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Escherichia coli is a promising subject for globally coordinated surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in water environments due to its clinical relevance and widespread use as an indicator of fecal contamination. Cefotaxime-resistant E. coli was recently evaluated favorably for this purpose by the World Health Organization TriCycle Protocol, which specifies tryptone bile x-glucuronide (TBX) medium and incubation at 35°C. We assessed comparability with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-approved method for E. coli quantification, which uses membrane-thermotolerant E. coli (mTEC) agar and incubation at 44.5°C, in terms of recovery of E. coli and cefotaxime-resistant E. coli from wastewater influent and surface waters. Total E. coli concentrations in wastewater influent were 106-108 CFU/100 mL, while cefotaxime-resistant E. coli were ~100-fold lower. Total E. coli in surface waters were ~10² CFU/100 mL, and cefotaxime-resistant isolates were near the limit of detection (0.4 CFU/100 mL). Total and putative cefotaxime-resistant E. coli concentrations did not differ significant ly between media or by incubation method; however, colonies isolated on mTEC were more frequently confirmed to species (97.1%) compared to those from TBX (92.5%). Incubation in a water bath at 44.5°C significantly decreased non-specific background growth and improved confirmation frequency on both media (97.4%) compared to incubation at 35°C (92.3%). This study helps to advance globally coordinated AMR in water environments and suggests that the TriCycle Protocol is adaptable to other standard methods that may be required in different locales, while also offering a means to improve specificity by decreasing the frequency of false-positive identification of cefotaxime-resistant E. coli by modifying incubation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Labaneh (strained yogurt) is a traditional dairy product. It is usually produced without chemical preservatives as Jordanian standards for this product prevent their addition. Its shelf life is limited to two weeks. This research aims to develop the shelf life of labaneh using eco-friendly methods, via the addition of protective probiotic cultures. Protective probiotic cultures were prepared by activating DVI freeze-dried Propionibacterium freuendereichii, subsp. shermanii and Lactobacillus paracasei in sterilized skim milk. Fifty kg of fresh milk was divided into two portions, the first containing the traditional yogurt starter culture (2%) and the second processed by adding both the starter (2%) and protective probiotic cultures (1%). After fermentation, two types of yogurts were produced, and refrigerated for several hours. They were then salted, strained separately to about 25% total solids in a special cloth to produce labaneh paste. The paste was then distributed into two groups of sterilized jars (21 for each) and placed in refrigerated storage. Both types of labaneh (traditional and developed) were evaluated at different time intervals of refrigerated storage (0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 21, 30 days) for their counts of coliform bacteria, yeast and mould, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and for their pH, ash, acidity, moisture, protein, fat and titratable acidity. The probiotic count was also evaluated for the developed labaneh. The shelf life of the developed labaneh was determined based on the acidity, yeast and mould counts and organoleptic characteristics. No obvious and significant undesirable changes were seen at 30 days of refrigeration or went beyond the Jordanian standard for the developed labaneh, compared to the traditional one which started to spoil after 14 days. No coliform bacteria were found after 30 days of refrigerated storage in the traditional and developed labanehs. The counts of yeast and mould were generally higher in the traditional labaneh than in the developed one, while the number of LAB was lower in the traditional labaneh than in the developed one. The pH and moisture of the developed labaneh were generally lower than that of the traditional labaneh, but the titratable acidity, ash, protein and fat were higher in the developed one. Regarding the sensory properties, most of the panelists organoleptically preferred the developed one during the storage period. Therefore, it is concluded that the protective probiotic cultures were effective in extending the shelf life of labaneh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sun-dried method is popular for producing dried Sergestid shrimp in Vietnam, but maintaining consistent product quality across seasons is challenging due to its dependence on weather conditions. A previous study used convection drying at a laboratory scale. In this study, the laboratory scale was upgraded to a commercial scale, and recovery efficiency and Sergestid shrimp images were recorded during production stages. Parameters were adjusted for economic efficiency and convenience. Results showed a decrease in recovery efficiency on the laboratory scale, while the commercial scale improved with washing and blanching. Overall, there was no significant difference in recovery efficiency between the commercial production (15.76 %) and laboratory scale (16.29 %). The commercial-scale dried Sergestid shrimp exhibited better colour than the laboratory-scale product. The product met food safety and quality criteria according to Vietnamese standards. Microorganisms such as Coliforms, E. coli, B. cereus, C. perfringens and salmonella, and total number of yeast and mold spores, were not detected in the product. On the other hand, the product of commercial production contained 256 kcal 100 g-1 of energy and a protein content of 55.50 ± 0.33 %. These findings form a foundation for scaling up production and assessing economic feasibility. Adjusting production parameters using larger equipment contributes to achieving optimal production efficiency and economic benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coliforms have a high incidence as causative agents of foodborne illnesses. This study aimed to assess the bactericidal activity of Lactobacillus acidophilus at varying concentrations against total coliforms in fresh cheeses made from raw milk, employing imaging techniques and microorganism counts. Six milk samples were collected from the Model and Central markets in Barranca, Peru. Triplicate total coliform counts were conducted for each sample, and the most contaminated one was selected for further analysis. This sample underwent three treatments with different concentrations of Lactobacillus acidophilus (5, 6, and 7 log CFU 10 ml-1) to produce fresh cheeses. Subsequently, triplicate total coliform counts were performed for each treatment. An image analysis of the cheese structure was conducted to quantify the cavities and their areas caused by coliform bacteria. Furthermore, a control cheese was prepared for subsequent comparison to determine the final reduction in population. The control cheese displayed a total coliform count of 6.9 ± 0.02 log CFU g-1, 214 ± 12.03 cavities, and 0.4 ± 0.2 mm². Post-application of Lactobacillus acidophilus resulted in a maximum reduction of 3.79 ± 0.09 log CFU g-1, yielding 44 ± 6.88 cavities with 0.1 ± 0.04 mm² compared to the control sample. Treatment with a concentration of 7 log CFU 10 ml-1 of Lactobacillus acidophilus exhibited the most significant bactericidal effect on the total microbial population of coliforms present in fresh cheeses made from raw milk obtained from the Model and Central markets in the city of Barranca. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gelatin (G)/chitosan (Ch) nanocomposites have exceptional physico-chemical and biological properties, thanks to their high surface-to-volume ratio compared to bulk G and Ch. These unique properties make G/Ch nanocomposites promising as biopolymers for edible film applications. In this study, a G/Ch (4:1% w/w) nanocomposite film containing L. nobilis nanoemulsion was prepared using the casting method. Gas chromatography analysis revealed that the L. nobilis essential oil (NEO) contained 49 bioactive components, with 1,8-Cineole being the main component. The findings exhibited that the NEO nanoemulsion had antioxidant capacity, with DPPH = 1.4% and FRAP = 22.69%, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the diameter of inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella was found to be 2.6 µL/mL, 5.2 µL/mL, 5.20 µL/mL, and 12.66 mm, 7.66 mm, and 6.6 mm, respectively. The physicomechanical features of G-based films indicate that the tensile strength and moisture resistance of the films increase as the concentration of Ch is increased from 0 to 1.5%. This increase in concentration also leads to a reduction in water vapor and oxygen permeability from 1.63 g/m.s.Pa and 5.76 meq/kgO2 to 1.36 g/m.s.Pa and 5.33 meq/kgO2. Thermal analysis confirmed that G and Ch interacted through intermolecular hydrogen bonding, effectively enhancing the thermal stability of G/Ch films. Morphology results also demonstrated that the composite showed a porous structure. Significantly, the nanocomposite film loaded with nanoemulsions exhibited strong preservative effects on ostrich meat-based hamburgers during a 28-day storage period compared to control sample. The film inhibited the growth of tested microorganisms (total viable count (TVC), total psychrotrophic count (TPC), coliforms, Salmonella, E. coli, S. aureus) and reduced sample oxidation. This was evident through reduced peroxide value, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and pH levels. These ideal properties and unique features of this active film confirm its use for packaging perishable products such as meat products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MBRs (Membrane bioreactors) have been increasingly employed for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment in the last decades for their small footprint and excellent effluent quality. However, microorganisms are often detected in the permeates of microfiltration (MF) membranes even with small pore sizes. Coliform bacteria are known for indicating the potential presence of pathogenic bacteria that cause infectious disease such as bacteremia, respiratory tract infections, and urinary tract infections. Thus, the retention of coliform bacteria by membrane processes is important when the membrane process is utilized in water reclamation. In this study, a microbial community of coliform bacteria in the permeates of MF membranes with different pore sizes (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 µm) was identified. The results showed that the dominant coliform bacteria changed from Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. in the activated sludge to Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. in the permeate of MF membranes, while some pieces of membranes showed complete retention. The bacterial regrowth on the surface of the piping system on the permeate side could be a significant factor contributing to the frequent and exclusive detection of Enterobacter spp. and Klebsiella spp. in the case of membranes with small pore size (0.2 and 0.4 µm) after a long continuous filtration time. To indicate the public health-related risk of treated wastewater by MF, Escherichia coli may not be a suitable indicator species because E. coli is relatively retentive in MF compared to other coliforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolour (L.) Moench) is an emerging reliable alternative for mahewu production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the health-promoting compounds, physicochemical and microbiological properties of sorghum-based mahewu produced by different traditional brewers in Thohoyandou, South Africa. A total of 18 mahewu samples produced by six traditional brewers (TB1–TB6) were collected and compared for antioxidant, physicochemical, and microbiological properties. Commercial sorghum mahewu was used as a control sample. The total phenolic content of the mahewu samples varied from 27.37 to 65.89 GAE /g, with commercial mahewu having a lower value. The flavonoid content ranged from 0.18 to 0.30 GAE/g, and commercial mahewu had a higher value. The DPPH scavenging activity and FRAP of mahewu samples ranged from 44.62% to 49% and 1.47 to 2.36 mg GAE/g, respectively. Commercial mahewu had a higher DPPH value but a lower FRAP value. The pH of mahewu varied significantly, ranging from 3.38 to 3.66, but was within the acceptable range. The °Brix values varied from 9.68 to 17.49, with traditional mahewu samples having higher values than commercial mahewu. Total titratable acidity ranged from 0.63 to 1.17%. The viscosity ranged from 444.33 to 1297.00 cP, with commercial mahewu having a higher value. There was a significant variation in the color of the mahewu samples with respect to L*, a*, b*, C, Hue, and ΔΕ. The growth of yeasts and molds varied from 7.95 log10 to 8.99 log10 (cfu/mL) in traditional mahewu samples, and coliforms ranged from 3.68 to 5.96 log10 (cfu/mL) and were not isolated in commercial mahewu. The total plate count ranged from 7.914 to 8.978 log10 (cfu/mL). The microbiological results show that traditional brewers are meeting the legal limit and can increase their products for commercialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, fresh-cut cucumbers were subjected to near-freezing temperature storage at -2 °C (NF) for 12 d, and microbial population (aerobic bacteria and coliforms), physicochemical properties (weight loss, color, firmness, and pH), and O2 consumption were compared with samples stored at 5 °C (C). Observation indicated that no sample showed any critical freezing phenomena during near-freezing temperature storage. Results showed that the microbial population (aerobic bacteria and coliforms) was suppressed in NF samples but increased significantly in C samples compared with the stored samples on day 0. Results of physicochemical properties showed that weight loss and total color difference of NF samples were less than those of C samples. Moreover, near-freezing temperature storage at -2 °C inhibited O2 consumption compared with storage at 5 °C. These results provide new insights into the application of near-freezing temperature storage for fruits and vegetables in the food cold chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an urgent need to develop efficient and environmentally friendly decontaminants for poultry products. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the practical application of peroxyacetic acid (PAA) as a replacement for sodium hypochlorite (SH) to sterilize fresh chicken carcasses, using microbial, color, and electronic-nose analyses. We evaluated the decontamination effects of different concentrations of PAA and SH on chicken carcasses. The bactericidal effects of PAA at pH 3, 7, and 9, and SH at pH 10, at concentrations ranging from 100 to 500 ppm on coliform bacteria, total bacteria, and Salmonella spp. were evaluated. PAA induced a similar bactericidal effect at lower concentrations than SH. Therefore, at the same concentration and treatment time, PAA showed better bactericidal effects than SH. Although treatment with PAA (pH 3) and SH (pH 10) resulted in considerable discoloration, the degree of discoloration decreased when the pH of PAA was increased to 7 and 9. Therefore, by increasing the pH of PAA, the discoloration effect on chicken carcasses can be reduced without altering the microbial-reduction effect. Electronic-nose analysis showed that the flavor of the chicken was almost unaffected by volatile components at a treatment time < 30 min. Therefore, this study experimentally identified the optimal PAA concentration for the decontamination of chicken carcasses. The study findings provide a theoretical basis for the replacement of traditional bactericides, such as SH, with PAA for the production of poultry products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the dynamic change in abundance of both fecal and opportunistic waterborne pathogens in urban surface water under different abiotic and biotic factors helps the prediction of microbiological water quality and protection of public health during recreational activities, such as swimming. However, a comprehensive understanding of the interaction among various factors on pathogen behavior in surface water is missing. In this study, the effect of salinity, light, and temperature and the presence of indigenous microbiota, on the decay/persistence of Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Rhine River water were tested during 7 days of incubation with varying salinity (0.4, 5.4, 9.4, and 15.4 ppt), with light under a light/dark regime (light/dark) and without light (dark), temperature (3, 12, and 20 °C), and presence/absence of indigenous microbiota. The results demonstrated that light, indigenous microbiota, and temperature significantly impacted the decay of E. coli. Moreover, a significant (p<0.01) four-factor interactive impact of these four environmental conditions on E. coli decay was observed. However, for P. aeruginosa, temperature and indigenous microbiota were two determinate factors on the decay or growth. A significant three-factor interactive impact between indigenous microbiota, temperature, and salinity (p<0.01); indigenous microbiota, light, and temperature (p<0.01); and light, temperature, and salinity (p<0.05) on the decay of P. aeruginosa was found. Due to these interactive effects, caution should be taken when predicting decay/persistence of E. coli and P. aeruginosa in surface water based on a single environmental condition. In addition, the different response of E. coli and P. aeruginosa to the environmental conditions highlights that E. coli monitoring alone underestimates health risks of surface water by non-fecal opportunistic pathogens, such as P. aeruginosa. Key points: Abiotic and biotic factors interactively affect decay of E. coli and P. aeruginosa E.coli and P.aeruginosa behave significantly different under the given conditions Only E. coli as an indicator underestimates the microbiological water quality [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Intestinal schistosomiasis remains a worrying health problem, particularly in western Côte d'Ivoire, despite control efforts. It is therefore necessary to understand all the factors involved in the development of the disease, including biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of this study was to examine the factors that could support the maintenance of the intermediate host and its vectorial capacity in western Côte d'Ivoire. Methods: Data on river physicochemical, microbiological, and climatic parameters, the presence or absence of snails with Schistosoma mansoni, and human infections were collected between January 2020 and February 2021. Spearman rank correlation tests, Mann–Whitney, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and an appropriate model selection procedure were used to analyze the data. Results: The overall prevalence of infected snails was 56.05%, with infection reaching 100% in some collection sites and localities. Of 26 sites examined, 25 contained thermophilic coliforms and 22 contained Escherichia coli. Biomphalaria pfeifferi was observed in environments with lower land surface temperature (LST) and higher relative air humidity (RAH), and B. pfeifferi infection predominated in more acidic environments. Thermal coliforms and E. coli preferred higher pH levels. Lower maximum LST (LST_Max) and higher RAH and minimum LST (LST_Min) were favorable to E. coli, and lower LST_Max favored coliforms. The presence of B. pfeifferi was positively influenced by water temperature (T °C), LST_Min, RAH, and precipitation (Pp) (P < 0.05) and negatively influenced by pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), LST_Max, and mean land surface temperature (LST). The parameters pH, TDS, EC, LST_Min, LST, and Pp had a positive impact on snail infection, while LST_Max had a negative impact on infection. Only pH had a positive effect on coliform and E. coli abundance. Of the 701 people examined for human schistosomiasis, 73.13% were positive for the point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) test and 12.01% for the Kato–Katz (KK) test. A positive correlation was established between human infections and the abundance of Biomphalaria (r2 = 0.879, P = 0.04959). Conclusions: The results obtained reflect the environmental conditions that are conducive to the maintenance of S. mansoni infection in this part of the country. To combat this infection as effectively as possible, it will be necessary not only to redouble efforts but also to prioritize control according to the level of endemicity at the village level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to diagnose honey microbiological profile of samples obtained in the Center-North region of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 25 honey samples were analyzed for: counts of total and thermotolerant coliforms, filamentous fungi and yeasts, Staphylococcus spp., Clostridium spp. and Bacillus spp. and detection of Salmonella spp. The results of microbiological analyzes detected the most significant presence of filamentous fungi and yeasts, mesophilic bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus spp. Although the majority of honey samples presented positive isolations for microbiological markers, the counting results were in accordance with the limits established by national legislation. Only three (12%, 3/25) honey samples presented counts above the recommended limit for filamentous fungi, yeasts and mesophilic bacteria, reflecting an unsatisfactory hygienic-sanitary pattern for consumption. The detection of these microbiological markers in honey samples sold in the Center-North region of Rio de Janeiro points to the strengthening of public policies to support beekeeping and food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the effect of different packaging systems [vacuum (V) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (%30 CO2 + %70 N2)] on the physicochemical [pH, color and TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances)] and microbiological changes (total psychrophilic bacteria count, total coliform bacteria count and total yeast-mold count) in pre-cooked and sliced lamb kokoreç during refrigerated storage (4ºC) up to days 10. The moisture (%), fat (%), protein (%) and ash (%) content of the kokoreç samples were records as 56.13%, 32.45%, 10.35% and 1.07%, respectively. The pH value in kokoreç samples ranged from 6.65 to 7.26 and there was statistically difference on the each of storage periods except for the day 1 (p<0.05). The TBARS value of the samples significantly decreased with storage time (p<0.05). There were significant fluctuations in instrumental color values (CIE L*, a*, b*, C and h angle) of the packaged samples throughout storage. Each of analysis intervals, the MAP-coded sample had the highest total psychrophilic bacteria count. The total psychrophilic bacteria and total coliform bacteria count, total yeast-mold count of kokoreç samples significantly increased during storage (p<0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Foodborne diseases constitute one of the significant public health problems worldwide. There needs to be knowledge about the microbiological quality of raw bovine milk in Paipa and surrounding areas in Colombia. Objective: To determine the microbiological quality of raw bovine milk from a farm in Paipa, Boyacá. Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted, collecting raw bovine milk samples to be microbiologically analyzed. This analysis included counting mesophilic aerobes, coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, total and fecal coliforms, molds, and yeasts, as well as detecting the presence/absence of pathogenic bacteria such as Listeria sp. and Salmonella sp. Results: Twenty-five raw milk samples were analyzed, revealing that most of the samples did not meet the permissible limits set by the standard. The prevalence of Salmonella sp. was 24%, contrary to Listeria sp., which was 0%. Conclusions: The raw milk samples did not comply with the permissible limits of the regulations governing Colombia. More studies are recommended to understand the microbiological reality of milk in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the microbial quality of tabbouleh, a popular Middle Eastern salad, at various restaurants in Amman, Jordan. Sixty samples were collected from 15 restaurants at two different intervals (October (interval I) and December (interval II)), with two samples taken from each restaurant. Additionally, two reference samples were prepared under hygienic conditions and tested for comparison purposes. The moisture content of the samples ranged from 65.2% to 85%, with an average of 76.8%. The pH ranged from 3 to 4.2, with an average of 3.5, and the acidity ranged from 0.5% to 1.1%, with an average of 0.8%. The microbial counts in interval I for aerobic plate counts (APC), coliform counts (CC), and lactic acid bacteria counts (LAB) counts. LAB averaged 5.5, 4.1, and 5.2 log10 CFU/g, respectively. While in the second period, it was 5.3, 3.5, 4.1, and 5.7 log CFU/g, respectively, with a few Staphylococci bacteria (<1 log CFU/g). Reference samples had significantly lower counts of APC, CC, LAB, and yeast counts (YC) 2.7, <10, 1.9, and 2.6 log10 CFU/g, respectively indicating that commercial tabbouleh was generally prepared without following proper hygiene procedures. Staphylococcus aureus counts, which are sensitive to low pH, were < 10 log10 CFU/ g in all the collected samples. Counts of all microorganisms were significantly higher in interval I samples when compared to interval II samples, suggesting that the microbial quality of tabbouleh deteriorated over time as affected by relatively higher seasonal temperatures. This study highlights the importance of proper hygiene practices during the preparation of tabbouleh and the need for regular monitoring of its microbiological quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our study examined the impact of propriety blends of Bacillus strain probiotics on the performance, egg quality, and faecal microflora of laying hens. Methods: A total of 183 Institut de selection Animale (ISA) brown laying hens aged 23 weeks with an average body weight of 1,894±72 g were randomly allocated into 3 groups as control (corn-soybean meal based diet, CON), 0.5 g/kg Enterosure probiotics (ET1, 3x108 colony-forming unit [CFU]/kg feed), and 5 g/kg Enterosure probiotics (ET2, 3x109 CFU/kg feed) administered in mashed form. At the completion of each phase hen day egg production (HDEP), average egg weight (AEW), feed intake, and faecal microbiota were evaluated. Results: HDEP and AEW were higher (p<0.05) in the ET2-supplemented diet in phase 3 (week 9 to 12) compared with CON. Egg mass (EM) was higher (p<0.05) in phase 2 at ET2, and also higher (p<0.05) in phase 3 at the ET1 and ET2-supplemented diets compared with CON. Feed conversion ratio was lower (p<0.05) in phase 3 at the ET1 and ET2-supplemented diets, with ET2 being the lowest compared with ET1 and CON. Yolk colour was higher (p<0.05) in the ET-supplemented diets at phase 3 compared with CON. Bifidobacterium spp. was higher (p<0.05) in the ET2-supplemented diet compared with CON in phase 2, while in In phase 3, Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. were higher (p<0.05) in the ET-supplemented diets compared with CON. Coliforms were lower (p<0.05) in the ETsupplemented diets compared with CON in phase 3. Conclusion: The propriety blends of Bacillus strain probiotics supplements at 0.5 g/kg and 5 g/kg could improve the production and quality of eggs with more significance at 5 g/kg for HDEP, AEW and EM, which was achieved via the increase of beneficial microbiomes such as Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and the decrease of pathogenic microbiomes like Escherichia coli and Coliforms which was speculated to improve gut barrier function and the reproductive hormone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological properties of commercially available traditional Korean salted shrimp (Saeu-jeot) and to analyze the effects of saltwater immersion and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the reduction of Staphylococcus aureus in Saeu-jeot. A microbiological analysis was conducted across 56 commercially available Saeu-jeot samples from the Korean, Chinese, and Vietnamese markets. The microbiological analysis revealed no presence of Escherichia coli, coliforms, or Vibrio parahaemolyticus in any commercial samples. The total viable count and S. aureus were 3.8 ± 0.4 and 0.6 ± 0.3 log CFU/g, respectively. An investigation of the procedures conducted on Saeu-jeot samples at various production stages by Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP)-certified companies demonstrated the substantial relevance of the raw material (tiny shrimp) on S. aureus counts. In order to reduce S. aureus in Saeu-jeot, saltwater immersion and UV irradiation treatments were applied, which reduced the S. aureus counts by 1.4 log CFU/g and 0.3 log CFU/g, respectively, and S. aureus's efficacy was limited to the food's surface. These results suggest that a co-treatment of saltwater immersion and UV irradiation could be effective in reducing S. aureus. The maintenance of hygienic handling and cleanliness are essential in the modern manufacturing processes of Saeu-jeot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial pollution is the presence of harmful bacteria in aquatic ecosystems, which can cause health problems if ingested. These bacteria originate from a variety of sources, including human and animal waste, agricultural runoff, and untreated sewage. This study aimed to assess the levels of bioindicator bacteria and their associations with various environmental parameters in surface water samples. The samples were collected seasonally from five stations along Riva Stream between March 2018 and January 2019. Indicator bacterial levels were determined using membrane filtration. Temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity values of the stations were measured in situ during sampling using a multiparameter (YSI). As a result of the sampling, maximum total coliform, fecal coliform, and intestinal enterococci levels were recorded as 24 x 103 CFU/100ml, 18 x 103 CFU/100ml and 24 x 102 CFU/100 ml, respectively. During sampling, the indicator bacterial levels were above the limit at all stations. When the FC/IE ratios were analyzed, the maximum FC/IE ratio was recorded as 52.10 during the winter sampling period at the station. The detection of bioindicator bacteria levels above the standard limit throughout the sampling period (especially during the summer period) was associated with a high level of domestic waste in the region. The results showed that more frequent and detailed monitoring studies should be conducted in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of E. coli/Coliforms in beef marketed in the Municipal Markets of Northeastern Guayaquil in order to determine the microbiological quality of meat products. The research work was carried out in the laboratory, with descriptive, exploratory and non-experimental knowledge. Using the Petrifilm plate culture system, a total of 84 beef samples obtained from 5 municipal markets with a total of 42 stalls dedicated to the sale of meat products were evaluated during two weeks. The results determined that 96% of the samples showed CFU of E. coli and Coliforms and 4% showed the presence of CFU of Coliforms and E. coli. Coli, resulting in a total value of 94% (79) of samples unfit for human consumption and a lower percentage of fit samples represented by 6% (5). In turn, these results could be related to the application of Good Manufacturing Practices where it was established that none of the stalls complied with the regulations; therefore, better control by the corresponding authorities is recommended in order to maintain food safety for the population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the rising cost of commercial potable water, residents - especially in rural areas - increasingly rely on artesian well water, which is usually untreated and not regularly tested for potability. This could lead to a higher risk of ingestion of microorganisms exhibiting resistance to antibiotics. Thus, this study focused on detecting fecal coliforms - specifically Escherichia coli - from artesian well water samples from selected barangays (Bayog, Malinta, and Mayondon) in Los Baños, Laguna, the Philippines. Isolated E. coli were screened for antimicrobial resistance. Out of 30 water samples, eight were presumptively positive for coliforms, as determined using the multiple-tube fermentation method. Three out of eight samples (MY2-2, ML2-3, and ML2-4) obtained E. coli isolates, as identified through phenotypic and molecular characterization. Using disk diffusion assay, resistance patterns were identified in the isolates for antibiotics cefoperazone, meropenem, ofloxacin, and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Results revealed that MY2-2 was resistant to cefoperazone, meropenem, and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole; ML2-3 was resistant to cefoperazone and meropenem, whereas ML2-4 was resistant to all four antibiotics. Polymerase chain reaction with primers detecting the TEM gene, which is a type of extendedspectrum ß-lactamase gene, showed that the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and penicillin. Results of phenotypic and molecular methods indicate that the isolates are multi-drug resistant. Based on household interviews, the artesian well water from which MY2-2 was isolated, was used for drinking by 10 households. Therefore, the local government units should regularly monitor artesian well water for microbiological quality, conduct education and information campaigns on the diseases that can be contracted from consuming unclean water, and ensure that potable water is accessible, especially for households with no access to purified water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the bacteriological quality of raw, treated, and distributed water from Ede-Erinle and Opa reservoirs in Osun State, Nigeria. This was to determine the potability of water from these waterwork stations. Eighteen sampling points were established across the two reservoir networks for this study. Samples were collected bi-monthly for two annual cycles. Serial dilution and pour plate methods were employed for the enumeration of bacterial load. Total heterotrophic bacteria count (THBC) and total coliform bacteria count (TCBC) were enumerated on nutrient and MacConkey agar at 37 °C, respectively. Bacterial isolates were characterized using biochemical identification methods with reference to Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Bacterial isolates and biofilm formation were further identified molecularly through the PCR method using specific universal primers. Mean values of THBC and TCBC in distributed water from Ede-Erinle (9.61 × 104 ± 1.50 × 104 CFU/mL; 69.56 ± 26.81 CFU/mL) and Opa waterworks (9.58 × 104 ± 2.55 × 104 CFU/mL; 142.94 ± 44.41 CFU/mL) exceeded permissible limits for drinking water. Paenibacillus lautus, Bacillus pseudomycoides, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas stutzeri showed biofilm-forming capacity. The study concluded that the presence of coliforms and biofilm-forming bacteria in distributed water implies that the water is unfit for consumption without further treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of grain (barley and wheat) size on rumen fermentation characteristics in fattening Dalaq breed lambs of the study was (3x2) completely randomized design with 6 treatments including; milled barley grain with sieve number two, milled barley grain with sieve number eight, unmilled barley grain, milled wheat grain with sieve number two, milled wheat grain with sieve number eight and unmilled wheat grain were plotted with 5 repetitions. Animals were housed in individual pens for 84 days. Rumen pH was not affected by experimental treatments. There was not significant (P>0.05) effect of grain paricle size on NH3-N ammonia nitrogen and microbial count although though, processing type it was affected by the type of processing and in the treatment of barley grain it was more than wheat. Also in the type of processing, sieve No. 2 produced more ammonia nitrogen. Counting of protozoa was significant in treatments containing barley and wheat and in barley treatment it was more than wheat (P<0.01). Although the Coliforms and bacteria of lactic acid were not affected by the type of grain (P>0.01). The total concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) was not affected by the type of grain. Microbial nitrogen and microbial protein produced in the rumen were significantly affected by experimental treatments and both of them were more than wheat in the treatment of barley seeds (P<0.01). Allantoin and uric acid were not affected, and absorbed purine and xanthine and hypoxanthine were affected by the grain effect. The activity of carboxy methyl cellulase enzyme was not affected by the treatments although microcrystals cellulase enzyme in intracellular and total was affected by the treatments and it was more in barley. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, microbiological studies of waters from Municipalities in the Burgas region are considered. Microbiological analyses were made on 112 borehole water samples. In 56% of the analyses carried out, it can be seen that there is no bacterial contamination in the examined drilling waters, in 44% of the examined samples bacterial growth is observed, of which 21% have the presence of E. coli and coliforms, and 23% with the presence of intestinal enterococci. The present study examines the importance and impact of water safety on human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic particles (AP), which include microplastics and other synthetic, semisynthetic, and anthropogenically modified materials, are pollutants of concern in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Rivers are important conduits and retention sites for AP, and time series data on the movement of these particles in lotic ecosystems are needed to assess the role of rivers in the global AP cycle. Much research assessing AP pollution extrapolates stream loads based on single time point measurements, but lotic ecosystems are highly variable over time (e.g., seasonality and storm events). The accuracy of models describing AP dynamics in rivers is constrained by the limited studies that examine how frequent changes in discharge drive particle retention and transport. This study addressed this knowledge gap by using automated, high‐resolution sampling to track AP concentrations and fluxes during multiple storm events in an urban river (Milwaukee River) and comparing these measurements to commonly monitored water quality metrics. AP concentrations and fluxes varied significantly across four storm events, highlighting the temporal variability of AP dynamics. When data from the sampling periods were pooled, there were increases in particle concentration and flux during the early phases of the storms, suggesting that floods may flush AP into the river and/or resuspend particles from the benthic zone. AP flux was closely linked to river discharge, suggesting large loads of AP are delivered downstream during storms. Unexpectedly, AP concentrations were not correlated with other simultaneously measured water quality metrics, including total suspended solids, fecal coliforms, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate, indicating that these metrics cannot be used to estimate AP. These data will contribute to more accurate models of particle dynamics in rivers and global plastic export to oceans. Practitioner Points: Anthropogenic particle (AP) concentrations and fluxes in an urban river varied across four storm events.AP concentrations and fluxes were the highest during the early phases of the storms.Storms increased AP transport downstream compared with baseflow.AP concentrations did not correlate with other water quality metrics during storms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Nowadays the pollutants produced in water exceed the capabilities of its decontamination mechanisms. It is necessary to evaluate the wastewater belonging to the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador). Objective: To evaluate the quality of the wastewater from the Central Refinería Ecuador (Sugar Refinery Ecuador) for its possible use in agricultural irrigation. Materials and Methods: The quality of the wastewater was evaluated through physical, chemical and microbiological tests. Results and Discussion: The main physical, chemical and microbiological results evaluated at two points in time were: temperature 46.6 and 43.6 °C, electrical conductivity 2 359 and 1 366 µS cm-1, sedimentable solids 8 and 3.50 mL L-1. pH 5.8 and 6.3 pH units, total phosphorus 5 and 3.75 mg L-1, total nitrogen 4.20 and 6.45 mg L-1, chemical oxygen demand 1 832 and 1 742 mg L-1, biochemical oxygen demand 1 671 and 1 451 mg L-1, fats and oils 296.90 and 30.90 mg L-1; cadmium 0.06 and 0.16 mg L-1, total chromium 0.10 and 0.20 mg L-1, copper 1.19 and 1.80 mg L-1, lead 0.43 and 0.55 mg L-1, zinc 1.37 and 2.33 mg L-1, total coliforms 8 800 000 and 160 000 mg L-1 and fecal coliforms 8 800 000 and 1 070 000 mg L-1. Conclusions: The effluent does not comply with the discharge requirements of NC 27, (2012) and is classified of poor quality to be used for sugarcane irrigation according to NC 855, (2011). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to examine the microbiological quality indicators (total bacterial count and coliform count) and physicochemical quality indicators (pH, redness, volatile basic nitrogen [VBN] content) of meat according to various storage temperatures (-20~15°C) and packaging methods (wrap, vacuum). Based on these results, we proposed a safe consumption period. Redness, pH, and VBN content were not considered appropriate for setting the expiration date, as the redness and pH of the meat after spoilage were better than the standard values for both vacuum and wrap packaging (p<0.05). Additionally, the VBN content at 2 and 4°C increased slightly (fresh level) until the initial time of spoilage (1.0×106 colony-forming unit [CFU]/cm²) and then increased rapidly thereafter. Therefore, the results were not consistent with microbial spoilage. When the decay point was evaluated based on the presence of microorganisms, vacuum packaging extended the storage period approximately 2.5-fold when compared with wrap packaging, and the meat could be stored at 2 or 4°C for 40 or 23 days, respectively. Therefore, to evaluate meat quality, microbial indicators should be considered first. The microbiological standards proposed in this study can be used for safety management during the distribution of meat. However, to ensure meat safety, additional investigations of appropriate indicators of freshness must be conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution of the Lagos Lagoon is one of the major ecological concerns in Lagos metropolis. The ecological survey of coliform was performed to determine the level of pollution in Lagos Lagoon. Water samples were collected from Iddo, Makoko, Unilag, Oyingbo, and Marina sample stations. The physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were performed under standard procedures. The values of the water samples ranged from; 4.2±0.019 to 7.7±0.016 for pH; 26.7 ±0.012 to 28.9±0.125 for temperature (°C); 0.38±0.016 to 0.56±0.044 for turbidity (nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU)) and 541.8±13.207 to 40672.02±1252.930 for salinity(mg/L). The selected physicochemical parameter results were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test. The test revealed that the mean values of the parameters were not significantly different for the five sample stations. The pairwise test revealed no significant difference between the sample stations in the Lagos Lagoon. The predominant bacteria isolated belonged to the following genera: Klebsiella, Escherichia, Providencia, Salmonellae, Enterobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Citrobacter. The total viable counts ranged from 1.0 x 107 cfu/mL to 2.5 x 109 cfu/mL, and the total coliform counts ranged from 1.0 x 105 cfu/mL to 2.5 x 106 cfu/mL. The study revealed high coliform count in Lagos Lagoon. Therefore, the study stresses the need for authorities to implement laws and regulations to prohibit the discharge of untreated wastes into waterbodies to control faecal pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The popularity of bottled drinking water stems from its convenience and purity, driving its rapid growth, but concerns about safety and quality persist. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters of bottled drinking in Dodoma City were evaluated from September to December 2023. Additionally, key informant interviews and questionnaire surveys were conducted with government regulators, producers, and consumers on regulatory frameworks, production processes, and consumer perceptions. Overall, all brands tested were suitable for drinking and met World Health Organization and Tanzania Bureau of Standards guidelines. The total dissolved solids (F = 0.86, p < 0.05), calcium (F = 5.26, p < 0.05) and chloride (F = 0.32, p < 0.05) were significantly different, while other parameters were not (p > 0.05) between measured and labelled values. The total viable and coliform counts in two brands (10%) of water were higher than the suggested levels of 100 cfu/ml and 0 cfu/ml, respectively. Bottling companies reported observance of quality control measures (93%), adherence to regulations (91%), transparency in production processes (86%), and consumer awareness of labels, expiration dates, and trust in the bottled water industry (95%). Public awareness, inspection, and testing of bottled water, as well as strengthening the existing framework, are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation explores the antibacterial potential of novel ZnO-NPs synthesized from Acacia nilotica pods extract and immobilized onto sodium alginate beads to control bacterial pollution in wastewater. Phenolics and flavonoids were major phytoconstituents acting as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents. UV–Vis analysis showed strong absorption band at 340 nm. XRD and TEM revealed hexagonal crystalline structure for zincite of average particles diameter 33.87 and 32.74 nm, respectively. FTIR demonstrated several bands with functional groups (O–H, C-H, C = O, C = C, and C–O–C) involved in ZnO-NPs synthesis. SEM images showed NPs surface completely colonized by E.coli, while EDX spectrum showed signals for zinc (52.94%) and oxygen (26.58%) confirming NPs purity. Adhesion capacity studies revealed ZnO-NPs potential (0.5 g) to remove E.coli after 120 min. Kinetic and isotherm studies indicated that pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isotherm were best fit describing adhesion mechanism. Electrostatic attraction between negatively charged E.coli and positively charged ZnO-NPs was followed by generation of H2O2 leading to cell apoptosis. Adhesion optimization using Box–Behnken design under response surface methodology was 99.8% at disinfectant dose 30 g/L, contact time 6 h, and E.coli concentration 150 × 107 cfu/mL. For application, real wastewater was treated with removal 98.2%, 97.2%, and 96.5% for total coliform, fecal coliform, and E.coli, respectively, after 6 h. ZnO-NPs showed sustainable efficiency during four consecutive cycles of treatment. The study concluded the efficiency, eco-friendly and cost-effectiveness of phytofabricated ZnO-NPs as disinfectants for wastewater and recommended future studies on large scale for possible wastewater reuse in safe unrestricted irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to urbanization and population growth, freshwater resources have become a long-term concern for most developing countries. With the growth of population, the demand for fresh water is increasing and the requirement for sewage treatment is also increasing. In recent years, the demand for sewage recycling has increased sharply. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are an effective sewage treatment system with low energy consumption, minimal maintenance requirements, and a low operation cost, which will meet the current demand for the removal of nutrients and pathogens. The application of CWs in sewage treatment has attracted more and more attention because it is also a nature-based solution (NbS). These systems are capable of removing not only nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), but also pathogen indicators, such as fecal coliform and Escherichia coli. The presence of these indicators also suggests the influx of other pathogens into aquatic systems, thereby threatening aquatic ecological health. However, research on the removal of pathogens in CWs is relatively scare and their removal mechanisms are not fully understood. Despite their widespread application, the role of plants in CWs, particularly in the specific mechanism of pathogens and nitrogen removal, remains largely unknown. This article will help us to better understand this technology and provide help for our further research. In this paper, the coupled denitrification mechanism between microorganisms and plants in the process of nitrogen transformation was discussed. Plants affect nitrogen transformation microorganisms by releasing oxygen and secretions from their roots and provide substrates for bioremediation. The removal effects of different types of CWs on pathogen and nitrogen species were also summarized. Overall, the removal effect of subsurface flow wetlands outperforms that of surface flow wetlands, with multi-stage wetland systems being the most effective. The main factors affecting the removal of pathogens and nitrogen species in CWs include plants, substrates, operating parameters, UV radiation, temperature, water composition, and pH. Finally, the research frontiers on the removal of pathogens in CWs were prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Infrared (IR) technology offers a promising solution for reducing microbiological loads in various food types while preserving their quality traits, such as flavour. However, research on IR's application in complex matrices is limited. Therefore, our preliminary study aimed to evaluate its effectiveness in sanitizing bovine raw milk. We assessed the bacterial count before and after IR treatment by comparing volatile organic compound profiles via headspace extraction and GC/MS analysis. Our findings showed that higher energy levels led to a greater bacterial reduction. IR85 was the most effective in reducing Coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae in non-homogenised samples, with a reduction ranging from −1.01 to >−2.99 and from −1.66 to −3.09 Log CFU/mL, respectively. IR60 and 70 showed no efficacy, while IR80 had intermediate but still satisfactory effect. IR85 notably affected volatile compounds, particularly increasing hexanal (from 0.08 to 4.21 ng g−1) and dimethyl sulphone (from 10.76 to 26.40 ng g−1), while IR80 better preserved the aroma profile. As a result, only IR80 was tested with homogenised raw milk, demonstrating significant bacterial reduction (from >2.39 to 3.06 Log CFU/mL for Coliforms and from 1.90 to >2.45 Log CFU/mL for Enterobacteriaceae) and maintaining the aroma profile quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the carriage of PMQR determinants by E. coli from surface water and their antibiotypes. Water samples were collected and analysed from two surface water: Agbowo (AG) and Arulogun (AR) in South-west Nigeria for E. coli, which were identified using PCR detection of uidA. Susceptibility to antibiotics was done using the disc-diffusion method. Detection of PMQR genes in isolates showing complete resistance or intermediate susceptibility to the fluoroquinolone antibiotics was done using primer-specific PCR. Thirty-six E. coli isolates were obtained [AG (20) and AR (16)]. The isolates showed different levels of resistance to the tested antibiotics, with 100% resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanate. None of the isolates was positive for extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production, but 25 showed complete resistance or intermediate susceptibility to the fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Two isolates each from AG and AR carried qnrA, one isolate carried qnrS, with one each from AG and AR carrying aac(6′)-lb-cr. Four isolates carried oqxAB, but, qnrB and qepA were not detected in any isolate. This study revealed that polluted surface water is a 'hub' of antibiotic-resistant E. coli harbouring PMQR genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background. Ginseng is a medicinal plant that has anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiobesity, cardioprotective, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. However, previous reports lack information on the effects of ginseng extract on the shelf life and quality characteristics of muscle foods. Thus, it is essential to determine the effects of ginseng extract on the meat model system to gain valuable insights to improve the shelf life and quality of muscle foods. Experimental approach. After determining the in vitro antioxidant activity of ginseng extract, the antioxidant effect of ginseng extract on cooked ground beef was investigated. In vitro antioxidant activity was determined using Fe(III) reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and total phenolic content (TPC) analyses, while lipid oxidation, chemical, microbiological and textural changes were determined during 30 days of storage. Cooking loss, proximate composition and textural features were measured after thermal processing. The pH, CIE colour parameters, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), lipid hydroperoxide (LPO), total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total coliform bacteria, yeast and mould counts were determined during refrigerated storage. Results and conclusions. The mean values for FRAP expressed as Fe(II) equivalents ((4.7±0.2) mmol/g), DPPH (IC50=(12.11±0.09) mg/mL) and TPC expressed as gallic acid equivalents ((146.0±2.4) mg/g) showed a potential antioxidant capacity of ginseng extract. The addition of ginseng extract increased the cooking loss (p<0.05), but it did not affect the proximate composition of ground beef. It also caused a decrease in pH (p<0.05). Ground beef samples containing 1 % or more ginseng extract had lower TBARS values than control (p<0.05). In addition, LPO values of ground beef with ginseng extract were lower than the control after 30 days of storage (p<0.05). Total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total coliform bacteria, yeast and mould were not found in any of the groups, except in the control, which had 3.35 log CFU/g total aerobic mesophilic bacteria at the end of storage. Novelty and scientific contribution. The results show that ginseng extract has an important activity in controlling lipid oxidation and can be used in the meat industry to extend shelf life and microbial stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the physical, chemical, and microbiological quality with emphasis on risk score, source apportionment, geochemistry, feacal coliforms and water quality index of drinking water from selected water sources. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six villages in Mbarara city, south-western Uganda. Each selected source was inspected using a WHO-adopted sanitary inspection questionnaire. Each source's risk score was calculated. Thirty-seven samples were taken from one borehole, nine open dug wells, four rain harvest tanks, and twenty-three taps. The values for apparent color and phosphate were higher than the permissible level as set by the World Health Organization and Ugandan standards (US EAS 12). The isolated organisms were Klebsiella spp. (8.11%), Citrobacter divergens (62.16%), Citrobacter fluendii (2.7%), E. coli (35.14%), Enterobacter aerogenes (8.11%), Enterobacter agglomerus (5.4%), Proteus spp. (2.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (13.5%), and Proteus mirabilis (2.7%). Twelve water sources (32.4%) had water that was unfit for human consumption that was unfit for human consumption (Grade E), Five sources (13.5%) had water that had a very poor index (Grade D), nine (24.3%) had water of poor index (Grade C), eight (21.6%) had water of good water index (Grade B), and only three (8.1%) had water of excellent water quality index (Grade A). The piper trilinear revealed that the dominant water type of the area were Mgso4 and Caso4 type. Gibbs plot represents precipitation dominance. PCA for source apportionment showed that well, tap and borehole water account for the highest variations in the quality of drinking water. These results suggest that drinking water from sources in Mbarara city is not suitable for direct human consumption without treatment. We recommend necessary improvements in water treatment, distribution, and maintenance of all the available water sources in Mbarara City, South Western Uganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produce various metabolites (i.e. metabiotics) with inhibitory capacity towards harmful foodborne pathogens. Methods: This study aimed to design several antimicrobial formulations based on metabiotics obtained from different native LAB species (Lactobacillus pentosus UTNGt5, Lactococcus lactis UTNGt28, and Weissella cibaria UTNGt21O) and to detect the possible mode of action towards two multidrug resistant Staphylococcus spp. strains isolated from avocado (Persea nubigena var. guatemalensis) fruits. Additionally, the formulation with the highest inhibitory activity was tested ex vitro on avocados at the immature (firm) ripeness stage to evaluate their effect on microorganisms' growth and fruit quality attributes post-harvest. Results and discussion: Out of the top five formulations showing the highest bactericidal effect in vitro at their minimum inhibitory concentration (1 x MIC) on both Staphylococcus spp. targets one candidate annotated P11 (consisting of UTNGt21O and UTNGt28; 1:3, v/v) was selected. Co-cultivation of Staphylococcus strains with P11 formulation results in cell viability reduction by 98%, by impairing the integrity of the cell membrane inducing cytoplasm molecule content leakage, protein profile changes, and finally bacterial death. Even though the total coliforms, Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., molds, and yeasts counts were not fully eliminated by day 13 of storage, a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.05) in viable cell counts were observed by day 8 upon the P11 treatment compared with non-treated control (C) and treated with a commercial disinfectant (T1) samples, suggesting that P11 formulation inhibited microbial colonization during storage. Likewise, no visible dark spots were observed on the mesocarp (pulp) upon the treatment with P11, whereas T1 and C fruits showed greater dark spots on the pulp as indicative of damage. The quality attributes, such as pH, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, antioxidant capacity, and total polyphenol content, were not affected by the treatment. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) conducted on these five variables showed a clear separation of samples according to the maturity stage regardless of the treatment. Conclusion: These results suggest that the active metabolites from LAB strains might create a barrier between the exocarp and mesocarp, inhibiting the microorganisms colonization, reducing fruit damage, and lengthening the fruit quality and safety after harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermentation has been used for centuries to enhance the sensory and nutritional qualities and the antioxidant content of plant-based foods, making them beneficial for health. This study aims to investigate the microbiological and nutritional qualities of fermented porridges produced in northern Benin. Various nutritional tests and the identification of different microorganisms have gained insights into eight porridges produced in 9 localities of northern Benin. Lactic acid bacteria have the highest proportion among all microorganisms in fermented porridges, followed by the total mesophyll aerobic flora. E. coli, thermotolerant coliforms, and molds are not present in all porridges analyzed. Recorded data suggested that porridges have a variable microbial load depending on the collection municipalities. The dry matter of the eight types of porridge varies greatly, with akloui having 27.03 ± 3.83 g/100 g and fourra having 48.63 ± 3.83 g/100 g. The total ashes also differ significantly, with bita having 39.36 ± 4.67 g/100 g and sagagnèga having 63.19 ± 4.67 g/100 g. It is worth noting that all fermented porridges have a pH lower than 5 , and the titratable acidity ranges from 0.01 ± 0.00 g to 0.02 ± 0.00 g. The brix degree varies from 0.46 ± 0.54 to 4.4 ± 0.54. The beta-carotene values of the 8 types of porridge vary from 0.037 ± 0.018 mg/g to 0.138 ± 0.018 mg/g, while the total sugars range from 1.926 ± 0.877 to 5.773 ± 0.877 g/100 g. The lipid content, when present, varies from 0.226 ± 0.029% to 0.408 ± 0.029%. Finally, the protein percentage of the porridge ranges from 7.061 ± 0.779 to 12.419 ± 0.779. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Escherichia coli is a common fecal coliform, facultative aerobic, gram-negative bacterium. Pathogenic strains of such microbes have evolved to cause diarrhea, urinary tract infections, and septicemias. The emergence of antibiotic resistance urged the identification of an alternative strategy. The use of lytic bacteriophages against the control of pathogenic E. coli in clinics and different environmental setups (waste and drink water management) has become an alternative therapy to antibiotic therapy. Thus, this study aimed to isolate and characterize lytic bacteriophage from various sources in Addis Ababa, tested them against antimicrobial-resistant diarrheagenic E. coli strains and evaluated their therapeutic potential under in vitro conditions. Methods: A total of 14 samples were processed against six different diarrheagenic E. coli strains. The conventional culture and plaque analysis agar overlay method was used to recover lytic bacteriophage isolates. The phage isolates were characterized to determine their lytic effect, growth characteristics, host range activity, and stability under different temperature and pH conditions. Phage isolates were identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and molecular techniques (PCR). Results: In total, 17 phages were recovered from 84 tested plates. Of the 17 phage isolates, 11 (65%) were Myoviridae-like phages, and 6 (35%) phage isolates were Podoviridae and Siphoviridae by morphology and PCR identification. Based on the host range test, growth characteristics, and stability test 7 potent phages were selected. These phages demonstrated better growth characteristics, including short latent periods, highest burst sizes, and wider host ranges, as well as thermal stability and the ability to survive in a wide range of pH levels. Conclusions: The promising effect of the phages isolated in this study against AMR pathogenic E. coli has raised the possibility of their use in the future treatment of E. coli infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Escherichia coli, a ubiquitous inhabitant of the gut microbiota, has been recognized as an indicator of fecal contamination and a potential reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes. Its prevalence in drinking water sources raises concerns about the potential dissemination of antibiotic resistance within aquatic ecosystems and the subsequent impact on public health. The ability of E. coli to acquire and transfer resistance genes, coupled with the constant exposure to low levels of antibiotics in the environment, underscores the need for comprehensive surveillance and rigorous antimicrobial stewardship strategies to safeguard the quality and safety of drinking water supplies, ultimately mitigating the escalation of antibiotic resistance and its implications for human well-being. Methods: WG5D strain, isolated from a drinking water distribution source in North-West Province, South Africa, underwent genomic analysis following isolation on nutrient agar, anaerobic cultivation, and DNA extraction. Paired-end Illumina sequencing with a Nextera XT Library Preparation kit was performed. The assembly, annotation, and subsequent genomic analyses, including phylogenetic analysis using TYGS, pairwise comparisons, and determination of genes related to antimicrobial resistance and virulence, were carried out following standard protocols and tools, ensuring comprehensive insights into the strain's genomic features. Results: This study explores the notable characteristics of E. coli strain WG5D. This strain stands out because it possesses multiple antibiotic resistance genes, encompassing tetracycline, cephalosporin, vancomycin, and aminoglycoside resistances. Additionally, virulence-associated genes indicate potential heightened pathogenicity, complemented by the identification of mobile genetic elements that underscore its adaptability. The intriguing possibility of bacteriophage involvement and factors contributing to pathogenicity further enriches our understanding. We identified E. coli WG5D as a potential human pathogen associated with a drinking water source in South Africa. The analysis provided several antibiotic resistance-associated genes/mutations and mobile genetic elements. It further identified WG5D as a potential human pathogen. The occurrence of E. coli WG5D raised the awareness of the potential pathogens and the carrying of antibiotic resistance in drinking water. Conclusions: The findings of this study have highlighted the advantages of the genomic approach in identifying the bacterial species and antibiotic resistance genes of E. coli and its potential as a human pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ropy defect of pasteurized fluid milk is a type of spoilage which manifests itself by an increased viscosity, slimy body, and string-like flow during pouring. This defect has, among other causes, been attributed to the growth, proliferation and exopolysaccharide production by coliform bacteria, which are most commonly introduced in milk as post-pasteurization contaminants. As we identified both Klebsiella pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae and Rahnella inusitata that were linked to a ropy defect, the goal of this study was to characterize 3 K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae strains and 2 R. inusitata for (1) their ability to grow and cause ropy defect in milk at 6°C and 21°C and to (2) probe the genetic basis for observed ropy phenotype. Although all K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae and R. inusitata strains showed net growth of >4 log 10 over 48 h in UHT milk at 21°C, only R. inusitata strains displayed growth during 28-d incubation period at 6°C (>6 log 10). Two out of 3 K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae strains were capable of causing the ropy defect in milk at 21°C, as supported by an increase in the viscosity of milk and string-like flow during pouring; these 2 strains were originally isolated from raw milk. Only one R. inusitata strains was able to cause the ropy defect in milk; this strain was able to cause the defect at both 6°C and 21°C, and was originally isolated from a pasteurized milk. These findings suggest that the potential of K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae and R. inusitata to cause ropy defect in milk is a strain-dependent characteristic. Comparative genomics provided no definitive answer on genetic basis for the ropy phenotype. However, for K. pneumoniae ssp. pneumoniae, genes rffG, rffH, rfbD, and rfbC involved in biosynthesis and secretion of enterobacterial common antigen (ECA) could only be found in the 2 strains that produced ropy defect, and for R. inusitata a set of 2 glycosyltransferase- and flippase genes involved in nucleotide sugar biosynthesis and export could only be identified in the ropy strain. Although these results provide some initial information for potential markers for strains that can cause ropy milk, the relationship between genetic content and ropiness in milk remains poorly understood and merits further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vortex fluids are often present in natural and artificial aquatic environments and are also widely used in industrial water treatment and product manufacturing processes. Vortex processes have been studied quite extensively; however, little attention has been paid to the potential release of biological aerosols to the ambient air in common situations involving microbial-contaminated vortex liquids. The model organism was Escherichia coli, a common Gram-negative coliform bacterium widely present in the aquatic and air environments. This study examines the influence of various parameters, including liquid rotation speed, column height, temperature, surface tension and vessel size, on the rate of bioaerosol formation. A commonly used single-stage bioaerosol impactor was employed to collect microbial aerosols at different process parameters under controlled laboratory conditions. The main results show that bioaerosol production increases markedly with increasing rotation speed, reaching a maximum rate at the highest value used in this project (1300 rpm). The tallness of the liquid column is strongly responsible for the bioaerosol production efficiency reaching a difference of almost one order of magnitude along the range between 45 mm (highest bioaerosol release) and 110 mm used in this research. Fluid temperature and surface tension are also very influential parameters responsible for bioaerosol generation during fluid vortex motion; corresponding results are discussed in this manuscript. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late December 2019, a novel coronavirus, COVID −19 originated in Wuhan city of China, and significant improvement in not only the air quality but also the water quality. Therefore, the current study demonstrates the changes in water quality parameters of the Ghaggar river, Punjab, India. The variations in the water quality of the Ghaggar river have been examined during the pre-, during, and post-pandemic periods. The maximum temperature of the Ghaggar river for all monitoring stations was between 28 to 37°C during the pandemic period, whereas the maximum dissolved oxygen value varied from 3 to 7 mg/L. The maximum pH obtained from the monitoring stations was reported to be 7.7 to 8.0, except chhatbir monitoring station (7.6). The maximum biochemical oxygen demand for all monitoring stations was found to be between 18–53 mg/L. Strong positive correlations were observed between total coliform and fecal coliform for pre (0.76) and during (0.89) the pandemic periods. Similar significant positive correlations were recorded between BOD and conductivity for pre (0.75) and during (0.58) pandemic periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, more attention is being paid to new and innovative techniques for combating issues like the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains (MDRs), the proliferation of biofilms, and the failure of antibiotics. In order to combat this, scientists are nowadays exploring different activable and responsive materials. Nano-sized barium titanate is a material that has an excellent piezo-responsive nature. The synthesis of perovskite barium titanate (BTO) nanoparticles by a nonconventional solvothermal method with exceptional piezo and ferroelectric properties is reported in this work. The synthesized BTO nanoparticles were well-characterized using different tools such as XRD, FTIR, TGA, electron microscopy, and UV–Vis spectroscopy, and the microstructure was analyzed using theoretical Rietveld refinement studies to substantiate the proper formation of the BTO nanostructure. Two different phases of BTO nanoparticles are observed after the refinement. Then, the piezoelectric effectiveness was further estimated by theoretical density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The catalytic behavior of the nanoparticles in bacteria has been studied for the degradation of Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Enterococcus faecalis cells using an ultrasonically driven piezocatalytic effect. A promising value in bacterial eradication was depicted by the antibacterial efficacy observed herein, with a few minutes of soft ultrasound (15 kHz) generating an enormous number of reactive radicals (ROS). The result of this study could aid in generating new dimensions in antibacterial therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-based proteins are being rapidly explored in the food industry to produce healthy and nutritious foods. Herein, the effects of soy protein isolate (SPI) ratio to oat germ powder (OGP) (0:0, 3.7: 6.3, 5:5, 0:10, 10:0, and 6.3:3.7%) were studied on the physicochemical, colour, rheological, microbial, antioxidant, and sensory properties of wheyless cheese. The results showed that by increasing SPI and OGP levels, ash, white index value, elastic modulus, and complex viscosity decreased, while pH, fat in dry matter, Chroma, and total colour (ΔE) increased. Also, syneresis was only observed in the control sample and was not observed in other samples. Control sample together with sample containing 10% of OGP showed the highest microbial count (i.e., mesophilic bacteria and yeasts-moulds), while samples containing 10% of SPI showed the lowest microbial count. Furthermore, the growth of both coliform and psychrophilic bacteria in all samples was negligible. Based on the results of sensory evaluation, with increasing SPI and OGP, the sensory evaluation score of samples decreased but they were within the acceptable range. According to the results obtained in this study, the combinations of 5% SPI and 5% OGP or 3.7% SPI and 6.3% OGP are recommended to be used in wheyless cheese production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important economic sector in Indonesia, tourism, particularly for small islands, should shift towards sustainable management practices. This study examines possible sustainable tourism management practices in Pari Island, one of Indonesia???s small islands with both a diverse ecosystem and high annual tourist flux. Tourism activities in Pari Island have resulted in environmental impacts, and implementing sustainable tourism has therefore become challenging. This study used a comprehensive assessment framework called DPSIR (Driver‐Pressure‐State‐Impact‐Response) to identify factors that triggered environmental problems and assess their implications for sustainable tourism management. A questionnaire method was used to collect survey data from 317 residents and 143 tourists. Water quality samples were collected from 15 sampling points (11 groundwater wells and 4 seawater locations) and tested via the APHA‐9221‐B method to determine the coliform bacteria content as a proxy for tourism pressure on the environment. Results showed that the small island tourism was built upon economic activities that trigger a range of environmental pressures (e.g., increased population, tourists, and lodging), with consequences for tourism-related resource exploitation, spatial changes, and contamination of groundwater and seawater. Implementing the DPSIR approach would ensure adequate responses to the main problems of small island tourism, such as creation of regulations informed by tourism???s carrying capacity, an open???close system for use of coastal and marine areas, increased public and tourist awareness, and legal assurance over spatial control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A crucial control point for good hygiene is the process of cleaning and disinfecting the slaughterhouse, the animals, the environment, and the hands of the workers. It is a crucial phase in the biosecurity process. By counting the aerobic bacteria, Coliform, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, moulds, and yeasts, the current study was designed to assess the abattoir's contamination and its effects. A total of 120 samples were collected, including swabs from the floor, wall, workers' hands, animals' skin, and the outside of the carcass (20 samples/each). Results of aerobic plate count clarified that the highest mean value was recorded in the abattoirs' floors and walls (1.48x106±2.29x105, 9.54x105±1.44x105 respectively), which were then followed by the skin, hands of workers and the outer surfaces of the carcass (5.71x104±1.26x104, 5.39x104±1.15x104, 4.50x104±1.68x104 respectively). After using disinfectants, chloroxylenol was the most effective disinfection across all tested samples, with the best reduction percentage. The highest mean value of staphylococcus count was recorded in the hands of workers (1.95x105±1.03x105) had the greatest staphylococcus count, followed by the outer surface of the carcass and the skin (6.66x104±2.47x104, 6.47x104±1.22x104 respectively). The highest mean value of Coliform count was recorded on the outer surface of the carcasses 43.45±10.61 MPN/cm2, followed by the skin and the hands of the workers (33.90±8.27, 28.90±11.57 MPN/cm2 respectively. Several spp of Coliform were detected such as Citrobacter diversus, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella pneumonia. Staph. aureus was reported depending on coagulase test, the incidence of infection was higher in Carcass than in hands and skin. Moreover, Salmonella incidence was higher in the hands followed by carcass. The abattoir's air samples had high mean value of mould 25.93±2.83 compared to yeast 17.80±3.58 (cfu/plate/minute). Regarding mould, H2O2 showed the best reduction rate followed by chlorine. While regarding yeast, chlorine was the best followed by chloroxylenol. Results of microbiological examination of the collected samples reflected a clear state of contamination in abattoirs environment and the effect of disinfectants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Kucuk Menderes River is one of the important rivers of the Aegean Region in Türkiye. The river carries agricultural pollution and domestic and industrial wastewater to the Aegean Sea. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the parameters of pollution in the Kucuk Menderes River. The parameters of pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, phosphate, ammonium nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, boron, total coliform and fecal coliform were determined. The average values of these parameters were the followings: pH 9.27, temperature 19.5°C, dissolved oxygen 4.92 mg/L, conductivity 2695 µs/cm, salinity 0.4‰, turbidity 177 mg/L, phosphate 0.17 mg/L, ammonium nitrogen 0.43 mg/L, nitrite nitrogen 0.09 mg/L, nitrate nitrogen 1.73 mg/L, boron 1 mg/L. The values were compared with the criteria values specified in the regulations and those in other studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: It is a growing concern that pathogenic bacteria can be found in poultry meat, and an additional problem is the ongoing rise in food-derived bacteria's resistance to antibiotics. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2021 to March 2023. This study aimed to isolate, identify and analyze E. coli in poultry meat collected from slaughterhouses in Addis Ababa. A total of 499 samples were collected from fecal content, carcass, hand and knife swab samples by using purposive and systematic random sampling methods. Results: An overall 5.2% Escherichia coli (E. coli O157:H7) prevalence was found in this study. On average, antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that the sensitivities of (Escherichia coli) E. coli O157:H7 isolates from carcass swabs, fecal content, manuals, knife swabs and water samples were 62.3%, 52.5%, 53%, 60% and 60%, respectively. Discussion: However, few (Escherichia coli) E. coli O157:H7 isolates have developed multidrug resistance to some antibiotics, for an overall rate of 13.8%. Knowledge and attitude assessment of the slaughterhouse workers showed that 44.2% had no wash their hands at all and that 125.6% had washed their hands before slaughter commencement. Conclusion: The detection of (Escherichia coli) E. coli O157:H7 isolates from all sample types had a slight prevalence of serious public health concerns. It is important to monitor antibiotic use for both human and animal health in order to make sure that it is safe and effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionApproximately 70% of diarrheal cases in Kenya are attributed to ingestion of contaminated food and water and costs an estimated $ 1 billion USD due to morbidity and cost of treatment. This study aimed to assess the levels of microbiological contamination of meat sold in selected butcheries in Nairobi and the handling practices of butcher shop attendants.MethodsA cross-sectional study design was used during which 200 meat samples were collected, and meat handling practices were observed. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli were enumerated using 3M™ Petrifilm® count plates. Additionally, quantification of tetracycline- and cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was done on agar plates containing the respective antibiotics. Bacterial species were confirmed by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight mass spectrometry.Results and discussionSeventy two percent and 84% of the samples had E. coli and total coliforms respectively above the acceptable regulatory limits (i.e. E. coli >100 CFU/g, Total coliforms >361 CFU/g,) respectively as per the Kenya Bureau of Standards South African microbiological standards the European Union. Enterobacteriaceae resistant to tetracycline and cefotaxime were detected in 35% and 9.5% of the samples respectively. Eighty-five percent of the butcher shop attendants neither washed their hands before nor after handling the meat, 91% handled money while selling meat concurrently, and 99% did not wear gloves while handling meat. These poor meat handling practices coupled with the presence of microbial loads above the regulatory acceptable limits imply an increased risk of foodborne illness to consumers. Therefore, there is an urgent need for education of butcher shop attendants on appropriate handling of meat, highlighting the importance of good hygienic practices and their relationship to food safety, and provision of incentives for behavior change. This study is important and serves to inform policymakers in the identification of key control points for designing meat safety intervention(s).