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Introducción: La prematuridad (PTB) se define como el parto antes de las 37 semanas completas de gestación. Los bebés prematuros tienen un mayor riesgo de padecer retraso psicomotor en comparación con los bebés nacidos a término, ya que estos últimos se desarrollan durante el tercer trimestre en el ambiente intrauterino, recibiendo una serie de estímulos que a los bebés prematuros les falta, debido a que durante este periodo se encuentran ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Neonatal (UCIN). Objetivo: Revisar los programas de fisioterapia existentes en atención temprana junto a las técnicas que emplean. Comparar su eficacia con la atención temprana habitual, y conocer qué escalas o cuestionarios se han utilizado para medir sus efectos. Material y métodos: Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases de datos PUBMED y EMBASE. Destacar que los artículos incluidos tuvieron una media de 6’4 en la escala PEDro. Resultados: Se estudiaron diversos programas de atención temprana, siendo los programas FCIP, CBIP Y SPEEDI los que más efectividad tuvieron sobre los resultados psicomotores. Se demostró que los elementos clave que aportaron esta efectividad fueron la educación junto al apoyo familiar, y que su inicio comenzara en la UCIN, siguiendo el tratamiento tras el alta hospitalaria. Conclusión: Se sugiere realizar estudios que evalúen los efectos de estas intervenciones a largo plazo, para comprobar si los efectos perduran hasta la edad escolar. Introduction: Preterm birth (PTB) is defined as delivery before 37 whole weeks of gestation. Premature babies have a higher risk of suffering from psychomotor retardation compared to full-term babies. This happens because, during the third trimester, full – term babies receive a series of stimuli in the 5 intrauterine environment that premature babies do not, because during this period they are admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Aim: To review existing early care physiotherapy programs together with the techniques they use. To compare its effectiveness with usual early care, and to find out which scales or questionnaires have been used to measure its effects Methods: The searches were carried out in the PUBMED and EMBASE databases. It should be noted that the included articles had a mean of 6.4 on the PEDro scale. Results: Several early care programs were studied, being the FCIP, CBIP and SPEEDI the most effective ones on psychomotor outcomes. It was shown that the key elements that contributed to this effectiveness were a combination of family care and family support, and that they began in the NICU, following the treatment after hospital discharge. Conclusion: Finally, it is suggested to implement studies evaluating the effects of these treatments in the long term, in order to see if their effects last until school age.

Este artículo contiene 13 páginas, 5 figutas, 3 tablas., The resilience of an ecological unit encompasses resistance during adverse conditions and the capacity to recover. We adopted a ‘resistance-recovery’ framework to experimentally partition the resilience of a foundation species (the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa). The shoot abundances of nine seagrass meadows were followed before, during and after simulated light reduction conditions. We determined the significance of ecological, environmental and genetic drivers on seagrass resistance (% of shoots retained during the light deprivation treatments) and recovery (duration from the end of the perturbed state back to initial conditions). To identify whether seagrass recovery was linearly related to prior resistance, we then established the connection between trajectories of resistance and recovery. Finally, we assessed whether recovery patterns were affected by biological drivers (production of sexual products—seeds—and asexual propagation) at the meadow-scale. Resistance to shading significantly increased with the genetic diversity of the meadow and seagrass recovery was conditioned by initial resistance during shading. A threshold in resistance (here, at a ca. 70% of shoot abundances retained during the light deprivation treatments) denoted a critical point that considerably delays seagrass recovery if overpassed. Seed densities, but not rhizome elongation rates, were higher in meadows that exhibited large resistance and quick recovery, which correlated positively with meadow genetic diversity. Our results highlight the critical role of resistance to a disturbance for persistence of a marine foundation species. Estimation of critical trade-offs between seagrass resistance and recovery is a promising field of research to better manage impacts on seagrass meadows., This work was funded by a project (RESIGRASS, CGL2014- 58829) supported by the Secretaría de Estado de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación (MINECO, Government of Spain).

Este artículo contiene 10 páginas, 3 figuras, 3 tablas., Despite the crucial role of herbivory in shaping community assembly, our understanding on biogeographical patterns of herbivory on seagrasses is limited compared to that on terrestrial plants. In particular, the drivers of such patterns remain largely unexplored. Here, we used a comparative-experimental approach in Cymodocea nodosa meadows, across all possible climate types within the seagrass distribution, 2000 km and 13° of latitude in two ocean basins, to investigate biogeographical variation in seagrass herbivory intensity and their drivers during July 2014. Particularly, the density and richness of herbivores and their food resources, seagrass size, carbon and nitrogen content, as well as latitude, sea surface temperature, salinity, chlorophyll, and sediment grain size, were tested as potential drivers. We found that shallow meadows can be subjected to intense herbivory, with variation in herbivory largely explained by fish density, seagrass size, and annual sea temperature range. The herbivorous fish density was themost important determinant of such variation,with the dominant seagrass consumer, the fish Sarpa salpa, absent atmeadows from regionswith lowherbivory. In temperate regionswhere herbivorous fish are present, annual temperature ranges drive an intense summer herbivory, which is likelymediated not only by increased herbivore metabolic demands at higher temperatures, but also by higher fish densities. Invertebrate grazing (mainly by sea urchins, isopods, amphipods, and/or gastropods) was the dominant leaf herbivory in some temperate meadows, with grazing variation mainly influenced by seagrass shoot size. At the subtropical region (under reduced annual temperature range), lower shoot densities and seagrass nitrogen contents contributed to explain the almost null herbivory.We evidenced the combined influence of drivers acting at geographic (region) and local (meadow) scales, the understanding of which is critical for a clear prediction of variation in seagrass herbivory intensity across biogeographical regions., The Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) funded BMC in the ambit of the contract program DL57/2016/CP1361/ CT0004 and CCMAR through the project UIDB/04326/2020.

Este artículo contiene 13 páginas, 7 figuras, 2 tablas., Plastic pollution is emerging as a potential threat to the marine environment. In the current study, we selected seagrass meadows, known to efficiently trap organic and inorganic particles, to investigate the concentrations and dynamics of microplastics in their soil. We assessed microplastic contamination and accumulation in 210Pb dated soil cores collected in Posidonia oceanica meadows at three locations along the Spanish Mediterranean coast, with two sites located in the Almería region (Agua Amarga and Roquetas) and one at Cabrera Island (Santa Maria). Almería is known for its intense agricultural industry with 30 000 ha of plastic-covered greenhouses, while the Cabrera Island is situated far from urban areas. Microplastics were extracted using enzymatic digestion and density separation. The particles were characterized by visual identification and with Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and related to soil age-depth chronologies. Our findings showed that the microplastic contamination and accumulation was negligible until the mid-1970s, after which plastic particles increased dramatically, with the highest concentrations of microplastic particles (MPP) found in the recent (since 2012) surface soil of Agua Amarga (3819 MPP kg 1 ), followed by the top-most layers of the soil of the meadows in Roquetas (2173 kg 1 ) and Santa Maria (68e362 kg 1 ). The highest accumulation rate was seen in the Roquetas site (8832 MPP m 2 yr 1 ). The increase in microplastics in the seagrass soil was associated to land-use change following the intensification of the agricultural industry in the area, with a clear relationship between the development of the greenhouse industry in Almería and the concentration of microplastics in the historical soil record. This study shows a direct linkage between intense anthropogenic activity, an extensive use of plastics and high plastic contamination in coastal marine ecosystems such as seagrass meadows. We highlight the need of proper waste management to protect the coastal environment from continuous pollution, The sampling campaigns were funded by the SUMILEN (CTM2013- 47728-R, MINECO) and the Life Blue Natura (LIFE14CCM/ES/000957) projects.

Additional file 5. Logistic PCA of the of the presence/absence profiles of CMF genes in NCBI and UMGS genomes. A significant separation between NCBI (skyblue) and UMGS (gold to red gradient based on CheckM completeness score) genomes was obtained (P

Additional file 3. Pie charts representing the phyla distribution in the two cohorts of genomes analyzed (A for NCBI genomes, B for UMGS).

Additional file 1. List of genes included in CMF. For each gene the KEGG orthology is detailed, with three functional levels reported whenever possible. CMF genes are grouped based on the lower level of KEGG orthology available.

Additional file 4. Boxplots representing the percentage of CMF genes covered by different groups of genomes: UMGS having a CheckM completeness score higher or equal than 90% (dark red), UMGS having a CheckM completeness score lower than 90% (red) and NCBI isolates genomes (skyblue).

Este artículo contiene 8 páginas, 3 tablas, 4 figuras., While it has been well established that waterbirds can consume substantial amounts of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) on their wintering grounds, relatively little is known about their effects on SAV in the northern Gulf of Mexico (nGOM). We measured the impact of wintering American coot (Fulica Americana) foraging on native wild celery (Vallisneria americana) and exotic Eurasian water milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) using caging experiments at two locations in upper Mobile Bay during winter 2013–2014. We also determined feeding preferences using tethering experiments, and monitored the location of coots and the feeding behavior of individual birds. Coots were significantly more abundant over Eurasian watermilfoil than native wild celery. Caging experiments usually showed higher SAV biomasses in exclusion cages, and suggested a larger impact of coot foraging on milfoil than wild celery. Video recordings confirmed that coots were responsible for the SAV losses detected with both caging and tethering experiments, and dietary analyses supported experimental results and highlighted the role of milfoil in the coot’s diet (86.9 � 8.9% of stomach contents). Tethering results showed a preference for wild celery over milfoil, which is likely explained by the higher nutritional quality of wild celery (19.26 � 1.21 C:N ratio) compared to Eurasian milfoil (25.01 � 2.45 C:N ratio). Overall, our results are similar to those of several prior seagrass herbivory studies in showing that herbivores do not always feed on their preferred food, presumably because other factors, such as proximity of refuges from predators or competition for food resources, are of overriding importance.

Additional file 1. Composition of the enteral nutrition formula.

Reverse-osmosis seawater desalination processes produce a hypersaline effluent waste (brine) which is usually discharged back into the sea via an underwater outfall. Brine discharges can cause environmental problems due to their high salt concentration, but the effects can be minimised by installing a diffuser structure at the end of the pipeline. In May 2010, a mono-port diffuser was installed at the Nuevo Canal de Cartagena desalination plant pipeline (located in Murcia, Spain) in order to increase effluent dispersion. The aim of this paper was to characterise the brine-plume dispersion throughout a series of oceanographic surveys that were carried out before and after the diffuser installation (2006–2011), and to quantify the effects of the diffuser on the behaviour and dilution rate of the effluent. The results of six years of operational monitoring were also compared with simulations predicted by a numerical mixing model simulation (CORMIX 1), obtaining high concordance with field data. After the diffuser installation, both field data results and model simulations showed a strong increase in the dilution rate of the brine plume, and a significant reduction in the size of the affected area. This work was funded by “Mancomunidad Canales del Taibilla” (MANCOMUNIDADCANALES2-9D, MANCOMUNIDADCANALES4-08D).