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This study evaluated the chomosomal damage potential of the extract from leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Clusiaceae) in mouse bone-marrow cells. The extract was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to assess the concentration of coumarin (-) mammea A/BB, a compound with antileishmanial activity. The chromosomal damage potential of the extract was evaluated by the micronucleus test in erythrocytes of mouse bone marrow. The animals were treated with cyclophosphamide (50 mg) as positive control, DMSO (1%) as negative control, or the crude extract from C. brasiliense (100 or 200 mg/kg). The HPLC analyses showed that the extract contained 25.97 ± 0.91 µg of (-) mammea A/BB per mg of extract. The extract of C. brasiliense did not show chromosomal damage potential at the concentrations used for the preparation of creams with antileishmanial activity. This study may contribute to the registration of a topical phytomedicine containing the extract of C. brasiliense to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis. Key words: Calophyllum brasiliense, genotoxicity assay, (-) mammea A/BB, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), antileishmanial activity, medicinal plants.

This work aims to contribute with information about the structural wood anatomical descriptionCalophyllum brasilienseCamb.. The study was conducted in an area of 1350 m2, with spacing 4.0 m x 2.5 m, in the Paraná State, Brazil. Five specimens ofC. brasiliense, with 13 years of age, were collected. For the macro and microscopic anatomical analyses were obtained disks to 0%, 25% and 50% of the commercial height of the trunk. The anatomical structure of wood ofC. brasiliense, from pure plantation, was similar to existing literature for native forests. The results showed that the cultivation of trees of Guanandi, from pure plantation, can be a sustainable alternative in obtaining building material.

Calophyllum brasilienseis a plant from the Brazilian rain forests and has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of various diseases, including leishmaniasis. This infectious disease depends on theLeishmaniasp. and the host immune response.C. brasilienseantileishmanial activity is well known, but the effects on immune response remain to be investigated. This study showed the leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory effects of a 30 μg/mL of hydroalcoholic extract ofC. brasiliensein murine macrophages before and afterLeishmania(Leishmania)amazonensisinfection. The semiquantitative cytokine RNA expression was determined by RT-PCR and the anti-Leishmaniaactivity was measured by infection index (IF). Hydroalcoholic extract ofC. brasiliensereduced more than 95% of IF when used before and afterLeishmaniainfection, with 3 and 24 h of treatment (p<0.05).C. brasilienseinhibited or reduced significantly (p<0.05) the TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-10 mRNA expression. The antileishmanial and anti-inflammatory effects showed the potential ofC. brasilienseas an alternative therapy for leishmaniasis and it must be investigated.

Swamp Forests occur in permanently wet soils, with specific ecosystem which contributes to the conservation of biodiversity and water resources. However, there are many gaps in knowledge about the restoration of these forests. The present study was conducted in a degraded wetland in the town of Mineiros do Tiete, located in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, in order to test the efficiency of four methods for restoring a Swamp Forest (small mound, acclimated seedling, dry season and conventional tillage), using six forest tree species typical of this type of forest: Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., Citharexylon myrianthum Cham., Cedrela odorata L., Tapirira guianensis Aubl., Ficus insipida Willd. and Croton urucurana Baill. The least favorable methods for all plant species were: conventional and soil pit tillageindry seasons. Analyzing the plant species individually, the best results in descending order were: Croton urucurana Baill. (acclimated seedling tillage in dry season), followed by Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (insmall mounds), Citharexylon mirianthum Cham. (with acclimated seedlings), Ficus insipida Willd. and Tapirira guianensis Aubl. (insmall mounds). Cedrela odorata L. presented low performance in all conditions, probably because it suffered the Hypsipyla grandella Zeller. The results have been successful for the establishment of Swamp Forest restoration strategies.

Background The current drugs for Chagas Disease caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi have limited therapeutic potential and are associated with serious side effects. Natural products can aid to develop new chemotherapeutic agents. Several natural coumarins, especially Mammea A/BA, have shown significant activity against T. cruzi and low toxicity on human lymphocytes, but its effectivity on a wide range of strains need to be tested, as well as to deepen in their mode of action and safety. Hypothesis/Purpose To discern the effects and explore the action mechanisms of mammea A/BA and a mixture of mammea coumarins isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense on Mexican strains of T. cruzi belonging to different genotypes and compare its effectivity with the drug benznidazole. Study design We evaluated the trypanocidal activity in vitro of mammea A/BA (93.6%), and a mixture of coumarins, mammea A/BA + A/BB + A/BD (86:10:1%) on Mexican T. cruzi strains belonging to different genotypes Ninoa, Queretaro (TcI) and Ver6 (TcVI). Material and methods Mammea A/BA and the mixture of coumarins, were isolated from Calophyllum brasiliense, identified by proton NMR and purity determined by HPLC. The in vitro trypanocidal activity was evaluated on mobility, growth recovery, morphology and infectivity of T. cruzi. The cytotoxicity on mammalian cells was compared with benznidazole. The ultrastructure of the treated epimastigotes was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results Mammea A/BA and the mixture of coumarins showed high trypanocidal activity, affecting the mobility, growth recovery, morphology, ultrastructure of epimastigotes, and drastically reduce trypomastigotes infectivity on Vero cells. These substances were four times more potent than benznidazole and showed low cytotoxicity and high selectivity index. The TEM showed severe alterations on the plasmatic membrane, nuclear envelope, as well as, mitochondrial swelling, that leads to the death of parasites. Conclusion Mammea A/BA (93.6%) and a mixture of mammea A/BA + A/BB and A/BD (86: 10: 1%) isolated from the tropical tree C. brasiliense showed higher trypanocidal activity than the current drug benznidazole on three Mexican strains of T. cruzi. These compounds induced severe physiological and morphological alterations. These results suggest their possible use in preclinical studies.

This study aimed to quantify the carbon dioxide emissions from an Oxisol under degraded pasture located in Sorocaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. The treatments were: sewage sludge (LE), sewage sludge compost (CLE), mineral fertilizer (AM) and no fertilization (T0). The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with analysis of the effect of the four treatments (CLE, LE, and AM T0) with four replications. The application of sewage sludge, sewage sludge compost, mineral fertilizer and no fertilizer was statistically significant for the variables of height increase and stem height of Guanandi seedlings (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambessèdes - Calophyllaceae). Treatments showed significant differences in terms of CO2 emissions from soil. The CLE exhibited the highest CO2 fluxes, reaching a peak of 9.33±0.96 g C m- 2 day- 1 (p

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar tipos de preparo de sementes de guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense), com vistas à superação da dormência física e mecânica, e verificar a influência da temperatura e do substrato sobre a germinação. Foram avaliados três substratos (papel, areia e vermiculita), duas temperaturas de germinação (25 e 30ºC) e quatro tipos de preparo das sementes: sementes íntegras; sementes nuas, sem tegumento e endocarpo; sementes com punctura no endocarpo, na região próxima ao eixo embrionário ou na região oposta ao eixo embrionário; e sementes cortadas a 1/3 da região oposta ao eixo embrionário. Foram realizados testes de vigor (índice de velocidade de germinação e emergência de plântulas em campo), e a curva de embebição foi obtida para os diferentes tipos de preparo da semente. A retirada total do envoltório (endocarpo e tegumento) é necessária para a completa superação da dormência física e mecânica das sementes de guanandi. A germinação das sementes deve ser realizada em substrato papel à temperatura de 30ºC. The objective of this work was to evaluate different types of preparation of guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense) seeds, in order to overcome physical and mechanical dormancy, and to verify the effects of temperature and substrate on germination. Three substrates (paper, sand, and vermiculite), two germination temperatures (25 and 30ºC), and four seed preparation types were evaluated: whole seeds; bare seeds, without testa and endocarp; seeds with punctured endocarp in the region near the embryonic axis or in the region opposite of the embryonic axis; and seeds cut at 1/3 of the region opposite of the embryonic axis. Vigor tests were performed (index of germination speed and emergence of seedlings in the field), and the imbibition curve was obtained for the different types of seed preparation. Total wrap (endocarp and testa) withdrawal is necessary to completely overcome physical and mechanical dormancy of guanandi seeds. Seed germination should be held in paper substrate at a temperature of 30°C.

In this paper, mechanical properties of the four Central American wood species Amapola (Pseudobombax ellipticum), Manchiche (Lonchocarpus castilloi), Pucte (Bucida buceras) and Santamaria (Calophyllum brasiliense) determined in a preliminary experimental study are presented.

This work aimed to isolate and evaluate the phosphate solubilization and phytohormone production abilities of endophytic and rhizosphere fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma isolated from guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess). From the guanandi collected from the field, 12 isolates obtained were grown in potato dextrose broth and supplemented with the phosphate sources, to test their capacity to solubilize phosphates. A strain of Trichoderma asperellum from a commercial inoculant was also used. One isolate was able to solubilize calcium phosphate, 12 solubilized iron phosphate and two solubilized aluminum phosphate. Only the rhizosphere isolates were able to synthesize indole acetic acid (IAA) and none of the rhizosphere or endophytic isolates produced cytokinin or gibberellin. There are Trichoderma isolates that can benefit plant development, both for their known antagonistic ability against phytopathogenic fungi and for their ability to provide phosphates and or to produce phytohormones. Key words: Trichoderma, inoculants, calcium, iron, aluminum, solubilization, plant growth promotion.

Shikimic acid is the starting material for the synthesis of the antiviral oseltamivir phosphate, a front-line combatant against the human influenza A and B viruses. Nowadays, the demand for shikimic acid is met by seeds of Chinese star anise (Illicium verum), which grows exclusively in southern China. In the current work, the Calophyllum brasiliense plant is suggested as an alternative source of natural shikimic acid, which was extracted, purified and quantified by high performance liquid chromatography. The presence of shikimic acid in the extract of C. brasiliense was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry analysis. By using a simple and rapid extraction procedure, we showed that the content of shikimic acid in C. brasiliense leaves is 3.79%. Because C. brasiliense has some additional advantages over Chinese star anise, such as geographical distribution, ecological plasticity, natural regeneration, and versatility regarding large-scale cultivation, it may be a viable and promising source of shikimic acid, with potential industrial uses.

Calophyllum brasiliense populations are under severe depletion and criteria to improve production and quality ofpropagative material are therefore necessary. Genetic measures have the potential to reduce consanguinity andmaximize allelic representation within target populations. Here, we explored genetic values for this species in asmall relic of natural forest in Rio de Janeiro State (Brazil). The objective was to evaluate the potential of somegenetic measures for seed orchard establishment. As genomic information of native trees is still scarce, we opted touse a dominant marker: RAPD. DNA from 17 phenotypically superior trees was obtained through the CTAB methodand submitted for amplification by PCR. Electrophoresis and electronic documentation was then conducted. Wecalculated the percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB), gene diversity (Ht), Shannon’s information index (i), geneticdistance (UPGMA) and parsimony analysis. Six primers were evaluated generating 34 loci. We found high geneticdiversity PPB=70.6% with Ht=0.28 and i=0.41. Genetic relationships were reported in dendrograms (maximumparsimony and distance). Simulated sampling within and among clusters suggests that inter cluster sampling ismore effective to capture the genetic diversity.Key-words: RAPD, propagative material, MAS, guanandi.

Calophyllum (Calophyllaceae), previously placed in Clusiaceae, is easily recognizable by its opposite entire leaves with close parallel venation alternating with resin canals. However, distinction between species has been difficult, because of infraspecific variation in tepal and stamen number and resemblance among species that share similar habitats. Here, I report the results of multivariate analyses of morphological and anatomical characters for Calophyllum in South America, and provide a taxonomic treatment for the genus in South America, the first since that of Vesque in 1893. Thirteen preliminary morphogroups were identified. Thirty-two morphological characters of the leaf, flower and fruit from 401 specimens, and 17 anatomical leaf characters from 45 specimens were measured and analysed using principal component analyses (PCAs) and discriminant analyses (DAs). PCAs were used to find groups and DAs were used to validate those PCAs that were potential groups. Two main subgroups were identified in the general analysis. Subgroup M1 has terete stems and smaller leaves and flowers than subgroup M2, which, instead, has quadrangular stems. Only subgroup M2 showed distinctive clusters in regional and local analyses. Distinctive clusters and morphological and anatomical characters helped us to recognize four species in South America, including a new species, Calophyllum pubescens sp. nov.. In addition, a new species, Calophyllum mesoamericanum sp. nov., is described from Central America. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a infecção micorrízica e indicadores de qualidade das mudas de Calophyllum brasiliense e Anandenanthera colubrina var. cebil procedentes do Bioma Pantanal, desenvolvidas em substrato não fumigado e sob inoculação combinada com Glomus clarum (Gc) + Gigaspora margarita (Gm). Mudas das duas espécies produzidas em condições de viveiro foram aleatoriamente selecionadas e avaliadas quanto a parâmetros de qualidade morfológica, percentual, intensidade e morfologia da colonização micorrízica de raízes finas. Concluiu-se que, sob as condições de estudo, a inoculação com Gc + Gm promove mudanças no percentual, na intensidade (A. colubrina var. cebil) ou na morfologia (C. brasiliense) da infecção radicular, quando comparadas com mudas não-inoculadas. Incremento em parâmetros de qualidade das mudas foi observado em C. brasiliense sob inoculação combinada (Gc + Gm), apontando o potencial de uso de fungos micorrízicos na produção desta espécie. Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-12T10:20:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pfb9.pdf: 1896266 bytes, checksum: c02f09e2239fc38872ad4ab0e1d98c3a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-10

O guanandi, nativo do Brasil, é uma espécie com usos múltiplos, produz madeira de excelente qualidade, muito apreciada no mercado e constitui excelente alternativa ao cultivo do mogno e cedro rosa. É uma espécie muito boa para uso em plantios visando ao reflorestamento ambiental, inclusive na recomposição de florestas ciliares, pelo fato de ser muito procurada pela fauna e por suportar terrenos com nível freático elevado. Apesar das inúmeras vantagens, há poucas informações sobre a espécie, havendo necessidade de aprofundar os estudos, inclusive os relativos ao zoneamento climático. O presente trabalho é importante para auxiliar no planejamento de uso da terra, servindo de base para estudos de zoneamento agrícola de riscos climáticos, importante instrumento de política agrícola para concessão de seguro rural e crédito agrícola. A identificação das regiões com os menores riscos climáticos é ferramenta essencial para auxiliar produtores rurais a conduzirem suas atividades com maior êxito, ao escolher, para cada região, a cultura mais bem adaptada. A geada e a deficiência hídrica são responsáveis pela maioria dos sinistros agrícolas no país, ocasionando perdas econômicas por longos períodos. Assim, este estudo apresenta as diferentes zonas climáticas existentes no Brasil para o cultivo comercial do guanandi, por meio das informações geoespaciais de risco de ocorrência de geadas e de déficit hídrico, mapeadas utilizando SIG. As melhores zonas para o plantio comercial do guanandi foram aquelas com baixos riscos de geada, associadas a um balanço hídrico favorável, o que ocorre em grande parte do Brasil, principalmente na região amazônica e na costa brasileira. Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-24T00:11:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017M.WregeRIFRegioes.pdf: 9545854 bytes, checksum: da4f00c4c76e274fdd473bdb2fecb436 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-19

Riparian and gallery forests located at the “arc of deforestation” have been undergoing fast degradation. With the implementation of the new Brazilian Forest Code (Law 12,651 of 2012), these can be reduced further. Thus, new studies on seedling production for ecological restoration should be carried out using native species from the Amazon and Cerrado. The objective of the present study was to assess under which shading levels the seedlings of Calophyllum brasiliense, a tree species typical of humid environments, show the highest values of growth and nutrient use efficiency, aiming at using these seedlings for restoration. The study was carried out in a plant nursery of the State University of Mato Grosso in Nova Xavantina, Brazil. We assessed seedling growth in diameter, height, number of leaves, production of shoot and root dry mass, Dickson quality index (DQI), and efficiency in the internal use of nutrients (EIUN) in greenhouses at 0 (full sunlight), 30, 50, 70, and 90% shading. The treatments at 50 and 70% shading showed the best results. Ecologically, the species responds well under both gap conditions (50% shading) and canopy or closing gap conditions (70% shading). Our results showed that the ideal conditions to produce seedlings of this species with high EIUN are obtained in greenhouses with 70% shading. RESUMO As florestas ciliares e de galeria localizadas no “arco do desmatamento”, vêm sofrendo degradação acelerada e, com a implantação do novo Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei nº 12.651 de 2012), essas poderão ser reduzidas ainda mais. Diante desse fato, novos estudos acerca da produção de mudas para recuperação de áreas degradadas devem ser realizados com espécies nativas do domínio Amazônico e também do Cerrado. Por conseguinte, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar em quais níveis de sombreamento, mudas de Calophyllum brasiliense, espécie típica de ambientes úmidos, apresentam os valores mais adequados de crescimento e eficiência de uso interno de nutrientes, visando a recomposição de áreas perturbadas. O estudo foi desenvolvido em viveiro florestal da UNEMAT de Nova Xavantina-MT. Avaliamos o crescimento das mudas em diâmetro, altura, número de folhas, produção de massa seca aérea e radicular, Índice de Qualidade de Dickson (DQI) e a Eficiência no Uso Interno de Nutrientes (EIUN) em casas de vegetação a 0 (pleno sol), 30, 50, 70 e 90% de sombreamento. De forma geral, os melhores resultados foram obtidos nos sombreamentos a 50 e 70%. Ecologicamente, a espécie responde melhor tanto em condições de clareira (50% de sombreamento) quanto em condições de dossel ou fechamento de clareira (70%). Nossos resultados demonstraram que as condições ideais para a produção de mudas desta espécie e maior EIUN, podem ser obtidas em condições de viveiro com 70% de sombreamento.

Calophyllum brasiliense is present in a wide natural distribution range in Brazil and its monopodial growth, with a rectilinear stem and a moderately dense timber has attracted the attention from the logging industry in recent decades. In the meantime, the lack of efficient rescue and vegetative propagation methods of adult plants has been a narrowing condition for the selection of superior genotypes in breeding programs of the species. Therefore, we evaluate epicormic shoots induction methods and the rooting cuttings of 14 year-old Calophyllum brasiliense trees. From this scope, three methods of epicormic shoots induction were evaluated: coppicing, girdling and partial girdling. We evaluate the number of produced sprouts and the percentage of sprouted trees at 06, 12 and 15 months’ after the experiment installation. Results have indicated the feasibility of Calophyllum brasiliense vegetative rescue by cuttings method using epicormic shoots induced by coppicing and girdling. In contrast, partial girdling was not effective in epicormic shoots emission. Concerning adventitious roots, the sprouting technique had no influence in the rooting of cuttings, showing variation among the different stock plants. RESUMO Calophyllum brasiliense apresenta ampla distribuição natural no Brasil e seu crescimento monopodial, fuste retilíneo e madeira moderadamente densa tem atraído o interesse da indústria madeireira nas últimas décadas. Entretanto, a carência em métodos eficientes de resgate e propagação vegetativa de material adulto tem sido um fator limitante na seleção de genótipos superiores em programas de melhoramento da espécie. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar métodos de indução de brotações epicórmicas e o enraizamento de estacas em árvores de Calophyllum brasiliense com 14 anos de idade. Para tanto, três métodos de indução de brotações epicórmicas foram implantados: decepa, anelamento e semianelamento. Avaliou-se o número de brotos produzidos e a porcentagem de matrizes brotadas aos 6, 12 e 15 meses após a instalação do experimento. Com as brotações resultantes, foram instalados três experimentos de estaquia, comparando o enraizamento adventício entre as diferentes matrizes e métodos de indução de brotações epicórmicas. Os resultados demonstraram a viabilidade do resgate vegetativo de Calophyllum brasiliense por estaquia utilizando brotações epicórmicas induzidas por decepa e anelamento do tronco. Em contrapartida, o semianelamento não foi eficiente na indução de brotações epicórmicas. Em relação ao enraizamento adventício, a técnica de indução não influenciou o enraizamento de estacas, apresentando variação entre as diferentes matrizes.

Guanandi is a tree species greatly valued for its wood and widely used in mixed reforestation programs in degraded riparian forests. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between the initial development of the species saplings and shading levels, by analyzing variations in the concentration of chlorophylls (a/b), carotenoids, and foliar nitrogen, as well as biomass accumulation. Treatments with intermediary shading (30% and 50%) resulted in increased height and increased stem secondary growth. The lowest foliar nitrogen content was found in saplings grown under 70% shading. Saplings grown under 50% shading showed lower levels of chlorophyll a than of chlorophyll b, and consequently a lower chlorophyll a/b ratio than plants subjected to the other treatments. Overall, the best vegetative performance was observed in saplings grown under 30% and 50% shading. The full-sun growth condition is not recommended for the initial development of guanandi saplings., Guanandi é uma espécie arbórea muito utilizada na obtenção de madeira e em programas de reflorestamentos mistos de matas ciliares degradadas. Objetivou-se caracterizar o desenvolvimento de mudas sob diferentes níveis de sombreamento, pleno sol, 30%, 50% e 70%, avaliando-se características físicas e químicas das plantas. Tratamentos com sombreamento intermediário (30% e 50%) foram os que exibiram as plantas com maior altura e crescimento secundário de caule. Menor teor de nitrogênio foliar foi encontrado em mudas a 70% de sombreamento. Já as mudas crescidas em 50% de sombreamento mostraram menores valores de clorofila a do que de clorofila b, com menor relação clorofila a/b. O melhor desempenho vegetativo das mudas foi obtido sob 30% e 50% de sombreamento, sendo a condição de pleno sol não recomendada para a formação de mudas da espécie.

Cadmium (Cd) is a metal known for its genotoxicity and cytotoxicity, much concerned for its potential environmental and human health impacts. This study evaluates the toxic effect of Cd in Calophyllum brasiliense plants. The plants were cultivated for 30 days in full nutrient solution in order to adapt, and for 15 days in nutrient solution without Cd or with 4, 8, 16, and 32 μmol Cd L−1. Anatomical analysis of the leaf showed no significant effects of Cd on epidermal thickness in abaxial and adaxial sides, palisade, and spongy parenchyma. Contrastingly, changes were noticed in the ultrastructural level in the leaf mesophyll cells as rupture of the membrane of chloroplasts and disorganization of the thylakoid membranes, in starch grains and in mitochondria with rupture of the membrane and invagination of the nuclear membrane. Electron dense materials into cells of the cortex and vascular bundle were also observed. In the cells of the root system, the observed ultrastructural changes were disruption of the cell wall and electron dense material deposition in the cortex cells and vascular region. Cd accumulated in roots with low translocation into shoot. Cd toxicity also affected the photosynthetic activity, inducing stomatal closure and photosynthetic assimilation reduction and the instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, drastically reducing the leaf transpiration. The nutrient content in the stem and root was variable, according to Cd increase in nutrient solution. Based on the experimental evidence, it can be concluded that C. brasiliense has potential to bioconcentrate high Cd levels in the root system.

This study evaluates the process of ecological restoration by monitoring the height of seedlings of native species in the Cerrado and the factors that affect their growth in riparian forest restoration. The growth pattern of the species were calculated with the average heights, generating linear regression models tested with ANOVA and compared by the likelihood test. The average of the frequencies of leaf herbivory, stem herbivory and absence of sheets (predation, dehydration and malnutrition) was analyzed by cluster analysis (Ward method) as possible factors that influence the growth. The average growth of 13 species was 50.39 cm.year-1, ranging from 15.5 cm.year-1 to 100.1 cm.year-1. Of the thirteen species, eight had growth above 40 cm.year-1, with potential to recover degraded areas. Five species showed significant differences in the linear equations of growth: Calophyllum brasiliense, Croton urucurana, Inga laurina, Myrsine guianensis and Tibouchina stenocarpa. Possible interactions with growth factors (leaf herbivory, stem herbivory and no leaves) resulted in the formation of two groups of species. Among the factors evaluated, overall, the species of both groups had higher leaf herbivory. The leaf herbivores and the absence of leaves affected the two groups differently, which may indicate susceptibility of different species from herbivores. The evaluation of the factors that interfere with growth after planting seedlings can help in adaptive management of areas in restoration process.Keywords: leaf herbivory, stem herbivory, height, recovery of degraded land, gallery forest.

Submitted by THAYANA CRISTINA REBELLO WANGINIAK null (thayana@florestal.eng.br) on 2016-05-06T14:22:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE THAYANA AUTOARQUIVAMENTO.pdf: 1142126 bytes, checksum: 3b3e38c45ec67f41d8a7fc4ca41f8da0 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-09T18:52:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 wanginiak_tcr_me_bot.pdf: 1142126 bytes, checksum: 3b3e38c45ec67f41d8a7fc4ca41f8da0 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T18:52:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 wanginiak_tcr_me_bot.pdf: 1142126 bytes, checksum: 3b3e38c45ec67f41d8a7fc4ca41f8da0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A busca por espécies florestais nativas com potencial econômico tem sido crescente, assim como o aumento da demanda de madeiras nobres para fins comerciais. Todavia, muitas vezes pouco se sabe sobre o ciclo de desenvolvimento, tratos silviculturais e manejo adequados para cada espécie. Dentre as espécies que vêm se destacando na silvicultura de espécies nativas está o guanandi, Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess (Calophyllaceae), que apresenta características silviculturais e de qualidade de madeira favoráveis, além da produção de frutos e sementes o que incrementa a lucratividade e possuem propriedades medicinais. Embora a espécie seja capaz de se regenerar naturalmente no interior de florestas higrófilas, é cultivada usualmente em plantios puros a pleno sol, e as informações a respeito do melhor sistema de cultivo são escassas. Buscamos com este trabalho o conhecimento sobre o melhor sistema de plantio para a espécie: sombreado ou a pleno sol. A hipótese inicial da pesquisa era de que as plantas em sistema sombreado teriam melhor crescimento e maior sobrevivência do que as de pleno sol, assim como maior tolerância à seca, por este sistema se assemelhar mais às condições de seu habitat natural. O experimento foi delineado em blocos ao acaso com dois tratamentos (pleno sol e sombreado) e três repetições, com parcelas compostas por 30 plantas. Para as análises, cada planta foi considerada uma medida repetida dentro do fator bloco. As variáveis analisadas foram: sobrevivência, crescimento em altura e em diâmetro da base do colo. Foram também feitas análises fisiológicas das plantas sobreviventes em ambos os sistemas, com estimativas da condutância estomática, potencial hídrico da folha e conteúdo relativo de água. O microclima foi monitorado durante o período de estudo e foram feitas também análises de fertilidade radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (PAR) e umidade do solo. O verão de 2014 (janeiro a março) foi extremamente quente e seco, o que provocou uma alta mortalidade das plantas. Nossa hipótese não foi confirmada, uma vez que as plantas a pleno sol demonstraram melhor sobrevivência, maior crescimento e maior condutância estomática do que as sombreadas, contrariando nossa predição inicial. Embora as condições microclimáticas do sistema sombreado tenham sido mais favoráveis (menores temperaturas máximas, maior umidade relativa do ar), a umidade do solo foi maior no sistema a pleno sol. A maior mortalidade e menor crescimento no sistema sombreado podem ser atribuídos à maior competição por água com as árvores já estabelecidas no sistema sombreado, já que neste ambiente a menor umidade do solo indicaram um maior consumo de água pelas plantas já estabelecidas. Recently there’s a growing interest in native forest species with economic potential, due to an increasing demand for hardwood timber species. However, to date there is not enough information about developmental cycles, silvicultural treatments and management required by each species. “Guanandi”, Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess (Calophyllaceae), is one of these high potential species due to its silvicultural and wood quality characteristics, besides providing fruits and seed with medicinal properties. Although the species usually regenerates naturally within hygrophyllous forests, it has usually been cultivated as pure stands under full sun. We aimed at investigating the more adequate planting system for C. brasiliense: shaded (enrichment plantings) or under full-sun conditions. Our hypothesis was the plants in shaded system would have better growth and higher survival, as well as greater drought tolerance, as this system is more similar to the species’ natural habitats. We used a randomized block design with two treatments (full-sun and under canopy cover) and three replicates, with 30 within-block repeated measures (plants per plot). The variables analyzed were survival, height and basal diameter growth; stomatal conductance and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR). The microclimate was monitored during all over the study period and soil samples were analyzed for fertility and moisture. The summer of 2014 (January-March) was extremely hot and dry, which caused high plant mortality rates. Our hypothesis was not confirmed, since plants under full-sun had better survival, higher growth and higher stomatal conductance, despite the drier and warmer microclimatic conditions. This shall be attributed to increased competition for water with the canopy trees in the shaded system, as soil moisture was higher in the full-sun plots, in spite of the hotter and drier microclimate.

RESUMO As características silviculturais e tecnológicas favoráveis da espécie Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. têm levado ao surgimento de plantios comerciais. De modo geral, a literatura apresenta somente dados médios e gerais sobre algumas variáveis desta espécie, não informando dados específicos a determinadas variáveis antecessoras ao momento do estudo tecnológico, como idade, espaçamento, entre outros, talvez porque se trata de uma espécie de floresta nativa. Dada a lacuna existente quanto à caracterização da madeira de guanandi, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar quantitativamente: (i) a variação estrutural morfológica das principais células do lenho, e (ii) a delimitação entre madeira juvenil e adulta, para a espécie proveniente de plantio puro, cujas variáveis antecessoras são conhecidas. Foram amostradas cinco espécimes, dentro de uma população de 135 árvores, com 13 anos de idade e espaçamento 4,0 m x 2,5 m. Os resultados indicaram valores médios de 1134; 21,02; 12,88 e 4,07 μm para o comprimento, largura, diâmetro do lume e espessura média da parede das fibras, respectivamente. A madeira de guanandi com 13 anos de idade foi caracterizada como juvenil.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Florestais, 2016. A viabilidade técnica de plantios comerciais de Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. foi avaliada na empresa JAMP Agropecuária e Reflorestadora Ltda. no município de Dueré, estado do Tocantins no período de 2009 a 2014 a partir da instalação de um inventário florestal sistemático contínuo. Foram amostrados 384 indivíduos em 35 ha distribuídos em 96 subparelas (0,96% de intensidade amostral) de 32m2. O plantio apresentou baixa variabilidade (CV < 20%) para variável HT (CV = 14,82%) e para variável DAP (CV= 18,60%) aos 74 meses de idade. Também apresentou distribuição normal de frequência (≥ 68% dois indivíduos devem estar entre o intervalo de mais ou menos um desvio padrão da média) aos 74 meses tanto para a variável HT (68,70%) quanto para variável DAP (70,51%). A densidade do povoamento de 1.250 árvores/ha (espaçamento de 4 x 2m) mostrou que, aos 74 meses de idade, tem um crescimento da HT médio de 5,43 m (variando de 8,20 a 2,80m) com IMA de 0,88m e em DAP uma média de crescimento médio de 7,47 (variando de 12,96 a 3,5 cm) cm com IMA de 1,21 cm e com IMA em volume de 5,33 m3/ha/ano. As curvas de produção para HT, DAP e volume feitas a partir do agrupamento dos IMA apresentou forma linear de crescimento indicando que o povoamento está em fase inicial de crescimento. A variação do crescimento da altura dominante pela idade foi determinada a partir da capacidade produtiva, onde foram construídas de cinco curvas de índice de sítio do tipo monomórficas, respectivamente de 1 a 9 m na idade índice de 74 meses (idade mais velha do povoamento) com intervalo de 2 m de forma a cobrir toda a amplitude de alturas totais observadas na área de estudo. Todos estes valores analisados em conjunto indicam que a espécie é viável para ser utilizada em plantios comerciais no estado do Tocantins. The Commercial planting technique Feasibility Calophyllum brasiliense Camb., was evaluated in the JAMP Agricultural and Reforestation Company Ltda. In the municipality of Dueré, Tocantins state in the Period of 2009-2014 From The installation of an ongoing systematic forest inventory. 384 individuals were sampled in 35/ ha distributed in 96 subparelas (0.96% of sampled intensity) of 32 m2. The planting showed low variability (CV < 20%) to variable HT (CV = 14.82%) and to variable DAP (CV = 18.60%) after 74 months of age. It also showed normal frequency distribution (≥ 68% Two individuals should be within the range of more or less one average standard deviation) at 74 months, both for a variable HT (68.70%) and variable DAP (70.51 %) the density of the population of 1,250 trees / ha (spacing 4 x 2m) showed that at 74 months of age has a growth HT measuring 5.43 m (ranging from 8.20 to 2.80m) with IMA 0,88m of DAP and an average growth of 7.47 (ranging from 12.96 to 3.5 cm) cm with IMA of 1.21 cm and volume of IMA in 5.33 m3 / ha / year. Production curves HT, and volume of DAP Made to the IMA grouping From presented linear growth indicating That settlement is in early stages of growth. The Variation of Growth dominant height by age was determined From the Productive capacity, where it was built five site index curves of monomorphic type, respectively 1to 9 m at Age of 74 months index (Oldest age of the population) with an Interval of 2m to cover entire range of total heights observed in the studied area. All these values taken together indicate that the specie is feasible to be used in commercial plantations in the state of Tocantins.

Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. has characteristics that made it an excellent candidate model for ecogenomics in rain forest trees such as widespread natural occurrence and geographical patterns of adaptive genetic variation. Besides, it is also becoming a popular species for reforestation efforts in Brazil. Although, very little is known about its genetic diversity and the molecular mechanisms involved genetic adaptation traits. The first difficulty in launching genetic studies in a wild wood species is the lack of an optimized protocol for RNA and DNA isolation. In this work we built the essential framework for molecular genetics research with C. brasiliense comparing four distinct methods of RNA extraction from of three different tissues: leaves, stems and roots. We also were successful in the isolation of genomic DNA by an optimized CTAB method. Finally, degenerated oligonucleotide primers were designed for isolating of the glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene of C. brasiliense from the corresponding gene in closely related species. This gene is commonly used in plants as reference in expression gene analysis by Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). Primers for RT-PCR were designed based on partial sequence obtained using degenerate primers designed. The optimized methods of RNA and DNA extraction combined with the identification, isolation and specific primer design for RT-PCR of a traditional Reference Gene provide the essential framework for molecular genetics research with C. brasiliense.

A demanda por informações silviculturais de espécies florestais alternativas para reflorestamentos com fins econômicos, entre as quais incluem os métodos de produção de mudas, tem aumentado nos últimos anos. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a influência de volumes de tubetes, com dimensões de 115, 180 e de 280 cm³, no crescimento de mudas de guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.) e cedro-australiano (Toona ciliata M. Roem. var. australis (F. Muell.) Bahadur). O substrato utilizado foi composto por uma mistura de 80% de substrato comercial e 20% de argila. Foram avaliados o diâmetro de colo e a altura das mudas aos 60, 90, 120 e 150 dias após a repicagem. Nessa última ocasião, determinou-se também o peso de massa seca da parte aérea, do sistema radicular e total, bem como o Índice de Qualidade de Dickson. Houve efeito do volume do tubete sobre as características das mudas, sendo o cedro-australiano a espécie mais responsiva. Conclui-se que para o guanandi o tubete mais indicado é o de 180 cm³ e para o cedro-australiano, o de 280 cm³. The search for silvicultural information, including the seedling production methods, about alternative forest tree species for forestry with economic purposes have increased in the last years. In this work, the influence of the volume of tubes at sizes of 115, 180 and 280 cm³, on the growth of seedlings of Guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.) and Australian Cedar (Toona ciliata M. Roem. var. australis (F. Muell.)) was evaluated. The substrate used was composed by mixture of 80% of commercial substrate and 20% of clay. The collar diameter and the height of the seedlings were evaluated at 60, 90, 120 and 150 days after transplantation. In the last mensuration the dry weight of the aerial plant, of the root system and the total weight, and the Quality Index of Dickson were also determined. There was an effect of the tube volume on the growth and the quality of the seedlings, and the reaction of the Australian Cedar was greater. It was concluded the, for the Guanandi, the best tube is that of 180 cm³ and for the Australian Cedar is the tube of 280 cm³.

Occurrence and damages of Danothrips trifasciatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceae) in Brazil. Danothrips trifasciatus Sakimura, 1975 (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) is recorded for the first time in Brazil, in the municipality of Garça, São Paulo state. Individuals were collected in April 2011 damaging young leaves of guanandi, Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Clusiaceae), forest species of increasing importance in Brazil. Future studies involving aspects on biology and population dynamics of the thrips in this plant species need to be carried out, in order to establish its potential economic importance to guanandi.

IS IT POSSIBLE TO SAVE WATER WITHOUT LOSING QUALITY IN THE GUANANDI SEEDLING PRODUCTION? RICHARDSON BARBOSA GOMES DA SILVA 1 AND MAGALI RIBEIRO DA SILVA 2 1 PhD Student in Forest Science, School of Agronomy, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista -. Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: richardsonunesp@gmail.com 2 Assistant Professor, School of Agronomy, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: magaliribeiro@fca.unesp.br 1 ABSTRACT In this study we examined if the irrigation depths (8, 11 and 14 mm), applied daily, splitted in two frequencies (two and four times a day) affect the seedling quality of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Guanandi) at nursery and initial development after planting in pot. The 11 mm irrigation depth produces the same amount of seedlings with suitable root systems for planting as the 14 mm irrigation depth and save 21% of water. The 11 mm irrigation depth, splitted in two times a day, compared to 14 mm irrigation depth, produces higher or equal morphological development, which continues after planting. Keywords: Calophyllum brasiliense , irrigation depth, irrigation frequency, forest nurseries SILVA, R. B. G.; SILVA, M. R. E POSSIVEL ECONOMIZAR AGUA SEM PERDER A QUALIDADE NA PRODUCAO DE MUDAS DE GUANANDI? 2 RESUMO Neste estudo examinamos se as lâminas de irrigacao (8, 11 e 14 mm), aplicadas diariamente, divididas em duas frequencias (duas e quatro vezes ao dia) afetam a qualidade de mudas de Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Guanandi) no viveiro e o desenvolvimento inicial apos o plantio em vaso. A lâmina de irrigacao 11 mm produz a mesma quantidade de mudas com sistemas radiculares aptos ao plantio que a lâmina de 14 mm e economiza 21% de agua. A lâmina de irrigacao 11 mm, dividida em duas vezes ao dia, comparada a lâmina de 14 mm, produz maior ou igual desenvolvimento morfologico, que se mantem apos o plantio. Palavras-chave: Calophyllum brasiliense , lâmina de irrigacao, frequencia de irrigacao, viveiros florestais

O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental de Engenharia Florestal do Campus Universitário de Gurupi, Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), com objetivo de determinar a melhor dose de fósforo na presença de fungos arbusculares em mudas de guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Camb.) O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com três repetições em esquema fatorial 6 x 2. Os tratamentos foram seis doses de fósforo (0; 400; 800; 1200; 1600 e 2000 g de P2O5 por m³) no substrato na presença e ausência de Fungos Micorrízos Arbusculares (FMAs). As características avaliadas foram altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule, massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), massa seca da raiz (MSR), massa seca total (MST) e colonização micorrízica. Os diferentes níveis de adubação influenciaram a colonização micorrízica arbuscular. Nas doses 400 e 1600 g de fósforo por m3 de substrato observou-se maior porcentagem de colonização. A altura e o diâmetro das plantas foram significativamente afetados pela presença de P2O5. A massa seca da parte aérea e massa seca total não é afetada por doses de P2O5. O melhor desempenho das mudas de C. brasiliense ocorreu aos 90 dias com dose de 1.421 g de P2O5 por m3 de substrato.Palavras-chave: Calophyllum brasiliense Camb., adubação, micorrização. MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI AND PHOSPHORUS DOSES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUANANDI SEEDLINGS ABSTRACT:The experiment was carried out at the Forest Engineering Experimental Station of the Federal University of Tocantins (UFT), University Campus of Gurupi, with the objective of determining the best dose of phosphorus in the presence of arbuscular fungi in guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. The experimental design was completely randomized with three replicates in a 6 x 2 factorial scheme. The treatments were six doses of phosphorus (0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600 and 2000 g of P2O5 per m³) on the substrate in the presence and absence of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (FMAs). The evaluated characteristics were plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry mass (MSPA), root dry mass (MSR), total dry mass (MST) and mycorrhizal colonization. The different levels of fertilization influenced arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization. At 400 and 1600 g of phosphorus per m3 of substrate, a higher percentage of colonization was observed. The height and diameter of the plants were significantly affected by the presence of P2O5. Dry shoot mass and total dry mass are not affected by P2O5 doses. The best performance of C. brasiliense seedlings occurred at 90 days with a dose of 1421 g of P2O5 per m3 of substrate.Keywords: Calophyllum brasiliense Camb., fertilization, mycorrhization. DOI

Para acelerar la sucesión vegetal y restaurar la vegetación en áreas degradadas ( e.g ., pastizales abandonados) se ha sugerido utilizar especies sucesionales tardías. Para determinar cómo la dinámica foliar está relacionada con altas tasas de crecimiento y supervivencia en sitios sucesionales tempranos, evaluamos la hipótesis de que la plasticidad en la demografía foliar está positivamente correlacionada con el establecimiento de árboles de siete especies sucesionales tardías creciendo en ambientes soleados (pastizal y borde) y obscuros (bosque secundario) en Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Se monitorearon cohortes de hojas de 517 individuos de siete especies arbóreas creciendo en los tres hábitats durante un año. Los individuos que crecieron en bosque secundario y borde tuvieron mayor supervivencia foliar y menor producción de hojas que aquellos que crecieron en pastizal. Los individuos con mayor crecimiento y supervivencia en pastizal tuvieron una plasticidad alta en su supervivencia foliar y plasticidad baja en su producción de hojas (estabilidad), mientras que los individuos en el borde y el bosque con tasas altas de supervivencia fueron aquello que tuvieron estabilidad alta en su producción foliar. Nuestros resultados indican que Nectandra ambigens, Licaria velutina y Pouteria rhynchocarpa pueden ser sembradas en pastizales ya que muestran tasas altas de crecimiento y supervivencia en esos hábitats, además alcanzan diferentes estaturas a la edad adulta por lo que proveerían de diversidad estructural al bosque resultante. Especies con supervivencia baja en pastizales como Calophyllum brasiliense, Pimenta dioica, Amphitecna tuxtlensis y Eugenia inirebensis , podrían sembrarse en grandes cantidades o hasta que un dosel de pioneras se haya formado.

Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Clusiaceae) is a tree of swampy areas of the coastal “Restinga” in southeastern Brazil (a coastal sand-plain scrub and forest formation). To elucidate possible adaptive strategies that enable this species to occupy areas subjected to seasonal or perennial waterlogging, growth characters such as shoot height, biomass production, leaf expansion, new leaf development, stem diameter, carbon dioxide assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll concentration and fluorescence were studied in controls and plants flooded for up to 150 days. Although flooded plants kept incorporating carbon all through the experiment, their assimilation rate and growth rate were lower than control, non-flooded plants. Injuries such as leaf senescence and abscision were not observed but some flooded plants showed signs of leaf chlorosis. In view of its capacity to maintain carbon assimilation and growth during the treatment, C. brasiliense can be classified as flood-tolerant tree. Flooding induced hypertrophy of lenticels, increased stem diameter and development of adventitious roots. These characteristics of C. brasiliense are most probably responsible for its survival and success in naturally seasonally flooded areas, inhospitable environments for most tree species. Reduction in total chlorophyll concentration was probably the main cause of reduced carbon dioxide assimilation rate. Based on the results we recommend C. brasiliense for rehabilitation of native vegetation in flood-prone areas.

Calophyllum brasiliense and Mammea americana (Clusiaceae) are two trees from the tropical rain forests of the American continent. A previous screening showed high trypanocidal activity in the extracts of these species. Several mammea-type coumarins, triterpenoids and biflavonoids were isolated from the leaves of C. brasiliense. Mammea A/AA was obtained from the fruit peels of M. americana. These compounds were tested in vitro against epimastigotes and trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiologic agent of Chagas disease. The most potent compounds were mammea A/BA, A/BB, A/AA, A/BD and B/BA, with MC100 values in the range of 15 to 90 microg/ml. Coumarins with a cyclized gamma,gamma-dimethylallyl substituent on C-6, such as mammea B/BA, cyclo F + B/BB cyclo F, and isomammeigin, showed MC100 values > 200 microg/ml. Several active coumarins were also tested against normal human lymphocytes in vitro, which showed that mammea A/AA and A/BA were not toxic. Other compounds from C. brasiliense, such as the triterpenoids, friedelin, canophyllol, the biflavonoid amentoflavone, and protocatechuic and shikimic acids, were inactive against the epimastigotes. The isopropylidenedioxy derivative of shikimic acid was inactive, and its structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Our results suggest that mammea-type coumarins could be a valuable source of trypanocidal compounds.

Marcadores RAPD (Random amplified polymorphic DNA) são simples, eficientes, baratos e não requerem conhecimento prévio do genoma do organismo estudado, o que é particularmente importante para espécies nativas. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar marcadores moleculares que possam ser usados para caracterizar genótipos responsivos às auxinas usadas para induzir o enraizamento in vitro de explantes de guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense). Amostras de DNA foram extraídas de folhas de plantas mantidas em casa de vegetação e plantas micropropagadas após a fase de enraizamento. Quatro primers foram usados e 26 loci encontrados, dois quais 21 são polimórficos (87.5%), com um número de alelos observado de 1.87 e efetivo de 1.39. A diversidade genética de Nei foi 0.24, valor similar ao encontrado em populações naturais. A substituição de nitrogênio líquido por armazenamento a -80°C por meia hora, com a adição de polivinilpirrolidona durante a maceração, foi efetiva na prevenção da degradação das amostras. Os resultados das análises sugerem uma interação entre o genótipo e a resposta à auxina usada durante a cultura in vitro, bem como a possibilidade de um grupo de plantas particularmente responsivo. Novas técnicas são necessárias para determinar a presença de um marcador que identifique genótipos mais suscetíveis ao enraizamento in vitro.

Lack of seed dispersal can be an important obstacle to natural regeneration (NR) of degraded pastures in the humid tropics. Tree plantations can facilitate secondary forest succession by attracting seed dispersal agents from nearby forests. We studied seed rain and seed dispersal agents in 12-13 years old pure and mixed native tree plantations at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica from July to December 2004. Plantations of Balizia elegans (5,522), Dipteryx panamensis (2,263), and Jacaranda copaia (2,091) had the greatest total seed abundance; treatments with the least total seed abundance were Calophyllum brasiliense (56), nonplanted abandoned pasture control 2 (353), Mixed Species 2 (389), and control 1 (836). Plantations of J. copaia and Hyeronima alchorneoides had the greatest seed species richness density, whereas the lowest seed species richness was found in the control treatments. The NR plots had more seeds dispersed by wind, whereas in the plantations, the most important dispersal agents were birds and mammals. The most abundant seeds were those of Miconia spp. (14,492), Psychotria bracheata (2,252), and the Poaceae family (1,346), all species from early successional stages. Plantations of native species are effective in attracting seed dispersal agents and thus facilitating regeneration of degraded pasturelands in the region.

Este estudo avaliou a variação da composição florística do componente arbóreo de 35 áreas inundáveis das regiões Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Foi utilizada uma lista com 602 espécies arbóreas de 23 áreas de florestas aluviais (inundações temporárias) e 12 de florestas paludosas (inundações permanentes). Por meio de um teste de chi2, as espécies foram classificadas de acordo com o habitat em: 1) preferenciais de florestas paludosas, e.g. Magnolia ovata (A. St.-Hil.) Spreng., Dendropanax cuneatus (DC.) Decne & Planch. e Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.; 2) preferenciais de florestas aluviais, e.g. Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) L.B. Sm. & Downs, Ocotea pulchella Mart. e Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W. Burger et al. e 3) espécies não preferenciais, e.g. Luehea divaricata Mart. & Zucc., Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman e Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. A análise multivariada de gradientes (DCA) demonstrou maior agrupamento das florestas paludosas do que florestas aluviais, indicando maior heterogeneidade florística do último grupo. Os resultados indicaram que a variação, ambiental associada aos diferentes regimes de inundação é determinante na definição dos padrões fitogeográficos de áreas inundáveis. This study evaluated the variation of tree species composition of 35 wetland forest areas in Southeast and South Brazil. The analysis of the floristic composition was based on a floristic checklist containing 602 species of 23 alluvial forests (seasonally inundated) and 12 swamp forests (permanently waterlogged). The species were classified, using a chi2 test, according to the habitat preference in: 1) swamp forest species, e.g. Magnolia ovata (A. St.-Hil.) Spreng., Dendropanax cuneatus (DC.) Decne & Planch. and Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.; 2) alluvial forest species, e.g. Sebastiania commersoniana (Baill.) L.B. Sm. & Downs, Ocotea pulchella Mart. and Sorocea bonplandii (Baill.) W. Burger et al. and 3) non preferential species, e.g. Luehea divaricata Mart. & Zucc., Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman and Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Multivariate gradient analysis (Detrended Correspondence Analysis) showed higher clustering of swamp forest areas than aluvial forest areas, indicating close florist similarity in the first group. The results indicated that the environmental heterogeneity associated to different flood regimes is determinant in defining the phytogeographic patterns of wetland forest areas.

Infections by protozoans of the genus Leishmania are a major worldwide health problem, with high endemicity in developing countries. The drugs of choice for the treatment of leishmaniasis are the pentavalent antimonials, which show renal and cardiac toxicity. As part of a search for new drugs against leishmaniasis, we evaluated the in vitro leishmanicidal activity of the (-) mammea A/BB. The compound (-) mammea A/BB is a coumarin-type mammea purified from a dichloromethane crude extract of leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess (Clusiaceae). The isolated compound was characterized using spectral analyses by UV, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance of (1)H, (13)C, distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer, correlation spectroscopy, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, and heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence. The compound (-) mammea A/BB showed significant activity against promastigote and amastigote forms of L. amazonensis, with IC(50) (50% inhibition concentration of cell growth) at a concentration of 3.0 and 0.88 mug/ml and IC(90) (90% inhibition concentration of cell growth) of 5.0 and 2.3 microg/ml, respectively. The coumarin (-) mammea A/BB showed no cytotoxicity against J774G8 macrophages in culture, when it was tested at high concentrations that inhibited promastigote forms. Electron microscopy studies revealed considerable ultrastructural changes when promastigote forms of L. amazonensis were treated with 3.0 microg/ml of the coumarin (-) mammea A/BB for 72 h. We observed significant changes such as mitochondrial swelling with concentric membranes in the mitochondrial matrix and intense exocytic activity in the region of the flagellar pocket. Other alterations included the appearance of binucleate cells and multiple cytoplasmic vacuolization. These results showed that (-) mammea A/BB is a potent growth inhibitor of L. amazonensis and caused important changes in the parasite's ultrastructure. This study provided new perspectives on the development of novel drugs with leishmanicidal activity obtained from natural products.

The Costa Rican government has provided incentives for reforestation programs since 1986 and initiated a Payment for Environmental Services program in 1996. These incentives yielded native species reforestation programs throughout the country. This research aims to provide information about growth, carbon sequestration, and management of seven native tree species (Vochysia guatemalensis, Vochysia ferruginea, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Calophyllum brasiliense, Terminalia amazonia, Virola koschnyi, and Dipteryx panamensis) growing in small and medium-sized plantations in the Caribbean and Northern lowlands of Costa Rica. A total of 179 plots were evaluated in 32 farms. Overall, I found that V. guatemalensis, V. ferruginea, H. alchorneoides, and T. amazonia were the species with the fastest diameter, total height, and volume growth; and T. amazonia and D. panamensis sequestered more carbon. Moreover, I found that the plantations that had been thinned before this assessment had the best growth. The results of the present research enhance the criteria elaborated in previous research findings to improve species choices for reforestation and silvicultural management in Costa Rica and in other regions with similar ecological features. Furthermore, they support the concept that tropical plantations can serve diverse economic, social, and ecological functions that may ultimately help reduce atmospheric CO2 accumulation.

Early growth performance of six native and two introduced tree species was studied for seven years at 16 sites in the Southern region of Costa Rica. Selected study sites represent a wide environmental gradient that ranges from acid low fertility soils such as Ustic Haplohumults and Typic Haplustults to fertile soils such as Typic Hapludand and Fluventic Eutropepts. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 2600 to 4500 mm and length of dry season from none to more than three months each year. The experimental layout was a randomized complete block design nested within four eco-regions, with all plots on private farms. The size of the experimental plot was 11 × 11 trees planted at a spacing of 3 × 3 m with a sampling plot of 7 × 7 trees. The species included in the initial trials were: Pinus caribaea Morelet var hondurensis (Barret y Golfari) and Gmelina arborea Roxb as the introduced species (from Honduras and southeast Asian regions, both of which benefit from genetic selection), and Terminalia amazonia (J. F. Gmelin) Exell, Vochysia ferruginea Mart., Vochysia guatemalensis Donn. Sm., Hieronyma alchorneoides Fr. Allemao, Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S. F. Blake (collected extensively in this project from indigenous populations from across the Southern region of Costa Rica). All plots were measured annually and data collected for tree height, DBH and mortality. Composited soil samples were taken at three depths in each site to characterize chemical and physical soil properties. In general, the native species were highly responsive to eco-regions, the introduced species much less so. The yield and dominant stand height of the introduced species were higher in acid soils with well defined dry season than the selected native species. As soil nutrient and water supply improved, the differences between introduced and native species decreased in mean stand height and yield. Two species (Calophyllum brasiliense and Schizolobium parabyba) had more than 80% mortality in almost all plots during the first two years of establishment. The results of this study contrasts with findings obtained in the Northern region of Costa Rica on acid Ultisols (Typic Tropohumult), where at least Vochysia guatemalensis and Vochysia ferruginea out-competed the best introduced species, Gmelina arborea and Pinus spp. Results are mainly attributed to the pronounced ustic moisture regime in the Southern region of Costa Rica that is able to be tolerated by Gmelina arborea and Pinus spp. but not by the selected native tree seedlings.

[EN] We evaluated the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and selected physico-chemical soil variables in a plantation with native tree species established in a degraded pasture of the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. Studies on the rate and accumulation of aboveground biomass and C have been conducted in native tree plantations of Costa Rica. However, more studies on the SOC pool are needed since only few works provide information on the subject. The tree plantation was established in 1991 on a 2.6 ha. degraded pasture (Ischaemum sp.) Four species were selected: Vochysia guatemalensis Smith, Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess, Stryphnodendron excelsum Poeppig et Endl. and Hieronyma alchorneoides Allemao. Average SOC concentration ranged from 44.9 to 55.2 g kg−1 (0–10 cm), and decreased with depth up to 12.7–16.8 g kg−1 (40–50 cm). The highest SOC pool was measured under H. alchorneoides and V. guatemalensis, i.e. 131.9 and 119.2 Mg C ha−1, respectively, whereas in the pasture it was 115.6 Mg C ha−1. The SOC pool has not changed significantly under the tree species evaluated 14 years after establishment. A multivariate ordination technique named between-within class principal component analysis was used to determine the factors and trend that explain the variability in the data. The effect of vegetation in the SOC and selected soil variables measured in this study was only detected for H. alchorneoides. The information presented herein about the depth distribution of the SOC fraction improves our knowledge for further developing prediction models., Financial support for this study was provided by the US Department of Energy. We also thank the assistant in the field provided by Juan Hugo. Thanks to H. Arrieta for kindly permit the use of lab facilities at EARTH during field work, and Y. Raut is acknowledged for his help in C:N determinations at OSU lab. The useful comments provided by two anonymous referees are also highly appreciated.

In recent years the growing interest in the conservation of Paraná River’s riparian forest led to the discovery of botanical novelties for Argentina. Populations of Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Calophyllaceae), a typically flooded lowlands species, were identified in the remaining hygrophile forest of northeast Argentina and southeast Paraguay. Deforestation and flooding, due to the construction of dams, have caused these populations to suffer intensive fragmentation. The aim of this work was to infer phylogeographic relationships among five populations of C. brasiliense, three from Argentina and two from Paraguay, which represent the southernmost points of species’ distribution. We also compared them with samples of a C. brasiliense population from Mexico, the northernmost edge of the species distribution. The chloroplast intergenic spacers petG-trnP, psbJ-petA and the trnL-UAA chloroplast intron were amplified from leaves’ DNA. A total of 2234 bp were characterized once the three regions were analyzed. The three chloroplast regions showed nucleotide differences, represented by InDels, inversions and a few SNPs; however, only the trnL intron was selected for further phylogeographic analysis due to the amount of the information obtained for all populations. Based on trnL intron, it was possible to estimate nucleotide and haplotype diversity (π = 0.00237 and Hd = 0.29600, respectively). Three haplotypes were identified, which allowed Argentinean, Paraguayan and Mexican populations to be differentiated. Based on the three haplotypes found, we discuss and propose a model for a C. brasiliense’ geographic dispersion and historical colonization routes, including an alternative new one to the well-known of the Paraná River., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Laboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Evolutiva

En Argentina la especie arbórea Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess (Calophyllaceae) constituye poblaciones en los bordes de esteros y en las selvas higrófilas del río Paraná. Las poblaciones de la margen del río forman parte de ecosistemas fuertemente fragmentados por su asociación a las cotas de inundación del embalse Yacyretá, lo cual las ha llevado a reducir drásticamente su tamaño al punto de encontrarse en riesgo de extinguirse localmente. Uno de los efectos de la fragmentación en las especies vegetales es la producción de semillas en menor cantidad, calidad o ambas. El valor ecológico, medicinal, económico y social de la especie y el estado de sus poblaciones suscitaron interés en conservarla. Una de las estrategias implementadas fue el almacenamiento de sus semillas, las cuales son recalcitrantes. Los objetivos del presente trabajo fueron evaluar tres poblaciones en cuanto a su potencialidad de producir semillas capaces de generar individuos y evaluar la calidad fisiológica en relación al momento de cosecha y al tiempo de almacenamiento bajo cuatro modos de almacenamiento. La población de Puerto Valle produjo semillas de buena calidad que conservaron la viabilidad durante treinta y un semanas cuando se almacenaron con endocarpo, en frascos de vidrio.

Five gall midges species (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) are recorded for the first time in Pirenópolis (Goiás, Brazil, Cerrado biome): Contarinia gemmae, Lopesia caulinaris, L. conspicua, and L. elliptica, as well as an unidentified species of Cecidomyiidae, causative agent of marginal leaf galls. All of these species are associated with Calophyllum brasiliense (Calophyllaceae). Previous records included only Southern Brazil and now, the geographic distribution of these species is widened to the Midwest Region.

In Costa Rica, reforestation programs with indigenous tree species are a recent activity. Information is still scarce on long-term species performance and silvicultural management to ensure the success of tree plantings, especially for mixed stands. This study aims to estimate growth, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration of nine native tree species growing in mixed and pure plantings. The study was carried out at La Selva Biological Station in the Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica. More than a half of the tree species studied (e.g. Calophyllum brasiliense, Jacaranda copaia, Terminalia amazonia, Hyeronima alchorneoides, Vochysia ferruginea, Balizia elegans) are distributed from Mexico-Guatemala to South America and a few have more limited distribution in Central America (e.g. Vochysia guatemalensis, Virola koschnyi, Dipteryx panamensis). The nine tree species are divided into three sets. The 3 members of each set were grown separately in pure plantations, and together in 1 mixed plantation, giving 12 monocultures and 4 mixtures. Plantation 1 (13 years old) is composed of V. guatemalensis, C. brasiliense, and J. copaia. Plantation 2 (13 years old) is comprised of D. panamensis, T. amazonia and V. koschnyi. Plantation 3 (12 years old) is composed of H. alchorneoides, B. elegans, and V. ferruginea. Overall, all the species had good growth and productivity either in pure or mixed stands in comparison to other native and exotic species growing in similar ecological conditions. The exception was C. brasiliense in mixed stands, where it was suppressed by the fast-growing species V. guatemalensis and J. copaia. At the stand level, the mixed stands performed well for volume, basal area, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration, in comparison to other pure or mixed plantations of tropical timber species. Pure plantations of V. guatemalensis, V. ferruginea, V. koschnyi, J. copaia, and T. amazonia also presented good productivity. At the tree level, V. guatemalensis, J. copaia, T. amazonia, H. alchorneoides, and D. panamensis performed better in mixtures than in pure stands for diameter, height, aboveground biomass, and carbon sequestration estimations. Values for the former three species were significantly higher in mixed than in pure stands. C. brasiliense was the only species with significantly better growth in pure stands than in mixed stands, for the three-species combination examined. The results show that mixed plantings had similar or higher productivities for several of the variables examined, but conclusions on relative productivities depend on the species and growth features, interactions among species, and the variables quantified. In addition, there is a need to continue monitoring over longer time-frames, and for further studies of the species interactions and site factors involved, in order to develop reforestation guidelines for a range of objectives and environmental settings.

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Caracterizouse a flora e a estrutura de uma floresta paludosa estabelecida sobre um declive acentuado no Município de Rio Claro, SP, visando à comparação florística dessa floresta com outras florestas paludosas estudadas no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os indivíduos (PAP > 15 cm) foram amostrados em 45 parcelas de 10 m × 10 m (0,45 ha). Foram encontrados 1.651 indivíduos vivos, pertencentes a 49 espécies e 30 famílias. O índice de diversidade (H') para as espécies foi de 2,10 nats.indivíduo-1 e a eqüabilidade (J) foi de 0,54. As espécies mais importantes (em VI) foram Euterpe edulis Mart., Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., Talauma ovata A. St.-Hill., Cedrela odorata L., Dendropanax cuneatum Decne & Planch. e Protium spruceanum (Benth.) Engl. O elevado número de espécies, em comparação com as outras florestas, pode ser atribuído aos diferentes períodos de saturação hídrica determinados pelo desnível topográfico, enquanto a baixa diversidade florística é conseqüência da elevada densidade relativa de poucas espécies, como Euterpe edulis (41%). A comparação florística indicou que: i) Calophyllum brasiliense, Cedrela odorata, Dendropanax cuneatum, Protium almecega, Styrax pohlii A. DC., Talauma ovata e Tapirira guianensis Aubl. constituem um importante grupo de espécies que predominam nas florestas paludosas do interior paulista e conferem uma semelhança estrutural a essas formações; ii) a flora dessas florestas mostra-se bastante variada, com muitas espécies exclusivas verificadas em cada estudo. Os resultados sugerem que cada fragmento de floresta paludosa, além de favorecer a ocorrência das principais populações associadas a solos hidromórficos, apresenta peculiaridades florísticas que, somadas, promovem o aumento da diversidade de espécies. The flora and structure of a swamp forest occurring in a declivity in the municipality of Rio Claro, SP, was characterized in order to compare its floristic composition with other swamp forests in the countryside of São Paulo state. The trees (CBH >15 cm) were censused in 45 plots of 10 m × 10 m (0.45 ha). A total of 1,651 living plants in 49 species and 30 families were found. The diversity index (H') for species was 2.10 nats.individual-1, whereas the equability (J) was 0.54. The most important species (IV) were Euterpe edulis Mart., Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., Talauma ovata A. St.-Hill., Cedrela odorata L., Dendropanax cuneatum Decne & Planch., and Protium spruceanum (Benth.) Engl. The high number of species found in this study can be related with different flooding intensities through the declivity, whereas the low floristic diversity was associated with a high relative density of few species, e.g. E. edulis (41%). The floristic comparison between swamp forests showed that: i) Calophyllum brasiliense, Cedrela odorata, Dendropanax cuneatum, Protium almecega, Styrax pohlii A. DC., Talauma ovata, and Tapirira guianensis Aubl. compose an important group of dominating species that determine a structural resemblance between the swamp forests in the countryside of São Paulo state; ii) the flora of these forests is very variable, with a large number of exclusive species in only one forest. The results indicates that each fragment of swamp forest besides being very important for occurrence of the populations associated to hidromorphic soils and presents floristic peculiarities that altogether, in a high scale, improve the great diversity. Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Departamento de Botânica

Ten percent of the world’s forest consists of plantations, yet these plantations supply 37% of the world’s timber. While plantations proliferate, local communities are looking for suitable native species to cultivate in plantations. This paper is a component of a larger project—trying to restore degraded areas with native plantations in ways that would financially benefit the surrounding communities. Growth equations have been constructed for ten native tree species, using 12 years of growth data from research plots in La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Interpolative growth equations for Terminalia amazonia (J. Gmell) Exell., Virola koschnyi Warb., Dipteryx panamensis (Pittier) Record & Mell, and Hieronyma alchorneoides Allemao were constructed. A maximum sustained yield approach was used to determine the other six species’ rotation age and the merchantable volume produced per hectare at time of harvest. In single-species plantations, Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don., Vochysia guatemalensis Donn. Sm., and Vochysia ferruginea Mart. were the most productive species and, thus, are the recommended plantation species for the humid lowlands of Costa Rica. The data for this experiment suggest J. copaia has an ideal rotation age of 6.5 years, at which time the yield will be 255 m3/ha. V. guatemalensis has a rotation age of 13.5 years producing 417 m3/ha, and V. ferruginea has a rotation age of 13.3 years producing 363 m3/ha. J. copaia and V. guatemalensis grew significantly faster in mixed plantations than in pure plantations. A mixed-species plantation comprised of J. copaia, V. guatemalensis, and Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess produces 21% more total volume of merchantable timber than a pure plantation of J. copaia, which grows the fastest of the three species. Restoring abandoned agricultural sites with V. guatemalensis will yield the most timber to landowners after one rotation.

Our goal was to assess the potential of two exotic and five native tree species in reestablishing trees to degraded land in the humid tropics of southern Costa Rica. Our study site was deforested in the 1950s. Steep topography and high rainfall led subsequently to severe erosion, which exposed nutrient-poor, acid, unproductive subsoil. Our site is typical of many tropical overgrazed pastures that have been established in high rainfall areas on ultisols worldwide. Restoration of useful trees to such lands is difficult when erosion is severe. We established 30 experimental blocks in 1994 across our study site that varied in topography and degree of erosion. We analyzed survival over 7 years and height after 3 and 7 years. Pinus tecunumanii , non-native to Costa Rica but native to Central America, was the outstanding performer with best growth and survival among all blocks. Several of the Costa Rican natives, all considered valuable for timber, survived and grew moderately well ( Vochysia guatemalensis , Terminalia amazonia , Calophyllum brasiliense ). We assessed the effect of erosion on survival and growth. Survival and/or growth negatively correlated with degree of erosion in five of the seven species. P. tecunumanii , an ectomycorrhizal species, survived and grew uniformly well and independently of erosion. T. amazonia survived better but grew worse on more eroded sites. These results suggest the following recommendations for projects that attempt to restore trees to tropical degraded cattle pastures similar to our site: • areas that have suffered less extreme erosion could be planted successfully with three of the native species studied here: V. guatemalensis , T. amazonia , or C. brasiliense , perhaps in mixtures; • P. tecunumanii is suitable for planting on the most deeply eroded, bare areas and therefore might ameliorate hostile micro sites more quickly than other species; • our results suggest that the pine should be tested as a site-preparing species by intermixing seedlings of more shade loving species two or more years after planting the pine; • a system of crop rotation might be sustainable, planting pine as a rapidly growing frequently harvested species and interplanting more slowly growing but more valuable species.

Six novel chromanone acids (1-6) were isolated from the bark of Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR experiments, as well as mass spectrometry. All compounds showed moderate to strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with 1 and 2 being most active. None of the compounds were cytotoxic against KB, Jurkat T, and myosarcoma cancer cells up to 20 microg/mL.

The organic plant extracts of 21 species of Clusiaceae from Mexico were screened for anti HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity in a non-radioactive immuno colorimetric assay. The extracts of 5 species (23.8%) exhibited significant inhibition (> or =70%) of HIV-1 RT activity; of these, only 4 extracts showed reduced toxicity to human lymphocytic MT2 cells and were further tested as inhibitors of HIV-1 IIIb/LAV replication in a cellular system. The best extracts were Calophyllum brasiliense (hexane) and Clusia quadrangula (CH(2)Cl(2)-MeOH) which inhibited HIV-1 RT (IC(50)=29.6 microg/ml and 42 microg/ml), and showed an EC(50)=92.5 microg/ml and 91 microg/ml, respectively, on MT2 cells. However, only Calophyllum brasiliense hexane extract showed significant inhibition on viral replication (ED(50)=37.1 microg/ml), while Clusia quadrangula was less active (ED(50)=124 microg/ml). These results support the idea that plant extracts represent a valuable source of potential anti HIV compounds.

I investigated the effects of successional stage and micro-elevation on seedling establishment of Calophyllum brasiliense (Clusiaceae), a common canopy tree of seasonally flooded lowland forest along the Manu River meander zone in southeastern Peru. To compare seedling establishment between microhabitat types, I planted C. brasiliense seeds in a fully crossed experimental design of three successional stages (early, mid, and mature) and two micro-elevations (levees and backwaters). Seedling establishment success in this study was affected by both successional stage and micro-elevation, but micro-elevation was most important in mid-successional habitats. In general, seedlings in early succession experienced better conditions than in mature forest; light levels were higher, herbivory lower, and seedling growth higher. In mid-successional forest, micro-elevation determined habitat quality; backwaters had higher light levels, lower herbivory, and higher seedling growth and survival than levees. Mid-su...