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This article discusses Lockwood’s concept of the work situation and its fate within class analysis. For a brief period, this concept served to make the experiences that people have by virtue of their positions in the division of labour a central concern in class analysis. Over time, however, attention to such issues has given way to an increasing interest in workers’ individual characteristics, and the measurement of social mobility according to class schemes. Over recent decades, the wider contexts of ‘class culture’ and ‘social space’ have become common frames of interpretation. While these developments have all broadened understandings of social class, their net effect has been to break up the once close relation between class analysis and the study of work. Key findings from recent labour market research suggest that, in the current context of increasing inequality and precariousness, the contribution of class analysis might be strengthened by a reincorporation of attention to work situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Labor movement studies have, for long, been focusing separately on class and gender, since they understood that these categories were incompatible, focusing on unilateral causalities. The aim of this article is to offer a different perspective, including the gender and class analysis in social history in a joint and non-exclusionary method. To accomplish this task I discuss the approaches of feminism, gender studies and social history. By analyzing these theories I propose categories that are able to grasp this interlacement of social relations. Thus, I propose the fundamental concept of generalized class and I demonstrate the importance of a complex analysis. Social studies, especially those of the working class must include in their focus the specific oppression of working women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the last decade we have witnessed a growing wave of resistance across the globe. In this article we argue that it is critical to utilise class analysis to understand contemporary social movements. We maintain that class analysis begins with understanding class as a series of relations and/or processes that condition both the objective and subjective dimensions of class. Following this, we illustrate how sectors of the contemporary working class are in struggle, yet struggle differently, based on their structural location as well as differing nature of their resistance. In taking this approach to class and social movements, we argue that scholars can begin to unmask the central role of capitalism and the attending regimes of accumulation in the current wave of resistance even when they appear disconnected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyses capital controls (CC) in South Africa in light of the historically and geographically specific social relations of production. It highlights the role that CC have historically played in reproducing particular forms of capital accumulation, and sheds light on the CC currently implemented by the state. The analysis draws upon quantitative data from the national accounts, descriptive data on CC from policy documents, and interviews conducted during a period of extensive fieldwork. The article makes three main arguments. First, CC have played a key role in facilitating the reproduction of essential capitalist social forms, namely the state and money, and have been instrumental in the management of class relations. Second, the concrete forms that CC have taken are inseparable from the historical-geographical specificity of accumulation and the uneven unfolding of crises and social class struggles. Third, working classes have had an active (though indirect) role in shaping CC policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of juvenile probation officers (JPOs) involves a balancing act between “child saving” and community safety activities. In this study, we examine JPOs’ supervision strategies and how these fit within a juvenile justice framework. Using surveys and latent class analysis, we examine the extent to which JPOs engage in a variety of case management and supervision strategies. Findings reveal little evidence supporting a purely law enforcement role and identified a new class of JPOs that does not fit within the traditional role definitions but focuses on a pro forma role that was nonengaged in case management and supervision activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theoretical insights associated with the Australian New Left contribute to enriching our understanding of the intricacies of Australian history. Two of the most influential works associated with the movement, A New Britannia and Class Structure in Australian History, are compared to enable a consideration of both objective and subjective accounts of class. This paper has three parts. First, it identifies the historic context of history written in Australia within the Whig tradition of the Old Left. Second, it examines hoto debates xoithin the British New Left came to influence discussions in the Australian New Left. Finally, it suggests that McQueen provided foundations to the theoretical approach to class undertaken in Class Structure in Australian History. It is argued that class remains an important and necessary abstraction in order to engage with the relationship between existing political economic structures and social subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep disruption has been associated with increased risks for several major chronic diseases that develop over decades. Differences in sleep/wake timing between work and free days can result in the development of social jetlag (SJL), a chronic misalignment between a person's preferred sleep/wake schedule and sleep/wake timing imposed by his/her work schedule. Only a few studies have examined the persistence of SJL or sleep disruption over time. This prospective investigation examined SJL and sleep characteristics over a 2-year period to evaluate whether SJL or poor sleep were chronic conditions during the study period. SJL and sleep measures (total sleep time [TST], sleep onset latency [SOL], wake after sleep onset [WASO]), and sleep efficiency [SE]), were derived from armband monitoring among 390 healthy men and women 21-35 years old. Participants wore the armband for periods of 4-10 days at 6-month intervals during the follow-up period (N = 1431 repeated observations). The consistency of SJL or sleep disruption over time was analyzed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) for repeated measures. Repeated measures latent class analysis (RMLCA) was then used to identify subgroups among the study participants with different sleep trajectories over time. Individuals in each latent group were compared using GLMMs to identify personal characteristics that differed among the latent groups. Minor changes in mean SJL, chronotype, or TST were observed over time, whereas no statistically significant changes in SOL, WASO, or SE were observed during the study period. The RMLCA identified two groups of SJL that remained consistent throughout the study (low SJL, mean ± SE: 0.4 ± 0.04 h, 42% of the study population; and high SJL, 1.4 ± 0.03 h, 58%). Those in the SJL group with higher values tended to be employed and have an evening chronotype. Similarly, two distinct subgroups were observed for SOL, WASO, and SE; one group with a pattern suggesting disrupted sleep over time, and another with a consistently normal sleep pattern. Analyses of TST identified three latent groups with relatively short (5.6 ± 1.0 h, 21%), intermediate (6.5 ± 1.0 h, 44%), and long (7.3 ± 1.0 h, 36%) sleep durations, all with temporally stable, linear trajectories. The results from this study suggest that sleep disturbances among young adults can persist over a 2 year period. Latent groups with poor sleep tended to be male, African American, lower income, and have an evening chronotype relative to those with more normal sleep characteristics. Characterizing the persistence of sleep disruption over time and its contributing factors could be important for understanding the role of poor sleep as a chronic disease risk factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper revisits the development of Basil Bernstein’s theoretical armories and reinvigorates its relevance to social class analysis in education, while identifying some of the challenges and promises in doing so. The main arguments are grounded in an empirical analysis of the recent Liberal Studies reform in Hong Kong’s senior secondary education. An extended discussion of using a Bernsteinian approach to pedagogy-specific class explanations is developed: (a) transition of code modalities between stages of education; (b) differentiated pedagogic identities in the middle class; (c) pedagogic grammars of specialized habituses; and (d) possibilities for an interruption in the process of social reproduction. It is concluded that continuing to build on Bernstein’s legacy will allow us to achieve a more nuanced understanding of the ways that class works through different pedagogic contexts in order for the conception of an interruption of class reproduction to be useful in guiding transformative practices in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salem contrasts De Smet’s contribution to the debates on revolution and counter-revolution in Egypt with other important materialist readings of the uprisings. Echoing the centrality of class analysis employed in Gramsci on Tahrir, Salem challenges De Smet’s reading of the Nasserist period and situates Nasserism within a broader pattern of coeval political struggles in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the origins and the dynamics of the social movement against the energy corporation Petrofac that took place in the Tunisian archipelago of Kerkennah between 2011 and 2016. The Kerkennah movement is seen as part of a broader cycle of mobilisations for social justice that started in 2008 and continues to the present day. The main subjects of these mobilisations are young people lacking sources of regular income and their core demands are secure employment and local development. It is argued that communal solidarities were key in compensating for the lack of occupational cohesion among the protesters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we analyse class cultures by mapping out differences in ‘original taste’; that is, respondents’ classed preferences for food and drink. By employing Multiple Correspondence Analysis, we produce a relational model of tastes. Using three indicators of social class – occupational class, income and education – we find clear class divisions. The upper and middle classes exhibit diverse and what are typically regarded as ‘healthy’ tastes; this contrasts with the more restricted and what are typically regarded as ‘less healthy’ tastes found among the working classes. Our findings challenge ongoing debates within cultural stratification research where it has become almost usual to demonstrate that the contemporary upper and middle classes exhibit playful tastes for the ‘cosmopolitan’ and the ‘exotic’. We find that upper- and middle-class households also enjoy very traditional foodstuffs. We argue that this illustrates a need for a relational understanding of taste: even the consumption of the traditional peasant food of pre-capitalist Norway can be refashioned as a badge of distinction in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the decision-making process among 4931 married Kenyan women. Using the Latent Class Analytical method, three household decision-making profiles were isolated. A majority of the women (45.6%) were in the category classified as Egalitarian and viewed decisions, other than those related to food, as a joint effort between spouses. The second largest group (28.9%) included women classified as Independent who made all household decisions other than the way in which to spend the husband's money. The third group (25.5%) was classified as Conservative and viewed household decisions as basically a man's responsibility, apart from decisions involving food to cook. Regarding multivariate analysis, most of the significant findings concerned the comparison of Conservatives with Egalitarians in which women were found to be less likely to endorse being Conservative with decisions. Their education, occupation, spouse education, and residence were found to significantly reduce the endorsement of Conservatism as compared to Egalitarianism. Contrary to expectation, those in rural as opposed to urban areas had increased likelihood of endorsing Egalitarianism compared to Conservatism. In a comparison of Independent versus Egalitarian classifications, women's participation in the labor force and household headship were found to significantly increase the odds of endorsement of Independence rather than Egalitarianism. Decision making among Kenyan women in general was found to be diverse and did not reflect the often touted overarching patriarchal structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catastrophic consequences of the abuse of authority perpetrated during the first half of the secolo breve have led to globally dimensioned cultural, social and psychological pressures towards the formulation of legal limitations able to prevent repetition of such aberrations. The 'democratic' wind, though undeniably effective in encouraging enhanced appreciation of, and undifferentiated respect for, each individual, has nevertheless proved weaker when required to find an appropriate theoretical and practical repositioning of the authoritative dimension proper to any social relationship, whether at systemic, interpersonal or individual level. The purpose of this inquiry is to encourage updated reflections on the role of the authoritative dimension in social and personal development processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article develops a new explorative method for deriving social class categories from patterns of occupational mobility. In line with Max Weber, our research is based on the notion that, if class boundaries do not inhibit social mobility then the class categories are of little value. Thus, unlike dominant, theoretically defined class schemes, this article derives social class categories from observed patterns in a mobility network covering intra-generational mobility. The network is based on a mobility table of 109 occupational categories tied together by 1,590,834 job shifts on the Danish labour market 2001–2007. The number of categories are reduced from 109 to 34 by applying a new clustering algorithm specifically designed for the study of mobility tables (MONECA). These intra-generational social class categories are related to the central discussions of gender, income, education and political action by providing empirical evidence of strong patterns of intra-generational class divisions along these lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dictionary learning (DL) plays an important role in pattern classification. However, learning a discriminative dictionary has not been well addressed in analysis dictionary learning (ADL). This letter proposes a Class-aware Analysis Dictionary Learning (CADL) model to improve the classification performance of conventional ADL. The objective function of CADL mainly includes two parts to promote the discriminability. The first part aims to learn a discriminative analysis subdictionary for each class instead of a global dictionary for all classes. The learned analysis dictionary is class-aware, generating a block-diagonal coding coefficient matrix. The second part aims to enhance the discrimination of coding coefficients by integrating a max-margin regularization term into our proposed framework. This term ensures the coefficients of different classes to be separated by a max-margin, which boosts the confidence of classification. A theoretical analysis is also given to support the max-margin regularization term from the perspective of preserving the pairwise relations of samples in coding space. We employ an alternating minimization algorithm to iteratively find the convergent solution. By evaluating our method on four pattern classification datasets, we demonstrate the superiority of our CADL method to the state-of-the-art DL methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous experiments have investigated the function of using pictures or meaningful stimuli on equivalence class formation. For example, when attempting to form three 5-member classes (A→B→C→D→E), findings have shown that pictures used as C stimuli have increased the probability of producing equivalence class formation relative to when all stimuli in the stimulus set are abstract. The present experiment extends the literature by examining whether the formation of equivalence classes varies as a function of having three (C1, C2, and C3), two (C1 and C2), or one (C1) stimulus as a picture in a set of abstract stimuli. Hence, 60 participants were randomly assigned to 4 different experimental groups: 0-picture group or abstract group (ABS), 1-picture group (1PIC), 2-pictures group (2PIC), and 3-pictures group (3PIC). In addition, we had a reference group with abstract shapes only. The findings from the present experiment showed that 2 of 15 participants in the ABS formed classes. Also, two of 15 participants in the 1PIC formed classes, 8 of 15 participants in the 2PIC formed equivalence classes, and 12 of 15 members in the 3PIC formed classes. The statistical analysis supported the notion that equivalence class formation is a function of the number of pictures in a potential equivalence class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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There are a large number of studies which show social class differentials in educational test scores and results from an early age. Cultural explanations based on working-class 'resistance' to learning activities or class differences in 'cultural capital' are often put forward to explain differentials in educational test scores. In this article we first discuss why these processes cannot account for the pattern of class differences, given the empirical patterns observed before setting out and then testing two alternative theories that purport to explain class differences in educational performance: the family investment model (FIM) and the family stress model (FSM). Empirical expectations from these theories are defined and then tested using data from four waves of the Millennium Cohort Study, a nationally representative sample of children from the United Kingdom. Structural equation models with mediation are used to quantify the direct and indirect effects of social class acting via cognitive ability and child psychological adjustment. Our models account for between 81 and 93 per cent of the effect of social class on teacher assessments of child educational performance. Approximately two-thirds of the effect of social class on educational performance at age 7 years are mediated by differential child cognitive ability and 15 per cent by psychological adjustment. The mechanisms in the FIM and FSM models strongly interact suggesting that a hybrid model may be more useful. Processes central to the FSM but acting through the child's cognitive ability are key in determining educational differentials across social class groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although demographers and family sociologists have long recognized the importance of ideational diffusion to family change, few studies have examined this relationship, especially in non-Western societies. Building on the world society theory, this article proposes a positive relationship between global interactions and family change. Using reform-era urban China as a case study, latent class analysis is first used to map out innovative family behaviors in the Chinese context. Next, a multi-level framework is used to empirically examine the relationship between province-level global interactions and the adoption of innovative individual-level family behaviors. Results from the latent class analysis suggest that the major family change in the Chinese context is the postponement of marriage and childbearing. Results from multi-level models confirm the hypothesis, suggesting that individuals living in provinces with higher levels of global interactions, as measured by foreign direct investment performance, have higher likelihoods of delaying family formation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A protracted struggle for women to gain admission to the University of Georgia took place in the context of major shifts in social, economic, and political conditions within the state from the 1890s to the early 1900s. This article reports the early development of home economics in Georgia and Mary E. Creswell's pivotal role. As a beneficiary of change as well as an agent of change, Creswell provided leadership for programs aimed at increasing women's educational and career opportunities and improving living conditions. This study illustrates the use of documentary research to explore the intersection of personal and public issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For several decades, the distinction between ‘white-collar’ (non-manual) and ‘blue-collar’ (manual) work occupied a central place in the analysis of working-class consciousness. According to many scholars, the expansion of non-manual employment was key to dismantling traditional working-class identities. Although several analysts noted the irrelevance of the white-collar/blue-collar distinction as a determinant of class consciousness, the most recent research on class in Chile continues on the traditional argument. However, the empirical research supporting such a contention has been scarce. In this paper I test that hypothesis. Based on quantitative and qualitative data, I show that the distinction between manual and non-manual labor does not lead to significant variations in workers’ class consciousness. Therefore, its use in recent research on class (e.g. the contention that non-manual employment reinforces a ‘middle-class’ consciousness among workers) is deemed questionable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the changing contours of politics and democracy in our times by examining the ways in which populations and privileges are increasingly being distributed in cities and countries across the globe. In the light of these changing demographic and social conditions, it asks what are the appropriate terms for analysis of such population groups and their political aspirations, and suggests that we are working with outmoded analytical frames, concepts and languages that belong to another time. It goes on to a brief examination of the kinds of fault-lines that remain and that allow for a range of political initiatives and possibilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there is an extensive body of literature on the demand for hospital services, little is known about the interaction between public and private hospitals in a mixed system. In this article, we (1) apply latent class analysis to identify distinct subgroups of patients who use the hospital market differently, (2) characterize each patient type by their personal characteristics and (3) link the patient type to future hospital admissions. We apply our analysis to individual-level longitudinal patient data from Australia, focusing on three popular procedures that are performed in both public and private hospitals. We find 4–5 patient types. The most common types use either a public or a private hospital almost exclusively and absorb a moderate level of hospital resources. The severe types represent 13–17% of patients. The type which uses both sectors makes up 10–20% and tends to have private health insurance coverage. The patient types are predictive of prospective utilizations as we find that patients tend to be admitted to the sector they have used in the past. By revealing how patients use coexisting public and private hospitals, our results have direct implications on health resource financing and allocations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]