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Thismia filiformis is described and illustrated as a new species from Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. The conservation status and affinities of the new species are discussed.

A new species of Thismiaceae, Thismia betung-kerihunensis Tsukaya et H. Okada, found during a botanical survey of Betung-Kerihun National Park, West Kalimantan, Borneo, Indonesia, is described and illustrated. This species closely resembles Thismia clavigera (Becc.) F. Muell, which is distributed in Borneo, Sumatra, Langkawi, and Thailand; however, it differs in flower shape, size, and color, having conspicuous hood-like appendages at the tip of the brilliant blue-green colored mitre formed by the three inner tepals. Moreover, it differs in the shape of the anther connectives that lack acutely elongated apices and has rectangular glands. The smaller stature of the species also distinguishes it from T. clavigera.

Burmannia championii Thwaites, is a small saphrophytic herb of family Burmanniaceae. This has been discovered from two locations in the central Western Ghats of Karnataka in southern India. Present report of Burmannia championii Thwaites forms a new addition to the flora of Karnataka.

Thismia Griffith (1844: 221), Thismiaceae J. Agardh or Burmanniaceae sensu APG VI (2016), is one of the most species-rich mycoheterotrophic genera, consisting of ca. 80 species (Jonker 1948, Merckx et al. 2013). Considering that most of these species were collected only once (Jonker 1948) and that many new species have recently been discovered in various Asian countries (e.g. Suetsugu et al. 2017, 2018), many more undescribed species are likely in these regions.

A new species of Thismia (Thismiaceae), T. kinabaluensis, is described from Mt. Kinabalu, Sabah, Borneo. Thismia kinabaluensis is clearly placed in section Thismia subsect. Odoardoa, in having its creeping vermiform roots and free and equal perianth lobes, and it is distinguished from the other members of this subsection by three anther appendages (one filiform appendage between two club shaped ones) and a pale-blue perianth tube with transverse bars inside. A key to the Malaysian Thismia is provided for easy identification of these mycoheterotrophic plants.

Oxygyne Schltr. (Thismiaceae) is a rare and little-known genus of achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophic perennial herbs with one of the most remarkable distributions of all angiosperm plant genera globally, being disjunct between Japan and West–Central Africa. Each species is known only from a single location, and in most cases from a single specimen. This monographic study names, describes and maps two new species, Oxygyne duncanii Cheek from cloud forest in SW Region Cameroon and O. frankei Cheek from gallery forest in the Central African Republic, representing the first new Oxygyne species described from Africa in 112 years, and raising the number of described Oxygyne species from four to six. Oxygyne duncanii is remarkable for sharing more morphological characters with two of the three Japanese species (O. hyodoi C.Abe & Akasawa, O. shinzatoi (H. Ohashi) Tsukaya) than with the geographically much closer type species of the genus, O. triandra from Mt Cameroon. Based mainly on herbarium specimens and field observations made in Cameroon and Japan during a series of botanical surveys, we provide descriptions, synonymy, mapping and extinction risk assessments for each species of Oxygyne, together with keys to the genera of Thismiaceae and the species of Oxygyne. The subterranean structures of African Oxygyne are described for the first time, and found to be consistent with those of the Japanese species. We review and reject an earlier proposal that the Japanese species should be segregated from the African species as a separate genus, Saionia Hatus. The only character that separates the two disjunct species groups is now flower colour: blue or partly-blue in the Japanese species compared with orange-brown in the African species. Studies of the pollination biology and mycorrhizal partners of Oxygyne are still lacking. Two of the six species, O. triandra Schltr. and O. hyodoi, appear to be extinct, and the remaining four are assessed as Critically Endangered using the IUCN 2012 criteria. To avoid further extinction, an urgent requirement is for conservation management of the surviving species in the wild. Since few achlorophyllous mycoheterotrophs have been successfully cultivated from seed to maturity, ex situ conservation will not be viable for these species and protection in the wild is the only viable option. While natural habitat survives, further botanical surveys could yet reveal additional new species between Central Africa and Japan.

Five species of achlorophyllous heteromycotrophs, better known as saprophytes, are here reported from Guinea for the first time, raising the national total to six. They include a new species, Gymnosiphon samoritoureanus Cheek, which is described and illustrated, and assessed as Vulnerable using IUCN (2001).

Gymnosiphon marieae Cheek sp. nov. from Madagascar is described and its conservation status assessed. The discovery of tepal-mediated stigmatic extension in Gymnosiphon is reported.

Resumo Este estudo engloba as espécies de Burmanniaceae registradas para as cangas da Serra dos Carajás, no estado do Pará, trazendo descrições detalhadas, ilustrações e comentários morfológicos das espécies na área. Foram registradas as seguintes espécies de Burmannia: B. capitata e B. flava, ambas com distribuição Neotropical. Abstract This study includes the species of Burmanniaceae recorded for the cangas of the Serra dos Carajás, Pará state, and provides detailed descriptions, illustrations, and morphological comments of the species in the study area. Two species of Burmannia are recorded: B. capitata and B. flava, both widely distributed in the Neotropical area.

The subterranean organs of Afrothismia gesnerioides H. Maas consist of short rhizomes densely covered with ovoid root tubercles, each of which may extend into a short filiform root extension. Serial sections revealed the presence of two distinct fungi occupying different niches within the plant tissues. Rhizomes and roots are divided into separate compartments hosting different morphotypes of the aseptate, exclusively intracellular hyphae of fungus A: (i) straight and persistent hyphae in the root epidermis, root extension, and outer rhizome cortex, (ii) coiled but still persistent hyphae in the third root layer, (iii) coiled hyphae undergoing degeneration in the root cortical parenchyma, (iv) starch depositions in the inner rhizome cortex and no colonization by fungus A, and (v) a partly collapsed root hypodermis serving as compartment barrier. The colonization by fungus A is interpreted as an aberrant arbuscular mycorrhiza of the Paris type. The compartmentation allows the separation of tissues where the hyphae stay functional from those in which the fungal material is digested. This pattern may represent a complex but efficient strategy for a sustained benefit from the few fungal penetrations that occur. Comparison with earlier work on Afrothismia winkleri (Engl.) Schltr. revealed considerable differences between the mycorrhizae that are interpreted as evolutionary steps. There are signs that these changes even may have improved the mycorrhizal benefit for the plant. The monomorphic hyphae of fungus B are smaller in diameter, septate, grow inter- as well as intra-cellularly, but are always characteristically appressed to the inner cell walls. It does not change its appearance within the root/rhizome compartments as does fungus A. Neither hyphal degeneration nor interferences with fungus A, starch depositions, or alterations in the development of A. gesnerioides could be noticed. Fungus B possibly is a commensal, but relevance to the symbiosis cannot be ruled out.

We amplified and sequenced partial 18S rDNA of fungi in the roots of 11 African myco-heterotrophic plants out of four angiosperm families (Burmanniaceae, Thismiaceae, Triuridaceae, and Gentianaceae). The sequences were cladistically analyzed with published sequences of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. We show that all investigated African myco-heterotrophic plants are associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within a clade of Glomus (Glomus-group A). We reveal a fine-level mycorrhizal specificity for a particular set of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi within Glomus-group A by Afrothismia hydra (Thismiaceae). Furthermore, we show that the roots of two myco-heterotrophic plant individuals, besides being colonized by representatives of Glomus-group A, also contain DNA of Acaulospora sp. Consequently, Acaulospora is interpreted as a facultative mycorrhizal associate.

Sainge, M. N., Franke, T. & Agerer, R.: A new species of Afrothismia (Burmanniaceae, tribe Thismieae) from Korup National Park, Cameroon. – Willdenowia 35: 287-291. – ISSN 0511-9618; © 2005 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.35.35209 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) Afrothismia korupensis, a new species of this genus of achlorophyllous, myco-heterotrophic herbs is described from evergreen Guineo-Congolean rain forest in the Korup National Park, Cameroon, and illustrated. It differs from all other species of the genus in the internal structure of its perianth tube with six radially arranged cuneate partitions at the base, the absence of an internal flange and the laterally winged staminal filaments, each with a conical projection.

Burmannia comprises ca. 63 species and is one of the largest genera of the Burmanniaceae. Three species were recorded in the 2nd edition of Flora of Taiwan. In the course of our botanical inventory, Burmannia cryptopetala Makino was found in the northern and northeastern Taiwan, representing a new record species on this island. Burmannia cryptopetala is easily distinguished from other congeners by having perianth-tube 3-winged, and inner perianth-lobes lacking or inconspicuous. In this report we provide description, line drawing, and colored photographs taken from the natural habitat to aid in identification.

Lectotypifications are proposed for two obscure names published by the Brazilian botanist Joao Barbosa Rodrigues: Aristholochia alpestris and Monostychosepalum monanthum.

Afrothismia foertheriana, a new species of Burmanniaceae (tribe: Thismieae) from the peripheral zone of the Onge Forest Reserve in Cameroon’s Southwest Province is described and illustrated. The papillose, multicellular floral trichomes, the tepal’s erose margins, the small, zygomorphic perianth mouth and the dull purplish brown coloration give A. foertheriana a distinctive appearance within the genus. The species is here assessed as being critically endangered.

Afrothismia foertheriana, a new species of Burmanniaceae (tribe: Thismieae) from the peripheral zone of the Onge Forest Reserve in Cameroon’s Southwest Province is described and illustrated. The papillose, multicellular floral trichomes, the tepal’s erose margins, the small, zygomorphic perianth mouth and the dull purplish brown coloration give A. foertheriana a distinctive appearance within the genus. The species is here assessed as being critically endangered.

A new species of Afrothismia, A. gesnerioides H. Maas is described and illustrated. A key to the genus Afrothismia is included.

Afrothismia hydra, a new species of Burmanniaceae (tribe Thismieae) from South west Cameroon is decribed, illustrated and compared with related taxa.

Corsiaceae is a small family of mycoheterotrophic herbs composed of the genera Arachnitis, Corsia, and Corsiopsis. Due to a lack of DNA sequence data, previous molecular‐based phylogenetic studies have not addressed adequately the position or circumscription of the family. Because mycoheterotrophy results in extreme vegetative reduction that may contribute to homoplasy in the form of character convergence, morphological‐based studies that have addressed these issues may be misleading. Traditionally, Corsiaceae have been grouped with Burmanniaceae and Thismiaceae. However, other than mycoheterotrophy, there are few characters that support this relationship. Additionally, the monophyly of Arachnitis, Corsia, and Corsiopsis has been questioned. The present phylogenetic study, inferred from large‐subunit (26S) ribosome DNA sequences, suggests that Corsiaceae are polyphyletic. Specifically, Corsia clusters with the order Liliales and Arachnitis appears as sister to Thismia (Thismiaceae) in a larger cl...

A new species of Afrothismia, A. gesnerioides H. Maas is described and illustrated. A key to the genus Afrothismia is included.

Thismia neptunis, as many of its congeners, is a poorly understood species that has only been known from the type collection and its limited original description. In January 2017 it was rediscovered in the type area in the Gunung Matang massif, western Sarawak, Borneo, Malaysia. The paper provides the amended description and drawings of the species, very first available photographs and short notes on taxonomy and historical context of Beccari’s work on Thismia.

The genus Thismia Griffith (1844: 221) of the tribe Thismieae, Burmanniaceae sensu APG IV (2016) or Thismiaceae of other authors, represents one of the most species-rich mycoheterotrophic genera and consists of more than 60 species (Jonker 1948, Merckx 2008). Considering that the majority of these species were collected only once (Jonker 1948), and that many new species have recently been discovered, especially from various Southeast Asian countries (e.g., Tsukaya & Okada 2012, Dančák et al. 2013, Nuraliev et al. 2014, 2015, Truong et al. 2014, Chantanaorrapint & Sridith 2015, Li & Bi 2013, Hroneš et al. 2015, Tsukaya et al. 2017, Suetsugu et al. 2017), many more undescribed species are probably still hidden in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia.

A new species, Thismia hongkongensis S.S.Mar & R.M.K.Saunders, is described from Hong Kong. It is most closely related to Thismia brunonis Griff. from Myanmar, but differs in the number of flowers per inflorescence, the colour of the perianth tube, the length of the filaments, and the shape of the stigma lobes. We also provide inferences on the pollination ecology and seed dispersal of the new species, based on field observations and interpretations of morphology. The flowers are visited by fungus gnats (Myctophilidae or Sciaridae) and scuttle flies (Phoridae), which are likely to enter the perianth tube via the annulus below the filiform tepal appendages, and exit via small apertures between the filaments of the pendent stamens. The flowers are inferred to be protandrous, and flies visiting late-anthetic (pistillate-phase) flowers are possibly trapped within the flower, increasing chances of pollen deposition on the receptive stigma. The seeds are likely to be dispersed by rain splash.

Analyses of morphological and molecular characters for Dioscoreales Hook, f. (Chase & al., 1995b; Caddick & al., 2000a; Caddick & al., 2002) have redefined the order, which now comprises three families, Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreaceae, and Nartheciaceae. Since recent analyses of morphological and molecular data sets (Caddick & al., 2002) have indicated well-supported relationships within Dioscoreaceae R. Br., a formal reclassification of the family is presented here. Dioscoreaceae now contain four distinct genera, Dioscorea, Stenomeris, Tacca (previously in Taccaceae), and Trichopus. The Malagasy endemic Avetra sempervirens is close sister to Trichopus zeylanicus, and is here reclassified as a second species of this genus. The dioecious Dioscoreaceae genera, Borderea, Epipetrum, Nanarepenta, Rajania, Tamus, and Testudinaria, are nested within Dioscorea in phylogenetic analyses (Caddick & al., 2002), and are therefore sunk into it.

Thismia nigricoronata is described as a new species in family Burmanniaceae. Both morphological and phylogenetic analyses indicate that this new Lao endemic is allied to T. taiwanensis in section Glaziocharis, and it can be differentiated on the basis of its longer vestigial stem leaves, reflexed free outer perianth lobes and ornamented, vibrantly coloured outer surface of the perianth tube. The infrageneric taxonomy of Thismia is reviewed, the genera Geomitra and Scaphiophora are officially reduced to sectional status in Thismia, and all species are enumerated in systematic order. A key to all currently accepted subgenera, sections and subsections is presented to facilitate further examination of their phylogenetic integrity in light of apparent conflict between the traditional morphology-based system and the emerging DNA-based classification.

Thismia Griffith (1845: 341) in Thismiaceae or Burmanniaceae (sensu APG 2016) consists of more than 60 species (Ridley 1924, Jonker 1948, Stone 1980, van Steenis 1982; Merckx 2008). Many new species in this genus have been discovered, and 12 have been described after 2010 (e.g., Dančak et al. 2013, Nuraliev et al. 2014, 2015, Chantanaorrapint & Sridith 2015, Li & Bi 2013, Hroneš et al. 2015). Considering that the majority of these species were collected only once (Jonker 1948), it is likely that many more undescribed species remain hidden in the forests, particularly in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia. Borneo is one of the most biodiverse areas for mycoheterotrophs, and our recent botanical exploration in Borneo revealed many previously undescribed mycoheterotrophic species (e.g., Tsukaya et al. 2011, 2014a,b, 2016, Tsukaya & Okada 2005, 2012a,b,c, 2013a,b, Tsukaya & Hidayat 2016, Tsukaya & Suetsugu 2014). In 2016, we conducted a botanical survey in the Malaiu Basin, Sabah, Borneo, with the permission of the Maliau Basin Management Committee (YS/MBMC/2016/184) and the Sabah Biodiversity Council [access license JKM/MBS.1000-2/2JLD.5(23)]. The Maliau Basin Conservation Area (MBCA) is a huge basin surrounded by sandstone ridges and covers approximately 39,000 ha. Few botanical explorations have previously been conducted in this area. During the survey, we encountered a specimen from the MBCA that apparently belongs to Thismia section Euthismia Schltr. subsect. Odoardoa Schlechter (1921: 31) because it has a free inner perianth, spreading, creeping and vermiform roots, perianth lobes equal in length and size, but it differs from all known species. Here, we describe this new species with a revised key to the species of this genus in Malesia.

Thismia gigantea (Jonker) Hrone��, comb. nov. Basionym:��� Scaphiophora gigantea Jonker (1938: 257) Type:��� PHILIPPINES. Luzon, Province of Laguna, Makiling, A. Loher s.n. (holotype M)., Published as part of Hrone��, Michal, 2014, Thismia gigantea, a new combination in Thismia (Thismiaceae), pp. 55-56 in Phytotaxa 172 (1) on page 55, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.172.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/5142323, {"references":["Jonker, F. P. (1938) A monograph of the Burmanniaceae. Mededeelingen van het Botanisch Museum en Herbarium van de Rijks Universiteit te Utrecht 51: 1 - 279."]}

Thismia mucronata, a new species of Thismiaceae, is described and illustrated. The species was discovered in 2013 during a botanical survey of a forest in the vicinity of Bao Loc town (Lam Dong province, Southern Vietnam). Thismia mucronata is characterised by vermiform roots and mitriform inner tepals. It differs from related species mainly by the short and appressed to each other appendages of inner tepals, which together resemble a short mucro, the narrow mitre without foveae, the almost horizontal annulus and the absence of interstaminal glands. A key to Vietnamese species of Thismia is provided.

Iridaceae are one of the largest families of Lilianae and probably also among the best studied of monocotyledons. To further evaluate generic, tribal, and subfamilial relationships we have produced four plastid DNA data sets for 57 genera of Iridaceae plus outgroups: rps4, rbcL (both protein-coding genes), the trnL intron, and the trnL-F intergenic spacer. All four matrices produce similar although not identical trees, and we thus analyzed them in a combined analysis, which produced a highly resolved and well-supported topology, in spite of the fact that the partition homogeneity test indicated strong incongruence. In each of the individual trees, some genera or groups of genera are misplaced relative to morphological cladistic studies, but the combined analysis produced a pattern much more similar to these previous ideas of relationships. In the combined tree, all subfamilies were resolved as monophyletic, except Nivenioideae that formed a grade in which Ixioideae were embedded. Achlorophyllous Geosiris (sometimes referred to Geosiridaceae or Burmanniaceae) fell within the nivenioid grade. Most of the tribes were monophyletic, and Isophysis (Tasmanian) was sister to the rest of the family; Diplarrhena (Australian) fell in a well-supported position as sister to Irideae/Sisyrinchieae/Tigridieae/Mariceae (i.e., Iridoideae); Bobartia of Sisyrinchieae is supported as a member of Irideae. The paraphyly of Nivenioideae is suspicious due to extremely high levels of sequence divergence, and when they were constrained to be monophyletic the resulting trees were only slightly less parsimonious (

Burmannia championii Thwaites is a small saprophytic herb distributed in Sri Lanka, Malesia, South China, Ryukyus, and Japan. It is found in Lanyu Island, southeast of Taiwan. The species bibliography and a detailed morphological description are given which were not included in the Flora of Taiwan 2nd edition.

Burmannia nana Fukuy. & T. Suzuki was described in 1936 on the basis of one individual collection in Lanyu Island of the southeastern coast of Taiwan. The species was transferred to Gymnosiphon in 1940 as G. nanus (Fukuy. & T. Suzuki) Tuyama, but this name was not adopted in the first edition of Flora of Taiwan. Careful examination of the flowers of this species makes it clear that the species is referable to Gymnosiphon aphyllus Blume which was described from western Java. The species is newly recorded in Taiwan. The type of B. nana Fukuy. & T. Suzuki doesn’t exist in Taiwan and Japan, hence the neotype is designated, i. e., T. H. Hsieh 2014 in TAI.

Patterns of morphological variation in the Burmannia coelestis species complex are investigated, and three distinct species recognized. Burmannia coelestis sensu stricto (widespread in Asia, extending from eastern Nepal and Assam to New Guinea and northern Australia) possesses outer perianth lobes with conspicuous double margins running the entire lengths of the lobes. The name B. chinensis is revived for specimens from north-eastern India, southern China, northern Indochina and northern Thailand which possess outer perianth lobes with single margins or short double margins. A new species, B. filamentosa, is described from Guangdong province, China; it is distinctive in possessing narrow triangular outer and inner perianth lobes, and stamens with prominent filaments.

Recent phylogenetic analyses of monocotyledons have indicated that the largely heteromycotrophic families Burmanniaceae and Thismiaceae belong in Dioscoreales, with Dioscoreaceae, Taccaceae and three other hermaphrodite genera Stenomeris, Avetra and Trichopus. Historically this relationship was supported by floral morphological characters, but over the past century these characters have largely been disregarded. In light of the results of recent phylogenetic analyses, the development of floral characters in this group is re-examined by comparative studies of SEM specimens from juvenile to mature stages. Similar structures, such as reflexed stamens with a prolonged connective, umbrella-like stigmas and an urceolate floral chamber occur commonly within this group, and may provide phylogenetically informative characters. Ontogenetic data are critical in identifying possible homologies between floral structures, which may also be closely associated with pollination syndromes. Blutenmorphologie und Entwicklung bei den Dioscoreales. Neuere phylogenetische Untersuchungen in den Monocotylen haben gezeigt, dass die hauptsachlich heteromycotrophen Burmanniaceae und Thismiaceae mit Dioscoreaceae, Taccaceae und den hermaphroditen Gattungen Stenomeris, Avetra und Trichopus zu den Dioscoreales gehoren. Historisch wurde diese Verwandtschaftsauffassung durch blutenmorphologische Merkmale gestutzt, aber im vergangenen Jahrhundert blieben diese Merkmale weitgehend unberucksichtigt. Im Lichte neuerer phylogenetischer Untersuchungen wurde die Entwicklung floraler Merkmale in dieser Sippe von juvenilen zu adulten Stadien mittels REM erneut vergleichend untersucht. Ahnliche Strukturen wie zuruckgebogene Stamina mit verlangertem Konnektiv, schirmahnlichen Stigmata und breitbecherformigem Hypanthium sind in dieser Sippe gewohnlich vorhanden und stellen phylogenetisch informativ wichtige Merkmale dar. Ontogenetische Daten sind kritisch bei der Identifizierung moglicher Homologien zwischen Blutenstrukturen, die auch eng mit Pollinationssyndromen verknupft sein konnen.

Plants of the myco-heterotrophic Burmannia tenella Benth. form star-shaped root systems consisting of 0.7-2 mm thick, succulent, brittle roots, reaching lengths of up to 3 cm. In cross section the roots consist of an epidermis, about 10 layers of parenchymatous cortex cells, an endodermis with U-shaped secondary cell wall depositions, and a very reduced central cylinder with two to five central xylem elements and two opposite phloem strands, surrounded by a pericycle of relatively large cells. Based on the thick, aseptate, intracellularly coiled hyphae, arbuscules, and the frequent vesicles, the fungal association of B. tenella is considered to be a Paris-type arbuscular mycorrhiza. The morphological and anatomical structures of the root are discussed in the context of the mycorrhizal dependency of B. tenella. In some root samples, a second fungus with septate hyphae colonized the cortex intracellularly. This fungus restricts the spread of the aseptate symbiont without causing morphological changes to the cortex cells.Key words: Burmanniaceae, root morphology, root anatomy, arbuscular mycorrhiza, myco-heterotrophy, neotropical.

Zhang, D. X. & Saunders, R. M. K. 1999. Burmannia larsenianu (Burmanniaceae): a new species from Thailand. - Nord. J. Bot. 19: 241-244. Copenhagen. ISSN 0107055X. A new semi-mycotrophic species, Burmannia larseniana, is described from northern Thailand. The species is related to B. pusilla, a species widely distributed in Cambodia, Vietnam, Burma, India and Sri Lanka, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by its succulent stem, single-veined leaf, and the outer perianth lobes with double margins that encircle the inner perianth lobes. The ecological preferences of the species are also discussed.

A new species of Thismia (Thismiaceae) from Borneo is described. Thismia hexagona was discovered in 2013 in lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Ulu Temburong, Brunei Darussalam. The species is circumscribed, illustrated and its position within the Malesian species of the genus is characterised by insertion into the existing determination key. Its most conspicuous feature is bright yellow, sharply hexagonal flower annulus.

Fil: Krapovickas, Antonio. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Fil: Rodríguez, Manuela E. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil: Cardozo, Alicia E. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. Fil: Keller, Héctor A. Universidad Nacional del Nordeste. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Se presentan nuevos registros de plantas micoheterótrofas aclorofiladas para la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina. Sobre la base de especímenes de herbario recolectados en el territorio de la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina, se documenta por primera vez la presencia de tres especies de plantas micoheterótrofas sin clorofila. Las especies son ilustradas mediante fotografías y se brinda información ecológica sobre los sitios donde las plantas fueron halladas. The presence of three species of mycotrophic achlorophyllous plants is documented for the first time into the territory of Corrientes province, Argentina, on the basis of herbarium specimens. The species are illustrated by photographs and the ecological information about the places where these plants grow is given.

A new species belonging to the mycoheterotrophic genus Thismia is described and illustrated. Thismia inconspicua was found in a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Ulu Temburong National Park, Brunei Darussalam. It is characterized by its sepia-brown perianth with free equal lobes with very short terminal appendages, two pairs of appendages on connective apices, perianth tube displaced from the ovary axis and short stem. DNA sequence data from commonly studied nuclear and mitochondrial loci are provided. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the close relationship with other members of section Thismia, subsection Odoardoa. An updated determination key of Thismia species of Borneo is included.

This chapter provides a description of all plant families and genera that include putative fully mycoheterotrophic species, excluding initial and partial mycoheterotrophs. The overview covers a total of 17 families, 101 genera, and ca. 880 species. For each family and genus (except for Orchidaceae) a short morphological description is provided followed by notes on taxonomy, distribution, evolution, and ecology. For most genera a line drawing of a representative species is provided. Included families are: Aneuraceae, Burmanniaceae, Corsiaceae, Ericaceae, Gentianaceae, Gleicheniaceae, Iridaceae, Lycopodiaceae, Ophioglossaceae, Orchidaceae, Petrosaviaceae, Podocarpaceae, Polygalaceae, Psilotaceae, Schizaeaceae, Thismiaceae, and Triuridaceae.

Gymnosiphon divaricatus (Burmanniaceae), una pequeña hierba mico-heterótrofa, se cita por primera vez para la Argentina en la provincia de Misiones. Se describe y se ilustra la especie y se brinda información ecológica. Gymnosiphon divaricatus (Burmanniaceae), a small myco-heterotrophic herb, is recorded for the first time for the Argentinean flora in the province of Misiones. The species is described and illustrated, and ecological information is provided. Fil: Keller, Hector Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Nordeste. Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (i); Argentina

Dioscoreales, the ‘true’ yams and allies, are a group whose current circumscription is dictated by results of molecular phylogenetic analyses. Consisting as it does of several nontraditional members, the group is made up of a heterogeneous set of taxa: unremarkable liliaceous plants, minute chlorophyll-less plants that live off their associated fungal partners, and large, robust, green plants of the tropics, some of which store starch in large underground tubers (Dioscorea yams) that are important human food across the world, especially in Africa and the Pacific Islands. Some species are important sources of folk medicines and pharmaceuticals; the original birth pills were manufactured from relatives of the edible yams. Dioscorea is remarkable in the ‘dicot’-like appearance of its stalked, net-veined leaves borne on vines. Dioscoreales occur across the world and may existed by about 120 million years ago. Key Concepts: Dioscoreales are herbaceous monocots of northern temperate regions and the tropics. Dioscoreales contain five families: Burmanniaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Nartheciaceae, Taccaceae and Thismiaceae, with 24 genera and 643 species; new species of Burmanniaceae and Thismiaceae are still being discovered. The flower has an inferior ovary, short style and branched stigma, anthers often with apical extension. Many species contain steroidal saponins. The order includes heterotrophs that depend on associated fungi for their nutrition (Burmannicaeae and Thismiaceae) and autotrophic tuberous plants that are a food source for other organisms including humans (Dioscoreaceae). Dioscorea, the genus of ‘true’ yams, contains about 10 cultivated species. Dioscoreales are at least 123 million years old according to molecular clock estimates. Keywords: true yams; tuber crop; famine food; steroidal saponins; myco-heterotroph; oral contraceptive; human migration

Oxygyne C. agnetis Forel C. descarpentriesi Santschi C. emmae Forel C. emmae laticeps Forel C. inops Forel C. marthae Forel C. ranavalonae Forel C. ranavalonae paulinae Forel C. ranavalonae pepo Forel, Published as part of Blaimer, Bonnie B., 2010, Taxonomy and Natural History of the Crematogaster (Decacrema) - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Madagascar, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 2714 on page 8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199681

Blaimer, Bonnie B. (2010): Taxonomy and Natural History of the Crematogaster (Decacrema) - group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Madagascar. Zootaxa 2714: 1-39, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.199681

• In contrast to mycoheterotrophs that associate with ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi, we know little about the ecophysiology of arbuscular mycorrhizal mycoheterotrophs. Here, we identify the mycorrhizal fungi of two unrelated mycoheterotrophs and one putative partial mycoheterotroph that form arbuscular mycorrhizas, and analyse their carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) isotope signatures. • We used molecular methods to identify the mycorrhizal fungi of Dictyostega orobanchoides, Burmannia capitata (Burmanniaceae) and Voyria aphylla (Gentianaceae). Their C and N sources were investigated by analysing their stable isotope natural abundances (δ(13)C and δ(15)N). In addition, four putative partially mycoheterotrophic Burmannia species were grown ex situ. • We found that both mycoheterotrophs and a green Burmannia species are associated with nonoverlapping Glomeromycota fungi. The investigated mycoheterotrophs are significantly more enriched in (13)C than co-occurring autotrophic plants but lack significant (15)N enrichment. The green Burmannia species is not significantly enriched in (13)C and (15)N compared with surrounding plants and can grow fully autotrophically under controlled conditions. • Our results suggest that mycoheterotrophic Burmanniaceae and Gentianaceae are able to exploit arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Green relatives of mycoheterotrophic Burmanniaceae from high-light grassland sites also associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi but we found no evidence that they receive detectable amounts of C from fungi.

Mendoza, Jose Christopher E., Ng, Peter K. L. (2010): The Euxanthine Crabs (Crustacea: Brachyura: Xanthidae) Of The Philippines. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 58 (1): 57-74, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5342421, {"references":["Ahyong, S. T., 2008. Deepwater crabs from seamounts and chemosynthetic habitats off eastern New Zealand (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Zootaxa, 1708: 1-72.","Alcock, A., 1898. Materials for a carcinological fauna of India. No. 3. The Brachyura Cyclometopa. Part I. The family Xanthidae. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, 67(2): 67-233.","Balss, H., 1922. Diagnosen neuer japanischer Decapoden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 54(1-2): 1-6.","Barnard, K. H., 1950. Descriptive catalogue of South African Decapod Crustacea (Crabs and Shrimps). Annals of the South African Museum, 38: 1-837.","Bouchet, P., P. K. L. Ng, D. Largo & S. H. Tan, 2009. PANGLAO 2004: Investigations of the marine species richness in the Philippines. 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Crabs of the family Xanthidae (Crustacea: Brachyura) from the Philippine Islands and adjacent waters based largely on collections of the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Albatross in 1908-1909. Journal of Natural History, 17: 663-729.","Goeke, G. D., 1985. Decapod Crustacea: Raninidae. Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM. I et II - Philippines (1976, 1980). Tome 2. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ser. A, Zoologie, 133: 205-228.","Griffin, D. J. G., 1976. Spider crabs of the family Majidae (Crustacea: Brachyura) from the Philippine Islands. Journal of Natural History, 10: 179-222.","Guinot, D., 1967a. Recherches preliminaires sur les groupements naturels chez les Crustaces Decapodes Brachyoures. II. Les anciens genres Micropanope Stimpson et Medaeus Dana. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naurelle, 2e serie, 39(2): 345-374.","Guinot, D., 1967b. Recherches preliminaires sur les groupements naturels chez les Crustaces Decapodes Brachyoures. IV. Observations sur quelques genres de Xanthidae. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naurelle, 2e serie, 39(4): 149-166.","Guinot-Dumortier, D., 1960. Revision des genres Euxanthus Dana et Hypocolpus Rathbun (Crust. Decap. Brach.). Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 20(2): 153-218, Pls. 1-12.","Guinot, D. & B. Richer de Forges, 1985. Crustaces Decapodes: Majidae (genres Platymaia, Cyrtomaia, Pleistacantha, Sphenocarcinus et Naxioides). Resultats des campagnes MUSORSTOM. I et II - Philippines (1976, 1980). Tome 2. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Ser. A, Zoologie, 133: 83-178.","Haswell, W. A., 1882. Catalogue of the Australian stalk- and sessile-eyed Crustacea. Sydney, The Australian Museum, pp. iii-xxiv, 1-324, Figs. 1-8, Pls. 1-4.","Henderson, J. R., 1893. A contribution to Indian Carcinology. Transactions Linnaean Society of London, Zoology, 5: 325-458, Pl. 36-40.","Herbst, J. F. W., 1790. Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Krabben und Krebse. Berlin & Stralsund. 1(8): 239-274, Pls. 18-21.","Ho, P. H., H. P. Yu & P. K. L. Ng, 2000. New records of Eriphiidae, Pilumnidae and Xanthidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from Taiwan. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 48(1): 111-122.","Hombron, J. B. & H. Jacquinot, 1842-1854. Crustaces. Atlas d'Histoire Naturelle. Zoologie. Voyage au Pole Sud et dans l'Oceanie sur les corvettes l'Astrolabe et la Zelee pendant les annees 1837-1838-1839-1840, Crustaces: Pls. 1-9.","Kim, W. & H. S. Kim, 1982. Classification and geographical distribution of Korean crabs (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura). Proceedings of the College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 7(1): 133-159.","Komatsu, H., M. R. Manuel & M. Takeda, 2005. A small collection of leucosiid crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from Balicasag Island, Bohol, Philippines. Species Diversity, 10(2): 105-123.","Laurie, R. D., 1906. Report on the Brachyura collected by Prof. Herdman, at Ceylon, in 1902. In: W. A. Herdman (ed.), Report to the Government of Ceylon on the Pearl Oyster Fisheries of the Gulf of Manaar. Part V. Supplemental Report No. 40: 349-432, Figs. 1-12, Pls. 1-2.","MacGilchrist, A. C., 1905. Natural history notes from the R.I.M.S.S. Investigator. Ser. III, No. 6. An account of the new and some of the rarer decapod Crustacea obtained during the surveying seasons 1901-1904. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 7, 15: 233-268.","MacLeay, W. S., 1838. Illustrations of the Annulosa of South Africa; being a portion of the objects of natural history chiefly collected during an expedition into the interior of South Africa, under the direction of Dr. Andrew Smith, in the years 1834, 1835, and 1836; fitted out by the \"Cape of Good Hope Association for Exploring Central Africa.\" In: Smith, A. (ed.), Illustrations of the zoology of South Africa investigations. London: Smith, Elder and Co., pp. 1-75, Pls. 1-4.","Man, J. G. de, 1902. Die von Herrn Professor Kukenthal im indischen Archipel gesammelten Dekapoden und Stomatopoden. In: W. Kukenthal (ed.) Ergebnisse einer zoologischen Forschungsreise in den Molukken und Borneo, in Auftrage der Senckenberg. Naturforsch. Gesellschaft ausgefuhrt von Dr. Willy Kukenthal. Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, 25(3): 465-929, Pls. 19-27.","Manuel-Santos, M. R. & P. K. L. Ng, 2007. On the genus Ladomedaeus Stevcic, 2005, from the Philippines and Japan, and the status of the Ladomedaeidae Stevcic, 2005 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthoidea).Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 16: 177-185.","McLay, C. L., 1993. Crustacea Decapoda: The Sponge Crabs (Dromiidae) of New Caledonia and the Philippines with a review of the genera. In: A. Crosnier (ed.), Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, Volume 10. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 156: 111-251.","McLay, C. L. & P. K. L. Ng, 2004. A taxonomic revision of the genus Paradynomene Sakai, 1963 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Dynomenidae). Zootaxa, 657: 1-24.","McLay, C. L. & P. K. L. Ng, 2005. On a collection of Dromiidae and Dynomenidae from the Philippines, with description of a new species of Hirsutodynomene McLay, 1999 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Zootaxa, 1029: 1-30.","Mendoza, J. C. E., M. R. Manuel-Santos & P. K. L. Ng, 2009. Rediscovery of the rare euxanthine crab Guinotellus melvillensis Serene, 1971 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Xanthidae) in the Philippines. Crustaceana, 82(1): 39-51.","Mendoza, J. C. E. & P. K. L. Ng, 2008a. A new species of Alainodaeus Davie, 1993 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from Balicasag Island, Philippines, with a key to the genus. Zootaxa, 1897: 53-63.","Mendoza, J. C. E. & P. K. L. Ng, 2008b. New genera and species of euxanthine crabs (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae) from the Bohol Sea, the Philippines. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 56(2): 385-404.","Michel, C., 1964. Checklist of the Crustacea Brachyura (crabs) recorded from Mauritius. Mauritius Institute Bulletin, 6(1): 1-48.","Miers, E. J., 1884. Crustacea. In: Report on the zoological collections made in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during the voyage of H.M.S. Alert 1881-1882. London. Pp. 178-322, Pl. 18-34.","Miers, E. J., 1886. Part II. Report of the Brachyura collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-76. In: Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873-1876 under the command of Captain George S. Nares, N.R., F.R.S. and the late Captain Frank Tourle Thomson, R.N. prepared under the Superintendence of the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson, Knt., F.R.S. & Regis Professor of Natural History in the University of Edinburgh of the civilian scientific staff on board and now of John Murray one of the naturalists of the expedition. Zoology, Published by Order of Her Majesty's Government. London, Edinburgh and Dublin, HMSO. 17: i-l+1-362, Pls. 1-29.","Milne-Edwards, A., 1867. Descriptions de quelques especes nouvelles de Crustaces Brachyures. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France, 4e serie 7: 263-288.","Milne-Edwards, A., 1873. Recherches sur la faune carcinologique de la Nouvelle-Caledonie, Deuxieme Partie. Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 9: 155-332, Pls. 4-18.","Moosa, K., 1981. Crustaces Decapodes: Portunidae. Resultats des Campagnes MUSORSTOM, I - Philippines (18-28 mars 1976), Tome 1. Collection Memoires ORSTOM, 91: 141-150.","Naruse, T., J. C. E. Mendoza & P. K. L. Ng, 2008. Descriptions of five new species of false spider crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae) from the Philippines. Marine Biology Research, 4(6): 429-441.","Ng, P. K. L., 1993. On a new genus and species of xanthid crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura) from Chesterfield Island, Coral Sea. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106(4): 705-713.","Ng, P. K. L., 2002. New species and new records of box crabs (Calappa) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Calappidae) from the Philippines. Journal of the National Taiwan Museum, 55: 41-60.","Ng, P. K. L. & H. L. Chen, 2005. On two species of euxanthine crabs from the South China Sea, including a description of a new species Crosnierius (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Xanthidae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 118(2): 319-325.","Ng, P. K. L. & P. F. Clark, 2002. Descriptions of a new species of Paramedaeus Guinot, 1967, with notes on Paramedaeus simplex (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873) and Metaxanthops acutus Serene, 1984 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Xanthoidea, Xanthidae). Crustaceana, 75(3-4): 527-538.","Ng, P. K. L., D. Guinot & P. J. F. Davie, 2008. Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 17: 1-286.","Ng, P. K. L. & P. H. Ho, 2003. Mathildella rubra, a new species of deep-water carcinoplacine crab (Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Philippines. Crustaceana, 76(3): 333-342.","Ng, P. K. L. & L. Liao, 2002. On a new species of Euryozius Miers, 1886 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Pseudoziidae) from the Philippines, with notes on the taxonomy of the genus. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 115(3): 585-593.","Ng, P. K. L. & M. R. Manuel-Santos, 2007. Establishment of the Vultocinidae, a new family for an unusual new genus and new species of Indo-West Pacific crab (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Goneplacoidea), with comments on the taxonomy of the Goneplacidae. Zootaxa, 1558: 39-68.","Ng, P. K. L. & C. L. McLay, 2005. Dicranodromia danielae, a new species of homolodromiid crab from the Philippines (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Zootaxa, 1029: 39-46.","Ng, P. K. L., J. C. E. Mendoza & M. R. Manuel-Santos, 2009. Tangle net fishing, an indigenous method used in Balicasag Island, central Philippines. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Suppl. No. 20: 39-46.","Ng, P. K. L., C. H. Wang, P. H. Ho & H. T. Shih, 2001. An annotated checlist of brachyuran crabs from Taiwan (Crustacea: Decapoda). National Taiwan Museum Special Publication Series, No. 11, 86 p.","Rathbun, M. J., 1894. Descriptions of two new species of crabs from the Western Indian Ocean, presented to the National Museum by Dr. W. L. Abbott. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 17(979): 21-24.","Rathbun, M. J., 1897. A revision of the nomenclature of the Brachyura. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 11: 153-167.","Rathbun, M. J., 1906. The Brachyura and Macrura of the Hawaiian Islands. Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 23(3): 827-930, Pls. 1-24.","Rathbun, M. J., 1909. New crabs from the Gulf of Siam. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 22: 107-114.","Richer de Forges, B. & P. K. L. Ng, 2007a. New records and new species of Cyrtomaia Miers, 1886 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura) from the Philippines. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No. 16: 55-65.","Richer de Forges, B. & P. K. L. Ng, 2007b. New records and new species of Homolidae De Haan, 1839, from the Philippines and French Polynesia (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement No.16: 29-45.","Richer de Forges, B. & P. K. L. Ng, 2007c. On a new genus and new species of deep-water spider crab from the Philippines (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura, Majidae). Zootaxa, 1644: 59-68.","Richer de Forges, B., P. K. L. Ng, S. H. Tan & P. Bouchet, 2009. PANGLAO 2005: Survey of the deep-water benthic fauna of Bohol Sea and adjacent waters. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Suppl. No. 20: 21-38.","Sakai, T., 1935. New or rare species of Brachyura, collected by the Misago during the zoological survey around the Izu Peninsula. Science Reports of the Tokyo Bunrika Daigaku 2(32): 63-88, Pls. 6-8.","Sakai, T., 1939. Studies on the crabs of Japan. IV. Brachygnatha, Brachyrhyncha. Yokendo Co., Tokyo. Pp. 365-741, Pls. 42-111.","Sakai, T., 1965a. On two new genera and five new species of xanthoid crabs from the collection of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan made in Sagami Bay. Crustaceana, 8(1): 97-106.","Sakai, T., 1965b. The Crabs of Sagami Bay, collected by His Majesty the Emperor of Japan. Maruzen Co., Tokyo. i-xvi, 1-206, (English text), Figs. 1-27, Pls. 1-100: 1-92 [Japanese text]: 1-26 [references and index in English]: 27-32 [index in Japanese], 1 map.","Sakai, T., 1976a. Crabs of Japan and the Adjacent Seas. Kodansha Ltd, Tokyo. [In 3 volumes]: (1) English text: i-xxix, 1-773, Figs 1-379, (2) Plates volume: 1-16, Pls 1-251, (3) Japanese text: 1-461, Figs 1-2, 3 maps.)","Serene, R., 1971. Observations preliminaires sur des brachyoures nouveaux ou mal connus du sud-est Asiatique (Crustacea Decapoda). 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A new species Afrothismia gabonensis Dauby & Stevart (Burmanniaceae) is described from the Pongara National Park (Gabon). It is the second Afrothismia species recorded from this country and the twelfth of the genus. The new species mainly differs from Afrothismia winkleri by its dorsal tepals which are much longer. Information on the species’ ecology, phenology and distribution is provided.

Background: Myco-heterotrophy evolved independently several times during angiosperm evolution. Although many species of myco-heterotrophic plants are highly endemic and longdistance dispersal seems unlikely, some genera are widely dispersed and have pantropical distributions, often with large disjunctions. Traditionally this has been interpreted as evidence for an old age of these taxa. However, due to their scarcity and highly reduced plastid genomes our understanding about the evolutionary histories of the angiosperm myco-heterotrophic groups is poor. Results: We provide a hypothesis for the diversification of the myco-heterotrophic family Burmanniaceae. Phylogenetic inference, combined with biogeographical analyses, molecular divergence time estimates, and diversification analyses suggest that Burmanniaceae originated in West Gondwana and started to diversify during the Late Cretaceous. Diversification and migration of the species-rich pantropical genera Burmannia and Gymnosiphon display congruent patterns. Diversification began during the Eocene, when global temperatures peaked and tropical forests occurred at low latitudes. Simultaneous migration from the New to the Old World in Burmannia and Gymnosiphon occurred via boreotropical migration routes. Subsequent Oligocene cooling and breakup of boreotropical flora ended New-Old World migration and caused a gradual decrease in diversification rate in Burmanniaceae. Conclusion: Our results indicate that extant diversity and pantropical distribution of mycoheterotrophic Burmanniaceae is the result of diversification and boreotropical migration during the Eocene when tropical rain forest expanded dramatically.

Burmannia disticha Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 287. 1753. "Habitat in Zeylonae paludosis." RCN: 2282. Lectotype (Jonker in Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 51: 116. 1938): Herb. Hermann 1: 34, No. 128 (BM-000594465; iso- G-DEL, L). Generitype of Burmannia Linnaeus (vide Hitchcock, Prop. Brit. Bot.: 144. 1929). Current name: Burmannia disticha L. (Burmanniaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part B), pp. 343-369 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 367, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

Burmannia biflora Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 287. 1753. "Habitat in Virginiae paludosis." RCN: 2283. Lectotype (Jonker in Meded. Bot. Mus. Herb. Rijks Univ. Utrecht 51: 81. 1938): Clayton 248 (BM-000040295). Current name: Burmannia biflora L. (Burmanniaceae)., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part B), pp. 343-369 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 367, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971