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Copyright of Revista de Administración Pública is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Die Unternehmensbesteuerung (Ubg) is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A new bootstrap-aggregating (bagging) ensemble learning algorithm is proposed based on classification certainty and semantic correlation to improve the classification accuracy of ensemble learning. First, two predetermined thresholds are introduced to construct the long and short-text sample subsets, and different deep learning methods are compared to construct the optimal base classifier groups for each sample subsets. Then, the random sampling method employed in traditional bagging classification algorithms is improved, and a threshold group based random sampling method is proposed to obtain long and short training sample subsets of each iteration. Finally, the sample classification certainty of the base classifiers for different categories is defined, and the semantic correlation information is integrated with the traditional weighted voting classifier ensemble method to avoid the loss of important information during the sampling process. The experimental results on multiple datasets demonstrate that the algorithm significantly improves text classification accuracy and outperforms typical deep learning algorithms. The proposed algorithm achieves the improvements of approximately 0.082, 0.061 and 0.019 on CNews dataset when the F1 measurement is used over the traditional ensemble learning algorithms such as random forest, M_ADA_A_SMV and CNN_SVM_LR. Moreover, it achieves the best F1 values of 0.995, 0.985, and 0.989 on the datasets of Spam, CNews, and SogouCS datasets, respectively, when compared with the ensemble learning algorithms using different base classifiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores teachers' conceptions of climate change knowledge, contributing to the growing body of work on the geographies of climate change. The paper focuses on the data generated through in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with a sample of 48 teachers in India to address the research question: What discourses about climate change knowledge are being constructed by teachers in India? We argue that teachers' lesson planning and searches for information are at the forefront of the changing ways in which individuals engage with, find out and construct meaning about climate change. These teachers' beliefs about climate change are very strongly held, even in the face of a perceived lack of expertise or understanding: climate change is described as the 'need of the hour', which this work understands as not only involving material impacts and processes but also important epistemological, collaborative needs through which education might contribute to public reasoning about climate change. Through this analysis we present a 'certainty problematic' as a heuristic device that foregrounds tensions between the inherent uncertainty of knowledge and (against climate denialism) certainty about anthropogenic climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of The Certainty About Mental States Questionnaire (CAMSQ). The study was conducted with 565 participants (392 women and 173 men) aged 18 and 65 from non-clinical Turkish-speaking adults. The participants were administered the Cognitive Empathy Scale of Affective and Cognitive Measure of Empathy Scale (ACME-COG), the Reflective Functioning Questionnaire (RFQ-6), and the Mentalization Scale (MentS). The concordance between the two-factor structure predicted in CAMSQ was examined with confirmatory factor analysis. The Turkish version also confirmed the analysis results, the number of items, and the two-factor structure (Self-Certainty and Other-Certainty) in the original form of the scale. There is a positive correlation between the subdimensions of CAMSQ and ACME-COG (0.502

Mathematics is often treated as different from other disciplines, since arguments in the field rely on deductive proof rather than empirical evidence as in the natural sciences. A mathematical paper can therefore, at least in principle, be replicated simply by reading it. While this distinction is sometimes taken as the basis to claim that the results in mathematics are therefore certain, mathematicians themselves know that the published literature contains many mistakes. Reading a proof is not easy, and checking whether an argument constitutes a proof is surprisingly difficult. This article uses peer review of submissions to mathematics journals as a site where referees are explicitly concerned with checking whether a paper is correct and therefore could be published. Drawing on 95 qualitative interviews with mathematics journal editors, as well as a collection of more than 100 referee reports and other correspondence from peer review processes, this article establishes that while mathematicians acknowledge that peer review does not guarantee correctness, they still value it. For mathematicians, peer review 'adds a bit of certainty', especially in contrast to papers only submitted to preprint servers such as arXiv. Furthermore, during peer review there can be disagreements not just regarding the importance of a result, but also whether a particular argument constitutes a proof or not (in particular, whether there are substantial gaps in the proof). Finally, the mathematical community is seen as important when it comes to accepting arguments as proofs and assigning certainty to results. Publishing an argument in a peer-reviewed journal is often only the first step in having a result accepted. Results get accepted if they stand the test of time and are used by other mathematicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I outline the most relevant traits of the term 'trust' understood as one of the synonyms for 'certainty' that Ludwig Wittgenstein used in his posthumous work On Certainty. To this end, I analyze the paragraphs of On Certainty in which reference is made to pupils who are expected to trust what is taught by their teacher: in addition, I note that such a process is largely based on the attitude of rejection and bewilderment that teachers promote towards people who call into doubt those certainties that pupils are expected to assimilate. Subsequently, after emphasizing the importance that Wittgenstein attached to the ineffability of certainties, I explain how such certainty or trust can be staged. Lastly, I clarify why an appropriate contemplation of this staging can be of great help for pupils to achieve at least four goals of educational interest: thus, children can not only strengthen their capacity for wonder, but also experience what things are ineffable, glimpse the limits of rationality, and become more tolerant of people who are partakers of a different world-picture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Does exposure to cognitive load affect key properties of economic behavior? In this experiment, subjects face a series of simple binary decision tasks between prospects, testing for monotonicity in monetary payments, consistency with (first-order) stochastic dominance, reduction of compound lotteries, risk attitudes, and ambiguity attitudes. Cognitive load is manipulated via simultaneous memory tasks. Our data show treatment differences resulting from cognitive load for decision tasks with risky outcomes. However, cognitive load has no impact on monotonicity and ambiguity attitudes. Under a dual-process view of human decision-making, our findings suggest that ambiguity attitudes and preferences for "more certain money" are intuitive, not reasoned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tabayyun is the property of Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CIRCULO de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Experts are usually valued for their knowledge. However, do they possess metaknowledge, that is, knowing how much they know as well as the limits of that knowledge? The current research examined expert metaknowledge by comparing experts' and nonexperts' confidence when they made correct versus incorrect choices as well as the difference in‐between (e.g., Murphy's Resolution and Yate's Separation). Across three fields of expertise (climate science, psychological statistics, and investment), we found that experts tended to display better metaknowledge than nonexperts but still showed systematic and important imperfections. They were less overconfident than nonexperts in general and expressed more confidence in their correct answers. However, they tend to exhibit low Murphy's Resolution similar to nonexperts and gave endorsed wrong answers with equal to higher confidence than did their nonexpert peers. Thus, it appears that expertise is associated with knowing with more certainty what one knows but conceals awareness of what one does not know. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the important ethical concepts that has occupied the minds of many philosophers in the past years is the concept of "moral certainty". This means whether there are moral propositions that are so certain that no doubt or argument or evidence can face them. According to some philosophers, for example, the statement "the wrongness of killing innocent people" brings us such moral certainty. Among the philosophers who have written in this field, two basic readings of Nigel Pleasants and Michael Kober can be mentioned. Pleasant considers moral certainty to be an absolute and natural concept that is the basis of our moral judgments, and on the other hand, Kober considers moral certainty to be a relative concept and believes that our certainties are rooted in linguistic society, culture and time. In this article, we try to address the different dimensions of the concept of "moral certainty" and the importance of its application in two different and important readings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metareasoning refers to processes that monitor and control ongoing thinking and reasoning. The "metareasoning framework" that was established in the literature in 2017 has been useful in explaining how monitoring processes during reasoning are sensitive to an individual's fluctuating feelings of certainty and uncertainty. The framework was developed to capture metareasoning at an individual level. It does not capture metareasoning during collaborative activities. We argue this is significant, given the many domains in which team-based reasoning is critical, including design, innovation, process control, defence and security. Currently, there is no conceptual framework that addresses the nature of collaborative metareasoning in these kinds of domains. We advance a framework of collaborative metareasoning that develops an understanding of how teams respond to the demands and opportunities of the task at hand, as well as to the demands and opportunities afforded by interlocuters who have different perspectives, knowledge, skills and experiences. We point to the importance of a tripartite distinction between "self-monitoring", "other monitoring" and "joint monitoring". We also highlight a parallel distinction between "self-focused control", "other-focused control" and "joint control". In elaborating upon these distinctions, we discuss the prospects for developing a comprehensive collaborative metareasoning framework with a unique focus on language as a measure of both uncertainty and misalignment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous psychological experiments have shown that predictive inference processing under different textual constraints is modulated by the directionality function of epistemic modality (EM) certainty within the context. Nevertheless, recent neuroscientific studies have not presented positive evidence for such a function during text reading. Consequently, the current study deposited Chinese EMs "也许" (possibly) and "一定" (surely) into a predictive inference context to examine whether a directionality of EM certainty influences the processing of predictive inference via the ERP technique. Two independent variables, namely textual constraint and EM certainty, were manipulated, and 36 participants were recruited. The results revealed that, in the anticipatory stage of predictive inference processing while under a weak textual constraint, low certainty evoked a larger N400 (300–500 ms) in the fronto-central and centro-parietal regions, indicating the augmentation of cognitive loads in calculating the possibility of representations of the forthcoming information. Meanwhile, high certainty elicited a right fronto-central late positive component (LPC) (500–700 ms) associated with semantically congruent but lexically unpredicted words. In the integration stage, low certainty resulted in larger right fronto-central and centro-frontal N400 (300–500 ms) effects in the weak textual constraint condition, associated with the facilitation of lexical-semantic retrieval or pre-activation, and high certainty successively elicited right fronto-central and centro-parietal LPC (500–700 ms) effects, associated respectively with lexical unpredictability and reanalysis of the sentence meaning. The results support the directionality function of EM certainty and reveal the complete neural processing of predictive inferences with high and low certainties under different textual constraint conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 12‑lead ECG provides an excellent substrate for artificial intelligence (AI) enabled prediction of various cardiovascular diseases. However, a measure of prediction certainty is lacking. To assess a novel approach for estimating certainty of AI-ECG predictions. Two convolutional neural networks (CNN) were developed to predict patient age and sex. Model 1 applied a 5 s sliding time-window, allowing multiple CNN predictions. The consistency of the output values, expressed as interquartile range (IQR), was used to estimate prediction certainty. Model 2 was trained on the full 10s ECG signal, resulting in a single CNN point prediction value. Performance was evaluated on an internal test set and externally validated on the PTB-XL dataset. Both CNNs were trained on 269,979 standard 12‑lead ECGs (82,477 patients). Model 1 showed higher accuracy for both age and sex prediction (mean absolute error, MAE 6.9 ± 6.3 years vs. 7.7 ± 6.3 years and AUC 0.946 vs. 0.916, respectively, P < 0.001 for both). The IQR of multiple CNN output values allowed to differentiate between high and low accuracy of ECG based predictions (P < 0.001 for both). Among 10% of patients with narrowest IQR, sex prediction accuracy increased from 65.4% to 99.2%, and MAE of age prediction decreased from 9.7 to 4.1 years compared to the 10% with widest IQR. Accuracy and estimation of prediction certainty of model 1 remained true in the external validation dataset. Sliding window-based approach improves ECG based prediction of age and sex and may aid in addressing the challenge of prediction certainty estimation. Sliding window-based artificial intelligence-enabled ECG provides an accurate and reliable estimate of prediction certainty. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We introduce two concepts—social certainty and social doubt—that help to articulate a variety of experiences of the social world, such as shyness, self-consciousness, culture shock, and anxiety. Following Carel's (2013) analysis of bodily doubt, which explores how a person's tacit confidence in the workings of their body can be disrupted and undermined in illness, we consider how an individual's faith in themselves as a social agent, too, can be compromised or lost, thus altering their experience of what is afforded by the social environment. We highlight how a loss of bodily or social certainty can be shaped and sustained by the environments in which one finds oneself. As such, we show how certain individuals might be more vulnerable to experiences of bodily and social doubt than others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a model of irresolute choice rationalizing random choice behavior and examines its applications to decision making under certainty, uncertainty, and risk. Depending on the context, the representations feature canonical signal spaces. Decisions are governed by random draws of signals generating stochastic choice functions. Application to portfolio selection and experimental testing are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenge at the center of this paper is to reconcile three explicit assertions that Spinoza makes in his Ethics: 1. Rational self-esteem is “a joy born of the fact that a man considers himself and his own power of acting”; 2. The power of acting of each singular thing is nothing but the actual essence of the thing; 3. Reason cannot explain the essence of any singular thing. My aim in this paper is to provide an account of how reason, despite its inability to grasp singular essences, can make our singular power of acting accessible to us and thereby ground our proper self-esteem. I will argue that to resolve the puzzle, we must recognize a distinction, within the actual (durational) existence of any singular thing, between two senses of the term “power of acting,” or “perfection,” in accordance with the distinction between essence and existence of finite modes. On this basis, I will explain in what sense reason can be said to grasp our singular “power of acting” and to thereby ground our proper self-esteem, and how the twofold sense of “power of acting” underlies the distinction between rational self-esteem and the animi acquiescentia of intuitive knowledge.

Copyright of FinanzRundschau is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recent years have seen the rise of a ‘postapocalyptic environmentalism’, which sees environmental catastrophe as ongoing or inevitable and therefore rejects the hope of avoiding that catastrophe. So far, research on this form of environmentalism has pointed to the paradoxes and ambivalences involved in its rejection of hope, as well as to environmental activists’ difficulties translating non-hope into movement strategy. However, postapocalyptic environmentalists’ efforts of practicing non-hope have yet to be investigated. Drawing on interviews with participants in a Swedish online environmentalist network committed to ‘collapsology’, the present paper therefore investigates postapocalyptic environmentalist non-hope as an emotional practice of conviction. The paper approaches non-hope as a form of emotional deintegration, in which collapsologists seek to dehabituate the hope and optimism that inform the dominant emotive-cognitive frame of environmental politics in Western industrial societies. They do so by vigilantly maintaining feelings of certainty about the inevitability of civilizational collapse. More specifically, in rejecting hope, the interviewed participants articulate this non-hope as a form of conviction. However, the participants present this conviction as haunted by doubts, dissonances, and ambivalences, and therefore as needing vigilant maintenance efforts. Such efforts include what I call ‘impossibility work’. Implications for further research on postapocalyptic environmentalism and related movements are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I address an uncharted topic in the scholarship on Salomon Maimon – the great influence that Bacon's philosophy had on Maimon. I suggest that by considering Maimon as a Baconian, we achieve a better understanding of Maimon's work, especially in three respects: (i) his use of natural histories to achieve philosophical insights, (ii) the employment of induction to find new propositions and establish known ones as certain but not as objectively necessary and (iii) a probabilistic view of science, wherein we acknowledge that we can achieve higher degrees of certainty attributed to propositions but are unable to show that empirical propositions are objectively necessary. It is in this context that I propose to use the term ‘ladder of certainty’ and discuss how it is connected to Maimon's skeptical stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Die Unternehmensbesteuerung (Ubg) is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Materialist approaches to aesthetics historicize our sensuous capacities, orientations, and objects by attending to their ongoing production. This article begins by articulating capital not as an "economic" system but as a broader perceptual ecology that produces particular correspondences between subjects and the world. In response to the clear limits of ideology critique we argue that not only is capitalist ideology reproduced educationally but that pedagogical challenges to capital need to generate experiences with alternative collective perceptual realities that exist in the present. In our current conjuncture, such experiences are political insofar as they help rejuvenate the belief in the possibility and reality of revolutionary transformation. We offer the pedagogy of unlearning as one potential educational philosophy and practice that interrupts our inauguration into capital's sensuous regime. Moreover, we read Marx's Capital as a text that is guided by an aesthetic pedagogy to help us understand capital as a totality in shifting and partial ways and that, more importantly, produces a gap in the reader between our presumed sensuous certainty and other possible perceptual configurations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses recent significant decisions by the German Federal Fiscal Court (BFH) regarding the actual taxation principles under § 20 UStG, emphasizing the July 12, 2023 ruling (XI R 5/21). It introduces new standards set by the BFH for revoking permission for actual taxation, specifically in cases where there is no statutory turnover tax of the actual taxpayer, and simultaneous input tax deduction by the service recipient.

Fernando González Ochoa is a reference of Colombian and Latin American philosophy and as such has been taken seriously by great writers and thinkers worldwide. Among them is the French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, considered one of the great precursors of existentialism and who allegedly openly praised González's thought. Given this, this article will investigate some considerations that would configure the construction of an existential subject in both thinkers, placing among other themes bad faith, the remembrance of time and the construction of a reflection based on existence that has as its central point the acceptance, conviction and certainty of human reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chaos theory studies the irregular, the discontinuous, the non-linear. Shifting away from determinism and scientific explanations rooted in reductionistic models, it brings a revolution by revealing that the universe has an inherent contradictory nature. Chaos raises philosophical questions and confronts us with paradox. How can we live in a universe ruled by physical laws and yet is unpredictable? How can certainty and uncertainty, stability and turbulence, simplicity and complexity co-exist? The insights of chaos are inherent to existentialism. Two radical theories – one scientific, one philosophical – reach similar conclusions by questioning our current understanding and our connection to the familiar. I would like to highlight how they can be an inspiration and a paradigm as models that challenge assumptions and the dominant scientific traditions using creative doubt and humble curiosity, and immerse into their mutual offerings and perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposal for an EU regulation on the recognition of parenthood between Member States aims to promote legal certainty and predictability of rules on jurisdiction, applicable law and the circulation of decisions. These objectives are part of a matter (that of the circulation of family statuses) that presents delicate profiles and on which it is certainly difficult to intervene in a 'neutral' manner. The purpose of this contribution is to focus on the analysis of the proposal, with particular attention to its scope of application and discipline on jurisdiction. The latter, contained in Chapter II of the proposal, is variously inspired by the solutions already adopted in other EU regulations on family and succession matters. At the same time, the presence of numerous and potentially concurrent heads of jurisdiction presents certain risks of redundancy and might compromise legal certainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Against St. Augustine's position, Thomas Aquinas claims that man can teach his own science to someone else. His theory on the teaching of science is developed in Summa Theologica, I, q. 117, a. 1 and in Quaestiones disputatae de veritate, q. 11, a. 1. This paper aims to explain, considering this doctrine, why Aquinas admits the Aristotelian thesis of Metaphysics, I, according to which the distinctive mark of science is that it can be taught. I argue that, according to Thomas, science can be taught, in the one hand, because of its derivative nature and, on the other because it is grounded on certain principles that are both true and evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The holotype of Sigmoilopsis ottnangensis Cicha, Čtyroká and Zapletalová 1973 cannot be identified with certainty from the collection of specimens used in the original species description. Following the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the specimens should be considered syntypes. We herein designate a lectotype and paralectotypes for Sigmoilopsis ottnangensis from the original material to ensure taxonomic stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assertions have a curious relationship to certainty. On the one hand, it seems clear that we can assert many everyday propositions while not being absolutely certain about them. On the other hand, it seems odd to say things like 'p, but I am not absolutely certain that p'. In this paper, I aim to solve this conundrum. I suggest a pretense theory of assertion, according to which assertions of p are proposals to act as if the conversational participants were absolutely certain of p. I suggest that this explains why absolute certainty is not required to make assertions, while it is still problematic to voice your uncertainties once you have made an assertion. By voicing your uncertainties, you thwart your very own proposal to act as if everybody was absolutely certain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we approach literature as a complementary source to understand urban complexities, considering that literary narratives can explain and synthesize aspects of a city's experience, history, and culture, often unnoticed by quantitative and even qualitative technical analyses. From reading 65 literary books by Brazilian and foreign authors, we created a typology of possible representations of the city in literature. From this reading, six "type cities" emerged, which are commonly observed superimposed on reality: City-portrait, city-pseudonym, noncity, city-memory, city-metaphor and city-criticism. We conclude that this typological exercise will always be inconclusive, however, with the certainty that it constitutes an important tool to, at the same time, better understand our cities, encourage debate about them, and enrich investigative methods in the field of urban studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through this research, it is proven that the face-to-face open book exam helps the student to better apply the knowledge acquired. In the educational setting, unlike closed-book exams, which typically test a student's ability to understand and retain information as well as memory skills, the detailed question types of openbook exams should test the student's ability to understand and retain information. to apply knowledge to specific situations and solve problems, evaluate cognitive skills and critical thinking capacity, ability to face challenges, ability to have obtained certainty, but also to seek quality information and select the most appropriate sources. Additionally, if the question may have required students to justify the answer, it will be more difficult for them to find the answer in the book, which will subject their thinking to an evaluation. Generally, these reviews are based on real cases. Teachers from public and private educational units in Ecuador were taken as a reference for this research. According to the population, the simple random method was used to prepare surveys and verify the feasibility of this theorem. The research is verified as viable, according to the study, the feasibility of applying this face-to-face evaluation process to students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleasants has developed the idea of basic moral certainties. Analogous to Wittgenstein's basic empirical certainties, they are best described as universal moral certainties which are natural and nonpropositional, and show unreflectively in the way we act. A clear‐cut example is the wrongness of killing innocent human beings. Philosophers have levelled three damaging criticisms against Pleasants' proposal by (i) offering counterexamples to his proposed example of moral certainty, (ii) highlighting some disanalogies between moral certainties and Wittgenstein's basic empirical certainties and, lastly, (iii) showing the lack of arguments and evidence offered by Pleasants to substantiate the claim that moral certainties are natural. To address these criticisms, Laves has revised Pleasants' proposal by providing numerous amendments. In this paper, I develop some concerns about Laves' proposed amendments and indicate that, at present, they are unable to fully overcome the criticisms levelled against the idea of basic moral certainty. Whether Laves' proposal can escape these troubles demands further attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Romanian Case Law Review / Revista Română de Jurisprudenţă is the property of Universul Juridic Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research aimed to examine the primary regulatory frameworks governing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Indonesia, encompassing both formal legal statutes and locally devised customary laws within community contexts. Employing a methodology grounded in document analysis and literature review, the study sought to elucidate the underlying disparities between customary and formal legal frameworks concerning CSR, as well as to identify shortcomings within the latter regarding CSR regulation and implementation. Findings revealed significant disparities between national legislation and customary norms, with formal laws exhibiting limited provisions for CSR while local customs exerted stronger influence over philanthropic CSR endeavours. This phenomenon was attributed to the greater resonance of local cultural values, Islamic principles, and ethical norms in shaping CSR practices, thereby overshadowing the applicability of governmental regulations within Indonesian corporate entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 1 depicts Joan of Arc in contradictory terms. This paper discusses the narrative and literary techniques that are used to develop Joan of Arc's characterisation, particularly the alternation of location between the Anglo-Burgundian and the French-Armagnac camp, the antagonistic staging of Joan of Arc compared to Lord Talbot and Margaret of Anjou, and the contrastive use of epithets, including the shifting positive, neutral or negative dictionary meanings and context-dependent meanings, as per Ray Jackendoff's theory of Conceptual Semantics. This results in questioning the apparent meaning of words and concepts and thereby also the apparent judgment on the characters themselves, thus ambiguating, questioning, and ridiculing apparent certainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho Privado is the property of Fundacion Fernando Fueyo Laneri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To make a decision to select a suitable approximation for the solution of a functional inequality, we need reliable information. Two useful information ideas are quality and certainty, and the measure of quality and certainty approximation of the solution of a functional inequality helps us to find the optimum approximation. To measure quality and certainty, we used the idea of the Z-number (Z-N) and we introduced the generalized Z-N (GZ-N) as a diagonal matrix of the form diag(X,Y,X*Y), where X is a fuzzy set time-stamped, Y is the probability distribution function and the third part is the fuzzy-random trace of the first and the second subjects. This kind of diagonal matrix allowed us to define a new model of control functions to stabilize our problem. Using stability analysis, we obtained the most suitable approximation for functional inequalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Filosofía (0034-8244) is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Universitaire des Sciences Humaines et Sociales is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)