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Background: Neurodevelopmental stimulation programmes can improve developmental outcomes. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) started soon after birth potentially limits the invasion of HIV into the central nervous system. A combination of developmental stimulation and early ART initiation may reduce developmental delays in children with perinatally acquired HIV infection. Methods: At a single site in Johannesburg, South Africa, we enrolled 36 HIV‐infected neonates on ART into an intervention group (IG) participating in a yearlong home‐based, neurodevelopmental stimulation programme. Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development‐3rd Edition (BSID‐III) assessments were conducted at 12 months. Scores were compared with 24 early treated HIV‐infected infants in an observational group (OG). BSID‐III assessments were also conducted for older children in an OG at 24 or 36 months. Cognitive, language and motor scaled and composite scores were analysed. Results: BSID‐III scaled and composite scores were all higher in the IG apart from the gross motor scaled score (9.25 vs. 10, p = 0.1954). Receptive communication scaled score was significantly higher in the IG (10.96 vs. 9, p = 0.0331). IG composite scores were all higher than OG scores. OG children assessed at 24 or 36 months had lower composite scores in all subscales than 12‐month OG scores. Conclusions: Early treated HIV‐infected children participating in a neurodevelopmental stimulation programme achieved higher BSID‐III scores at 12 months compared with early treated HIV‐infected children who did not receive the programme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known about how growing up with HIV impacts educational outcomes in sub-Saharan African children. We evaluated if South African children living with HIV (CLWH) were in the appropriate school grade-for-age compared to uninfected control children. We observed higher rates of not being in the correct grade-for-age in CLWH compared with controls (OR 3.32, 95% CI: 2.07-5.34), adjusted for study site, sex, whether the child's biological father was alive, and caregiver education. Initiation of ART before 6 months of age reduced but did not eliminate this association. Whether these associations are due to biological factors or other social and environmental determinants, and how best to support CLWH to achieve educational goals, warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do you entice students to engage with the class, its content, and each other? Student engagement has been linked to deeper learning, making connections to topics, and improved course performance. However, engaging students can be challenging. Recent studies have linked fun in the classroom with engagement. Fun can be categorized as fun activities and fun delivery. While fun characteristics are identified, specific examples are not presented. This paper fills that gap by presenting two fun cases in business courses. The cases illustrate that fun activities can be developed for all types of courses: undergraduate or graduate courses, online or face-to-face courses, and various subject areas. The first example is a fun activity in a face-to-face undergraduate accounting class. The second example used a fun delivery method to introduce an exercise on brand relevance in an online MBA marketing class. In general, the projects increased student engagement and course performance. Implications for classroom application are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the EU funded MARIO project, specific technological tools are adopted for the people living with dementia (PLWD). In the final stage of the project, a validation of the MARIO companion robot was performed from August to October 2017.Objective: The aims of the present study are: 1) to illustrate the key results and evidence obtained in the final evaluation phase of the project across the three different pilot sites; 2) to assess the engagement dimensions of the PLWD who interacted with the MARIO robot; and 3) to assess the acceptability and efficacy of the MARIO companion robot on clinical, cognitive, neuropsychiatric, affective and social aspects, resilience, quality of life in PLWD, and burden level of the caregivers.Methods: 38 people (M = 14; F = 24) with Alzheimer's disease were screened for eligibility and all were included. The following tests were administered Pre and Post interactions with MARIO: Observational Measurement of Engagement (OME), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), 14-item Resilience Scale (RS-14), Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease (QOL-AD), Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI), Tinetti Balance Assessment (TBA), and Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) was carried out.Results: In Post-MARIO interactions, significant improvements were observed in RS-14 (p = 0.020).Considering the age of the people, PLWD with 68-76 years perceived that they had major social support (MSPSS Total: p = 0.016) and friends to support them (MSPSS Fri: p = 0.014). Indeed, the younger people (55-67 years) were less depressed (CSDD: p = 0.033), and more resilient (RS-14: p = 0.003). The people aged 77-85 years perceived they had major family support (MSPSS Fam: p = 0.018). The participants were gender and education matched without any statistically significant difference.Conclusion: MARIO may be a useful tool in mitigating depression and loneliness, while enhancing social connectedness, resilience, and overall quality of life for people with dementia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers Beauvoir's gesture towards fraternité at the end of The Second Sex (1949) by focusing on her fleeting characterisation of this future as 'an androgynous world'. Generally, either Beauvoir's call for fraternité is dismissed as an erasure of sexual difference and is thus seen to be politically bankrupt, or fraternité is understood to realise sexual difference. This latter reading suggests that androgyny plays no role in Beauvoir's solution to women's oppression, while the other view often sees it as one effect of fraternité. This article takes a different position by arguing that Beauvoir affirms sexual difference and commits to an androgynous future. The article argues that androgyny is an affective mood that is constitutive of an openness in the field of possibility for living sexual difference. Consequently, androgyny plays not only a central role in fraternité, but also gestures to a future beyond dimorphic sexual difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of food allergy in North America is high, and has increased over time. As a result, focus has shifted from treatment to allergy prevention. Previous studies have suggested that hydrolyzed formula may prevent atopic dermatitis in high-risk infants. As a result, multiple international guidelines including the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) position statement on allergy prevention recommend the use of hydrolyzed formula as a means of allergy prevention in mothers who are not breastfeeding or using donor breastmilk. However, a recent systematic review has not supported an association between use of hydrolyzed formula and allergy prevention. In addition, studies are emerging supporting the use of early and regular cow's milk formula as a means of cow's milk allergy prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article suggests that Simone de Beauvoir's The Second Sex offers an important contribution to a feminist phenomenology of temporality. In contrast to readings of The Second Sex that focus on the notion of “becoming” as the main claim about the relation between “woman” and time, this article suggests that Beauvoir's discussion of temporality in volume II of The Second Sex shows that Beauvoir understands the temporality of waiting, or a passive present, to be an underlying structure of women's existence and subordination. Accordingly, I argue that Beauvoir does not see “woman” as a mere becoming, as that which unfolds in time, but instead understands becoming a woman to be realized as lived time. As such, Beauvoir's account shows that gender and temporality are deeply entangled, and thus she challenges the classic phenomenological account of temporality as a general, given structure of human existence. More specifically, I argue that her account shows how a particular experience of time is an underlying structure of sexual objectification, a claim that expands on the feminist phenomenological claim that a particular relation to space becomes a way in which women take up and negotiate their own subordination and objectification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Student retention is a critical issue for higher education institutions. This study investigates the motivation of marketing student retention in the United States. The study was conducted by exploring the underlying personal values that drive student retention through the means-end chain (MEC) laddering approach. A total of 55 usable student comments were gathered from two mid-sized (1 public, 1 private) institutions and analyzed using MEC. The findings show that marketing student retention was influenced by hedonism, power, achievement, and self-direction and, to a lesser extent, by the other-regarding value of benevolence. In addition, the hierarchical value map shows the importance of the industry category-building marketing courses to emphasize the industry and marketing environment. It must be recognized, however, that the strength of the industry category depends on how universities maintain their brand image and that image's congruency with students' personal values. Finally, the study results revealed that marketing course factors (e.g., course content and course excitement) and job security are fundamental attributes that enhance student retention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relapse is a major challenge in treating opioid addiction, including oxycodone. During abstinence, oxycodone seeking progressively increases, a phenomenon termed incubation of oxycodone craving. We previously demonstrated a causal role of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in this incubation. Here, we studied the interaction between glutamatergic projections from OFC and dopamine 1‐family receptor (D1R) signaling in dorsal striatum (DS) in this incubation in male rats. We first examined the causal role of D1R signalling in DS in incubated oxycodone seeking. Next, we combined fluorescence‐conjugated cholera toxin subunit B (CTb‐555, a retrograde tracer) with Fos (a neuronal activity marker) to assess whether the activation of OFC→DS projections was associated with incubated oxycodone seeking. We then used a pharmacological asymmetrical disconnection procedure to examine the role of the interaction between projections from OFC and D1R signalling in DS in incubated oxycodone seeking. We also tested the effect of unilateral pharmacological inactivation of OFC or unilateral D1R blockade of DS on incubated oxycodone seeking. Finally, we assessed whether contralateral disconnection of OFC→DS projections impacted non‐incubated oxycodone seeking on abstinence day 1. We found that D1R blockade in DS decreased incubated oxycodone seeking and OFC→DS projections were activated during incubated oxycodone seeking. Moreover, anatomical disconnection of OFC→DS projections, but not unilateral inactivation of OFC or unilateral D1R blockade in DS, decreased incubated oxycodone seeking. Lastly, contralateral disconnection of OFC→DS projections had no effect on oxycodone seeking on abstinence day 1. Together, these results demonstrated a causal role of OFC→DS projections in incubation of oxycodone craving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]