Search

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Universidad del Valle de Guatemala is the property of Universidad del Valle de Guatemala and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study assessed the role of cardamom fruit in lowering blood pressure in patients with grade 1 hypertension. The study were performed on 30 newly diagnosed subjects (25-55 years) of grade 1 primary hypertension (130-139/80-89 mm Hg) according to ACC/AHA guideline. For each participant, BP was measured 2 times using mercury sphygmomanometer with an appropriate-sized cuff following a standardized protocol. Administration of two capsules of cardamom three times daily for a total of 3g per day for 3 months resulted in significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, P < 0.05. Despite the significant decrease in systolic blood pressure since the first 4 weeks of treatment and further decrease at the end of the 8 weeks, it did not return to the normal (< 130 mmHg) until the end of 12 weeks of treatment (r = - 0.933, P < 0.01). The diastolic blood pressure significantly decrease since the first 4 weeks of treatment, but also it did not return to the normal (< 80 mmHg) until after the end of 12 weeks of treatment (r = - 0.939, P < 0.01). Cardamom contains high number of constituents that have pharmacological properties via more than one mechanisms of action, it could be a natural surrogate for treatment of grade 1 hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes mellitus exerts many complications, irregular immune responses is more serious one which potentially increases infections. This work aimed to assess, the immunomodulatory effect of cardamom, ginger, and cinnamon without/with probiotics in type2 diabetic rat model (T2DRM). Seventy-two adult male, Wistar rats were assigned to nine groups. Eight rats were kept as healthy control. Sixty-four rats were used to induce T2DRM. One group was offered to 0.2 ml multi-strain probiotics orally. The rest of T2DRM were offered to 100 mg/kg aqueous extract of cardamom, ginger, or cinnamon without/with 0.2 ml multi-strain probiotics orally. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum insulin, and C-peptide were determined. Total leucocyte count (TLC), neutrophil (N%), lymphocyte (L%) were calculated. Spleen cellular viability%, phagocytic index (vitro, vivo) and glucose consumed with lymphocytes were estimated. Pancreatic tissue glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were assayed. INF-γ, IL-5, and IL- 17 cytokines were determined. Groups fed cardamom or ginger with probiotic showed significant (P<0.05) improvement in OGTT, serum insulin, spleen cellular viability%, phagocytic index (vitro, vivo) and glucose consumed with lymphocytes compared to T2DRM. Besides, they recorded significant amelioration in INF-γ IL-5 and IL-17. Ginger without/with probiotic recorded significant increase (P<0.05) in TLC, L%, GSH-Px, SOD and CAT. Cardamom without/with probiotic exerted significant increase (P<0.05) in GSH-Px and CAT. The probiotic group showed significant increase (P<0.05) in GSH-Px. However, cinnamon had a moderate immunomodulatory effect. This study indicated that administration of ginger or cardamom with probiotics success to achieve immunomodulation of T2DRM through antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. Keywords: Cardamom, Cinnamon, Ginger, Immunomodulatory, Probiotics, Type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton prestigiously called as Indian cardamom and is mostly cultivated in south India at higher altitudes ranging from 900 to 1400 msl. The chemical composition of dry capsules essential oil of the four distinct varieties was chemo-profiled by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results revealed a higher concentration of major monoterpene 1, 8-Cineole ranging between 28.94% and 34.91% in PV 1 and PV 2 varieties respectively. Other monoterpenes like α-Pinene, Sabinene, Linalool, α-Terpineol and Nerol were present considerable quantities in all of the four cardamom varieties. Two sesquiterpenic constituents namely, ç-Elemene and 1,6,10-dodecatrien-3-ol (Nerolidol) were identified in all varieties. Three ester constituents were also obtained in PV 1 in which α-Terpinyl acetate (26.68%) exhibited as a major ester constituent followed by Ocimenyl acetate (0.80%) and E5-Dodecenyl acetate (0.30%). This is the first published report on the phytochemical concentration of recent varieties of Indian cardamom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiovascular disease is a highly prevalent issue worldwide and one of its main manifestations, dyslipidemia, needs more attention. Recent studies have suggested that cardamom has favorable effects beyond lipid lowering, but the result are contradictory. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed the effect of cardamom on lipids. The search included PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library (up to March, 2019) to identify RCTs investigating the effects of cardamom supplementation on serum lipid parameters. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were pooled using a random-effect model. Meta-analysis of data from five eligible RCTs showed that cardamom supplementation did not significantly change the concentrations of total cholesterol (WMD: -6.11 mg/dl, 95% CI [-13.06, 0.83], I2 = 0.0%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: -4.31 mg/dl, 95% CI [-9.75, 1.13], I2 = 0.0%), or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (WMD: 1.75 mg/dl, 95% CI [-1.95 to 5.46], I2 = 71.4%). However, a significant reduction was observed in serum triglyceride (TG; WMD: -20.55 mg/dl, 95% CI [-32.48, -8.63], I2 = 0.0%) levels after cardamom supplementation. Cardamom might be able to change TG, but for confirming the results, more studies exclusively on dyslipidemia patients and considering the intake of lipid lowering agents as exclusion criteria are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton, or small cardamom referred as ‘queen of spices’, is a perennial herbaceous rhizomatous monocot of the family Zingiberaceae. Cardamom seeds and fruits are the economically significant parts and effectively used as a traditional medicine, food additive and flavoring agent. In the present study, using Ion Proton next generation sequencing technology we performed the small RNA sequencing, conserved and novel miRNA predictions of a wild and five cultivar genotypes of cardamom. Small RNA sequencing generated a total of 5,451,328 and 2,756,250 raw reads for wild and cultivar cardamom respectively. The raw data was submitted to SRA database of NCBI under the accession numbers and SRX2273863 (wild) and SRX2273862 (cultivars). The raw reads were quality filtered and predicted conserved and novel miRNAs for wild and cultivar cardamom. The predicted miRNAs, miRNA-targets and functional annotations might provide valuable insights into differences between wild progenitor and cultivated cardamom.

Abstract Background Cardamom is a well-known spice in Indian subcontinent, used in culinary and traditional medicine practices since ancient times. The current investigation was untaken to evaluate the potential benefit of cardamom powder supplementation in high carbohydrate high fat (HCHF) diet induced obese rats. Method Male Wistar rats (28 rats) were divided into four different groups such as Control, Control + cardamom, HCHF, HCHF + cardamom. High carbohydrate and high fat (HCHF) diet was prepared in our laboratory. Oral glucose tolerance test, organs wet weight measurements and oxidative stress parameters analysis as well as liver marker enzymes such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were assayed on the tissues collected from the rats. Plasma lipids profiles were also measured in all groups of animals. Moreover, histological staining was also performed to evaluate inflammatory cells infiltration and fibrosis in liver. Results The current investigation showed that, HCHF diet feeding in rats developed glucose intolerance and increased peritoneal fat deposition compared to control rats. Cardamom powder supplementation improved the glucose intolerance significantly (p > 0.05) and prevented the abdominal fat deposition in HCHF diet fed rats. HCHF diet feeding in rats also developed dyslipidemia, increased fat deposition and inflammation in liver compared to control rats. Cardamom powder supplementation significantly prevented the rise of lipid parameters (p > 0.05) in HCHF diet fed rats. Histological assessments confirmed that HCHF diet increased the fat deposition and inflammatory cells infiltration in liver which was normalized by cardamom powder supplementation in HCHF diet fed rats. Furthermore, HCHF diet increased lipid peroxidation, decreased antioxidant enzymes activities and increased advanced protein oxidation product level significantly (p > 0.05) both in plasma and liver tissue which were modulated by cardamom powder supplementation in HCHF diet fed rats. HCHF diet feeding in rats also increased the ALT, AST and ALP enzyme activities in plasma which were also normalized by cardamom powder supplementation in HCHF diet fed rats. Moreover, cardamom powder supplementation ameliorated the fibrosis in liver of HCHF diet fed rats. Conclusion This study suggests that, cardamom powder supplementation can prevent dyslipidemia, oxidative stress and hepatic damage in HCHF diet fed rats.

This paper presents a study on determination of antiradical potential, ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), chelating power (CHEL), OH∙ scavenging capacity (OH), superoxide dismutase-like activity, lipoxygenase (LOXi), and xanthine oxidase (XOi) inhibitory potential and also interactions between the phytochemicals from coffee and cardamom based on their bioaccessibility in vitro. Evaluation of interactions between coffee and cardamom in a model system showed that phenolic compounds may be responsible for the analyzed activity of the tested extracts. It was observed for FRAP, CHEL, and XOi that raw and digested extracts showed the same interactions as chemical standards. However, the LOX inhibitors present in raw extracts acted synergistically like chemical standards, but due to the changes during the simulated digestion process the kind of interaction between active compounds changed. Correlation between tested extracts and model system, despite the high bioaccessibility of the compounds with this capacity, was not only found for OH∙ radical neutralization.

Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of an essential oil from the seeds of Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. Characterisation of the essential oil identified 37 components accounting for > 99% of its composition, with terpineol acetate (> 35%) and 1,8‐cineole (> 20%) being the most prevalent compounds. In the absence of toxicological data of the feed additive itself, a component‐based approach was applied to assess the safety of the essential oil as a mixture. Based on structural and metabolic similarity, the components of cardamom oil were allocated to seven assessment groups. Assuming the absence of toxicologically relevant interactions among components, dose addition was applied within each assessment group by calculating the combined margin of exposure as a basis for risk characterisation. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the additive under assessment is safe at the proposed use level of 5 mg/kg in feed for all animal species. A concentration of 5 mg/L water for drinking is considered safe for all animal species. The use of cardamom essential oil in animal feed is considered safe for the consumer. In the absence of studies, the Panel cannot conclude on the safety for the users when handling the additive. The use of the essential oil under assessment in animal production is not expected to pose a risk for the environment. Since the seeds of E. cardamomum and their preparations are recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same, no further demonstration of efficacy is considered necessary. The Panel made a recommendation to limit the content of methyleugenol in the oil.

Indian spices like black pepper, cardamom, ginger, turmeric and cinnamon are valued for their culinary and nutraceutical properties. The quality attributes that impart these properties are essential oil, oleoresin and the aroma/pungent principles. Variability in essential oil constituents of black pepper, relevance of bulk density, codex standards and role of phenolics in deciding quality traits possess great relevance in academic and industrial applications. Curing of turmeric and maturity at harvest play a crucial role in drying and curcumin content. Geographical location has great relevance in deciding the curcumin content of turmeric. Coumarin content of cinnamon and cassia has implications in industrial application. This article provides an introspection in to the research programmes on quality attributes of spices carried out at ICAR-Indian Institute of Spices Research for the last three decades in comparison with international scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxicity of cardamom and clove seed powder and extracted compounds against the red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), was assessed in laboratory exposure experiments. The treatments comprised different amounts of seed powder of cardamom (0.8, 1, 3, and 5 mg) and clove (1, 3, 5, 7 mg), and extract concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8) for both plants using ether petroleum or chloroform. Data showed that 5 mg of cardamom powdered seed resulted in 93% mortality after one day and 100% mortality after two days. Whereas after two days, lower amounts (0.8, 1, and 3 mg) resulted in 26%, 40%, 46%, respectively. A similar result was obtained for clove seed powder, where 7 mg caused 53% mortality after one day and 100% mortality after three days, other amounts (1, 3, and 5 mg) resulted in 33%, 73%, and 80%, mortality respectively, after three days. We found that all amounts of extract of both plants resulted in 100% mortality after three days. GC-MS analysis of the cardamom and clove extracts revealed the presence of a large number of terpenes of particular note was eugenol and two novel compounds Hydroxy-alpha-Terpenyl Acetate and Labda -8(17),13(E)- Diene- 15. The current work aims at the possibility of benefiting from natural plants pesticides as being safer as well as on the separation of volatile oils, which was known to be important in the control pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Anisakidosis is caused by the ingestion of raw or undercooked fish or cephalopods containing viable Anisakis larvae. Several natural extracts, oils, essential oils, and their compounds have been tested against Anisakis. In this study the effectiveness of Tunisian olive oil with different spices or plants (cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, laurel, and rosemary) was tested against Anisakis larvae type 1. RESULTS: For the in vitro test, larvae were submerged separately in the oils mentioned above and observed to check viability. Cinnamon oil was the most effective against parasites with lethal time (LT) scores being LT50 = 1.5 days and LT100 = 3 days, followed by rosemary. Laurel, cardamom, and ginger oils were less effective. For the ex vivo experiment, cinnamon, and rosemary oils were tested in anchovy fillets, previously artificially parasitized. Cinnamon was the most effective against parasites (dead after 4 days) as compared to rosemary (7 days). CONCLUSION: The use of cinnamon and rosemary‐flavored olive oil in the industrial marinating process can be considered as an efficient alternative to the freezing process required by European Regulation EC No 853/2004 to devitalize Anisakis. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India is one of the major producers and consumer of cardamom. The export performance of cardamom has witnessed several changes over the past few decades. This paper analyses the trends and performance of cardamom commodity from India. Using secondary data from the Spices Board and the Ministry of Commerce along with international trade data from the United Nations International Trade Statistics Database, the trend in the domestic production and export markets is clearly drawn out. The changes in Revealed Comparative Advantage in cardamom exports over the years is used to study the level and changes in the export competitiveness of the commodity. The study identifies a revival in export competiveness in the recent years along with an increase in the share of global cardamom exports. The highly concentrated production of cardamom, the preference for Indian cardamom in Middle East economies and the revival of export competitiveness can benefit the Indian cardamom producers. The study argues for strengthening research investments in cardamom for sustaining and enhancing the benefits from cardamom exports from the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Cardamom has antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects which may help to remedy diseases. Studies on the health benefits of cardamom in diabetic patients are very limited. Thus, this study is designed to determine the effect of cardamom supplementation on blood lipids and glycemic indices in type 2 diabetic patients. To investigate the mechanism of cardamom effect on blood glucose and lipid levels, serum sirtuin‐1 (SIRT1) was assessed. RESULTS: In a parallel, double‐blind randomized, placebo‐controlled clinical trial, 83 overweight or obese type 2 diabetic patients were randomly allocated into an intervention (n = 41) or a control group (n = 42). The intervention and the placebo group received 3 g of green cardamom or rusk powder, respectively for 10 weeks. Physical activity level, dietary intake, anthropometric measurements (weight, height and waist circumference), glycemic indices [glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)], blood lipids [triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐c) and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐c)] and SIRT1 levels were measured. Body mass index and homeostasis model assessment as an index of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) were calculated before and after intervention. Compared to the control group, a significant decrease in serum HbA1C (−0.4%), insulin (−2.8 µIU dL−1), HOMA‐IR (−1.7) and TG (−39.9 mg dL−1), and an increase in SIRT1 (2.3 ng mL−1) was observed in cardamom group. There were no significant changes in serum TC, HDL‐c and LDL‐c levels between the two groups before and after adjustment for potential confounders including glyclaside dose, duration of disease and weight. CONCLUSION: Our results showed that cardamom can decrease HbA1c, insulin level, HOMA‐IR and TG level via increase in SIRT1 concentration in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Cardamom essential oil (CEO) loaded nanoliposomes were developed by thin layer hydration method coupled with homogenization and sonication. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed that the size (<150 nm) and zeta potential (−10.9 to −17.4 mV) of nanoliposomes were constant for 30 days. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the size of nanoparticles obtained by DLS. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed the possible formation of hydrophobic interaction between CEO and non-polar head of phosphatidylcholine. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed the formation of hydrogen bounding between water molecules and CEO constituents and phosphatidylcholine which was more pronounced in CEO loaded nanoliposome. Encapsulation was able to protect antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of CEO after one month which shows its potential as a food preservative. Also, results showed the potential application of nanoliposomes as carriers for CEO delivery in aqueous-based foods to improve CEO stability and overcome to its limited application. Highlights • Nanoliposome was used to encapsulate cardamom essential oil (CEO). • Possible formation of hydrophobic interaction between CEO and lecithin by DSC. • Nanoliposomes showed high physical stability after 30 days. • Nanoliposome preserved the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of CEO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ginger family (Zingiberaceae) includes plants that are known worldwide to have a distinctive smell and taste, which are often used as spices in the kitchen, but also in various industries (pharmaceutical, medical, and cosmetic) due to their proven biological activity. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the chemical composition and antioxidant activity (AA) of essential oils (EOs) of four characteristic ginger species: Elettaria cardamomum L. Maton (cardamom), Curcuma Longa L. (turmeric), Zingiber Officinale Roscoe (ginger), and Alpinia Officinarum Hance (galangal). Furthermore, the total phenolic content (TPC) and AA of crude extracts obtained after using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and different extraction solvents (80% ethanol, 80% methanol and water) were evaluated. A total of 87 different chemical components were determined by GC-MS/MS in the EOs obtained after hydrodistillation, 14 of which were identified in varying amounts in all EOs. The major compounds found in cardamom, turmeric, ginger, and galangal were α-terpinyl acetate (40.70%), β-turmerone (25.77%), α-zingiberene (22.69%) and 1,8-cineol (42.71%), respectively. In general, 80% ethanol was found to be the most effective extracting solvent for the bioactivities of the investigated species from the Zingiberaceae family. Among the crude extracts, ethanolic extract of galangal showed the highest TPC value (63.01 ± 1.06 mg GA g−1 DW), while the lowest TPC content was found in cardamom water extract (1.04 ± 0.29 mg GA g−1 DW). The AA evaluated by two different assays (ferric-reducing antioxidant power-FRAP and the scavenging activity of the cationic ABTS radical) proved that galangal rhizome is the plant with the highest antioxidant potential. In addition, no statistical difference was found between the AA of turmeric and ginger extracts, while cardamom rhizome was again inferior. In contrast to the crude extracts, the EOs resulted in significantly lower ABTS and FRAP values, with turmeric EO showing the highest AA.

Complementary and alternative medicine plays an increasing role in preventing, and regulatory, complications associated with diabetes. There are plenty of polyphenolic compounds found in Elettaria cardamomum (Cardamom) such as luteolin, limonene, pelargonidin, caffeic acid, kaempferol, gallic acid, and quercetin which can be used in many metabolic diseases. The objective of this systematic review was to appraise evidence from clinical and in vivo studies on the effects of cardamom on inflammation, blood glucose, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia of diabetes mellitus. According to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statements, the present study was carried out. Studies were conducted by searching databases such as EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, web of sciences, and Cochrane Library from the commencement until April 2022. All available human and animal studies examining the effects of cardamom on diabetes were published in the form of English articles. Finally, only 14 of the 241 articles met the criteria for analysis. Of the 14 articles, 8 were in vivo studies, and 6 were clinical trial studies. Most studies have indicated the beneficial effects of cardamom on insulin resistance, oxidative stress and inflammation. Cardamom also improved dyslipidemia, but had no substantial effect on weight loss. According to most studies, cardamom supplementation enhanced antioxidant enzyme production and activity in diabetes mellitus and decreased oxidative stress and inflammatory factors. Despite this, the exact mechanism of the disease needs to be identified through more clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • QCM sensor-based device developed to detect α-pinene in cardamom. • Rice bran oil-coated low-cost QCM sensor used to detect α-pinene. • QCM sensor showed good selectivity and sensitivity for α-pinene. • Sensor response exhibits a good correlation with GCMS analysis. One of the key quality indicators for Indian cardamom is α-pinene. To detect α-pinene, linoleic acid, a constituent fatty acid present in rice bran oil, was found responsible for the physisorption of α-pinene through Van der Waals (vdW) interaction. For the analysis and study of the sensing behaviour of α-pinene, a portable gas measuring device incorporating the rice bran oil coated quartz crystal microbalance sensor (RB-QCM) is developed for real-time detection. The sensor offers a good sensitivity (0.367 Hz/ppm) and a rapid response/recovery time (6 s/11 s). The physical adsorption affinity of α-pinene is calculated using the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Langmuir-Freundlich isotherm models. For estimating α-pinene in cardamom samples, the sensor demonstrated a coefficient of 0.98, with the peak area (%) determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). SEM, FTIR, and AFM are used to analyse the structure and morphology of the sensor coating. According to this study, the rice bran oil-coated QCM sensor is a promising method for detecting α-pinene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large cardamom is a high-value spice crop grown commonly in mid-hills of Nepal. Price disparity coupled with production challenges are major immersing concerns in growth and development of this sub-sector. The study was designed in January 2019 to assess production scenario and marketing of large cardamom in Bhojpur district of Nepal. Altogether, 120 large cardamom growers and 20 traders were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data were analysed using SPSS and Ms-Excel. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to estimate the factor share to the total output production. Findings revealed that more than 45% of total annual household income was attributed by cardamom itself. Overall benefit and cost ratio was found greater than unity (1.467). Cobb-Douglas production function showed that all cardamom-growing farmers were experiencing increasing returns to scale. Higher producer’s share (90.32%) was found when farmer sell their large cardamom directly to the exporter while least producer’s share (69.21%) was found in domestic market channel with large number of intermediaries. Increase in marketing margin, marketing costs and decrease in marketing efficiency and producers’ share were observed with increase in number of marketing intermediaries and vice-versa. About 55% of the large cardamom exporters believed that the Indian market was the most responsible factor for export price determination. From study, it is recommended to strengthen market or price intervention by concerned authority and also it is high time to identify possible routes to potential international markets (besides India) to receive competitive higher price.

Land uses are changing rapidly in Vietnam’s upland northern borderlands. Regional development platforms such as the Greater Mekong Subregion, state-propelled market integration and reforestation programs, and lowland entrepreneurs and migrants are all impacting this frontier landscape. Drawing on a mixed methods approach using remote sensing data from 2000 to 2009 and ethnographic fieldwork, we examine how land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) has occurred across three borderland provinces—Lai Châu, Lào Cai and Hà Giang—with high proportions of ethnic minority semi-subsistence farmers. After a broad examination of regional land-use changes, we select three case studies to further analyze the underlying relationships between specific LULCC and local livelihood diversification strategies. These include specific patterns of urban growth due to a range of political decisions in Lai Châu and Lào Cai Provinces; reforestation due to non-timber forest (NTFP) product cultivation in the west of Lào Cai Province; and a stable landscape that restricts government attempts at refashioning upland livelihoods in the east of Hà Giang. Our findings point to the difficulties of completing LULCC maps for this highly heterogeneous region and the complexity of LULCC and livelihood interactions and relationships examined on the ground.

Agroforestry may contribute to short and long term income for farmers. Agroforestry of caddam-cardamom is widely in practiced Pakenjeng, Garut, West Java. This study aims to analyze the optimal management of caddam-cardamom agroforest using bio-economic modeling as a modification of Faustmann model. The results of this study shows that: 1) optimal rotation of agroforestry caddamcardamom following the biological rotation of caddam stand is 5 years; 2) the Hartman optimal rotation of agroforestry caddam-cardamom is 10 years and 3) sensitivity analysis shows: a) the increment in caddam wood price will shorten Hartman rotation; b) the increment in cardamom price will lengthen Hartman rotation and c) the increment in interest rate will shorten Hartman rotation.

Toxic effect of Lambda-cyhalothrin and essential oils of cardamom seeds of Elettaria cardamomum (L.), individually or in combination, on the larva, pupa and adult stages of confused flower beetle, Tribolium confusum, through the topical application were studied. The percentages of mortality of larval stage exposed to Lambda-cyhalothrin, at concentrations of 0.25, 0.35, 0.50 and 0.75 µl/ larva were 13.33, 20, 36.67 and 46.67 % respectively. While, the percentages of mortality of pupa stage at concentrations of 0.25, 0.35, 0.50 and 0.75 µl/ pupa were 13.33, 16.67, 26.67 and 43.33 respectively. For adults, exposed to Lambda concentrations of 0.25, 0.35, 0.50 and 0.75 µl/ adult were 10.0, 13.33, 23.33 and 40.0 respectively. The percentages of mortality of larvae exposed to cardamom oil at concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 µl/ larva were 60, 76.67, 90 and 96.67% respectively, while the mortality of pupa exposed to concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 µl/ pupa were 46.67, 63.33, 83.33 and 90 respectively. The percentages of mortality of the adults exposed to concentrations 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1 µl/ adult were 43.33, 60.0, 76.67 and 83.33 respectively. The synergistic ratios for larvae, pupae and adults exposed to mixture 1 (0.03 µl / insect cardamom oil and different concentrations of pesticide ), were 2.01, 1.70 and 1.60, respectively, where as the synergistic ratios of larvae, pupae and adults exposed to mixture 2 ( 0.07 µl / insect cardamom oil and different concentrations of pesticide) were 2.61, 2.34 and 3.10, respectively. This indicates that a combination of cardamom seeds oil with different concentrations of the insecticide Lambda produced synergistic effects.

Herbal coffee is one of the coffee diversification products that has been well recognized in the market. Addition of herbs or spices in coffee, not only offer an enhanced flavor characteristic, but more importantly also offer the consumer to gain a health benefit. Cardamom (Amonum cardomum) is commonly recognized as a herb and a food spice to add flavor to dishes. This research was aimed to develop a herbal coffee containing the extract of cardamom and to study the characteristics of herbal coffee obtained physicochemically and by sensory analysis. Crystallized coffee and sugar mixture was blended with cardamom extracts 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% to obtain ready to drink cardamom herbal coffee. The mixtures and control (without addition of cardamom) were then subjected for consumer perception by testing it to 30 panelists based on hedonic sensory test. The three mixtures that were choosen were then analysed for its physicochemical characteristics such as its powder and brewing appearrance, insoluble solids, reducing sugar and caffein concentration. The result showed that the addition of 10%, 20%, and 30% cardamom extract had good preferences to consumer, which 10% of addition resulted the highest preferences. The hedonic sensorytest resulted the preferences of the afore mentioned herbal coffee on color, aroma, taste and flavor was 3.37; 3.14; 3.30; 3.27; and 3.37 (on scale 1 to 5), respectively, representing moderately like to like preferences.The physicochemical analysis showed that the mixture contained 0.17% of insoluble solid, 0.13% of reducing sugar and 0.45% caffeine which comply the Indonesia standard of SNI 4446:1998. This result showed that the cardamom herbal coffee is potential to be developed as one of coffee diversification products.

Cardamom has long been used as a food flavouring agent and in ayurvedic medicines for mouth ulcers, digestive problems and even depression. Extensive occurrence of pests and diseases adversely affect its cultivation and result in substantial reductions in total production and productivity. Numerous studies revealed the significant role of miRNAs in plant biotic stress responses.In the current study, miRNA profiling of cultivar and wild cardamom genotypes was performed using an Ion Proton sequencer.We identified 161 potential miRNAs representing 42 families, including monocot/tissue‐specific and 14 novel miRNAs in both genotypes. Significant differences in miRNA family abundance between the libraries were observed in read frequencies. A total of 19 miRNAs (from known miRNAs) displayed a twofold difference in expression between wild and cultivar genotypes. We found 1168 unique potential targets for 40 known miRNA families in wild and 1025 potential targets for 42 known miRNA families in cultivar genotypes. The differential expression analysis revealed that most miRNAs identified were highly expressed in cultivars and, furthermore, lower expression of miR169 and higher expression of miR529 in wild cardamom proved evidence that wild genotypes have stronger drought stress tolerance and floral development than cultivars.Potential targets predicted for the newly identified miRNAs from the miRNA libraries of wild and cultivar cardamom genotypes involved in metabolic and developmental processes and in response to various stimuli. qRT‐PCR confirmed miRNAs were differentially expressed between wild and cultivar genotypes. Furthermore, four target genes were validated experimentally to confirm miRNA–mRNA target pairing using RNA ligase‐mediated 5′ Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (5′RLM‐RACE) PCR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large cardamom is a high-value spice crop grown commonly in mid-hills of Nepal. Price disparity coupled with production challenges are major immersing concerns in growth and development of this sub-sector. The study was designed in January 2019 to assess production scenario and marketing of large cardamom in Bhojpur district of Nepal. Altogether, 120 large cardamom growers and 20 traders were selected using purposive sampling technique. Data were analysed using SPSS and Ms-Excel. Cobb-Douglas production function was used to estimate the factor share to the total output production. Findings revealed that more than 45% of total annual household income was attributed by cardamom itself. Overall benefit and cost ratio was found greater than unity (1.467). Cobb-Douglas production function showed that all cardamom-growing farmers were experiencing increasing returns to scale. Higher producer's share (90.32%) was found when farmer sell their large cardamom directly to the exporter while least producer's share (69.21%) was found in domestic market channel with large number of intermediaries. Increase in marketing margin, marketing costs and decrease in marketing efficiency and producers' share were observed with increase in number of marketing intermediaries and vice-versa. About 55% of the large cardamom exporters believed that the Indian market was the most responsible factor for export price determination. From study, it is recommended to strengthen market or price intervention by concerned authority and also it is high time to identify possible routes to potential international markets (besides India) to receive competitive higher price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential cardioprotective effect of cardamom (CAR) against myocardial injuries induced by doxorubicin (DOX) in rats through investigation of histological alterations and the associated oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. This study included 30 adult male albino rats that were randomized to 3 groups (n = 10/group): group I (control), group II (DOX) rats injected with DOX (2.5 mg/kg body weight [BW] i.p.) every other day for 2 weeks, and group III (CAR+DOX) received CAR extract (200 mg/kg BW) orally for 3 weeks, and 1 week later (starting from the 2nd week) they were injected with DOX (2.5 mg/kg BW i.p.) every other day for 2 weeks. Rats treated with DOX alone exhibited notable myocardial damage (discontinuity and disorganization of cardiac muscle fibers, mononuclear cell infiltration, and apparent increases in collagen fiber deposition) accompanied by loss of function (revealed by elevated serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and cardiac troponin), induction of oxidative stress (indicated by higher levels of nitric oxide and malon-dialdehyde, and lower levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase), apoptosis (evidenced by high caspase 3 activity and immunostaining), and inflammation (marked by high cardiac NFκB level). However, administration of CAR not only ameliorated all deleterious effects of DOX but also induced angiogenesis, as indicated by a significant increase in VEGF immunoreactivity. These data indicate that CAR could relieve DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, at least in part, via reductions in oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation and increased tissue regeneration via induction of angiogenesis. Therefore, CAR could be a promising cytoprotective agent against DOX cardiotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Spring 2015, a series of earthquakes and aftershocks struck Nepal. The earthquakes caused significant changes in labor and land availability, cash income needs, and land quality. We examine how these post-earthquake impacts converged with ongoing agricultural shifts. Earthquake-related socio-economic and landscape changes specifically motivate the adoption of cardamom, Amomum subulatum, a high-value ecologically beneficial, and low labor commercial crop. We investigate reasons for the increased interest in cardamom post-earthquake, and challenges associated with it. We find that adopting cardamom serves as an important post-disaster adaptation. However, more broadly, unevenly distributed interventions coupled with the high capital costs of agricultural transition exacerbate social differentiation in communities after the disaster. Adoption is often limited to economically better off smallholder farmers. This paper extends previous research on disasters and smallholder farming by highlighting the specific potential of disasters to accelerate agricultural transitions and resulting inequality from the changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]