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This paper addresses enmities between burghers and other inhabitants of early modern Ljubljana, documented in town council records from 1521 to 1671. In traditional dispute settlement, the concept of enmity was closely related to violent retribution, which was antithetical to the ideals of urban communities, which since the Middle Ages had been established upon the renunciation of the right to feud. Focused on the conception of enmity in the Carniolan capital following the general prohibition of feuding in 1495, the paper analyses the role, language and emotional dimension of traditional practices of dispute settlement, their intertwinement with court proceedings and coexistence with criminal law. While town council records cannot provide a complete picture of the attitude towards enmity or feud in early modern Ljubljana, as no criminal court records survive, they are an important source for understanding social relations more broadly and, in particular, the manner in which everyday enmities that undermined ideals of neighbourliness were mediated by the secular authorities. The analysis shows that in Ljubljana the traditional conception of enmity as a public expression of hostility and discord - the opposite of the urban values of peace, concord and good neighbourliness - remained in use well into the seventeenth century, despite its normative prohibition, as did the traditional terms and emotions expressing this relationship, especially 'resentment', 'bitterness' and (just) 'anger', while 'rage' seems to have still been used very rarely to justify transgressions of social norms. Although physical violence did not always erupt in the investigated cases, and remained limited when it did, it was a viable threat in enmities, even when they were largely carried out before the town council or court. These were the central fora for both conducting and settling enmities among burghers, as well as other lay non-noble inhabitants of early modern Ljubljana. Underpinned by community mediation in disputes, the burgomaster, town judge and councillors principally acted as mediators and arbiters, attempting to lead conflicting parties to settlement before enmity was exacerbated into violence - in particularly bitter cases by forcing them to settle ex officio under threat of sanctions (heavy fines, prison sentences) or even 'harsher', i.e. corporal punishment. The council and court also retained traditional expressions of renewed friendship and neighbourliness, (mutual) public apologies and handshakes to demonstrate reconciliation between the parties. Consequently, the autonomous town authorities were instrumental for the long perseverance of traditional practices of dispute settlement in Ljubljana, which is comparable to findings elsewhere in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dalbavancin is a relatively new long-acting anti-Gram positive antimicrobial approved for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structures infections. An increasing number of observational studies and case series were published on its off-label uses. Great interest is emerging about complicated cases where antibiotic treatment cannot be discontinued, and a chronic suppressive therapy is needed. We described a case series of 6 patients treated or ongoing on treatment with dalbavancin as chronic suppressive therapy (CAST) administered with the following regimen: dalbavancin 1500 mg on day 1 and 8 and then every 4 weeks. CAST median duration was 27 weeks. Five out of 6 patients reached a good clinical control of the infection (one of them completely resolved) while in one case we observed a recurrence of the infection. No adverse events were detected. Larger studies are needed to better clarify dalbavancin off-label uses and the most appropriate dose regimen.

Previously, we reported excellent results with the combination of post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PTCy), abatacept, and a short course of tacrolimus (CAST) for the prevention of graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) following peripheral blood haploidentical transplantation. To further substantiate these results, we performed a propensity score-matched analysis. Patients enrolled in the CAST trial were matched with patients from a contemporaneous cohort from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research database who received PTCy, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil, using nearest neighbor propensity score matching. An excellent balance between pairs was achieved as measured by the density distribution and standardized differences of covariates (median 0.09). The rates of acute GvHD grades II to IV at day +120 and 1-year GvHD- and relapse-free survival were 16.7% and 66.7% in the CAST cohort versus 28.6% and 47.6% in the control group, respectively. This trend did not reach statistical significance (P = .14 and .07), possibly due to the small numbers of patients and events. On the other hand, CAST was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of relapse (9.5% versus 26.2%, P = .045) with improved disease-free survival (85.7% versus 61.9%, P = .01). Our data provides a strong impetus to examine CAST in a randomized clinical trial., (Copyright © 2024 The American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The article reports on the new technology and equipment of vertical‑stack molding (VSM), created by OJSC “BELNIILIT” for the manufacture of vertical‑stack molds. The development is intended for the production of molds and cast blanks of oil, which are later used for the manufacture of piston rings of internal combustion engines.The difference between the above‑mentioned technology and traditional methods of VSM is the use of models without drafts. The development is export‑oriented and has a great economic effect for ring manufacturers due to the absence of drafts on castings, since part of the mechanical operations for their processing is excluded, the metal consumption of blanks is reduced, the production spaces required in this regard are reduced, the necessary labor supply is reduced, etc.OJSC “BELNIILIT” has successfully carried out experimental design and technological work on the new scientific and technical products creation, which are of great interest to the world manufacturers of piston rings. An industrial sample of a molding machine and a mold manipulator were manufactured.

The transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) Fe50Mn30Co10Cr10 high entropy alloy (HEA) with 2 at% C and 1 at% Mo microalloying was prepared by non-consumable vacuum arc melting furnace. The as-casted alloy was then rolled at 70% and then annealed at 1000 °C for different times. The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the C and Mo alloyed TRIP-HEA were systematically investigated. The results showed that with the increase of annealing time, the strength of the C2Mo1 HEA increases, but the plasticity increases first and then decreases. Spuriously, when C2Mo1 HEA was annealed for 5 min at 1000 °C after 70% cold rolling, the total elongation was 121%, the tensile strength was 816 MPa, and its product of tensile strength and plasticity was 99.23 GPa, which is much better than the majority of HEAs. In the process of tensile deformation, + //TD double texture are formed, and dislocation slip and twin mechanism competed by each other, which affect the microstructure evolution in the process of plastic deformation, and finally as the great contribution to the product of tensile strength and plasticity.

Introduction: As the prevalence of ASD (autism spectrum disorder) continues to rise, so does the need to evaluate the impact of associated difficulties on both the diagnosed child and the immediate family. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess reports of sleep disturbance or abnormal sleep behaviours (sleep profiles) in the siblings of diagnosed autistic children (referred to throughout this study as high-risk siblings, or HR-sibs) and to determine if these sleep patterns correlated with evidence of disturbed sleep among their siblings who had full symptoms of autistic spectrum disorder. Material and Methods: This case control cross-sectional study investigated 64 autistic children, 80 HR-sibs, and 80 typically developing children. Each study subject was assessed for sleep problems and autistic traits through the use of a sleep-wake diary, a school sleep habit survey, and a childhood autism spectrum test. Results: Children with autism spectrum disorders and their HR-sibs showed no significant differences regarding their sleep profiles. Typically, developing children had more middle insomnia than HR-sibs and had more wake latency. Conclusion: Increased risks for sleep problems in children with autism and their HR-sibs emphasized the importance of early screening for sleep problems in children with autism and their siblings.

Objective: There is limited evidence about the cross-cultural validity of autistic symptoms in school-aged children in Brazil. We used data from a large school survey to evaluate the factor structure of autism symptoms in community-dwelling children and adolescents. Methods: We translated the Childhood Autism Spectrum Test to Brazilian Portuguese and performed factor analyses to investigate the factor structure of parent-reported autistic symptoms in a large sample (n=8,571) of children/adolescents from a school survey in the metropolitan area of São Paulo. Results: Autistic symptoms were best conceptualized under a correlated-factors model with two factors: one predominantly characterized by social-communication symptoms and the other by symptoms of inflexible/restricted language, behaviors, and interests. Conclusions: These findings provide evidence that the structure of autistic symptoms in Brazil is similar to that described in other countries, indicating the cross-cultural validity of autism in Brazil.

In this study, Ti-48Al-3Nb-1.5Ta powders were manufactured from cast bars by the supreme-speed plasma rotating electrode process (SS-PREP) and used to prepare hot isostatically pressed (HIPed) material at 1050–1260 °C with 150 MPa for 4 h. The phase, microstructure and mechanical performance were analyzed by XRD, SEM, electrical universal material testing machine and other methods. The results revealed that the phase constitution changed from γ phase to α2 phase and then to γ phase with the material changing from as-cast to powders and then to as-HIPed. Compared with the as-cast material, the grain size and element segregation were significantly reduced for both powders and as-HIPed. When the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) temperature was low, the genetic characteristics of the powder microstructure were evident. With the HIP temperature increasing, the homogeneity of the composition and microstructure increased, and the prior particle boundaries (PPBs) gradually disappeared. The elastic moduli of powder and as-HIPed were superior to those of as-cast, which increased with the HIP temperature increasing. The hardness of as-HIPed was lower than that of the powder. The compressive strength, compressive strain, bending strength, and tensile strength of as-HIPed were higher than those of as-cast. With an increase in the HIP temperature, the compressive strength decreased gradually, and the compressive strain first decreased and then increased.

Background: Postoperative management regimes vary following open reduction and internal fixation of unstable ankle fractures. Traditional postoperative nonweightbearing cast immobilization may prevent loss of fixation and protect the soft tissue envelope but may also be associated with poorer functional outcomes. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the complication rate and functional outcomes of early weightbearing (EWB) vs late weightbearing (LWB) following open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures. Methods: We performed a systematic review with a meta-analysis of controlled trials and comparative cohort studies using 3 databases. We included all studies that investigated the effect of weightbearing following internal fixation of ankle fractures in adult patients by any means. Studies that investigated mobilization but not weightbearing, non–English-language publications, and tibial Plafond fractures were excluded from this systematic review. We assessed the risk of bias using ROB 2 tools for randomized controlled trials and ROBINS-1 for cohort studies. Data extraction was performed using Covidence online software and meta-analysis by using RevMan 5.3. Results: This systematic review included 10 randomized controlled trials and 4 comparative cohort studies. Most of the included studies were rated as having some concern with regard to the risk of bias. There was no significant difference in the complication rate between the protected EWB and LWB groups (the risk ratio [RR] for infection was 1.30, 95% CI 0.74, 2.30; I ² = 0%; P =.36), but better functional outcome scores were detected in the EWB group only at 6 weeks postoperatively (MD =10.08, 95% CI 5.13, 15.02; I ² = 0%; P ≤.0001), with no significant difference seen at 6 or 12 months postoperatively. Conclusion: Based on the studies reviewed, it appears that early protected weightbearing following open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures does not affect surgical incision or fracture healing and is associated with better early functional outcomes at 6 weeks, but not 6 or 12 months, postoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Acquired local hypertrichosis occurs unilaterally in the same organ, causing asymmetry and beauty-related issues. This study investigates the prevalence of hypertrichosis after the casting of limb fractures, addressing patient concerns, preventive measures, and timely treatment. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 82 patients who were hospitalized in the orthopedic department of Hazrat Rasul Akram educational, research and treatment complex in 2019 and required limb casting due to fractures or trauma were included. Demographic and clinical information of the patients were collected through interviews or by consulting the patient’s clinical file. The severity of the trauma and the presence of hypertrichosis were also determined by clinical examination. Results: Out of a total of 82 participants in the study, 41(50%) were male and 41(50%) were female. The mean age was 41.04±22.14 years. The mean duration of casting was 4.65±1.02 weeks. Meanwhile, 80(97.6%) people had undergone plaster casting once; however, 43 people (52.4%) had minor fractures. The most commonly injured site was the distal tibia, accounting for 30.48% of cases. The patients with hypertrichosis and patients without hypertrichosis were the two study groups, and the mean age in each group was significantly different from the other (P=0.0001); however, no other significant relationships or differences were discovered (P>0.05). Conclusion: The incidence of hypertrichosis in Iranian society is 8.5%, which is slightly lower compared to other societies. Younger patients in Iran are more susceptible to developing hypertrichosis after limb casting of broken limbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Aim. To study the polymorphism of the genes calpastatin (CAST), somatotropin (GH) and differential growth factor (GDF9) of sheep of the Dagestan mountain breed.Material and Methods. Studies on the genetic typing of Dagestan mountain sheep according to CAST, GH and GDF9 genes were carried out in conditions of distant pasture farming in the Republic of Dagestan by the Genetics and Breeding Laboratory of the Federal Agrarian Scientific Centre of the Republic of Dagestan, an accredited laboratory of immunogenetics and DNA technologies of the All-Russian Research Institute of Sheep and Goat Breeding and a branch of the North Caucasus Federal Scientific Agrarian Centre. These investigations were undertaken by the PCR-RFLP method (polymyrase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism) on a Tersik four-channel programmable thermal cycler from DNA-Technologia (Russia) using specific primers synthesized in the SYNTHOL research and production laboratory (Moscow).Results. Carrying out PCR-RFLP revealed breed-specific alleles with different frequency of occurrence, which was: in the locus of the CAST gene - allele CASTN - 0.03; allele CASTM - 0.97; at the GH gene locus - GHA allele - 100.0, GHB allele - 0; in the locus of the GDF9 gene - the GDF9A allele - 0.25, the GDF9G allele - 0.75, which determined the frequency of occurrence of the homo- and heterozygous genotypes: CASTNN, CASTMM and CASTNM - 93.0; 0 and 7.0%; GHAA, GHBB and GHAB - 100.0 and 0%; GDF9AA, GDF9GG and GDF9АG- 16.0, 66.0 and 19.0%, respectively.Conclusion. The regularity revealed can be considered as an ecological factor that optimizes the adaptive functions of the sheep's organism, on the one hand, an evolutionary selection process that contributes to the creation of a specific way of genetic structures in the population, on the other. The assumption is made that the information obtained can serve as the beginning of a more in-depth study of the unique gene pool of sheep of the Dagestan rock breed for its further improvement. Variants of genetic marker profiles of parental pairs are proposed for accumulation in breeding herds bred in different ecological-geographical zones and genotypes of carriers of selection-significant genetic structures.

Abstract Bacterial transposons propagate through either non-replicative (cut-and-paste) or replicative (copy-and-paste) pathways, depending on how the mobile element is excised from its donor source. In the well-characterized E. coli transposon Tn7, a heteromeric TnsA-TnsB transposase directs cut-and-paste transposition by cleaving both strands at each transposon end during the excision step. Whether a similar pathway is involved for RNA-guided transposons, in which CRISPR-Cas systems confer DNA target specificity, has not been determined. Here, we apply long-read, population-based whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to unambiguously resolve transposition products for two evolutionarily distinct transposon types that employ either Cascade or Cas12k for RNA-guided DNA integration. Our results show that RNA-guided transposon systems lacking functional TnsA primarily undergo copy-and-paste transposition, generating cointegrate products that comprise duplicated transposon copies and genomic insertion of the vector backbone. Finally, we report natural and engineered transposon variants encoding a TnsAB fusion protein, revealing a novel strategy for achieving RNA-guided transposition with fewer molecular components.

Abstract Background There is no consensus concerning the optimal casting technique for displaced distal radius fractures (DRFs) following closed reduction. This study evaluates whether a splint or a circumferential cast is most optimal to prevent fracture redisplacement in adult patients with a reduced DRF. Additionally, the cost-effectiveness of both cast types will be calculated. Methods/design This multicenter cluster randomized controlled trial will compare initial immobilization with a circumferential below-elbow cast versus a below-elbow plaster splint in reduced DRFs. Randomization will take place on hospital-level (cluster, n = 10) with a cross-over point halfway the inclusion of the needed number of patients per hospital. Inclusion criteria comprise adult patients (≥ 18 years) with a primary displaced DRF which is treated conservatively after closed reduction. Multiple trauma patients (Injury Severity Score ≥ 16), concomitant ulnar fractures (except styloid process fractures) and patients with concomitant injury on the ipsilateral arm or inability to complete study forms will be excluded. Primary study outcome is fracture redisplacement of the initial reduced DRF. Secondary outcomes are patient-reported outcomes assessed with the Disability Arm Shoulder Hand score (DASH) and Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation score (PRWE), comfort of the cast, quality of life assessed with the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire, analgesics use, cost-effectiveness and (serious) adverse events occurence. In total, 560 patients will be included and followed for 1 year. The estimated time required for inclusion will be 18 months. Discussion The CAST study will provide evidence whether the type of cast immobilization is of influence on fracture redisplacement in distal radius fractures. Extensive follow-up during one year concerning radiographic, functional and patient reported outcomes will give a broad view on DRF recovery. Trial registration Registered in the Dutch Trial Registry on January 14th 2020. Registration number: NL8311 .

Background and objective: The accelerated protocol of Ponseti method was suggested to shorten the period of treatment of the conventional one for the cases of talipes equinovarus deformity. This study aimed to compare the accelerated protocol of Ponseti method in the treatment of clubfoot deformity with the conventional one. Methods: A prospective comparative study was conducted for infants less than six months with congenital talipes equinovarus deformity. The patients were randomized to either Group 1 (casts changed every week, conventional protocol of Ponseti method) or Group 2 (twice weekly, accelerated one). Pirani score was used to assess the severity of the deformity at presentation, at time of last cast removal, and at the last follow up visit (6th months). Results: The patients included were 48 cases with 79 feet. Group 1 (39 clubfeet) had a mean Pirani score of 5.6 (± 1.15) at presentation, which dropped to 0.47 (± 0.41) when the last cast was removed. In Group 2 (40 clubfeet), it dropped from 5.57 (± 0.83) to 0.77 (± 0.01). The result of each treatment protocol was significant, but the difference between them was not significant. Five cases (three patients aged more than three months) of Group 2 needed eight casts to reach an acceptable position of correction. The difference between the mean number of casts applied in Group 1 (5.09) and Group 2 (5.82) was statistically not significant. However, the difference between the mean number of days spent in the cast was significant. The complications occurred in 12 out of 79 feet, with no statistically significant difference between both groups. Conclusion: The accelerated protocol of Ponseti method for treating clubfoot deformity is as effective and as safe as the conventional one. It shortens the time required to complete the treatment program. Those who present lately (beyond the age of three months) may require an additional number of casts.

Given the national goal of “emission peaking and carbon neutralization”, China has become the largest country in the world for offshore wind farm construction. At the same time, navigational safety problems in offshore wind farm waters have become increasingly frequent. Owing to the complexity of offshore wind farm waters and the small number of accident data samples available for reference, the system theory method is more suitable for selection than the traditional method. Based on causal analysis based on system theory (CAST) and a complex network (CN), in this study, a qualitative and quantitative accident analysis model, CAST-CN, is constructed to analyze a complete case of vessel and wind turbine allision in offshore wind farm waters. The results show that, at the micro level, in addition to the master, crew, shipping company, and typhoon Hato, the maritime safety administration and the wind farm operation management department have a certain impact on the development of the accident discussed in this study. At the macro level, internal and external factors leading to the lack of system safety are identified, and measures and suggestions for system safety improvement are proposed based on analysis. This study can fill the research gap in the systematic analysis of traffic accidents in offshore wind farm waters and provide support for the safety assessment and decision-making of government management departments and research institutes.

[Display omitted] • A novel high Zn Al alloy is processed via two-step thermo-mechanical treatments. • A dense distribution of η' precipitates is achieved due to the unique processing. • A superhigh ultimate tensile strength up to 789 MPa is attained. Precipitation strengthening is crucial for the high strength of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu (7xxx) alloys. In this study, we synthesized a novel high-Zn 7xxx Al alloy through a comprehensive two-step thermo-mechanical treatment that includes hot extrusion and hot rolling. This approach effectively mitigates casting defects caused by high Zn content and preserves a significant number of dislocations and low-angle grain boundaries. These deformation substructures, coupled with high Zn concentrations, promote the dense formation of η' nanoprecipitates. As a result, this alloy exhibits an exceptional combination of mechanical properties, with an ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 789 MPa and a tensile elongation of 9.2 %. Our findings offer innovative insights into the design of ultra-strong and ductile Al alloys for advanced engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthworm could regulate their body concentration of arsenic via storage or excretion, and the ability of As efflux among different earthworms is not consistent. Here, whole and semi As exposure patterns with 0-10-30-60-100 mg kg−1 exposure concentrations were set to characterize the As efflux in geophagous earthworm, Metaphire guillelmi. Cast As (As–C) and earthworms' antioxidative responses were monitored to explore the efflux mechanisms under 30 mg kg−1 As-spiked soil (As30), besides, As concentration in earthworm tissue after egestion and dissection depurations were compared. In the whole exposure pattern, As concentration in gut content (As-G, 19.2–120.3 mg kg−1) surpassed that in the tissue (As-T, 17.2–53.2 mg kg−1), and they both increased with exposure concentrations. With the prolong time, they firstly increased and kept stable between day 10–15, then As-G increased while As-T decreased between day 15–20. In the semi-exposure pattern, both As-G and As-T decreased when M. guillelmi was transferred to clean soil for 5 days. During the 42-day incubation in As30, the antioxidative responses including reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were firstly increased and then decreased, and As–C (13.9–43.9 mg kg−1) kept higher than As-G (14.2–35.1 mg kg−1). Significantly positive correlations were found between As-T and GSH, As–C and GST. Moreover, tissue As after dissection (11.6–22.9 mg kg−1) was obviously lower than that after egestion (11.4–26.4 mg kg−1), but significantly related to ROS and GSH. Taken together, M. guillelmi exhibited excellent capacity of As efflux, and GSH explained tissue As accumulation while GST facilitated the As elimination via cast. Besides, dissection instead of egestion revealed the As efflux in M. guillelmi more accurately. These findings contributed to a better understanding of how geophagous earthworm M. guillelmi regulated tissue As accumulation for As stress tolerance, and recommended an optimal depuration mode to characterize As accumulation. [Display omitted] • M. guillelmi could eliminate tissue As under whole and semi exposure patterns. • Tissue As might be eliminated as cast under low As exposure. • GST and GSH stimulated by As oxidative stress promoted As excretion. • Dissection rather than egestion accurately revealed As efflux of earthworm tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Zn-Al alloy and Zn-Al/ZrB 2 composites were fabricated by liquid metallurgy route. • Addition of ZrB 2 particles to the composite results in significant grain refinement, • Heat treatment at 250 °C for 3 h resulted in a refinement of grain structure and hardness improvement. • Higher heat treatment temperatures led to increased grain size and reduced hardness. This study explores the impact of heat treatment on Zn-Al alloy and Zn-Al/ZrB 2 composites. Specifically, heat treatment at 250 °C for 3 h resulted in a significant refinement of grain structure and notable hardness improvement, showcasing an optimal combination of microstructural and mechanical properties. However, higher temperatures led to increased grain size and reduced hardness for both alloy and composites. These findings offer promising insights for optimizing processing parameters, enhancing the performance of Zn-Al based composites in critical engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stable lesions of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum have been treated with activity restriction (AR), and the complete healing requires 1 or 2 years. Little is known about the effectiveness of elbow immobilization. We hypothesized that elbow immobilization would have positive effects on healing of stable OCD. The study subjects were 43 patients (mean age: 12.2 years) with 43 stable OCD lesions of the prematured elbow (mean skeletal age score: 17.1 points of 0-27 points system). The subjects were divided into 3 groups: group A, AR without elbow immobilization, 22 cases; group B, splint (mean: 8.8 weeks) followed by AR, 9 cases; and group C, cast (mean: 3.7 weeks) followed by splint (mean: 7.3 weeks) and AR, 12 cases. The mean nonoperative observation period was 17.5 months (minimum three months). On anteroposterior radiographs of the elbow at 45 degrees of flexion, 5 observers independently assessed the healing of the capitellum, and the interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities were examined. The differences in outcomes among 3 groups were also examined. The interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities of the radiographic assessment were almost perfect (Cohen kappa value: 0.82 and 0.91, respectively). There were no significant differences in age, sports played, or stage of the lesion before the treatment. The proportion of patients returning to sports and the mean period required were 77% and 8.2 months in group A, 78% and 5.7 months in group B, and 83% and 4.4 months in group C, respectively. The proportion of patients showing ossification in the central aspect of the capitellum and the mean period required were 67% and 8.2 months in group A, 63% and 4.9 months in group B, and 91% and 1.9 months in group C, respectively. The proportion of patients showing complete healing and the mean period required were 41% and 16.4 months in group A, 67% and 7.0 months in group B, and 92% and 5.5 months in group C, respectively. Compared to group A, group C showed a significantly earlier return to sports (P =.034), a significantly shorter period required for ossification (P <.001), and significantly higher proportion of patients with complete healing (P =.012) within a significantly shorter period (P =.009). Elbow immobilization had positive effects on healing and enabled both an early return to sports and complete healing. Cast immobilization is recommended as a first choice of nonoperative treatment for stable OCD lesions of the elbow before epiphyseal closure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dental Caries affect more than half of children and adolescents globally and more so in Africa. Most caries studies in Africa are based on DMFT index which does not assess early carious lesions making early prevention and minimal invasive treatment impossible. This study therefore aimed at determining pattern, socio-demographic and behavioral correlates of dental caries according to Caries Assessment and Treatment Spectrum (CAST). Methods: Cross-sectional study involving secondary school adolescents in Copperbelt province, Zambia. Socio-demographics and oral health related behaviors were assessed using a structured questionnaire while dental caries was assessed using CAST. Data were summarized as frequency distributions while cross-tabulation with Chi-squire test and adjusted multinomial logistic regression assessed strength and direction of relationship between socio-demographics, oral health behaviors and dental caries. Level of statistical significance was set at 5%. Results: A total of 1,794 participants were enrolled 54% being females. Total frequency of adolescents with healthy teeth (CAST0-2) was 51.1%, pre-morbidity stages (CAST 3–4) was 24.7%, severe morbidity CAST (6–7) was 6.4% and mortality was 2.7%. The odds of being found with teeth at pre-morbidity stage decreased among male OR (95%CI) = 0.55 (0.44, 0.70) and younger participants OR (95%CI) = 0.77 (0.61, 0.98). Participants in high socio-economic status had lower odds of morbidity OR (95%CI) = 0.69 (0.52, 0.92) while those taking sugary foods five times or more per day had higher odds of morbidity OR (95%CI = 1.52 (1.01, 2.34). The odds of being found at mortality clinical stage of caries was lower among males OR (95% CI) = 0.53 (0.29, 0.96) and those who did not attend to a dentist in the previous year OR (95%CI) = 0.42 (0.23, 0.75), while higher odds OR (95%CI = 2.01 (1.02, 3.97) were among the high socio-economic status. Conclusions: The proportion of participants with teeth at pre-morbidity and morbidity were high. Socio-demographics and behavioral predictors of dental caries were sex, socio-economic status, frequency of sugary food intake per day and dental visit in the previous year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pressure offloading treatment is critical for healing diabetes-related foot ulcers (DFU). Yet the 2011 Australian DFU guidelines regarding offloading treatment are outdated. A national expert panel aimed to develop a new Australian guideline on offloading treatment for people with DFU by adapting international guidelines that have been assessed as suitable to adapt to the Australian context. Methods: National Health and Medical Research Council procedures were used to adapt suitable International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) guidelines to the Australian context. We systematically screened, assessed and judged all IWGDF offloading recommendations using best practice ADAPTE and GRADE frameworks to decide which recommendations should be adopted, adapted or excluded in the Australian context. For each recommendation, we re-evaluated the wording, quality of evidence, strength of recommendation, and provided rationale, justifications and implementation considerations, including for geographically remote and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. This guideline, along with five accompanying Australian DFU guidelines, underwent public consultation, further revision and approval by ten national peak bodies (professional organisations). Results: Of the 13 original IWGDF offloading treatment recommendations, we adopted four and adapted nine. The main reasons for adapting the IWGDF recommendations included differences in quality of evidence ratings and clarification of the intervention(s) and control treatment(s) in the recommendations for the Australian context. For Australians with plantar DFU, we recommend a step-down offloading treatment approach based on their contraindications and tolerance. We strongly recommend non-removable knee-high offloading devices as first-line treatment, removable knee-high offloading devices as second-line, removable ankle-high offloading devices third-line, and medical grade footwear as last-line. We recommend considering using felted foam in combination with the chosen offloading device or footwear to further reduce plantar pressure. If offloading device options fail to heal a person with plantar DFU, we recommend considering various surgical offloading procedures. For people with non-plantar DFU, depending on the type and location of the DFU, we recommend using a removable offloading device, felted foam, toe spacers or orthoses, or medical grade footwear. The six new guidelines and the full protocol can be found at: https://diabetesfeetaustralia.org/new-guidelines/. Conclusions: We have developed a new Australian evidence-based guideline on offloading treatment for people with DFU that has been endorsed by ten key national peak bodies. Health professionals implementing these offloading recommendations in Australia should produce better DFU healing outcomes for their patients, communities, and country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading malignant diseases worldwide, especially in Asia. CAST is a potential oncogene in GC carcinogenesis. The character of macrophage infiltration in the GC microenvironment also remains unaddressed. Methods: We first applied machine searching to evaluate gene candidates for GC. CAST expression and pan-cancer surveyance were analyzed using the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis 2 (GEPIA2) database. The protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was downloaded from STRING. We investigated the impact of CAST on clinical prognosis using a Kaplan–Meier plotter. The correlations between CAST and Lgr5 and macrophage infiltration in GC were determined using TIMER 2.0. Finally, GeneMANIA was also used to evaluate the possible functional linkages between genes. Results: After the machine-assisted search, CAST expression was found to significantly influence the overall survival of GC patients. STRING revealed CAST-related proteomic and transcriptomic associations, mainly concerning the CAPN family. Moreover, CAST significantly impacts the prognosis of GC based on the validation of other datasets. Notably, high CAST expression was correlated with worse overall survival in GC patients (hazard ratio = 1.59; log-rank P = 9.4 × 10−8). CAST and Lgr5 expression were both positively correlated with WNT 2 and WNT 2B. Among the GC patients in several datasets, CAST and macrophage infiltration, evaluated together, showed no obvious association with poor clinical overall survival. Conclusions: CAST plays an important role in the clinical prognosis of GC and is associated with WNT 2/WNT 2B/Lgr5. Our study demonstrates that CAST's influence on overall survival in GC is regulated by macrophage infiltration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of extrathoracic airway replicas in optimization of drug delivery to the lungs with nebulizers, dry powder inhalers (DPIs) and pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) is discussed. Such airway replicas have been useful in evaluating new pulmonary drug delivery platforms mainly based on the comparison of the total lung dose (TLD) and the aerodynamic particle size distribution (APSD) of the aerosol distal to the physical models. The ability of these in vitro methods to replicate in vivo results has allowed advancements in respiratory drug delivery and in the accuracy and utility of in vitro-in vivo correlations (IVIVCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used calibrated 2D images uploaded by patients to an online platform to generate a 3D digital model of the limb. This was used to 3D print a splint. This method of 3D printing of splints was used for two patients who were not able to visit the hospital in person due to restrictions placed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Both patients were satisfied with the splint. We feel that this technology could be used to offer additional options to conventional splinting that allows contactless splint fitting. Level of Evidence: Level V (Therapeutic) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the association between CAST/MspI and MSTN/HaeIII polymorphism with growth traits in Awassi sheep. A total of 129 (male and female) Awassi sheep were used in the study. Growth traits (Body weight BW, body length BL, chest depth CD, heart girth HG, and withers height WH) were taken from animals at one year old. PCRRFLP analysis was used to detect CAST polymorphism (Exon 1C/1D) and MSTN (Exon 3) genes. Three genotypes (MM, MN and NN) were observed for CAST/MspI polymorphism with allele and genotype frequency 0.78(M) and 0.22(N); 0.70(MM), 0.16(MN), and 0.14(NN). Two genotypes (MM and mm) were found for MSTN/HaeIII polymorphism with allele and genotype frequency as 0.10(M) and 0.90(N); 0.10(MM) and 0.90(mm). The genes were in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p>0.05). The association analysis showed an association between CAST/MspI polymorphism and BW, BL, CD, and HG (P<0.05). The MM genotypes had the highest BW compared to MN and NN genotypes. At the same time, the MN genotypes had the highest BL, CD, and HG compared to MM and NN genotypes. No association was found between MSTN/HaeIII polymorphism and growth traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SAMS) has a prevalence of 0-1% to 0.35, its etiology is associated with multiple factors that involve an acute decrease in the body mass index with the consequent loss of the mesenteric fat pad, causing a decrease in variable aortomesenteric angle less than 22° and aortomesenteric distance less than 8 mm, resulting in entrapment of the third portion of the duodenum between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery causing gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting, epigastric pain from postprandial exposure with gastric chamber dilation, and gastric reflux. Ultrasound and barium studies by esophagogastroduodenal series provide a dynamic option that allows accurate evaluation of the site of tightness, and rule out mechanical or extrinsic causes. However, specific computed tomography, with multiplanar reconstructions, is specifically useful because it allows a comprehensive evaluation of a single study of the anatomy and the resulting morphological changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to describe a new technique for casting dies and mounting dental cast on simple hinge articulators using Lego blocks. The objective of this study is achieve a simple and low cost technique for optimizing the dentist's time and cost when using simple hinge articulators. Methods: Lego Blocks measuring 50mmx30mmx5mm were placed in the hinge articulator with cyanoacrylate adhesive, and solid vaseline was applied on the blocks. The models were then fixed to the blocks with Type III plaster and dies were cast. Results: This technique guaranteed good precision and retention, optimizing the dentist's time and cost, in addition to allowing the professional to use one and the same hinge articulator for different dental casts simultaneously. Clinical relevance: The hinged articulator may be indicated to help with the fabrication of single unit prostheses and for fast procedures. Considering the need to facilitate the day-to-day clinical work of dentists in terms of cost, simplicity and time, a technique capable of allowing work on several working models simultaneously will facilitate the work and optimize clinical practice, maintaining the accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The widely accepted caries risk assessment tools such as the Cariogram model needs modifications in the scoring of different factors for reliable results.Aims: The study was aimed to report the caries experience in 3-60 years of the Rajasthan population and to apply the newly derived average decayed exfoliated filled teeth/Decayed Missing Filled Teeth (deft/DMFT) scores in the Cariogram model to assess the caries risk.Settings and Design: The cross-sectional study was planned in the Department of Dentistry and a total of 500 participants were equally divided into five groups (3-6, 7-12, 13-30, 31-44, and 45-60 years) were included.Methods and Material: All participants were examined for caries detection using deft/DMFT, ICDAS, and CAST indices according to the predefined protocol. A single examiner evaluated the participants in a dental operatory and data was recorded.Statistical Analysis Used: One-Way ANOVA and Tukey's Post-Hoc tests were used to evaluate the significant difference between the groups of each caries index.Results: A statistically significant difference was observed between the mean deft/DMFT and CAST scores of 3-6, 7-12, and 13-30 age groups with the 45-60 years age group. Caries prevalence was highest (83%) in 31-44 and 45-60 year age groups and lowest (51%) in the 3-6 year age group.Conclusions: Caries experience scores increase as the age increases and the highest scores were observed in 31-44 and 45-60 year age groups and the lowest were observed in the 3-6 year age group. The average ICDAS and CAST scores were higher when compared to the deft/DMFT index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the past decades, with the increasing demands in lightweight structural materials, Mg alloys with low density and high performance have been extensively investigated and partly applied in some industries. Especially when rare earth (RE) elements are added as major alloying elements to Mg alloys, the alloy strength and creep resistance are greatly improved, which have promoted several series of Mg-RE alloys. This paper reviews the progress and developments of high-performance Mg-RE alloys in recent years with emphasis on cast alloys. The main contents include the alloy design, melt purification, grain refinement, castability, novel liquid casting and semisolid forming approaches, and the industrial applications or trials made of Mg-RE alloys. The review will provide insights for future developments of new alloys, techniques and applications of Mg alloys.

Background: Immobilisation following surgical treatment of distal radial fractures (DRF) is traditionally performed with a dorsal cast splint. There is an interest in changing the rigid cast to a removable brace. This can reduce the risk for cast-corrections, complications and improve recovery of function. The aim of the study was to compare quality of recovery (QoR) between brace and traditional cast for immobilisation during the first postoperative week. Methods: 60 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 1–3, scheduled for surgical treatment of DRF under a supraclavicular block (SCB) in a day-surgery setting were randomised into two groups of immobilisation post-surgery; brace (n=30) versus traditional cast (n=30). Study objectives were: differences in self-assessed QoR using the QoR-15 questionnaire, postoperative oral oxycodone consumption, perioperative time events and unplanned healthcare contacts one week postoperatively. Results: 54 patients, 46 females/eight males were included in the analysis; 27 with brace and 27 with traditional cast. QoR-15 median scores improved significantly from baseline/preoperative to day 7 (brace p=0.001, cast p=0.001) with no differences between the two groups. The only difference found was that patients in the brace group had significantly worse pain score 24-hours post-surgery (p=0.022). No significant differences were seen in total median oxycodone consumption the first three postoperative days. No differences were found in perioperative events or unplanned healthcare contacts. Conclusions: Brace appears to be a feasible option to traditional cast for immobilisation following surgical treatment of DRF. The early QoR was similar in both groups apart from more pain in the brace group the first 24 postoperative hours.

PurposeGartland Type 1 supracondylar humerus fractures are stable, non-displaced injuries treated with non-operative management. This systematic review was performed to gather evidence on the optimal form of immobilization to treat these fractures.MethodsThe review process was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. An electronic search was performed in November 2020. Articles were eligible if they included children less than 18 years old, with non-displaced supracondylar fractures, treated non-operatively. Randomized trials, quasi-experimental trials, and prospective cohort studies were included. Outcomes of interest included fracture displacement, pain control, time to return to normal activities, return of range of motion (ROM), child/parent satisfaction, adverse events, and cost. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale, Rob-2, and the ROBINS tools.ResultsAfter duplicate records were removed, 525 records were evaluated with 9 studies meeting the inclusion criteria and 5 reporting clinical outcomes. The studies were heterogenous, in intervention and outcomes, and all at moderate risk of bias. Within the available evidence there were no cases of fracture displacement. Two small studies suggested that cuff and collar treatment provided inadequate pain control and delay in return to normal activities, compared to posterior splints. Two randomized control trials (RCTs) suggested that soft fiberglass casts reduced appointment time and increased parent satisfaction, compared to traditional casts. No studies directly compared posterior splints to circumferential casts.ConclusionThere is insufficient high-quality evidence to determine the optimal conservative treatment for patients with Gartland type 1 supracondylar fractures. Level of Evidence Level II systematic review of Level II studies.Systematic Review Registration[PROSPERO], identifier [CRD42020144616].

This in vitro study was designed to investigate whether conventionally produced casts and printed casts for prosthodontic purposes show comparable full-arch accuracy; a ceramic reference cast with inlay and crown preparations was fabricated. Ten gypsum casts were fabricated from conventional silicone elastomeric impressions. Ten digital impressions [IOS] of the reference cast were obtained by an intraoral scanner to fabricate 3D-printed resin casts. The ceramic reference cast, the gypsum, and the printed casts were digitized by an industrial structured light scanner (ILS) and provided as stl files. To evaluate absolute mean trueness values, the digitized gypsum casts [CON], digitized printed casts [PRINT], and [IOS] were superimposed with the digitized ceramic reference cast [REF]. Additionally, each [IOS] scan was compared with its corresponding [PRINT]. The precision was calculated for [CON], [IOS], and [PRINT]. The Mann–Whitney U test for independent samples and the Wilcoxon test for connected samples were performed (p ≤ 0.05). As absolute mean deviation trueness values were obtained: 69 ± 24 µm for [REF]-[CON], 33 ± 4 µm for [REF]-[PRINT], and 19 ± 3 µm for [REF]-[IOS]. The superimposition [IOS]-[PRINT] revealed 38 ± 6 µm. The precision was 74 ± 22 µm for [CON], 32 ± 10 µm for [PRINT], and 15 ± 4 µm for [IOS]. With respect to the workflow, the trueness values of [REF]-[CON] and [REF]-[PRINT] differed significantly. Within the digital workflow, [REF]-[PRINT], [REF]-[IOS], and [IOS]-[PRINT], all values differed significantly. Within the limitations of the study, digital impression and printed cast fabrication were more accurate and reproducible than the conventional workflow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cast immobilization is performed in pediatric patients to support fracture healing, provide post‐operative protection, or correct congenital deformities. Pediatric dermatologists will likely encounter the casted patients in their practice. These patients may present with cast‐related complications that can arise due to the cast application or removal process, the inner cast environment, direct physical effects of the cast, or other external factors. This article provides a review of the dermatologic complications of cast immobilization, as well as useful recommendations for patients and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. Distal radius fractures represent one of the most frequent injuries in children. The treatment of choice is a closed reduction followed by immobilisation in plaster cast; the immediate recourse to osteosynthesis with Kirschner wires is only reserved for certain cases. The displacement rate reported in the literature is 21-39%. The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the risk factors for a secondary displacement of metaphyseal radius fractures in a paediatric population treated in three different centres. Materials and methods. The initial treatment for all 360 patients examined was a closed reduction under general anaesthesia and immobilisation in an above elbow cast for 4 weeks. The pre-operative displacement, residual post-reduction displacement and possible displacement at 7 and 14 days of follow-up were all assessed clinically and radiographically. Results. A loss of reduction was reported in 102 cases; 51 underwent an additional reduction procedure - some followed by osteosynthesis - while in the remaining 51 cases, the loss of reduction was acceptable in relation to the expectation of remodelling. The most statistically significant variable for the occurrence of a secondary displacement is a severe primary displacement. The association with the ulna fracture is not significantly correlated. The quality of the plaster cast is important for maintaining the reduction. There are a few things to consider as indicators for a second procedure: age, time elapsed from moment of fracture, fracture site and the absence of an acceptable reduction. Conclusions. In our experience, a reduction followed by osteosynthesis with Kirschner wires should be considered the treatment of choice in fractures with a high risk of secondary displacement, namely those with severe initial displacement or unsatisfactory reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of Sc and Zr on the fluidity of A357 alloy was investigated using spiral fluidity resin sand molds. The results showed that the order of the fluidity was A357+Zr > A357+Sc > A357 > A357+Zr+Sc. The TDCP and the solidification temperature range were also discussed. With Sc and Zr addition, the TDCP and the solidification temperature range of the alloy were changed, which led to the changes of the fluidity. The order of TDCP was A357+Zr < A357+Sc < A357 < A357+Zr+Sc and the order of the solidification temperature range was A357+Zr < A357+Sc < A357 < A357+Zr +Sc. What’s more, △T2 (△T2=TP-TDCP, TP was pouring temperature) and △T1 (△T1=TN-TDCP, TN was α-Al nucleation temperature) were compared, and △T2 was better suited for fluidity investigation than △T1.

Unconventional materials such as composite, ceramic and mineral materials can be used, along with other technical materials, in various fields of technology. The most diverse processes and technologies can be applied to them in order to obtain finished parts, thus reducing the consumption of expensive and deficient materials. Basalt, which belongs to the category of mineral materials, can be processed by melting and recrystallization, sintering or basaltization. As a result of these processes and processing technologies, basalt improves its main mechanical, physical and chemical characteristics, becoming resistant to temperatures between 4000 ... 6000C, mechanical shocks and corrosion. Under these conditions, basalt can also be used advantageously in the construction of the resistance structures of certain engines, especially for combustion chambers and nozzles, along with other materials already used.

Background: Unripe green betel nuts (Areca catechu) are usually consumed as herbal medicines by some inhabitants in several regions of Indonesia. It is considered that the nuts contain Arecoline hydrobromide that can cause damages in a kidney tubule, although it needs further studies about effects of the nuts. Objective: This study aims to determine the effects of the unripe green betel nuts on kidney tissues of rats in a long-term treatment. Methods: Twenty rats used in this study were Sprague-Dawley strain, male, 2-3 months old, and 150-200 gram of weight. They were randomly divided into four groups. Group I was control group, given distilled water once a day; group II, III, and IV were served by juice of the unripe green betel nuts with a dose of 250 mg/kgBW, 1,000 mg/kgBW, and 10,000 mg/kgBW, respectively. Histopathology examination by staining of Haematoxylin Eosin was conducted by an anatomic pathologist using blind methods including glomerulus, tubulus, and interstitial tissues. Result: The tested kidney tissues showed mild interstitial congestion, tubular cast, and tubular degeneration in groups that received unripe green betel nuts. There were no glomerulus abnormality and interstitial inflammation. The highest percentage of rats suffering injury in their kidney was the group IV, with p value

Background: Forearm diaphyseal fractures constitute around 6% of all other children's fractures. Despite conservative management is proven and gold standard but still operative management is on rise. Aims and Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome in conservative and surgical management of both-bone forearm fractures in children. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted in children aged 3–12 years. Clinical and radiological features, time for union, angular correction over a period of management, and functional outcome were assessed. Data were entered and analyzed with Epi Info software. Results: There were 48 males (72.7%) and 18 (27.3%) females, with a mean age of 85 months (±29.7). In the present study, 34 (51.2%) at middle third was the most common site of diaphyseal fracture followed by distal third 28 (42.2) and proximal one-third. Conclusion: Fractures treated conservatively had greater healing potential and faster healing, whereas functional outcome was comparable in both conservatively and surgically treated patients.

Abstract Presynaptic active zone cytomatrix proteins are essential elements of neurotransmitter release machinery that govern neural transmission. Among active zone proteins, cytomatrix at the active zone-associated structural protein (CAST) is known to regulate active zone size in retinal photoreceptors and neurotransmitter release by recruiting Ca2+ channels at various synapses. However, the role of ELKS—a protein from the same family as CAST—and the synergistic roles of CAST/ELKS have not been thoroughly investigated, particularly with regard to mouse behavior. Here, we generated ELKS conditional KO in mouse forebrain synapses by crossing ELKS flox mice with a CaMKII promoter-induced Cre line. Results showed that CAST is dominant at these synapses and that ELKS can support CAST function, but is less effective in the ELKS single KO. Pups of CAST/ELKS double KO in the forebrain were born in Mendelian rations but resulted in eventual death right after the birth. Anatomically, the forebrain neuronal compositions of CAST KO and CAST/ELKS double KO mice were indistinguishable, and the sensory neural network from whiskers on the face was identified as barrelette-like patches in the spinal trigeminal nucleus. Therefore, depletion of CAST and ELKS disrupts neurotransmission from sensory to motor networks, which can lead to deficits in exploration and failure to suckle.

Background: The elevation of the plantar loading has been implicated in the etiology of plantar foot ulceration in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) and peripheral neuropathy. Many strategies are used to reduce this load which are regarded as critical for ulceration healing and commonly called offloading. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of a removable cast walker (RCW) in the healing of diabetic neuropathic planter foot ulcerations. Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine adult diabetic patients attending Al-Faiyha General Hospital, Basrah city in Iraq, participated in this cross-sectional (randomized selection) prospective study between August 2014 and September 2015. We relied on clinical features for survey a diabetic neuropathy of affected foot and we proved the diagnosis by nerve conduction study. Assessment of vascularity was done clinically and by Doppler ultrasound study. Surgical debridement was done, and the participants were instructed to wear a RCW on the 2nd day post operation. Follow-up was performed weekly, and the outcome was assessed by complete wound healing. Results: Twenty-nine patients were included in our study and follow-up program. The mean duration of the neuropathic nonischemic ulcers was 7.1 ± 4.3 months. The healing rate was 62.5%, and we found that the total percentage of healing of the ulcers with 1A and 2A classes was 69.0% with a mean duration of 8.45 ± 2.2 weeks. In addition, we observed that the percentage of patients with diabetic neuropathic foot ulceration with an obvious forefoot deformity was 56.5% of all forefoot ulcers, with a healing rate of 76.9%, whereas those without an obvious foot deformity was 43.5% with a healing rate of 80%. Conclusion: RCW is an effective method in the treatment of diabetic neuropathic nonischemic foot ulceration. The healing rate of the ulceration by using this method of offloading mainly depends on the site of planter foot ulcer.

Background: Immobilisation following surgical treatment of distal radial fractures (DRF) is traditionally performed with a dorsal cast splint. There is an interest in changing the rigid cast to a removable brace. This can reduce the risk for cast-corrections, complications and improve recovery of function. The aim of the study was to compare quality of recovery (QoR) between brace and traditional cast for immobilisation during the first postoperative week. Methods: 60 patients with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status 1–3, scheduled for surgical treatment of DRF under a supraclavicular block (SCB) in a day-surgery setting were randomised into two groups of immobilisation post-surgery; brace (n=30) versus traditional cast (n=30). Study objectives were: differences in self-assessed QoR using the QoR-15 questionnaire, postoperative oral oxycodone consumption, perioperative time events and unplanned healthcare contacts one week postoperatively. Results: 54 patients, 46 females/eight males were included in the analysis; 27 with brace and 27 with traditional cast. QoR-15 median scores improved significantly from baseline/preoperative to day 7 (brace p=0.001, cast p=0.001) with no differences between the two groups. The only difference found was that patients in the brace group had significantly worse pain score 24-hours post-surgery (p=0.022). No significant differences were seen in total median oxycodone consumption the first three postoperative days. No differences were found in perioperative events or unplanned healthcare contacts. Conclusions: Brace appears to be a feasible option to traditional cast for immobilisation following surgical treatment of DRF. The early QoR was similar in both groups apart from more pain in the brace group the first 24 postoperative hours.