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The Environmental Display Manager, EDM, is a development system on an IBM 3090 mainframe at the U.S. EPA National Computer Center in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. EDM provides mapping, display, analysis support, and information management capabilities to workstations located across the United States, and connected to EPA through federal, state, academic, and private communications networks. Through interactive software, EDM can quickly support analyses, create maps and graphics, and generate reports that integrate millions of pieces of environmental data. The concept of EDM is to provide easy access to environmental information, to provide automated environmental analyses and reports, and then to provide data, graphics, images, text, and documents that can be used by numerous output devices, software packages, and computers. The mapping cumponent works with an electronic version of the 54,000 7.5 minute quad sheets of the U.S. Geological Survey. The software also works with a hydrographic data base of the surface waters of the United States. With the maps, a user can look at the rivers in any state, can zoom in on a small pond, and can overlay and identify particular features such as industrial waste dischargers and factories. The hydrography allows routing for modeling programs, identification of upstream and downstream components, and linkage of environmental features associated with surface waters. Alternatively, users can query data based on latitude/longitude, city name, EPA permit number, state agency and station code, river name or number, and river cataloging unit. The maps can be overlaid with roads and environmental sites such as: municipal and industrial dischargers, Superfund sites, public drinking water supplies, water quality monitoring stations, stream gages, and city locations. Retrievals from related systems can be performed for selected sites creating graphics showing water quality trends, discharge monitoring reports, and permit discharge limits.

The close connection between factorial moments and factorial correlators as integrals of the same underlying correlation function is explored, leading to extensions of sum rules previously suggested. Cumulants, which were previously found to be the fundamental building blocks for moments, have been analogously defined for the correlators also, revealing the true {ital n}-particle correlations. Decomposing the factorial correlators into cumulants, we find that the largest part of the correlators consists of two-particle correlations for NA22 data. The nonstationarity of the correlation function is found to affect the results to a surprisingly small degree. It is pointed out that all linking schemes for higher-order correlations must be tested not on the correlators but on the cumulants in order to claim success. Finally, applying our scheme to UA1 factorial moment data, we predict the size and shape of UA1 correlators.

The linked-pair approximation to the hierarchy of cumulant correlation functions is tested in the central rapidity domain, where approximate translation invariance is appropriate. The bin-averaged factorial moments up to the fifth order are well described in terms of the second-order experimental moment for final states created in hadronic collisions. Given the two-particle correlation function, the only constants appearing in the higher moments are very close to those-appropriate to the negative binomial distribution, as pointed out recently by De Wolf. The close correspondence of the linked-pair decomposition to the same structure occurring in galaxy correlations (with slightly different coefficients) is noted, as is the apparently negative binomial character of the number distribution of galaxies in clusters. Preliminary results are discussed for the rapidity distributions arising in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions. We present a variety of fits to correlation functions and also discuss bin-bin correlations deriving from our model.

A survey of our current understanding of the strange particle signature of quark gluon plasma is presented. Emphasis is placed on the theory of strangeness production in the plasma and recent pertinent experimental results. Useful results on spectra of thermal particles are given.

We show that rapidity-bin factorial moments contain a large combinatoric contribution from two-particle correlations. In addition, the higher-order correlations are nonnegligible and increase with energy. The analysis is completely general and also applies for the case where the moments scale. We find that the linked-pair approximation (LPA) for higher correlations is valid for UA1 and UA5 data, with coefficients that are approximately independent of energy and somewhat smaller than for the negative binomial distribution.

Patients with spine metastases due to lung cancer suffer from a reduced lifespan. For a more precise prognosis, it is important to define parameters which influence the individual survival time. This study reviewed the mean survival time of patients who had undergone surgery because of spine metastases due to lung cancer. It should be evaluated whether the postsurgical survival time is dependent on the length of time between diagnosis and surgery and from the histological type of the tumor.Between January 1999 and December 2003, 68 patients had undergone spine surgery because of spine metastases due to lung cancer at the department of traumatology of the St. Georg General Hospital in Hamburg, Germany. Retrospective data were collected from the hospital documentary system regarding the period between diagnosis of lung cancer and date of surgical treatment, and regarding the histological type of the tumor. The postsurgical survival times were evaluated using data from the Hamburger Cancer Index and from general practitioners. These times were analysed afterward according to the defined parameters.The average age was 62.6 years, and 24 female and 44 male patients were included. It was possible to evaluate the survival time of 65 patients. The average survival time of those with preoperative unknown primary manifestation (20 patients) was 88 days, in the group of patients with lung cancer histories of less than 12 months (35 patients) 141 days, and with patients with lung cancer histories of lung cancer longer than 12 months (13 patients) it was 171 days. The mean survival times after surgical treatment were 122 days for patients suffering from non-small-cell lung cancer (45 patients), 128 days for those with small-cell lung cancer (20 patients), and 247 days for patients with other histological types (three patients).The prognosis of patients after spine surgery for lung cancer metastases is poor. The indication for surgical treatment of spinal metastases due to lung cancer should be critically discussed. Especially patients with unknown primary manifestation might benefit from a conservative approach. With respect to the patients' reduced lifespan, they, their relatives, and the nursing staff should be carefully informed.

This study evaluated the intra- and post-surgical complications on tumor affected spines. Complications were analyzed according to selected patient groups so that risk factors could be determined.Between January 1999 and December 2004, 401 patients underwent surgery because of spinal metastases in the Department of Traumatology, General Hospital St. Georg in Hamburg. Data were obtained from the hospital's documentary system. The results of this study were compared to other published studies.The average age of patients was 63 years (24-88) and there were 172 (42.9%) females and 229 (57.1%) males. A total of 118 (29.4%) patients suffered from 235 complications and 22 (5.5%) died.Patient's age70 years, patients with a preoperative neurological deficit, and patients with heavily bleeding metastases are at high risk for complications. The dorsoventral/dorsolateral approach had the highest complication rate.

Taking up and extending earlier suggestions, we show how two- and threedimensional shapes of second-order HBT correlations can be described in a multivariate Edgeworth expansion around gaussian ellipsoids, with expansion coefficients, identified as the cumulants of pair momentum difference q, acting as shape parameters. Off-diagonal terms dominate both the character and magnitude of shapes. Cumulants can be measured directly and so the shape analysis has no need for fitting., 8 pages, 6 figures for a total of 29 subfigs, revtex4. Typos corrected, three missing terms added, minor text changes

We analyse second moments R2 of like‐sign pion pairs in the two‐dimensional (qL,qT) and three‐dimensional (qO,qS,qL) decompositions of the three‐momentum difference. Conventional fit parametrisations such as gaussian, exponential, power‐law and Edgeworth fail miserably, while more elaborate ones such as Levy do well but fail to yield a unique best‐fit solution. A two‐component model using a hard cut to separate small‐ and large‐scale parts appears possible but not compelling. In all cases, the data exhibits a strong and hitherto unexplained peak at small momentum differences which exceeds current fits.

A vertebroplasty was carried out on an 86 year old patient with a lumbar fracture involving impression of the cranial and caudal endplate by moderate osteoporosis. The vertebral column tilted with gibbous development and subluxation. As correcting treatment, corporectomy and spacer implantation using a dorsolateral approach and spondylodesis were necessary. This case draws attention to the mechanical conditions needed for an indication for vertebroplasty. The indication for vertebroplasty should be critical for patients with central impression of the vertebral body.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is caused by JC virus, an opportunistic infection of the central nervous system. Antiretroviral treatment for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients is beneficial, but few data exist for patients who are not infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Idiopathic CD4 + T lymphocytopenia excludes human immunodeficiency virus infection. We describe a patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy with underlying idiopathic CD4 + T lymphocytopenia in whom functional recovery occurred without antiviral therapy. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic, demyelinating neurological disorder caused by a ubiquitous polyomavirus called JC virus. The first case was described in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia [1]. In the AIDS era, the incidence of PML has rapidly increased; persons with HIV infection account for ∼85% of all instances of PML, and ∼5% of patients with AIDS develop the disease [2]. Other patients with PML have immunosuppression due to leukemia or lymphomas, cancer chemotherapy, immunosuppressive medication, or chronic inflammatory disease [3]. Usually, the clinical outcome of patients with PML is poor, with an inexorable progression to death within 6 months after onset of symptoms; however, ∼7% to 9% of patients with PML demonstrate prolonged survival (112 months) in the absence of specific therapy [4].

Mathematical ideas and approaches common in complexity-related fields have been fruitfully applied in experimental high energy physics also. We briefly review some of the cross-pollination that is occurring., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figs, latex; Second International Conference on Frontier Science: A Nonlinear World: The Real World, Pavia, Italy, 8-12 September 2003

Historically, microgravity science based payload software applications have been designed in a custom fashion, each application being built from the “ground up”, with virtually no code reuse or common design, even though at a purely behavioral standpoint they are very similar. The reasons for this have typically been due to differences in operating systems, developer experience, NASA STS (Shuttle Transportation System) and/or ISS (International Space Station) data management system peculiarities. This paper proposes a “generic” approach to developing an experiment software control system. It identifies the common facilities needed by most applications and defines a simple set of interfaces to provide a common solution.

In order to allow speedy mobilization after vertebral body replacement, high primary stability as well as prevention of implant dislocation are required. It is unclear whether differences between common vertebral body replacement systems exist and whether spreadable implants improve primary stability. Migration characteristics of 3 different vertebral body replacement systems were determined using human lumbar spine specimens. Primary stability was assessed by loading specimens successively in 5 conditions: native, after dorsal spondylodesis, after laminectomy and after vertebral body replacement. Migration was shown to depend on cage design and spike shape. Dorsal spondylodesis in combination with vertebral body replacement reduced flexion/extension movement effectively independent of cage design. Stabilization potential in lateral bending was limited. None of the cages limited movement under torsional loading effectively. The possibility to spread the cage had a positive effect on stabilization.

Totally misplaced pedicle screws will lead to major stability problems. There are no publications about the stability behavior of screws, which have no pure trabecular position and perforate the pedicle slightly. Since neurological problems are only described with screws perforating the pedicle medially by at least 4 mm, this question has great relevance concerning the definition of pedicular malposition. Sixty-eight pedicle screws were tested in human cadaveric lumbar spines. Their vertical path was measured at the beginning and end of 1000 sinusoidal cycles with a force amplitude of 160 N. They were divided into four groups according to their screw position as mentioned in the title. We found no significant differences in primary stability or loosening between the groups. The cortical contact and perforation groups had slightly better results, which were not significant in comparison to the other two groups.

A well-known problem occurring with thoracolumbar spondylodesis is the perforation of pedicle screws through the pedicle wall. It occurs in up to 40% of the implanted screws. To reduce this problem, computed tomography (CT)-based navigation systems have been introduced, which allow the surgeon multidimensional control of the screw position in virtual reality and real time during insertion. In the recent past, fluoroscopy-based navigation systems have also been built. We inserted 77 pedicle screws in human lumbar cadaveric spine specimens either without navigation, with CT-based navigation, or with fluoroscopy-based navigation. In the critical sizes of pedicles between 6.5 and 9 mm, we found the best results with CT-based navigation, but there was no significant difference between the three methods. The minimal pedicle and the screw diameters should be reported in every study on pedicle screw misplacement and spine navigation since they represent the most important factor in pedicle wall perforations.

Congenital intracranial teratomas are rare and usually fatal. We present prenatal diagnosis of such a case associated with scalp, facial, and body skin edema, hepatomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis, polyhydramnios, and a hydropic placenta. These manifestations of high-output cardiac failure were thought to be the result of the large cardiac output required by massive intracranial tumor arteriovenous shunting.

Regularly the unsolved problems of addiction- and dependence-research are discussed in the sense of the psycho-body-dichotomy, arguing that the biological mechanisms of reward-systems and their pathobiochemistry have to be confronted with the psychological and philosophical/anthropological dimensions within persons. The present paper, however, tries to demonstrate that this dichotomy is insufficient insofar as social-anthropological components of being addicted, which represent integrative constituents of a theory of addiction, are neglected within such a scheme. The developmental-psychological and philosophical-psychological aspects of socialization are considered and related to internal valuating systems and reality models regarding the problems of drugs and dependency. Herein it is shown that especially the model of René Girard, constituting "mimetic triangulation", is applicable to the understanding of the microsocialization of drug-consumers. This is also demonstrated in film-examples. It is shown that the problem of drug-addiction cannot be solved from a neurobiological/biochemical--and also a psychotherapeutic/psychoanalytic concept--without incorporating the dynamics and the value-worlds within groups which should also be considered to be therapeutically influenceable.

Research on communication skills in psychotic patients demonstrates that in dialogues schizophrenics neglect the needs of the listener. There are only few linguistic studies which investigate the speech of schizophrenic children and adolescents. The verbal and non-verbal communication of schizophrenic, neurotic, and healthy adolescents during a problem solving situation was transcribed and compared by a content analysis. The transcripts were screened for dialogue control and communication disturbance of verbal/non-verbal activities of the speaker and listener: Dialogue control was defined by the variables signals of the speaker or signals of hearer and eye or body contact of the test person to the experimenter. Communication disturbance was defined as the amount of incomprehensible articulation and selections. Neurotic test persons produce the highest signals of speaker rate. In dialogues with neurotic and schizophrenic test persons the experimenter uses more signals of hearer than in dialogues with healthy test persons. In dialogues with neurotic test persons the experimenter shows more signals of the speaker than in dialogues with healthy test persons. Schizophrenics neglect more often the statements of the experimenter than in other dialogues and vice versa. Although the experimenter was instructed to restricted verbal behavior the communication intensified in the neurotic group. The communication in the schizophrenic group was characterized by frequent communication disturbance.

To understand the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus-induced neuropathology, it is critical to know the dynamics of viral replication in the central nervous system. Viral decay kinetics were mathematically analyzed from multiple serial specimens of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid and plasma during antiretroviral therapy in a patient with asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection and an external ventricular catheter for hydrocephalus. A rapid exponential decay of virus with an elimination half-life of 4.2 days in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid and 2.3 days in plasma was found. Sequencing the V3 loop-encoding envelope gene of virus in both compartments revealed high sequence homology. The combined data suggest that virus in ventricular cerebrospinal fluid is at least partly contributed by rapidly replicating virus-producing cells recruited from the circulation.

This study reports on the long-term course of 11 patients (6 girls, 5 boys) with childhood onset schizophrenia (COS, age at onset10 years). Patients were examined twice (mean follow-up period 38 years after onset). The premorbid development is assessed in terms of the Modified Premorbid Adjustment Scale (M-PAS) and additionally described by distinct psychopathological categories. The psychopathology at the onset of psychosis and at the second follow-up examination was assessed by categorical application of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The outcome was rated with the Disability Assessment Score (DAS). The course of psychotic episodes and intervals between them is presented according to DSM-IV subtype classifications. Ten of 11 patients presented premorbid developmental peculiarities that were not adequately covered by the M-PAS subscales. Whereas in the 4 patients with acute onset of psychosis the positive PANSS-type was predominant, in the 7 patients with an insidious onset the negative PANSS-type prevailed. The nature of the diagnostic subtypes varied markedly across the course of the illness. In case of a continuous predominant catatonic symptomatology the outcome was poor. Detailed case descriptions help to illuminate the heterogeneous psychopathology of COS. Various temporary premorbid behavioral peculiarities were precursors of COS. A differentiation between premorbid and prodromal signs proved to be arbitrary. Our results contradict the assumption that COS is characterized only by a negative symptomatology.

In the context of random multiplicative energy cascade processes, we derive analytical expressions for translationally invariant one- and two-point cumulants in logarithmic field amplitudes. Such cumulants make it possible to distinguish between hitherto equally successful cascade generator models and hence supplement lowest-order multifractal scaling exponents and multiplier distributions., Comment: 11 pages, 3 figs, elsart.cls included

In the context of random multiplicative cascade processes, we derive analytical solutions for one- and two-point cumulants with restored translational invariance. On taking ratios of cumulants in ln epsilon, geometrical effects due to spatial averaging cancel out. These ratios can successfully distinguish between splitting functions while multifractal scaling exponents and multiplier distributions cannot., Comment: 9th Workshop on Multiparticle Production (Torino), 9 pages latex, incl 9 figs and espcrc2.sty

Introduction: We present the results of a 42 year long-term follow-up of 44 patients (19 males, 25 females) with childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS, age at onset: 7–14 years) who could be traced for a second follow-up examination 27 years after the first follow-up. Method: Data from interviews, clinical records, premorbid and social disability assessments were evaluated for statistical analyses. The symptomatology observed during the whole course of illness was rediagnosed by DSM-IV criteria. Results: The paranoid, catatonic, and schizoaffectives subtypes appeared most frequently. There have been no gender differences in age of first psychiatric symptoms (AFS), AFPS, and age of first hospitalization. Kaplan-Meier’s survival-analysis carried out for AFPS with sex as the grouping factor revealed that the cumulative prevalence appears to be earlier in females (between 7 and 15 years) than in males (between 10 and 18 years). Of the 44 patients 50% had a continuing severe course. Patients with onset before 12 years of age were characterized by a chronic/insidious onset, marked premorbid abnormalities, and by a poorer remission. Premorbid features of social withdrawal and reluctance indicated a risk for social disability within the later course. Conclusion: COS, as a rare but severe variant of schizophrenia, frequently develops from premorbid social maladaptation to an insidious onset but is subsequently followed by a transition to a course and outcome not distinguishable from that of adult-onset schizophrenia.

In the last few years neurobiological research has made a substantial contribution to an improved understanding of the neurodevelopmental origins of schizophrenia. Studies of functional and local brain-damage have illuminated the mechanisms of action of both the classical and the atypical neuroleptics and thus have considerable implications for a rational pharmacotherapy. Taking into account modern research on bonding, it is possible to elaborate a somato-psychosomatic model for the development of schizophrenia in childhood. The present review discusses the implications of this model for the treatment of children and adolescents with schizophrenia.

Small follicular ovarian cysts are a common finding in fetal and neonatal ovaries. We present a case in which precise prenatal and neonatal sonographic data were used to diagnose complete torsion of the adnexa requiring immediate neonatal surgical treatment

We reviewed 77 conservatively and 164 operatively treated cases of rupture of the long head of the biceps documented in the literature. Refixation offers a small but relatively constant improvement of flexion and supination power and thus reduces the number of cases with remaining light or marked weakness by one third. Deformity by the slipped muscle can be corrected effectively. As complications are uncommon surgery should be recommended to young and active patients and should at least be offered to less active patients. Thirteen patients were re-examined after operative repair for distal biceps tendon avulsion and 277 reported cases were reviewed. After conservative management (n = 20) the power of flexion remains reduced by 30%-40%, that of supination by more than 50%. The loss of flexion power, as well as the deformity can be nicely diminished by attachment of the distal biceps to the brachialis muscle (n = 22). There are no complications documented regarding this procedure. The anatomic reinsertion (n = 248) additionally reduces the loss of supination power to 0%-25%, but bears a higher risk of complications. The double-incision technique (n = 105 of 248) does not necessarily decrease this risk. There are as many nerve injuries reported as with the single-anterior approach. Additionally we are faced with the problem of radioulnar synostosis. The use of suture anchors provides a nice way of fixation of the tendon but does not facilitate the approach to the tuberosity. The distal biceps tendon rupture should be treated operatively. The adequate method of repair is to be determined individually.

Since its first definition 100 years ago, the term conversion underwent many changes, a fact that is proved by various re-evaluations with respect to classification (DSM-IV, ICD-10). In the context of a psychodynamically-oriented diagnostic there are--in addition to that--actual attempts to reach a valid operationalization of the conversion concept. From a psychodynamic point of view a differentiation of traditional concepts has been made. Results of examinations of 45 children and adolescents (average age: 14 years, range: 8-18 years) who had been treated in the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry of the University of Essen for conversion symptoms, revealed a strong interaction of oedipal and pre-oedipal conflicts and that in case that there was no help from a third object during early triangulation, the child's endeavor to break out of the primordial relationship with the primary love object had been impeded and thus individuation processes were impaired or even prevented. Our results lead to the conclusion that for the young patients, who came to us with a conversion symptom, the early pre-oedipal triangulation failed and thus primary separation and dependency conflicts could not be solved adequately.

Forty-four first-admission patients with childhood-onset schizophrenia (age at onsetor = 14 years) were examined retrospectively for 30 clinical symptoms using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS; 15). A principal component analysis with varimax rotation was applied to the full item set of this scale and revealed five orthogonal independent symptom groups: cognition affect, social withdrawal, anti-social behavior, excitement, and reality distortion. In order to validate these psychopathological dimensions we analyzed the relation between the five factor scores and outcome variables (Disability Assessment Schedule, DAS-M; 13) several years after onset: Social withdrawal was correlated with poor outcome; reality distortion was related to good outcome (P0.01). A multivariate ANOVA identified group differences in the anti-social behavior factor between acute and insidious onset of illness and between boys and girls; patients with an acute onset scored significantly higher on the excitement factor than those with an insidious onset (P0.05). According to our results more than two dimensions are necessary to describe the psychopathology of childhood-onset schizophrenia, similar to adolescent- and adult-onset schizophrenia.

The n-point statistics of singularity strength variables for multiplicative branching processes is calculated from an analytic expression of the corresponding multivariate generating function. The key ingredient is a branching generating function which can be understood as a natural generalisation of the multifractal mass exponents. Various random multiplicative cascade processes pertaining to fully developed turbulence are discussed., REVTeX, 18 pages, 5 PS figs, submitted to PRE

We have found an analytic expression for the multivariate generating function governing all n-point statistics of random multiplicative cascade processes. The variable appropriate for this generating function is the logarithm of the energy density, ln epsilon, rather than epsilon itself. All cumulant statistics become sums over derivatives of ``branching generating functions'' which are Laplace transforms of the splitting functions and completely determine the cascade process. We show that the branching generating function is a generalization of the multifractal mass exponents. Two simple models from fully developed turbulence illustrate the new formalism., Comment: REVTeX, 4 pages, 2 PostScript figs, submitted to PRL

Die Diskusdegeneration sowie die allgemeinen degenerativen Veranderungen an der Wirbelsaule werden als eine der moglichen Ursachen fur Ruckenschmerzen (Low Back Pain: LBP) von vielen Autoren diskutiert. Der grose Komplex LBP findet in der Zusammenhangsbegutachtung bei der Berufskrankheit (BK 2108–2110) grose Bedeutung in der Frage, ob ein berufsbedingtes Leiden an der Wirbelsaule vorliegt oder nicht. Gegenstand dieses Kapitels ist die Untersuchung der Biomechanik innerhalb eines Bewegungssegmentes der humanen LWS, um deren Morphologie in Abhangigkeit zur radiologisch ermittelten Degeneration zu dokumentieren.

Schizophrenic psychoses with early onset (or = 10) are very rare; they occur in approx. 0.5-1% of the total number of patients. Long-term research with sufficiently long observation periods may be able to answer the question whether there is a nosological continuity between early-onset schizophrenia and schizophrenic psychoses in adults. We report on the results of a study on 13 patients with onset at the age of 10 years or earlier (7 girls, 6 boys) with an average duration of illness of 36.1 years (SD = 10.2 years). 3 patients had deceased in the meantime, one patient could not be reached by mail. 9 of the original 13 patients could be examined during the second follow-up by the same interviewer (on the average 27 years after the first follow-up). In 5 children the onset was acute (less than one week), in 8 children insidious (more than 4 weeks). Among the 5 patients with acute onset of childhood psychoses the positive PANSS-type (60%) predominated, in the 8 patients with at first barely perceptible beginning, the negative PANSS-type (45%) prevailed. In respect of the diagnostic division into subcategories, we found a remarkably large variability: At the beginning the disorganised type, at the first follow-up the paranoid, and at the second follow-up the catatonic and the disorganised type were diagnosed most frequently by 4 independent raters. The evaluation of the whole course shows that the incidence of the paranoid type was most frequent. Clear positive-productive psychotic symptoms occurred very early in our patients, i.e. already at the age of 7 years. On the whole, 77% of the patients showed positive symptoms from the beginning of psychotic breakdown; more than half of them had hallucinations from the beginning. This is contrary of the current opinion that childhood-onset schizophrenia begins predominantly with negative symptoms. However, at the beginning of insidious courses, negative symptoms prevail. The prognosis for the 8 insidious courses on the whole was unfavourable (only one full remission, one partial remission, the rest poor or very poor remissions). No connection between the total diagnosis (subtype) and the remission grade was seen.

This paper discusses psychosocial influences of diabetes mellitus type 1 on children and young patients. A group of 21 patients, age 9 to 14 years with Diabetes mellitus type 1 attended a course in "Autogenic Training" for a period of 11 weeks. From the multidimensional questionnaire for children (PFK 9-14, SETZ U. RAUSCHE 1976) 15 dimensions of personality and 5 second rank factors were extracted at the beginning and at the end of training and 5 months later. Additionally HbA1-scores were assessed at the beginning and at the end at a 2 month and a 5 month-follow-up. At the beginning of the course only on one of the 15 scales a significant difference could be observed between experimental group and age related normal population. After training 5 scales and one second rank factor showed significant changes. Significant reduction was observed in: "need for aggressive forms of dominance behaviour" "feeling of submission with respects to other:", "emotional lability" and "tendency for dependence on adults". A significantly increased score was observed in the scale measuring "self confidence regarding one's own meaning, decisions and planning ability". The second rank faktor "neuroticism" was significantly reduced. Against expectations there was no reduction in HbA1 scores. At the end of training HbA1 scores even had increased significantly. But this might have been related to the high frequency of infections during this course. In subjective ratings of training evaluation most of the course members and their parents described fewer problems with attention, less test-anxiety and less aggression and nervousness. The results of this prospective pilot-study are discussed in terms of the psychodynamic influence on diabetes.

Primary lymphoedema refers to a swelling of a part or parts of the body due to a congenital defect in the lymphatic system. Recently, the patent blue violet dye test has been described as a means of confirming the diagnosis in dogs. This case report demonstrates that the dye test is a simple and useful diagnostic test for the diagnosis of primary lymphoedema in the cat also.

Factorial moments and cumulants are usually defined with respect to the unconditioned Poisson process. Conditioning a sample by selecting events of a given overall multiplicity $N$ necessarily introduces correlations. By means of Edgeworth expansions, we derive generalized cumulants which define correlations with respect to an arbitrary process rather than just the Poisson case. The results are applied to correlation measurements at fixed $N$, to redefining short-range vs.\ long-range correlations and to normalization issues., Latex, 8 pages, no figs

A psychoeducational approach of the nursing staff's work with parents is presented. By offering a family visit to the unit prior to admission, systematic preparation of the admission process, reflected interactions with parents during their visits, by parents' evenings and parents' weekends, the nursing team makes a distinct contribution to the families' treatments. Pros and cons are dealt with, concerning issues of professional self-image, goal planning of the team as a whole, structures of team conferences, and supervision. As to evaluation, some parameters (incidence of dismissals for reasons of discipline, withdrawal of children against medical advice, patients referred to care of public authorities after treatment) are discussed for their usefulness.

We report the case of an adult AIDS-patient with an unusual pattern of toxoplasmic encephalitis resembling the congenital form of the disease. Extensive exudative ependymitis and plexitis caused obstruction of internal CSF-pathways with rapid development of hydrocephalus. CT showed hydrocephalus and multifocal hypodense non-enhancing lesions. Direct microscopy of the CSF demonstrated Toxoplasma organisms.

Der Einsatz des unilateralen Fixateur externe, vornehmlich am Unter- und Oberschenkel, entspricht in unserer Klinik weitestgehend der klassischen Indikationsstellung [4] bei II.- und III.-gradig offenen Frakturen geschlossenen Frakturen mit ausgedehnten Weichteilkontusionen (Fr.G. II und G III nach Oestern u. Tscherne [6] Frakturversorgungen beim Polytrauma.