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This study intends to advance the understanding of papaya micro-propagation in order to minimize the commercial production costs of healthy papaya seedlings. For this purpose, in vitro growth behavior of different types of explants (shoot tips, nodule stem segments, internode segments, young leaves, petioles, and floral buds) from the hybrid papaya cultivar 'Red Lady' were studied and monitored after culturing on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 benzyl adenine and 0.1 mg L-1 Naphthaleneacetic acid. The results showed apparent differences between explant sources regarding the ability to induce, the speed of formation, and the weight of the resulting callus. The explants derived from the shoot tips produced a callus after eight days of culturing, while callus induction from young leaves required 21 days. After four weeks of culture, the highest fresh callus weight was obtained from the shoot tips and the stem nodules, which were 5.17 and 5.24 g, respectively. It is worth mentioning that the obtained callus texture was friable and grainy in all explants. The indirect shoots were induced from the shoot tips and stem nodules callus after four weeks of culturing at rates of 2.5 and 3.03 shoot per explant, respectively. No indirect shoots were obtained from the young leaves and petiole callus. The floral bud cultures resulted in young fruits without callus induction, followed by the regeneration of direct shoots after four weeks of culturing at the rate of 22.1 shoots per explant.

Papaya milk, a mixture of papaya pulp and dairy milk, is one of the most popular beverages in Taiwan. However, the enzymes present in papaya can cause accumulation of hydrophobic amino acids, resulting in a bitter taste of papaya milk. Thus, it is important to select papaya cultivars without the potential to form the bitter taste, but it is difficult to select these papaya cultivars using a sensory test. The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between the intensity of the bitterness with the contents of proteins and free amino acids. The results indicated that neither milk nor papaya alone tastes bitter. Heating the milk or the papaya before mixing and mixing only papaya latex with milk confirmed that an enzyme in papaya causes the bitter taste in papaya milk. The intensity of bitterness positively correlated with the contents of total soluble protein, free amino acids and the phenylalanine and tyrosine/tryptophan contents. Analyses using different papaya accessions in different seasons showed that tyrosine/tryptophan (r 5 0.613***) and phenylalanine (r 5 0.612***) correlate more strongly with bitterness intensity than the total soluble protein (r 5 0.258*) or free amino acids (r 5 0.38**). In this drink, milk provides the substrates to form the bitter substances, but the enzymes in the papaya are needed for the reaction to occur. The levels of the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine/tryptophan showed the highest correlation with the intensity of bitterness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Wound care is indispensable. Papaya leaves have the potential to accelerate wound healing. The current study aims to analyze the effect of papaya leaf extract gel concentration on IL-1β expression decrease and collagen density (Col1A1) increase in the back incision wound healing of wistar rats. Methods: This research is true experimental with post-test only control group design. The samples are 30 female wistar rats with a back incision wound. They are grouped into 5 groups: negative control (rats with back incision wounds and given NaCl 0.9%), positive control (rats with back incision wounds given povidone iodine 10%), treatment groups 1, 2, and 3, each of whose back incision wounds are given papaya leaf extract gel concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% respectively. The treatment is administered once every 24 hours topically for 7 days and sacrificed on days 1, 3, and 7. The tissue samples are stained with Immunohistochemistry and analyzed using Image-J at 10 field of view with 400x magnification and a bar scale of 5 μm. The data are analyzed by using One-Way ANOVA, Tukey HSD, and Pearson Correlation tests with SPSS. Results: The three concentrations of papaya leaf extract gel have a gradual decrease in IL-1β expression and increase in Col1A1 expression. The higher the concentration of the papaya leaf extract gel given, the lower the IL-1β expression and the greater the Col1A1 expression. Conclusions: There is a significant correlation between the concentration of the administered papaya leaf extract gel to the IL-1β and Col1A1 expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) is recognized as a plant hormone that induces several biochemical changes related to improving fruit quality, but it is evident that the effect of MeJA during postharvest is very variable upon concentration, plant species, and even cultivars. The objective of this research was to relate the application of this regulator at low concentration (10 µmol L-1 for 24 h) to changes in postharvest physiology, on the incidence of anthracnose and quality of ‘Golden’ papaya fruit during storage at 24 ± 1°C. From the seventh day of storage, anthracnose incidence was reduced by more than 50% with MeJA treatment. The lesion area after infection was also reduced. Although, MeJA reduced fruit acidity, the ascorbic acid and soluble solids content were not altered during storage with the hormonal treatment. The skin color and pulp firmness showed slight retention. The reduction in ethylene production was accompanied by a reduction of respiration in treated fruits. MeJa increased CAT activity only in the skin whereas SOD activity was not induced by MeJA in both skin and pulp. Although, the increase of CAT from the third day of storage may have contributed to the reduction of lipid peroxidation in the skin, the MDA reduction in the pulp cannot be explained only by CAT activity. In summary, the application of MeJA in ‘Golden’ papaya reduced the incidence and severity of anthracnose, decreased respiration, ethylene production and lipid peroxidation. It is concluded that the application of MeJA at a low concentration (10 µmol L-1) may contribute to anthracnose control in ´Golden`papaya and slows the ripening of fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carica papaya have been reported for treatment of numerous diseases such as glandular tumors, blood pressure, dyspepsia, constipation, amenorrhea, stomach ulcer, malaria, Dengue fever, cancer and Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia. This study evaluated the ameliorating effect of Carica Papaya leave extract on distorted histoarchitecture of cerebrum in hyperglycemic states. The experimental animals (20 Wistar rats) weighed 100-130g were divided randomly into Group 1 which consisted five (5) normoglycemic rats administered with intraperitoneal (i.p.) 2m/ls of distilled water, Group 2 which consisted five (5) hyperglycemic rats administered i.p. streptozotocin (STZ) at 100mg/kg with 2mls of i.p. distilled water, Group 3 made up of five (5) hyperglycemic rats treated i.p. STZ at 100mg/kg with 800mg/kg of oral Carica papaya leave extract and Group 4 were five (5) normoglycemic rats treated with 800mg/kg of oral Carica papaya leaves extract. Treatment was carried out for 21 days. The cerebrum of hyperglycemic group under microscopic examination showed disorganized and distorted nissle bodies, grey and white matters. Studied hyperglycemic group treated with 800mg/kg of Carica papaya leaves showed marked amelioration of the examined parameters. Conclusively, the study showed Carica papaya leaves are of possible ameliorative importance in managing integrity of cerebral cell structures caused by diabetes-induced cell disruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quantity and quality of these constituent may not usually be the same under certain conditions, so fruits sold in Owerri where heavy pollutant abound were analysed, three samples of each water melon, Pawpaw, pineapple and orange fruits were bought from Owerri commercial centre and their juices extracted and stored in screw cap bottles prior to analysis. The physiochemical parameters revealed that fruits were of good quality but showed positive and negative significant relationship correlation ships such as pH-FW (0.958), pH-SG (-0.025), TS-MC (-0.999), TA-FW (-0.987). Vitamin C content ranged from 13.14 ± 0.39 mg/100g to 75.46 ±1.72 mg/100g for water melon and orange respectively. In conclusion, fruits studied showed good quality and a good source of vitamin C and mineral content. Such analysis needs to be carried out periodically to ensure quality and create awareness to the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The herbs used in the study have potent anti-nephrotic activity and individually play a crucial role as follows; Angelica officinalis responsible for urinary retention, Boerhavia diffusa act as excellent diuretic, Carica papaya act as immunomodulator and recover kidney tissues, Cassia Fistula protects deoxyribose from damage, Cichorium intybus has good immunomodulatory action and modulate kidney function, Ficus hispida inhibits insulinase activity of liver and kidney, Fumaria indica play a crucial role in reduction of granuloma mass, Crataeva nurvala support kidney from microbial infection and act as urinary retention, Solidago virgaurea stimulates the kidneys with excellent support of kidney health and Vitex negundo is an excellent tonic for nephrotic disorder with good diuretic properties. At present, the polyherbal drugs available in the market are using in very high dose for the treatment of nephritis and observed that it extremely producing workload on the normal function of the kidney. The available Allopathic medicines are used in multiple dosage form for just symptomatic relief that produces side effect and leads to damage filtering units on prolonged exposure. The main purpose of the present study is to prepare a novel polyherbal dispersible tablet using plant's root extract which was scientifically proven and/or folklore medicine and possessing a prominent pharmacological potency for the treatment of glomerulonephritis. This preparation may diminish the economic burden and treatment cost which was not afforded by poor people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the advancement in diagnostic and treatment approach, cancer still remains as the leading cause of deaths worldwide. Due to the heterogeneity of tumours, many targeted therapies and personalised medicine have become ineffective. Recently, researchers have been working on the discovery and development of "dirty drugs" which simultaneously target several key pathways and mechanisms to kill cancerous cells. The cancer hallmarks, which consist of 10 characteristics of cancer development, have become the guideline to investigate the potential of bioactive compounds to be a "dirty drug". As a locally-grown crops, Carica papaya has been explored extensively for their pharmacological activities including anti-cancer properties. This review provides an insight to the development of papaya extracts or their bioactive compounds as a potential broad-spectrum therapy for cancer by referring the mechanisms of actions against cancer hallmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psoriasis is a persistent and mysterious autoimmune skin condition that affects 2-3% of the world's population. Currently, topical therapies, light therapy, and systemic drugs are the three main forms of treatment used to lessen inflammation and skin irritation/itching. However, all these treatments are only used to manage the disease each time it surfaces. Therefore, the main target of this work is to search for a safer and more effective remedy for psoriasis from the reservoir of phytochemicals present in Carica papaya via in silico studies due to its anti-psoriatic and anti-inflammatory properties. Reported phytochemicals isolated from Carica papaya were subjected to computational simulations using the PyRx docking tool and were docked against Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1) and Tumor necrosis factor ff (TNFff) target receptors. The results obtained were visualized using PyMol, and Biovia 2019. Analysis of the results identified both Chlorogenic acid and Coumaroylquinic-acid with docking scores (-8.6 kcal/mol and -7.9 kcal/mol) respectively as potential inhibitors for the JAK1 receptor. The identified compounds also possessed excellent ADMET, drug-likeness, bioactivity, and activity spectra for substances (PASS) prediction properties. Their binding mode and the molecular interactions with the targets also affirmed their potency. In comparison with the standards (Methotrexate and Cyclosporine), Chlorogenic acid and Coumaroylquinic-acid have better ADMET properties, binding affinities, drug-likeness, PASS properties, bioactivities, oral bioavailability, binding mechanism, and interactions with the active site of the target receptor and are hereby recommended for further analysis towards the development of a new therapeutic agent for psoriasis treatment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is a serious health concern globally, which necessitates understanding the root cause of infection for the prevention of proliferation inside the host's body. Phytochemicals present in plants exhibit antibacterial and anti-proliferative properties stipulated for sepsis treatment. The aim of the study was to determine the potential role of Carica papaya leaf extract for sepsis treatment in silico and in vitro. We selected two phytochemical compounds, carpaine and quercetin, and docked them with bacterial proteins, heat shock protein (PDB ID: 4PO2), surfactant protein D (PDB ID: 1PW9), and lactobacillus bacterial protein (PDB ID: 4MKS) against imipenem and cyclophosphamide. Quercetin showed the strongest interaction with 1PW9 and 4MKS proteins. The leaves were extracted using ethanol, methanol, and water through Soxhlet extraction. Total flavonoid content, DPPH assay, HPTLC, and FTIR were performed. In vitro cytotoxicity of ethanol extract was screened via MTT assay on the J774 cell line. Ethanol extract (EE) possessed the maximum number of phytocomponents, the highest amount of flavonoid content, and the maximum antioxidant activity compared to other extracts. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of N-H, O-H, C-H, C=O, C=C, and C-Cl functional groups in ethanol extract. Cell viability was highest (100%) at 25 µg/mL of EE. The present study demonstrated that the papaya leaves possessed antibacterial and cytotoxic activity against sepsis infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Value-added products harnessing the phytotherapeutic potential of papaya are scarce. There is a paucity of data on the efficacy and safety of such products (if available) from papaya. Thus, the current study attempted to exemplify the utilization of papaya extracts in preparing a value-added product, namely, Toilet Soap. This study is the first of its kind in which the physicochemical characteristics and antimicrobial efficacy of the toilet soaps infused with different papaya extracts were assessed and compared against the market available soaps containing papaya fruit extract. The soap samples had pH values between 8.37 - 9.74 and their moisture content between 2.94 - 11.32 %. Their estimated lather volume ranged between 410 - 780 mL with good foaming power and foam stability. The laboratory-prepared soaps (Samples A to D) had matter insoluble slcohol and total fatty matter contents per Bureau of Indian Standards. They either did not contain or had an insignificant amount of free caustic alkali. The quantitative in vitro assessment findings showed antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus aureus except for Sample E. The in vivo finger imprint test demonstrated the antibacterial efficacy of the soaps against E. coli and S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: GDSL-like esterase/lipase proteins (GELPs) are enzymes that possess unique characteristics, they contain four invariable catalytic residues. Advances in the study of these proteins are interesting. The cloning and functional expression of a papaya esterase have not been reported. Therefore, in this work we evaluated the heterologous production of Carica papaya esterase CpEST in the yeast Komogataella phaffii (Pichia pastoris). Results: The cloning and expression of the protein was performed under the PAOX1 promoter, and productions of up to 43 AU/mL were achieved using residual glycerol from biodiesel in the batch phase and methanol for the induction phase. Enzyme activity assays determined that CpEST has a high preference for short-chain substrates (p-NP C4 and p-NP C8), and optimal activity conditions were observed at 30°C and pH 10. The enzyme showed the highest stability to acetone, ethanol and tert-butanol solvents, retaining approximately 55% of its initial enzymatic activity after 1 h of exposure. Conclusions: Cloning and functional expression of papaya CpEST esterase was achieved. During fermentation, the yeasts used as a carbon source residual glycerol from biodiesel production. Based on the results obtained from the characterization of the esterase, it was found that it has a high potential for use in the bioenergy and detergent industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of aqueous seed extract of ripe Carica papaya fruits on cyanide induced kidney damage in male Wister rats using 24 male rats divided into five groups. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period and serum and kidney were harvested for biochemical and histological analysis following standard procedures. Estimation of kidney function markers such as creatinine and urea and assessment of electrolytes of toxicological relevance; sodium ion, potassium ion, bicarbonate ion and chloride ion were carried out. The study revealed that cyanide stimulated alterations in kidney function makers: urea, creatinine and serum electrolytes. The result indicated that aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya fruits significantly increase Urea, creatinine, Cl-, HCO3-, K+ and Na+ activities in the rats induced with cyanide when compared with the positive control. However, the concentrations were significantly decreased in the treated groups when compared with the groups induced with cyanide. Histological analysis showed cyanide induced structural distortions of the kidney tissues. Treatment with Carica papaya seed extract was able to mitigate these damages. This study indicates that aqueous seed extract of ripe fruits of Carica papaya possesses nephro-protective properties and can be used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous extract of Carica papaya leaves was investigated for its acclaimed neuroprotective activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats. Twenty male, Wistar rats weighing between 120 & 170g were randomly assigned into four groups of five animals each. Rats in group 1 were normal, healthy rats that received normal saline 1.0ml/kg b. w. Those in group 2 (diabetic untreated) received normal saline 1.0ml/kg b. w., group 3 was treated with pregabalin 0.71mg/kg b. w. and group 4 received the aqueous leaf extract of Carica papaya 200mg/kg b. w. Plasma glucose concentration, thermal and mechanical allodynia, and biochemical biomarkers in the brain [malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO)]; nerve [brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF)]; and serum [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH)] were assessed. The results showed that the Carica papaya leaf-treated (group 4) rats had a significant fall in the plasma glucose level (p=0.0001); higher pain threshold on ice cold and von Frey tests (p<0.0001); lower MDA and higher NO, BDNF, NGF, SOD and GSH levels compared to diabetic untreated (p<0.0001) and pregabalin-treated (p<0.0001) rats. Carica papaya leaf extract reduces plasma glucose, mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia, oxidative stress, and nerve damage in streptozocininduced diabetic peripheral neuropathy in male Wistar rats.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introdução – A anemia falciforme é uma doença monogénica causada por mutações no gene da β-globina que afeta a estrutura da hemoglobina, sendo associada a diversas complicações clínicas com elevadas taxas de morbilidade e mortalidade. A reativação farmacológica da hemoglobina fetal (HbF) por compostos como a hidroxiureia (HU) é um dos tratamentos atualmente disponíveis; contudo, o seu perfil de segurança e o elevado custo em países subdesenvolvidos limitam a sua utilização. Nesse contexto é essencial estudar novos compostos indutores da HbF com baixa citotoxicidade e que possam estar amplamente disponíveis, como é o caso de extratos de folhas da Carica papaya (CP), uma planta medicinal com propriedades antioxidantes e anti-inflamatórias. Objetivos – Este estudo pretende avaliar o efeito do extrato metanólico das folhas de CP (EMFCP) em parâmetros biológicos como a proliferação e a viabilidade celular em células K562. Método – As células K562 foram expostas durante 72h ao EMFCP a 500 µg/mL e durante 24 horas ao EMFCP (0,5; 50; 100 µg/mL) e à HU (25 μg/mL). A proliferação e viabilidade celular foram analisadas através da quantificação celular pelo método de exclusão do azul de tripano. Resultados – Os resultados demonstram que a proliferação e a viabilidade celular foram afetadas pelo EMFCP apenas na concentração de 500 µg/mL, não se tendo verificado alteração nestes parâmetros nas restantes concentrações utilizadas. Conclusão – Os resultados mostraram que os EMFCP não são citotóxicos quando incubados em células K562 em concentrações inferiores ou iguais a 100 μg/mL, permitindo assim explorar este composto na avaliação do seu potencial terapêutico no contexto da anemia falciforme.

Sex segregation increases the cost of Carica papaya production through seed-based propagation. Therefore, in vitro techniques are an attractive option for clonal propagation, especially of hermaphroditic plants. Here, we performed a temporal analysis of the proteome of C. papaya calli aiming to identify the key players involved in embryogenic callus formation. Mature zygotic embryos used as explants were treated with 20 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to induce embryogenic callus. Total proteins were extracted from explants at 0 (zygotic embryo) and after 7, 14, and 21 days of induction. A total of 1407 proteins were identified using a bottom-up proteomic approach. The clustering analysis revealed four distinct patterns of protein accumulation throughout callus induction. Proteins related to seed maturation and storage are abundant in the explant before induction, decreasing as callus formation progresses. Carbohydrate and amino acid metabolisms, aerobic respiration, and protein catabolic processes were enriched throughout days of callus induction. Protein kinases associated with auxin responses, such as SKP1-like proteins 1B, accumulated in response to callus induction. Additionally, regulatory proteins, including histone deacetylase (HD2C) and argonaute 1 (AGO1), were more abundant at 7 days, suggesting their role in the acquisition of embryogenic competence. Predicted protein–protein networks revealed the regulatory role of proteins 14-3-3 accumulated during callus induction and the association of proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation and hormone response. Our findings emphasize the modulation of the proteome during embryogenic callus initiation and identify regulatory proteins that might be involved in the activation of this process.

Papaya mealybug (PMB) is a serious insect pest for papaya production in Sub-Saharan Africa, limiting production potential in farming communities. We did a household survey to evaluate the Characteristics of farmers' knowledge, challenges, and current (PMB) control practices in four papaya growing regions of Tanzania namely, Tanga, Dodoma, Pwani, and Katavi involving 100 papaya farmers. The study found that 96% of farmers reported PMB, as a major challenge in papaya production. Very few (0.8%) of the farmers were knowledgeable on insect pest identification. Chemical pesticides were the only option for PMB control, and 43.0% of farmers were able to access and apply. We also found that 36.4% of the farmers were aware of the adverse effects of chemical pesticides. Furthermore, the study observed that 0.3% of farmers use botanical pesticides. Additionally, the study observed that 44.1% of farmers use control measures against PMB, the remaining 55.9% did not practice any control measure, thus leading to low papaya yields observed in the study regions. Our findings provide insights to farmers into the use of plant-based pesticides, mainly plant essential oils, and its benefits that may promote farmers' attitudes towards increasing papaya yield and reducing chemical pesticide use to avoid pest resistance.

Worldwide, P. marginatus causes 75% of estimated economic loss in papaya farming, with an increase in production costs. The extract of plant essential oils (PEO) has the potential to control P. marginatus by degrading its wax coatings to death; however, it is less studied in the East African agroecosystem. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of four PEO from (neem, citrus, garlic, and castor) against P. marginatus at different concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) with and without 0.2% adjuvants separately as a biopesticide. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications per treatment concentration. The papaya seeds (Carina variety) were used in the experiment. After 3 weeks from transplanting, 50 P. marginatus specimens were inoculated in each plant. Before treatment application, insect abundance, leaf curling, yellowing, and soot mold were assessed. Then, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h after biopesticide application, insect mortality was assessed. The results showed a significant difference (p = 0.001) for all assessment intervals in PEOs. However, for the PEOs in combination with the adjuvants, the results were significantly different (p = 0.001) only at 24 h. It was found that among the biopesticides, neem oil (1.5%) + isopropyl alcohol was highly effective (95.5%) after 72 h followed by (Imidacloprid (91%), citrus oil 1.5% (90.7%) and neem oil (1.5%) + paraffin oil (81.0%). But also, there were significant differences among treatments on leaf curling, yellowing, and soot mold reduction in papaya plants 21 days after spray. We conclude that neem oil (1.5%) + 0.2% isopropyl alcohol, neem oil (1.5%) + paraffin oil, and citrus oil (1.5%) significantly controlled P. marginatus. Thus, we recommend adopting these formulations for papaya farmers to control P. marginatus in their farms; however, simple formulations which can be easily accessed by smallholder farmers are essential.

Papain is a globular cysteine-protease family consisting of a single polypeptide chain with three disulfide bridges and a sulfhydryl group necessary for proteolytic activity. Its application is extensive to the fields of medicine and food. The aim of this study is to extract, purify and characterize papain enzymes from the leaves of Carica papaya. Crude extracts containing the enzymes were extracted from the leaves of papaya in Mountain Top University, Nigeria, and purified in a 3-step purification using 70% NH4(SO4)2, DEAE-Cellulose column chromatography and Sephadex G-25 column chromatography to achieve a purification fold of 1.6424. The effects of temperature, pH, substrate concentration and Mg2+ concentrations on the activity of the enzymes were determined. This is a premier report on the presence of five cysteine-proteases in the leaves of papaya with different measures of binding affinity and catalytic efficiencies towards the casein-substrate. The purified enzymes from Carica papaya are optimally active from 50 °C - 59 °C and pH 4.5 – 6.6. Their activities are generally enhanced in the presence of Mg2+. The Km and Vmax values for the enzyme in the various pools ranged from 1.47mg/ml - 8.70mg/ml and 0.42µmol/ml/min - 0.4167µmol/ml/min. In this study, papain E displayed optimum activity at pH 5.5 and 50 °C in the presence of Mg2+ with the best catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km 59.776 - pmL/mg.min) and binding affinity (Km - 0.83 mg/mL) when compared to the isolated enzymes. Values of the parameters assessed from this study could be put to use by the industry in the production of papain and also for household and medical use in storing the product.

Psoriasis is a persistent and mysterious autoimmune skin condition that affects 2-3% of the world’s population. Currently, topical therapies, light therapy, and systemic drugs are the three main forms of treatment used to lessen inflammation and skin irritation/itching. However, all these treatments are only used to manage the disease each time it surfaces. Therefore, the main target of this work is to search for a safer and more effective remedy for psoriasis from the reservoir of phytochemicals present in Carica papaya via in silico studies due to its anti-psoriatic and anti-inflammatory properties. Reported phytochemicals isolated from Carica papaya were subjected to computational simulations using the PyRx docking tool and were docked against Janus Kinase 1 (JAK1) and Tumor necrosis factor \aplha (TNF\aplha) target receptors. The results obtained were visualized using PyMol, and Biovia 2019. Analysis of the results identified both Chlorogenic acid and Coumaroylquinic-acid with docking scores (-8.6 kcal/mol and -7.9 kcal/mol) respectively as potential inhibitors for the JAK1 receptor. The identified compounds also possessed excellent ADMET, drug-likeness, bioactivity, and activity spectra for substances (PASS) prediction properties. Their binding mode and the molecular interactions with the targets also affirmed their potency. In comparison with the standards (Methotrexate and Cyclosporine), Chlorogenic acid and Coumaroylquinic-acid have better ADMET properties, binding affinities, drug-likeness, PASS properties, bioactivities, oral bioavailability, binding mechanism, and interactions with the active site of the target receptor and are hereby recommended for further analysis towards the development of a new therapeutic agent for psoriasis treatment and management.

This study aimed to evaluate the protective potential of aqueous seed extract of ripe Carica papaya fruits on cyanide induced kidney damage in male Wister rats using 24 male rats divided into five groups. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experimental period and serum and kidney were harvested for biochemical and histological analysis following standard procedures. Estimation of kidney function markers such as creatinine and urea and assessment of electrolytes of toxicological relevance; sodium ion, potassium ion, bicarbonate ion and chloride ion were carried out. The study revealed that cyanide stimulated alterations in kidney function makers: urea, creatinine and serum electrolytes. The result indicated that aqueous seed extract of Carica papaya fruits significantly increase Urea, creatinine, Cl-, HCO3-, K+ and Na+ activities in the rats induced with cyanide when compared with the positive control. However, the concentrations were significantly decreased in the treated groups when compared with the groups induced with cyanide. Histological analysis showed cyanide induced structural distortions of the kidney tissues. Treatment with Carica papaya seed extract was able to mitigate these damages. This study indicates that aqueous seed extract of ripe fruits of Carica papaya possesses nephro-protective properties and can be used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning.

Natural coloring agents obtained from plants, insects, animals, and minerals are used to color faces, hairs, textiles, and food preparations for centuries. This current review explained the role of traditional natural coloring agents in ancient times. It encompasses the advantages of natural dyes over synthetic dyes, their classification, and medicinal properties. The objective of review is to provide a retrospective study of natural colors for fibers based on their therapeutic potential. For the preparation of this manuscript, all the relevant information was gathered from accessible and inaccessible resources (Web, Books, Thesis, etc.). The information included in the article was downloaded from scientific engines and databases (Google Scholar, Web of Science, Scifinder, Science Direct, Publons, Wiley Online Library, PubMed, Taylor & Francis online and Scopus indexed journals) using different keywords. Natural coloring agents like Carica papaya, curcumin, betalain, quercetin, lycopene, lawsone, crocin, juglone, anthocyanin, and several others are reported to have medicinal values. The present review summarizes the application of natural dyes for coloring fibers and pharmaceutical preparations is beneficial over synthetic dyes based on their additional therapeutic effects. The use of synthetic dyes for fibers can cause toxic effects as it contain heavy metals and causes pollution and damage the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: Differential spatial and temporal expression patterns due to regulatory cis-elements and two different isoforms are detected among CpMDAR4 alleles in papaya. The aim of this research was to study the effects of cis-element differences between the X, Y and Yh alleles on the expression of CpMDAR4, a potential candidate gene for sex differentiation in papaya, using a transcriptional reporter system in a model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Possible effects of a retrotransposon insertion in the Y and Yh alleles on the transcription and expression of CpMDAR4 alleles in papaya flowers were also examined. When comparing promoters and cis-regulatory elements among genes in the non-recombining region of the sex chromosomes, paired genes exhibited differences. Our results showed that differences in the promoter sequences of the CpMDAR4 alleles drove the expression of a reporter gene to different flower tissues in Arabidopsis. β-glucuronidase staining analysis of T2 and T3 lines for constructs containing 5′ deletions of native Y and Yh allele promoters showed the loss of specific expression of the reporter gene in the anthers, confirming the existence and location of cis-regulatory element POLLEN1LELAT52. The expression analysis of CpMDAR4 alleles in papaya flowers also showed that all alleles are actively expressed in different flower tissues, with the existence of a shorter truncated isoform, with unknown function, for the Y and Yh alleles due to an LTR-RT insertion in the Y and Yh chromosomes. The observed expression patterns in Arabidopsis thaliana flowers and the expression patterns of CpMDAR4 alleles in papaya flowers suggest that MDAR4 might have a role on development of reproductive organs in papaya, and that it constitutes an important candidate for sex differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the modulatory effects of alkaloid extracts of Cannabis sativa (CSAE), Datura stramonium (DSAE), Nicotiana tabacum (NTAE) and male Carica papaya (CMAE) on neurotransmitter, neurotrophic and neuro-inflammatory systems linked to anxiety and depression. Male Wistar rats were orally administered the alkaloid extracts in doses of 5, 50, 500, and 2000 mg/kg for 90 days. On day 91, neurobehavioural studies were evaluated, rats were sacrificed, brain hippocampus removed and tissue homogenate prepared. Biochemical, cytokine and neurotransmitter metabolisms were estimated in the hippocampus. Expressions of genes linked to anxiety and depression were evaluated by RT-qPCR. Results showed CSAE, NTAE and CMAE act as anxiolytic and antidepressant agents by depleting TNF-α, IL-1β and reactive oxygen species concentrations, and monoamine oxidase, angiotensin 1-converting enzyme and acetylcholinesterase activities while elevating IL-10 and dopamine concentrations and glutamate dehydrogenase activity at doses of 5, 50 and 500. Same doses of CSAE, NTAE and CMAE also depleted the gene expressions of GSK3β, JNK, NF-ĸB, and Nesfatin-1 while increasing expressions of CREB, BDNF, serotonin and Nrf2. However, administration of DSAE and 2000 mg/kg CSAE, NTAE and CMAE had adverse modulatory effects on the neurochemical concentrations and activities as well as the gene expressions of the evaluated neurotransmitter, neurotrophic and inflammatory systems. In conclusion, the study established the sub-chronic instrumentalization potential of CSAE, CMAE, and NTAE for anxiolytic and anti-depressive moods, though their use may be associated with dependence and addiction, which may result in more detrimental effects than any therapeutic potential they may proffer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is the first record of the effect of cereal bait formulated with papaya seed powder (PSP) on reproductive functions of female Bandicota bengalensis. Treatment baits prepared using WSO (wheat, sugar, oil mix) bait and PSP in ratios 97:3, 95:5 and 90:10 were fed to three groups of rats for 30 days in no-choice with one group as untreated control. The average weight of rats used was 235 g. Rats were evaluated immediately and after 30 days of treatment withdrawal. Acceptance of treatment baits by different groups was 79.06–89.45%, leading to the ingestion of 68.36–186.23 g/kg bwt of PSP. Results revealed significant (P <.05) anti-fertility effects of 10% PSP based bait in the reduction in the relative weight of the uterus; the number of primordial and pre-antral ovarian follicles, breeding success, litter size, duration of the estrous stage, and prolongation of proestrous and diestrous stages further indicated by significantly (P <.05) reduced levels of estradiol, 17β-HSD, ACP and ALP. The present study revealed anti-reproductive effects of 10% PSP-based cereal bait, which were recovered after 30 days of treatment withdrawal, thus suggesting further studies using higher concentrations of PSP for long-term irreversible effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of aqueous and methanol extracts of ten botanicals were evaluated against the egg and adult of the spider mite Tetranychus truncatus Ehara, under laboratory conditions. The extracts showed no or negligible ovicidal action, but significant adulticidal action; among the aqueous extracts, A. squamosa (5, 7.5 and 10%), C. papaya (10%) and B. monnieri (10%) caused significantly maximum mortality, while it was methanolic extracts of A. calamus, C. papaya (1 and 2%) and A. marmelos (2%) which revealed maximum mortality with adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study, leaf extract of Carica papaya was utilized for the biogenic fabrication process of chitosan functionalized silver nanoparticles (Ag-Chito NPs). HRTEM analysis revealed that the fabricated Ag-Chito NPs was spherical in shape, with an average particle size of 13.31 (±0.07) nm. FTIR, UV–Vis, DLS, and other characterizations were also performed to analyze the diverse physicochemical properties of the particles. The antibacterial potency of the synthesized Ag-Chito NPs was tested against the two clinically isolated multidrug resistant uropathogenic bacterial strains, i.e. MLD 2 (Escherichia coli) and MLD 4 (Staphylococcus aureus) through MIC, MBC, time and concentration dependent killing kinetic assay, inhibition of biofilm formation assay, fluorescence and SEM imaging. Significantly, Ag-Chito NPs showed the highest sensitivity against the MLD 2 (MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL) strain, as compared to the MLD 4 (MIC value of 15 μg/mL) strain. From the hemolysis assay, it was revealed that Ag-Chito NPs exerted no significant toxicity up to 50 μg/mL against healthy human blood cells. Additionally, in silico analysis of chitosan (functionalized on the surface of AgNPs) and bacterial cell membrane protein also evidently suggested a strong interaction between Ag-Chito NPs and bacterial cells, which might be responsible for bacterial cell death. • Biogenic fabrication of chitosan functionalized silver nanoparticles. • Promising antibacterial potency against multidrug resistant bacterial strain • Fabricated nanoparticles hold promising cytocompatibility. • Molecular docking explains the interaction of the particle with bacterial proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carica papaya L has been traditionally claimed for curing inflammation hence the present work exemplifies the anti-arthritic potential of crude leaves extract and its fractions in arthritic models. Screening on this plant has established presence of kaempferol which might possess antiarthritic properties. Kaempferol was quantitatively estimated by high performance thin layer chromatographic method in chloroform fraction and was found to be 0.08% w/w. Arthritis was induced by intraplantar administration considering formaldehyde (2%v/v), turpentine oil emulsion (10%v/v) and complete Freund's adjuvant (1%v/v) in left hind paw of rats. Paw oedema, body weight, haematological parameters, level of serum enzyme markers, biochemical parameters, interleukin-6 and histopathological analysis were observed in all groups. Present experimental work justifies that in chronic arthritis, iinvolvement of interleukin-6 is associated with non-articular manifestations considering joint inflammation including anaemia. The plant extract and chloroform fraction possess dose dependent antiarthritic effect in acute and complete Freund's adjuvant induced arthritic model by ameliorating the level of serum enzyme biomarkers, haematological and biochemical parameters, body weight abnormalities, interleukin-6. The experimental explanation established that extract and its fraction of Carica papaya L. revealed anti-arthritic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucosinolates (GSLs) and cyanogenic glycosides (CGs) fulfil functions in plant defence and have been reported to be anticancer agents. Generally, GSL-containing plants do not produce CG, and vice versa, CG-containing plants do not synthesise GSLs. However, the production of both GSL and CG compounds was observed in Carica papaya. Additionally, several studies found both GSL glucotropaeolin and CG prunasin in papaya leaves. The advancement of genome technologies can be explored to elucidate the gene functions and other molecular discoveries in plants that might relate to GSLs and CGs. This review aims to discuss the complex interplay of the rare events whereby these two compounds (GSL and CG) co-occur in a bifurcation pathway in papaya. To our knowledge, this is the first review that highlights novel GSL and CG genes in papaya. Furthermore, species-specific pathways in papaya are also discussed and comprehensively described. The transcription factors involved in regulating GSL and CG biosynthesis pathways are also discussed, accompanied by relevant bioinformatic approaches that can help discover potential regulatory genes that control the production of prunasin and glucotropaeolin in papaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose forms a group of fungal diseases that affect a variety of crop plants in warm and humid areas. Anthracnose causes the wilting, withering, and dying of tissues of plants, commonly infecting the developing shoots, leaves, and fruits. It critically affects the quality and production of Carica papaya fruits in Bali, Indonesia. The pathogenic fungi belonging to the genus Colletotrichum cause anthracnose fungal disease. Research on morphology and molecular identification of pathogenic fungi is very important to determine the type of pathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose disease in the papaya fruit. The latest study aims to identify the pathogen that caused anthracnose on papaya fruits in Bali, Indonesia, carried out during July - December 2021 at the Belok Village, District of Petang, Badung Regency, and in Laboratory of Biochemistry, Udayana University, Badung Regency, Bali, Indonesia. The study used Koch's postulates to confirm the pathogenicity and continued with macroand micro-morphological characterization. Based on macro- and micro-morphological characterization, the pathogen has shown similar traits to the genus Colletotrichum. Molecular identification took place using the ITS sequences to increase data robustness. Based on the molecular analysis, the DNA sequences of the genus Colletotrichum isolated from papaya fruits showed the symptoms of anthracnose disease. Based on the latest findings, the pathogen causing anthracnose disease in Carica papaya fruits showed as the species Colletotrichum magnum in Bali, Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis sativa, Datura stramonium, Nicotiana tabacum, and Carica papaya are plants that naturally grow in Nigeria. They are reportedly rich in neuroactive compounds that are capable of reacting with the nervous system to elicit psychoactive and/or toxic effects that deter predators. However, despite the toxicological potential of these plants, their recreational use is on the rise due to the psychoactivity they proffer and prevalence in Nigeria. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the plants' recreational use, mechanism of actions and toxicities. Relevant published documents on psychoactive plants in Nigeria were obtained from Web of Science between 2002 and 2020. Non-English documents, documents not in Science Citation Index Expanded and Google Scholar were removed while 1186 documents were reviewed. Results showed that the plants are recreationally used in Nigeria with a higher prevalence than the global frequency. They are very addictive and lead to dependence. The plants were also observed to elicit different mechanism of action, though the activation of monoaminergic neurotransmission system was common to all. Regrettably, the plants could be toxic when ingested under non-medical conditions. Conclusively, these plants are addictive with potential toxic effects. Therefore, control of the recreational use of these plants should be revamped and overhauled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is among the most important tropical fruits produced in Brazil and is grown in nearly every state. However, several diseases can affect papaya production. Anthracnose stands out among these diseases due to high postharvest yield losses. Previous studies identified Colletotrichum magna (invalid name) and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causing anthracnose of papaya in Brazil, but species identification was inadequate due to reliance on nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed space (nrITS) and glutamine synthetase (GS) sequences. Thus, the diversity of Colletotrichum spp. causing papaya anthracnose in Brazil may be underestimated. The present study aims to identify the Colletotrichum species associated with papaya anthracnose in Brazil based on broad geographical sampling and multilocus phylogenetic analysis, as well as to assess the prevalence and aggressiveness of the species found. Here, we report C. chrysophilum, C. fructicola, C. gloeosporioides, C. karsti, C. okinawense, C. plurivorum, C. queenslandicum, C. siamense, C. theobromicola, Colletotrichum truncatum causing papaya anthracnose in Brazil. We are also synonymizing Colletotrichum corchorum-capsularis under C. truncatum. Colletotrichum okinawense was the most prevalent species in general and in most sampled locations, and with C. truncatum represents the most aggressive species. [Display omitted] • Ten Colletotrichum species are responsible for papaya anthracnose in Brazil. • Colletotrichum okinawense is the prevalent species. • C. okinawense and C. truncatum were the most virulent species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the management of type 2 diabetes, oral antidiabetic drugs have several side effects, which in turn have led the pharmaceutical industry to search for good therapeutic, non-toxic and reliable drugs. Carica papaya (C. papaya) is one of several plants in nature that have been found to possess anti-diabetic properties. Despite studies being focused on the antidiabetic activity of C. papaya, the molecular mechanism against high fat diet induced insulin resistance is yet to be identified. The role of C. papaya was evaluated on insulin signaling molecules, such as the insulin receptor (IR) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) in high fat, diet-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats, and analyzed the bioactive compounds of C. papaya against IR and GLUT4 via molecular docking and dynamics. The ethanolic extract of C. papaya leaves (600 mg/kg of body weight) was given daily to male wistar rats for 45 days and we observed the various biochemical parameters, gene expression analysis and histopathology of skeletal muscle. Molecular docking and dynamics were undertaken to understand the bioactive compounds with the greatest hit rate. C. papaya treatment was able to control blood glucose levels, the lipid profile and serum insulin, but it facilitated tissue antioxidant enzymes and IR and GLUT4 levels. The in-silico study showed that kaempferol, quercitin and transferulic acid were the top three ligands with the greatest hit rate against the protein targets. Our preliminary findings, for the first time, showed that C. papaya reinstates the glycemic effect in the diabetic skeletal muscle by accelerating the expression of IR and GLUT4. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the synergistic antimicrobial efficacy of Carica papaya plant extracts in combination with antibiotics has been assessed on selected pathogens using different solvent extracts. Papaya leaves were extracted by using Soxhlet apparatus method and three kinds of solvents: petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylacetate. Papaya leaf extracts were tested against human pathogenic microbes. Bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans by agar well diffusion method. All the leaf extracts of Carica papaya Linn. exhibited greater activity towards bacteria and fungi. The extract demonstrated higher activities against all the bacteria with the highest activity (ethyl acetate extract of 12 mm and 14 mm zone of inhibition) demonstrated against Escherichia coli and fungi with (petroleum ether extract of 9 mm and 12 mm zone of inhibition) demonstrated against Candida albicans. Synthetic discs with the antibiotics Chloramphenicol, Tetramycin, Ampicillin, and Gentamycin respectively were used for comparison All the tested human pathogens were highly sensitive to Gentamycin with the zone of inhibition above 20 mm. Further study is necessary to detect and evaluate the actual constituents responsible for the antibacterial activity of the valuable medicinal plant investigated, for its successful utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite rigorous endeavors, existing attempts to handle type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are still a long way off, as a substantial number of patients do not meet therapeutic targets. Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is discerned as a forerunner in the pathogenesis of T2DM and can be detected years before its progress. Studies have revealed the antidiabetic properties of Carica papaya (C. papaya), but its molecular mechanism on insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)/Akt signaling mechanisms is not yet known. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of C. papaya on IRS1 and Akt in high-fat-diet–streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats and also to analyze the bioactive compounds of C. papaya against IRS-1 and Akt via in silico analysis. Ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. papaya (600 mg/kg of body weight) was given daily for 45 days postinduction of T2DM up to the end of the study. Gluconeogenic enzymes, glycolytic enzymes, gene expression, and immunohistochemical analysis of IRS-1 and Akt in skeletal muscle were evaluated. C. papaya treatment regulated the levels of gluconeogenic and glycolytic enzymes and the levels of IRS-1 and Akt in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic animals. In silico studies showed that trans-ferulic acid had the greatest hit rate against the protein targets IRS-1 and Akt. C. papaya restored the normoglycemic effect in diabetic skeletal muscle by accelerating the expression of IRS-1 and Akt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pawpaw (Carica papaya) is a notable plant due to its medicinal benefits used globally to treat diseases which include dengue, malaria, inflammation, and skin infections. This study was aimed at investigating the bioactive compounds and antimicrobial sensitivity of Pawpaw (Carica papaya) leave extracts against morbific micro-organisms. The bioactive compounds of C. papaya leaves were analyzed using Chemical Standard techniques as reported in literatures and antimicrobial assay was done using agar well diffusion techniques. Qualitative phytochemical screening results of pawpaw leaves shows the presence of glycosides, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, saponins and terpenoids. The antimicrobial sensitivity result reveals higher zones of inhibition of methanolic extract against Staphylococcus sp (11.4±0.3 mm), Vibrio sp (10.3±0.2 mm), E. coli (9.7±0.3 mm), Shigella sp (9.1±0.3 mm), Yeast (9.1±0.3 mm) and Penicillium sp (8.3±0.4 mm). While aqueous extract shows higher zone of inhibition against Mould (8.0±0.5 mm). This study revealed pawpaw leaves contains secondary metabolites (bioactive compounds) while the antimicrobial sensitivity against the microorganisms explains the possibility of using the leaves as antibiotic substances (antimicrobial agents). Therefore, pawpaw leaves could be a significant source of medicine for the treatment of various fungal and bacterial infections.

Papaya (Carica papaya L) is one of the fruits that is easily found in Asian countries. Papaya has been studied to have good benefits in hyperlipidemia. Papaya contains fiber, vitamins A and C, alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids which are with antihyperlipidemic properties. The objective of this research was to systematically review studies thathave probed into the effect of papaya on triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein in hyperlipidemia. This research was conducted to review the effect of papaya fruit as an anti-hyperlipidemic through searching scientific articles related to the topic. Article searches were conducted through Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science-Directarticle databases. The selection of articles in the systematic review according to the inclusion criteria was based on articles published from 2016 to 2021, enrolling animals or patients with hyperlipidemia. The experimental design, main outcomes such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and body weight (BW) were investigated. Totally, three articles were reviewed in full to discuss the effect of papaya fruit as antihyperlipidemia in a systematic review. The systematic reviewreported that administration of papaya juice could improve lipid profiles. The content of fiber, vitamins A and C and phytochemicals in papaya has the potential of anti-hyperlipidemia by improving lipid profile.

Abstract Background The pistil is an essential part of flowers that functions in the differentiation of the sexes and reproduction in plants. The stigma on the pistil can accept pollen to allow fertilization and seed development. Papaya (Carica papaya L.) is a dioecious plant, where female flowers exhibit normal pistil, while the male flowers exhibit aborted pistil at a late stage of pistil development. Results The developmental stages of papaya pistil were analyzed after first dividing it into slices representing the primordium stage 1 (S1), the pre-meiotic stages S2, post-meiotic stage S3, and the mitotic stage S4. The SS scoring algorithm analysis of genes preferentially expressed at different stages revealed differentially expressed genes between male and female flowers. A transcription factor regulatory network for each stage based on the genes that are differentially expressed between male and female flowers was constructed. Some transcription factors related to pistil development were revealed based on the analysis of regulatory networks such as CpAGL11, CpHEC2, and CpSUPL. Based on the specific expression of genes, constructed a gene regulatory subnetwork with CpAGL11-CpSUPL-CpHEC2 functioning as the core. Analysis of the functionally enriched terms in this network reveals several differentially expressed genes related to auxin/ brassinosteroid signal transduction in the plant hormone signal transduction pathway. At the same time, significant differences in the expression of auxin and brassinosteroid synthesis-related genes between male and female flowers at different developmental stages were detected. Conclusions The pistil abortion of papaya might be caused by the lack of expression or decreased expression of some transcription factors and hormone-related genes, affecting hormone signal transduction or hormone biosynthesis. Analysis of aborted and normally developing pistil in papaya provided new insights into the molecular mechanism of pistil development and sex differentiation in dioecious papaya.

Background: Dengue fever is a mosquito borne disease commonly manifest leucopoenia and thrombocytopenia. Dengue fever and its complications like bleeding manifestation can be life threatening. This study was conducted to study the effect of doxycycline and doxycycline with carica papaya on thrombocytopenia and leucopoenia in acute dengue fever patients. Methods: This case control study was conducted amongst the patients suffering from dengue fever with thrombocytopenia. Cases were dengue patients with thrombocytopenia and leucopenia both. Controls were dengue patients with thrombocytopenia with normal leukocyte count. An effect of doxycycline and doxycycline with carica papaya was observed on platelet and leukocyte counts at baseline and first, second, fourth, and seventh day in cases and comparison was done. Results: The maximum improvement in mean platelet count and leukocyte count was observed in doxycycline with carica papaya group followed by doxycycline alone group followed by controls (conservative treatment) in decreasing order on day 4th and 7th day of admission. Reduced hospital stay was also in the same order. Conclusion: The study results indicate that doxycycline and carica papaya are useful modality to improve leucopenia and thrombocytopenia in dengue patients and to minimize hospital stay.

MIKC-type MADS-box genes, also known as type II genes, play a crucial role in regulating the formation of floral organs and reproductive development in plants. However, the genome-wide identification and characterization of type II genes as well as a transcriptomic survey of their potential roles in Carica papaya remain unresolved. Here, we identified and characterized 24 type II genes in the C. papaya genome, and investigated their evolutional scenario and potential roles with a widespread expression profile. The type II genes were divided into thirteen subclades, and gene loss events likely occurred in papaya, as evidenced by the contracted member size of most subclades. Gene duplication mainly contributed to MIKC-type gene formation in papaya, and the duplicated gene pairs displayed prevalent expression divergence, implying the evolutionary significance of gene duplication in shaping the diversity of type II genes in papaya. A large-scale transcriptome analysis of 152 samples indicated that different subclasses of these genes showed distinct expression patterns in various tissues, biotic stress response, and abiotic stress response, reflecting their divergent functions. The hub-network of male and female flowers and qRT-PCR suggested that TT16-3 and AGL8 participated in male flower development and seed germination. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the evolution and functions of MIKC-type genes in C. papaya.

A genome-wide analysis for two families of key transcription factors (TF; WRKY and NAC) involved in drought response revealed 46 WRKY and 66 NAC members of the Carica papaya genome. A phylogenetic analysis grouped the CpWRKY proteins into three groups (I, II a, b, c, d, e and III), while the CpNAC proteins were clustered into 15 groups. The conserved domains, chromosomal localization and promoter cis-acting elements were also analyzed. In addition, from a previous transcriptome study of two contrasting genotypes in response to 14 days of water deficit stress (WDS), we found that 29 of the 46 CpWRKYs genes and 25 of the 66 CpNACs genes were differentially expressed in response to the WDS. In the present paper, the native wild genotype (WG) (collected in its center of origin) consistently showed a higher expression (transcripts per million; TPM and fold change; FC) than the commercial genotype (CG) in almost all the members of the CpWRKY and CpNAC gene families. To corroborate this, we selected CpWRKY50 and CpNAC83.1 for further evaluation by RT-qPCR. Consistently, the WG showed higher relative expression levels (REL) after 14 days of WDS than the CG, in both the leaves and roots. The results suggest that the CpWRKY and CpNAC TF families are important for drought tolerance in this species. The results may also suggest that, during the domestication process, the ability of the native (wild) C. papaya genotypes to respond to drought (including the overexpression of the CpWRKY and CpNAC genes) was somehow reduced in the current commercial genotypes.

Ralstonia solanacearum is a harmful pathogen that causes severe wilt disease in several vegetables. In the present study, we identified R. solanacearum from wilt of papaya by 16S rRNA PCR amplification. Virulence ability of R. solanacearum was determined by amplification of approximately 1500 bp clear band of hrpB gene. Further, in-vitro seed germination assay showed that R. solanacearum reduced the germination rate up to 26.21%, 34% and 33.63% of cucumber, bottle guard and pumpkin seeds, respectively whereas shoot and root growth were also significantly decreased. Moreover, growth inhibition of R. solanacearum was recorded using antibacterial compound from medicinal plant and antagonistic B. subtilis. Petroleum ether root extract of Rauvolfia serpentina showed highest 22 ± 0.04 mm diameter of zone of inhibition where methanolic extract of Cymbopogon citratus and ethanolic extract of Lantana camara exhibited 20 ± 0.06 mm and 20 ± 0.01 mm zone of inhibition against R. solanacearum, respectively. In addition, bioactive compounds of B. subtilis inhibited R. solanacearum growth by generating 17 ± 0.09 mm zone of inhibition. To unveil the inhibition mechanism, we adopted chemical-protein interaction network and molecular docking approaches where we found that, rutin from C. citratus interacts with citrate (Si)-synthase and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase of R. solanacearum with binding affinity of −9.7 kcal/mol and −9.5 kcal/mol while quercetin from B. subtillis interacts with the essential protein F0F1 ATP synthase subunit alpha of the R. solancearum with binding affinity of −6.9 kcal/mol and inhibit the growth of R. solanacearum. Our study will give shed light on the development of eco-friendly biological control of wilt disease of papaya.