was present, the image was shown to the carrier, asking whether they were aware or not of the asymmetry.Results: Forty-three individuals between 13 and 70 years old were photographed (16 male and 27 female). The mean age was 43.11 years. Nineteen (44.19%) individuals showed some asymmetry of the nasal basal view. Of these, only 4 (21.05%) individuals were aware of their deformity.Conclusion: Nasal base asymmetry is a prevalent deformity. Most of the individuals (78.95%) are unaware of it. It can generate controversy if the cause of the deformity was or was not a result of surgery. Nasal base asymmetries should always be p...

The harmony of the facial profile is widely influenced by the height and form of the nasal dorsum. A few millimeters can make the lateral view aesthetically more or less pleasing and adequate in a subject's face. Professionals working with facial aesthetics should focus not only on the surgical techniques for proposed outcomes, but also with the subtleties and subjectivity that characterize aesthetic concepts and judgment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective survey to evaluate the preferences of a group of healthcare professionals working with facial aesthetics, a group of fine artists, and lay people about the best nasal radix height; the survey involved comparing 3 different nasal radix heights using computer-altered photographs of women with measurements close to the Caucasian standard. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The lowest position of the nasal radix - close to the height of the pupil - was preferred (53%), followed by the middle position (superior crease of the eye). The highest position, resembling classic Greek statues, was considered the worst. The authors aos evaluated the effect of age, gender, and educational level on the choice of the best and worst female profiles. A harmonia facial da visão de perfil é muito influenciada pela altura e forma do dorso nasal. Poucos milímetros podem determinar as diferenças que tornam o perfil esteticamente agradável e adequado a uma determinada face. Além da discussão a respeito de técnicas cirúrgicas para obter determinados objetivos, os profissionais também precisam se aprofundar nas sutilezas e subjetividades que envolvem o julgamento estético. Com forma de estudo tipo inquérito, o objetivo foi pesquisar a preferência de um grupo de profissionais de saúde que lidam com estética facial, um grupo de artistas e outro de leigos sobre três possíveis variações da altura da raiz do nariz. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Fotografias de mulheres, com medidas muito próximas do modelo caucasiano, foram modificadas com computação gráfica e opiniões sobre estas variações colhidas entre profissionais, artistas e leigos. RESULTADOS E CONCLUSÃO: A população de entrevistados considerou o perfil alto, tipo grego, como indesejável. Tal convicção foi muito evidente em todos os grupos. A preferência foi pelo perfil com raiz nasal próxima da altura da pupila em 53%, seguido do perfil na altura da prega tarsal. Avaliou-se também a influência da idade, sexo e escolaridade dos entrevistados sobre as escolhas dos melhores e piores perfis femininos.

Patient-Centered Design (PCD) is a particular type of User-Centered Design (UCD), where the end-user is a patient that will use an Information and Communications Technology (ICT) solution for healthcare. It focuses on needs, wants, and skills of the product's primary user and implies involving end-users in the decision-making and development process of the solution. e-Therapy aims to provide support to therapy sessions through ICT solutions. It has grown in the last years, and in the mental health arena is being used for specific therapeutic contexts. It is an especially difficult environment due to specificities of the patients' conditions and the physical access to patients being restricted and, sometimes, not even possible. Thus, a PCD approach can be accomplished through the health professionals involved, applying some of the most well known methods of UCD: interviews, questionnaires, focus groups, and participatory design. eSchi is an e-Therapy tool that complements traditional practices for the cognitive rehabilitation and training of schizophrenic patients. It was successfully developed using a PCD approach.

Nowadays, information and communication technologies (ICT) are being used in the mental health field to improve the quality of the services provided. Several studies refer both advantages and disadvantages for these practices. E-therapy appears as a new way to help people in their life and existing relationships, and there is proven evidence that online therapy helps, for instance, to reduce depression symptoms. It is also seen as a complement of the technological and traditional techniques, to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the therapeutic process. As a matter of fact, some people tend to be more comfortable with the computer than in face-to-face therapy. Besides patients and physicians, other direct players could be found in this domain, namely, families and caregivers. All players will be directly affected by the use of existing services and thus, a correct assessment of the effectiveness of e-therapy solutions and studies is required. eSchi is a multimedia portal that enables an e-therapy setting for schizophrenia patients. Currently under development, the system is described and future trends in the area are depicted.

The harmony of the facial profile is widely influenced by the height and form of the nasal dorsum. A few millimeters can make the lateral view aesthetically more or less pleasing and adequate in a subject's face. Professionals working with facial aesthetics should focus not only on the surgical techniques for proposed outcomes, but also with the subtleties and subjectivity that characterize aesthetic concepts and judgment.Material and MethodsA prospective survey to evaluate the preferences of a group of healthcare professionals working with facial aesthetics, a group of fine artists, and lay people about the best nasal radix height; the survey involved comparing 3 different nasal radix heights using computer-altered photographs of women with measurements close to the Caucasian standard.Results and conclusionThe lowest position of the nasal radix - close to the height of the pupil - was preferred (53%), followed by the middle position (superior crease of the eye). The highest position, resembling classic Greek statues, was considered the worst. The authors aos evaluated the effect of age, gender, and educational level on the choice of the best and worst female profiles.

Purpose - The aim of this paper is to suggest an instrument to measure trust in a team leader, within an R&D context. Design/methodology/approach - The material was collated from scientists and professionals working in R&D teams in Portugal. Findings - The factor analysis allowed for the extraction of four components: "integrity, "benevolence", "concern", and "ability". Research limitations/implications -The paper suggests the need to test the validity of the measuring tool in other contexts. Originality/value - A new measurement instrument for trust in the team leader is developed in the context of R&D teams. Keywords Trust, Team leaders, Measurement, Testing and instruments, Research and development Paper type Research paper., El propósito – El objetivo del artículo es sugerir un instrumento de medición de confianza en el jefe de equipo, en un entorno de I&D. La metodología - El material fue reunido de la literatura disponible y de entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Recibimos 192 respuestas válidas, de científicos y profesionales trabajando en equipos de I&D, en Portugal. Los resultados - El análisis factorial permitió la extracción de cuatro componentes: "integridad", "benevolencia", "preocupación" y "capacidad". Las limitaciones/implicaciones de la investigación - El articulo sugiere la necesidad de verificar la validad de la medida en contextos diferentes. Originalidad/el valor - Desarrolla un nuevo instrumento para medir la confianza en el jefe de equipo, en equipos de I&D. Palabras clave Confianza, jefe de equipo, Investigación y desarrollo, medida, pruebas e instrumentos Tipo de artículo: Artículo de investigación

E-therapy aims to provide therapy sessions through recent communication mediums (internet) between patients and therapists. eSchi is an e-Therapy tool currently being developed by the authors and will work as a complement to traditional rehabilitation and training practices, It has distinct modules and the patient module, here described, will have patients as their primary actors. These patients have special psychiatric conditions that imply special attention and considerations both in the design and implementation phases of the software. In order to provide the ideal tool for its target audience, previous to the delivery, a test phase was conducted. In the test phase, both a beta test and heuristic evaluations were made. Tests results showed the lack of some significant aspects that were then corrected and a new version of the tool was produced.

This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the three-dimensional model of organizational commitment proposed by Meyer and Allen (e.g., 1991). It focuses on whether continuance commitment should be considered one-dimensional or bidimensional (low alternatives; high sacrifices). Whether affective commitment should be divided into two components (affective commitment; future in common) or if it should remain as a one-dimensional construct is also discussed. The paper also considers a “new” factor identified by Rego (2003), which he named “psychological absence,” but which we denominated here as accommodating commitment. Besides the confirmatory factor analysis, the paper shows how four dimensions of organizational justice (distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational) explain organizational commitment. The sample comprises 366 individuals from 22 organizations operating in Portugal. The predictive value of the justice perceptions for both instrumental commitment components is quite weak, despite ranging from 25 percent to 36 percent for the other components. Procedural and interpersonal justice are the main predictors. The accommodating dimension improves the fit indices of the factorial model, but its meaning is not clear. It is also not clear whether one should consider it as a new component of commitment or whether its items should be removed from the measuring instruments. The findings suggest that some gains can be achieved in the partition of the affective and instrumental commitment, but further research is necessary to clarify the issue., Este articulo pretende contribuir a una mejor comprensión del modelo de tres dimensiones del compromiso organizacional propuesto por Meyer y Allen (e.g., 1991). Explora si el compromiso calculado/instrumental debe ser considerado unidimensional o bidimensional (escasez de alternativas; alto sacrificio personal), y discute si el compromiso afectivo debe ser dividido en dos componentes (compromiso afectivo; futuro en común) o si debe permanecer como unidimensional. El trabajo también introduce un “nuevo” factor denominado por Rego (2003) como “ausencia psicológica,” pero que aquí es denominado “compromiso de acomodación.” Además del análisis factorial confirmatorio, el articulo muestra como cuatro dimensiones de justicia organizacional (distributiva, procedimental, interpersonal, e informacional) explica el compromiso organizacional. La muestra se compone de 366 individuos que trabajan en 22 organizaciones en Portugal. El valor predictivo de las percepciones de justicia para las dos dimensiones de compromiso calculado es bastante flojo, pero varia entre 25 porciento y 36 porciento para las otras dimensiones. La justicia procedimental y la justicia interpersonal son los principales predictores. La dimensión de acomodación mejora el ajuste del modelo factorial, pero su significado no es claro. Tampoco se concluye claramente si se debe considerar como uno nuevo componente del compromiso o si sus items deben ser eliminados del instrumento de medida. Los resultados sugieren que algunos beneficios pueden ser alcanzados con la partición del compromiso afectivo y del compromiso calculado, pero más investigación es necesaria para clarificar la cuestión., (undefined)

Com as profundas mudanças que o Ensino Superior tem vindo a sofrer, devido ao Processo de Bolonha, as tecnologias têm, cada vez mais, um papel de destaque no que se refere ao apoio à educação, na medida em que permitem um ensino / aprendizagem a qualquer hora e em qualquer local. Contudo, sempre que se implementa uma nova tecnologia não se sabe até que ponto, esta terá sucesso ou não, pois existem diversos fatores que podem afetar o comportamento humano. O presente artigo pretende propor um projeto de investigação relativo ao estudo dos fatores que afetam o comportamento de professores e alunos envolvidos num processo de Educação a Distância no Instituto Politécnico de Leiria.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of snake venoms and purified toxins on the phytopathogenic bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum. The evaluations were performed with 17 crude venoms (13 from Bothrops, 3 from Crotalus, and 1 from Lachesis) and seven toxins (1 from Bothrops and 6 from Crotalus). Antibacterial activity was assessed in MB1 medium containing solubilized treatments (1 μL mL-1). A total of 100 μL bacterial suspension (8.4 x 109 CFU mL-1) was used. After incubation at 28°C, the number of bacterial colonies at 24, 48, and 72 hours after inoculation was evaluated. SDS-PAGE gel at 15% was used to analyze the protein patterns of the samples, using 5 μg protein of each sample in the assay. Furthermore, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and lethal concentration (LC50) values were determined by the Probit method. Venoms and toxins were able to reduce more than 90% of R. solanacearum growth. These results were either equivalent to those of the positive control chloramphenicol or even better. While MIC values ranged from 4.0 to 271.5 μg mL-1, LC50 ranged from 28.5 μg mL-1 to 4.38 mg mL-1. Ten crude venoms (7 from Bothrops and 3 from Crotalus) and two purified toxins (gyroxin and crotamine) are promising approaches to control the phytopathogenic bacterium R. solanacearum. Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antibacteriana in vitro de venenos e toxinas purificadas de serpentes sobre a bactéria fitopatogênica Ralstonia solanacearum. As avaliações foram realizadas em 17 venenos brutos (13 de Bothrops, 3 de Crotalus e 1 de Lachesis) e sete toxinas (1 de Bothrops e 6 de Crotalus). A atividade antibacteriana foi avaliada em meio MB1 que continha os tratamentos solubilizados (1 μL mL-1). Utilizou-se o total de 100 μL de suspensão bacteriana (8,4 x 109 UFC mL-1). Após incubação a 28°C, avaliou-se o número de colônias bacterianas às 24, 48 e 72 horas após a inoculação. O gel SDS-PAGE a 15% foi usado para analisar o perfil proteico das amostras, tendo-se utilizado 5 μg de proteína no ensaio. Além disso, os valores de concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração letal (CL50) foram determinados pelo método Probit. Os venenos e as toxinas foram capazes de reduzir mais de 90% do crescimento de R. solanacearum. Esses resultados foram ou equivalentes aos do controle positivo cloranfenicol ou até melhores. Enquanto os valores de CIM variaram de 4,0 a 271,5 μg mL-1, a CL50 variou de 28,5 μg mL-1 a 4,38 mg mL-1. Dez venenos brutos (7 de Bothrops e 3 de Crotalus) e duas toxinas (giroxina e crotamina) são abordagens promissoras para o controle da bactéria fitopatogênica R. solanacearum.