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106. Bupropion Mediated Effects on Depression, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and Smoking Cessation

Author

Austin Clark, Brendan Tate, Bretton Urban, Ryan Schroeder, Sonja Gennuso, Shahab Ahmadzadeh, David McGregor, Brook Girma, Sahar Shekoohi, and Alan D. Kaye

Subjects
Medicine, Mental healing, RZ400-408
Abstract

Bupropion had been in use since the late 1980s as an unconventional treatment for depression. Unlike other antidepressants, bupropion has no serotonergic activity and inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine. The drug has been used to treat depression, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and smoking cessation. This investigation reviews the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of bupropion and its mechanisms of action and interactions with other drugs. We evaluated the efficacy of major on and off-label uses of bupropion, focusing on the indications, benefits, and adverse effects. Our review demonstrates that bupropion is superior to placebo and non-inferior to SSRIs such as escitalopram in treating major depressive disorder. More research is needed to determine positive patient-centered outcomes such as increases in quality of life. In the case of ADHD, the evidence for efficacy is mixed with poorly conducted randomized clinical trials, small sample sizes, and a lack of long-term assessments. The same is true in the case of bipolar disorder in which there is still limited and controversial data available on bupropion's safety and efficacy. In the case of smoking cessation, bupropion is found to be an effective anti-smoking drug with synergistic benefits when used as a combination therapy. We conclude that bupropion has the potential to provide benefit for a subset of patients who do not tolerate other typical antidepressants or anti-smoking therapies or for those whose treatment goals align with bupropion's unique side effect profile, such as smokers who wish to quit and lose weight. Additional research is needed to determine the drug's full clinical potential, particularly in the areas of adolescent depression and combination therapy with varenicline or dextromethorphan. Clinicians should use this review to understand the varied uses of the drug and identify the situations and patient populations in which bupropion can lend its greatest benefit.

Published
2023
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107. Reassessing the role of temperature in precipitation oxygen isotopes across the eastern and central United States through weekly precipitation‐day data

Author

Akers, P. D. (Pete D.), Welker, J. M. (Jeffrey M.), and Brook, G. A. (George A.)

Subjects
oxygen isotope, precipitation isotope, temperature effect, δ18O, isoscape, hydroclimate
Abstract

Air temperature is correlated with precipitation oxygen isotope (δ18Oprcp) variability for much of the eastern and central United States, but the nature of this δ18Oprcp‐temperature relationship is largely based on data coarsely aggregated at a monthly resolution. We constructed a database of 6177 weeks of isotope and precipitation‐day air temperature data from 25 sites to determine how more precise data change our understanding of this classic relationship. Because the δ18Oprcp‐temperature relationship is not perfectly linear, trends in the regression residuals suggest the influence of additional environmental factors such as moisture recycling and extratropical cyclone interactions. Additionally, the temporal relationships between δ18Oprcp and temperature observed in the weekly data at individual sites can explain broader spatial patterns observed across the study region. For 20 of 25 sites, the δ18Oprcp‐temperature relationship slope is higher for colder precipitation than for warmer precipitation. Accordingly, northern and western sites with relatively more cold precipitation events have steeper overall relationships with higher slope values than southeastern sites that have more warm precipitation events. Although the magnitude of δ18Oprcp variability increases to the north and west, the fraction of δ18Oprcp variability explained by temperature increases due to wider annual temperature ranges, producing stronger relationships in these regions. When our δ18Oprcp‐temperature data are grouped by month, we observe significant variations in the relationship from month to month. This argues against a principal causative role for temperature and suggests the existence of an alternative environmental control on δ18Oprcp values that simply covaries seasonally with temperature.

Published
2017

108. Frequency-dependent selection drives HBeAg seroconversion in chronic hepatitis B virus infection

Author

Allen G. Rodrigo, Brook G. Warner, and William G. H. Abbott

Subjects
HBeAg seroconversion, Cirrhosis, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, viruses, Population, Medicine (miscellaneous), medicine.disease_cause, HBeAg, Virus, Immune system, frequency dependent selection, Medicine, Seroconversion, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Hepatitis B virus, education.field_of_study, business.industry, virus diseases, medicine.disease, Virology, digestive system diseases, Viral replication, Immunology, Commentary, business, hepatitis B virus
Abstract

HBeAg seroconversion is an important stage in the evolution of a chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection that usually leads to control of viral replication and a reduced risk for liver cirrhosis and cancer. Since current therapies for the HBV-associated liver inflammation that is known as chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Rarely induce permanent HBeAg seroconversion, there is a need to understand the mechanisms responsible for the purpose of identifying new therapeutic targets. Currently, the most widely accepted hypothesis is that the patient’s humoral and cellular immune responses to the HBV initiate HBeAg seroconversion. Although we accept that this hypothesis cannot be excluded, we propose an alternative that is consistent with published data on HBeAg seroconversion. We postulate, as others have, that the HBeAg suppresses the immune response to the HBV. However, production of the HBeAg incurs a metabolic cost to the hepatocyte which reduces the replicative capacity of the virus. Consequently, HBeAg-negative viruses replicate faster than HBeAg-positive viruses. HBeAg-negative variants arise de novo; and when their frequency in the population is low they have a replicative advantage. However, they also benefit from the immunosuppressive effects of the HBeAg-positive viruses in the population. As HBeAg-negative variants increase in frequency and HBeAg levels fall, the immune system recognizes the HBV, and HBeAg seroconversion occurs as a consequence of frequency-dependent selection acting on HBeAg-negative variants. This hypothesis explains the wide inter-individual variation in age of seroconversion, the increased rate of seroconversion during anti-viral treatment and the phenomena of both spontaneous and post-treatment HBeAg reversions (in which patients cycle between the HBeAg-positive and negative phases of their infection).

Published
2013

109. 2019 UK National Guideline for consultations requiring sexual history taking: Clinical Effectiveness Group British Association for Sexual Health and HIV

Author

Brook, G, Church, H, Evans, C, Jenkinson, N, McClean, H, Mohammed, H, Munro, H, Nambia, K, Saunders, J, Walton, L, and Sullivan, A

Abstract

This guideline is an update of a previous version published in 2013. In this new version, we have reflected changes in the way sexual health services are now provided by assuming an integrated Sexual Health/Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare service. There are new recommendations for online testing, female genital mutilation (FGM), chemsex and considerations for transgender (and non-binary) individuals. Previous versions rather assumed a cis-gender clientele and so we have taken a more mechanistic approach to sex and risk without assuming gender identification. We have updated our gender terminology in line with the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV ‘sexual health standards for trans, including non-binary, people’ although have retained the terminology of ‘men’ and ‘women’ in a few cases where it related to other guidelines, e.g. human papillomavirus vaccination and FGM.

Published
2024
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110. Home OCT Imaging for Newly Diagnosed Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Author

Blinder, Kevin J., Calhoun, Claire, Maguire, Maureen G., Glassman, Adam R., Mein, Calvin E., Baskin, Darrell E., Vieyra, Gabriela, Jampol, Lee M., Chica, Moises A., Sun, Jennifer K., Martin, Daniel F., Glassman, Adam R., Beck, Roy W., Baptista, Alyssa, Beaulieu, Wesley T., Calhoun, Claire T., Constantine, Sharon R., Dale, Brian B., Dupre, Simone S., Franklin, Crystal A., Galusic, Sandra, Huggins, Meagan, Hunter, Brenda L., Johnson, Paula A., Josic, Kristin, Kelly, Brittany, Liu, Danni, Maguire, Maureen G., Meadows, Britney, Melia, Michele, Preston, Carin M., Stockdale, Cynthia R., Zokruah, Alice, Sun, Jennifer K., Martin, Daniel F., Bhargava, Sangeeta, Barkmeier, Andrew J., Baskin, Darrell, Beck, Roy W., Blodi, Barbra, Chew, Emily, Ferris, Frederick L., Jaffe, Glenn J., Jampol, Lee M., Jhaveri, Chirag D., MacCumber, Mathew, Martin, Daniel F., Maturi, Raj K., Solomon, Sharon D., Stockdale, Cynthia R., Antoszyk, Andrew N., Lujan, Brandon, Jhaveri, Chirag D., Chew, Emily, Maturi, Raj K., Ferris, Frederick L., Jampol, Lee M., Martin, Daniel F., Slahi-Had, Hani, Stockdale, Cynthia R., Barkmeier, Andrew J., Lane, Richard Gary, Adams, Lydia, Rivera, Rachel R., Nakoski, Brenda, Weeks, Rhonda F., Braverman, Allan L., McDonald-Mueller, Lauren, Stuart, Maria A., Pulliam, Brook G., Boyd, Lynda K., Wehmeier, Jarrod, Schremp, Steve A., Googe, Joseph M., Oliver, Kristina, Walsh, Justin, Asher, Julie, Milstead, Katie, Wheeler, Jeff, and Griffone, Hodge A.

Abstract

To assess the feasibility of daily Home OCT imaging among patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).

Published
2024
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111. Plasma Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Concentrations after Intravitreous Anti–Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy for Diabetic Macular Edema

Author

Jampol, Lee M., primary, Glassman, Adam R., additional, Liu, Danni, additional, Aiello, Lloyd Paul, additional, Bressler, Neil M., additional, Duh, Elia J., additional, Quaggin, Susan, additional, Wells, John A., additional, Wykoff, Charles C., additional, Browning, David, additional, Antoszyk, Andrew N., additional, Price, Angela K., additional, Fredenberg, Sherry L., additional, Herby, Jenna T., additional, Fleming, Christina J., additional, McClain, Ashley A., additional, Ennis, Sarah A., additional, Gallagher, Kelly R., additional, Karow, Angella S., additional, Grupp, Autumn C., additional, Puskas, Danielle, additional, Watson, Lynn, additional, Bojaj, Swann J., additional, Balasubramaniam, Uma M., additional, McClain, Donna, additional, Styles, Donna R., additional, Kuopus, Jeff A., additional, Kimrey, Kathryn, additional, Clark, Loraine M., additional, Jackson, Lisa A., additional, McOwen, Michael D., additional, Dunlap, Matt, additional, Held, Susannah J., additional, Pieramici, Dante J., additional, Nasir, Ma'an A., additional, Castellarin, Alessandro A., additional, Dhoot, Dilsher, additional, Fishbein, Sarah, additional, Giust, Jack, additional, Wan, Lisha, additional, Hanna, Michelle S., additional, Rabena, Melvin D., additional, Smith, Jerry, additional, Bone, Layne J., additional, Avery, Kelly, additional, Giust, Matthew, additional, Walker, Aimee, additional, Shook, Aimee H., additional, Esau, Sara, additional, Ruvalcaba, Nitce L., additional, Clark, W. Lloyd, additional, Johnson, David L., additional, Payne, John F., additional, Swinford, Tiffany R., additional, Taylor, Mallie M., additional, Garrison, Cassandra L., additional, Miller, Peggy D., additional, Houlahan, Amber R., additional, O'Neill, Charlotte A., additional, Floyd, Ashley, additional, Parker, Crystal C., additional, Sease, Courtney, additional, Graham, Tara, additional, Spencer, Robin, additional, Ogbuewu, Tiffany N., additional, Studebaker, Ashley, additional, Huggins, Tyler, additional, Spivey, Robbin, additional, Jones, Brian, additional, Williams, Ashley, additional, Petty, Ron, additional, Poston, Erin L., additional, Ward, G. Michael, additional, Baker, Carl W., additional, Tilford, Ron H., additional, Caldwell, Tracey M., additional, Lambert, Lynnette F., additional, Palmer, Mary J., additional, Martin, Tracey R., additional, Williams, Tana R., additional, Kettler, Samantha, additional, Camp, Alecia B., additional, Silva, Paolo S., additional, Arrigg, Paul G., additional, Sharuk, George S., additional, Shah, Sabera T., additional, Sun, Jennifer K., additional, Westerfeld, Corey, additional, Andreoli, Christopher Michael, additional, Schlossman, Deborah, additional, Murtha, Timothy, additional, Kwak, Hanna, additional, Flores, Flor M., additional, Stockman, Margaret E., additional, Kieser, Troy, additional, Krigman, Michael N., additional, Bestourous, Leila, additional, Weimann, Elizabeth S., additional, Cavallerano, Jerry D., additional, Hock, Kristen M., additional, Robertson, Mary Ann, additional, Kirby, Rita K., additional, Papaconstantinou, Steve L., additional, Madigan, Kylie M., additional, Cavicchi, Robert W., additional, Palitsch, Kate A., additional, Yilmaz, Taygan, additional, Berger, Brian B., additional, Jhaveri, Chirag D., additional, Moore, Tori, additional, Manhart, Ginger J., additional, Walsh, Rachel A., additional, Gunderson, Ivana, additional, Riepen, Dietrich, additional, Bravenec, Chelsey A., additional, Reid, Ryan M., additional, Ren, Yong, additional, Ostrander, Ben, additional, Stovall, Christopher C., additional, Elman, Michael J., additional, Liss, Robert A., additional, Leder, Henry A., additional, Starr, JoAnn, additional, Belz, Jennifer L., additional, Putzulo, Charlene K., additional, Sandler, Dallas R., additional, Simmons, Jennifer L., additional, Singletary, Pamela V., additional, Davis, Ashley, additional, Simpson, Perel M., additional, Coffey, Teresa, additional, Ketner, Daniel J., additional, Cain, Terri, additional, Metzger, Ashley M., additional, Sotirakos, Peter, additional, Marcus, Dennis M., additional, Singh, Harinderjit, additional, Roberts, Courtney N., additional, Floyd, Geri L., additional, Ortiz, Siobhan O., additional, Mims, Virginia, additional, Foster, L. Allison, additional, Coursey, Christy, additional, Gardner, Jared C., additional, Ivey, Ken, additional, O'Keefe, John Stewart, additional, Astruc, Juan A., additional, Schwent, Bryan J., additional, Tabassian, Ali R., additional, Rosen, Suzette A., additional, Vaughan, David C., additional, Michaels, Jeffrey, additional, Arndt, Natalie J., additional, Maziarz, John J., additional, Friedman, Scott M., additional, Moinfar, Nader, additional, Williamson, Kimberly A., additional, Fagan, Damanda F., additional, Dawson, Katrina L., additional, Walters, Paige N., additional, McKinney, Allen, additional, Carlton, Steve, additional, Kwun, Robert C., additional, Knudsen, Victoria L., additional, Winward, Kirk E., additional, Swartz, Mano, additional, Howard, James G., additional, Riley, Michelle, additional, Taylor, Gena, additional, Holt, Michelle, additional, Winward, Jason G., additional, Walsh, Adam, additional, Taylor, Teresa, additional, Walsh, Daniel, additional, Hampton, G. Robert, additional, Brown, Jamin S., additional, Seth, Rajeev K., additional, Sienkiewycz, Laurie J., additional, Appleton, Deborah A., additional, Grinnell, Cindy J., additional, Cowley, Charity A., additional, Kwasniewski, Lynn M., additional, Manley, Michelle L., additional, Robarge, Nicole E., additional, DeSantis, Stefanie R., additional, Hay, Peter B., additional, DeForge, Teresa M., additional, Wong, Tien P., additional, Chen, Eric, additional, Brown, David M., additional, Kim, Rosa Y., additional, Major, James C., additional, Schefler, Amy C., additional, Fish, Richard H., additional, Benz, Matthew S., additional, Lipman, Meredith, additional, Hutson, Amy, additional, Landaverde, Nubia, additional, Chancey, Ashley E., additional, Cone, Cassie, additional, Royse, Tressa, additional, Sneed, Veronica A., additional, Almanza, Belinda A., additional, Dives, Brenda, additional, Richter, Beau A., additional, Kegley, Eric N., additional, Lauer, Andreas K., additional, Flaxel, Christina J., additional, Bailey, Steven T., additional, Schain, Mitchell, additional, Lundquist, Ann D., additional, Hanel, Shelley A., additional, Ira, Shirley D., additional, Nolte, Susan K., additional, Steinkamp, Peter N., additional, Ryan, Dawn M., additional, Pickell, Scott R., additional, Hui, Jocelyn T., additional, Brix, Michelle, additional, Barth, Jordan, additional, Howell, Chris S., additional, Fox, Gregory M., additional, Cooper, Blake A., additional, Batlle, Ivan R., additional, Manning, Lexie R., additional, Batlle, Karla A., additional, Wyrick, Holly, additional, Pippin, Katherine, additional, Perkins, Samantha, additional, Yeager, Frank T., additional, Rush, Ryan B., additional, Gardner, Glenn R., additional, Rush, Christi, additional, Hawkins, Johnathan R., additional, Dumas, Brenda, additional, Ysasaga, Ben, additional, Shah, Chirag P., additional, Morley, Michael G., additional, Wiegand, Torsten W., additional, Cleary, Tina S., additional, Topping, Trexler M., additional, Colegrove, Lindsey, additional, Bechtel, Katharine, additional, Johnson, Britta, additional, Lebedew, Lisa, additional, Lorius, Natacha, additional, Chong, Sandy G., additional, Stone, Jennifer L., additional, Jones, Michael Cullen, additional, Donovan, Dennis, additional, Malone, Sherry, additional, Graham, Margie, additional, Santos, Audrey, additional, Bennett, Steve A., additional, Blinder, Kevin J., additional, Smith, Bradley T., additional, Nobel, Ginny S., additional, Weeks, Rhonda F., additional, Hoehn, Erika A., additional, Stuart, Maria A., additional, Pepple, Kelly E., additional, Boyd, Lynda K., additional, Pulliam, Brook G., additional, Schremp, Steve A., additional, Guevara, Stephanie L., additional, Wehmeier, Jarrod, additional, Wright, Timothy L., additional, Gabel, Dana L., additional, Miller, David G., additional, Schartman, Jerome P., additional, Singerman, Lawrence J., additional, Coney, Joseph M., additional, Novak, Michael A., additional, Rao, Llewelyn J., additional, Rath, Susan C., additional, McNamara, Elizabeth, additional, Stone, Larraine, additional, Smith, Veronica A., additional, Rykena, Cecelia, additional, DuBois, Kimberly A., additional, Ilc, Mary A., additional, Tanner, Vivian, additional, Drury, Kim, additional, Nitzsche, Trina M., additional, Greanoff, Gregg A., additional, DuBois, John C., additional, Burgess, Stuart K., additional, Lara, Tirso M., additional, Pereda, Noel H., additional, Fernandez, Cindy V., additional, Davis, Deborah, additional, Quinchia, Evelyn, additional, Workman, Karen, additional, Nielsen, Jared S., additional, Sohn, Jeong-Hyeon, additional, Alliman, Kyle J., additional, Saggau, David D., additional, Parker, Marianne, additional, George, Bethany, additional, Eastvold, Carrie L., additional, Sells, Kristin, additional, Woehl, Tami Jo, additional, Johnson, Marilyn A., additional, Keenan, Holly, additional, Coleman, Jennifer L., additional, Spillman, Jamie, additional, Freeman, Shannon, additional, Schmidt, Leigh S., additional, Boender, Lisa M., additional, Partin, Jill L., additional, Bennett, Bailey R., additional, Rostvold, Jay, additional, McLure Stone, Cameron, additional, Raymer, Lea R., additional, Menzel, Andrea K., additional, Rickman, Leslie D., additional, Campbell, Barbara, additional, Sherlin, Lorraine P., additional, Hawkins, Lisa H., additional, Buckner, Melissa L., additional, Matsipura, Olesya N., additional, Price, Paula A., additional, Ghuman, A. Thomas, additional, Raskauskas, Paul A., additional, Sharma, Ashish G., additional, Wing, Glenn, additional, Walker, Joseph P., additional, Knips, Eileen, additional, Kiesel, Cheryl, additional, Peters, Crystal Y., additional, Ryan, Cheryl, additional, Greenhoe, Laura, additional, Torres, Natalie N., additional, Youngblood, Rebecca J., additional, Turnbo, Danielle, additional, Leslie, Anita H., additional, Schoeman, Etienne C., additional, Kiesel, Raymond K., additional, Kingsley, Ronald M., additional, Shah, Vinay A., additional, Leonard, Robert E., additional, Miller, Heather R., additional, Icks, Sonny, additional, Bergman, Vanessa A., additional, Drummond, Vanessa K., additional, Ross, Brittany L., additional, Ellis, Reshial D., additional, Whittington, Tina R., additional, Almeida, Shannon R., additional, Butt, Amanda M., additional, Burris, Russ, additional, Peters, Mark A., additional, Lee, Michael S., additional, Tlucek, Paul S., additional, Ma, Colin, additional, Hobbs, Stephen, additional, Milliron, Amanda C., additional, Ho, Stephanie L., additional, Kopfer, Marcia, additional, Logan, Joe, additional, Hoerner, Christine, additional, Khawly, Joseph A., additional, Rahman, Hassan T., additional, Abdelgani, Diana, additional, Miller, Pam S., additional, Fredrickson, Debbie, additional, Pineda, Erica, additional, Lopez, Desiree, additional, Lowd, Donald K., additional, Blank, Colin, additional, Martinez, Lorena R., additional, Muniz, Jason E., additional, Gottlieb, Justin, additional, Ip, Michael S., additional, Blodi, Barbara A., additional, Dietzman, Kristine A., additional, Burke, Kathryn F., additional, Smith, Christopher M., additional, Olson, Shelly R., additional, Wealti, Angela M., additional, Reed, Sandie L., additional, Krolnik, Denise A., additional, Peterson, John C., additional, Gonzalez, Victor Hugo, additional, Diaz-Rohena, Roberto, additional, Santiago, Juan G., additional, Adyanthaya, Rohit, additional, Patel, Nehal R., additional, Anaya, Deyla, additional, Garcia, Dina, additional, Cruz, Edna E., additional, Alvarez, Crystal A., additional, Iracheta, Ruth, additional, Rodriguez, Jessica, additional, Cantu, Monica R., additional, Flores, Rebecca R., additional, Jasso, Hector, additional, Rodriguez, Rachel, additional, Miranda, Karina, additional, Lozano, Krystle R., additional, Garza, Maricela, additional, Aguero, Lazaro, additional, Sandoval, Amanda L., additional, Montemayor, Monique, additional, Alonso, Samuel, additional, Garza, Santos, additional, DiLoreto, David Allen, additional, Ramchandran, Rajeev S., additional, Kleinman, David M., additional, O'Gara, George W., additional, Czubinski, Andrea M., additional, MacDowell, Peter, additional, Steinmetz, Kari M., additional, Castillo, Dan A., additional, Yu, Yvonne F., additional, Tongue, Salina M., additional, Keim, Melissa S., additional, Hollar, Rachel, additional, Deats, Brandi N., additional, Richardson, Brittany S., additional, Singer, Lynn, additional, Pannell, Taylor A., additional, Daniels, Stewart A., additional, Ranchod, Tushar M., additional, Leong, Craig J., additional, Touson, Stacey, additional, Earl, Shannon R., additional, Bartlett, Melissa C., additional, Fernando, Christine, additional, Factor, Djorella, additional, Garcia, Jessica, additional, Nguyen, Anna K., additional, Hom, Betty, additional, Walker, Cathy, additional, Marudo, Grace M., additional, Suazo, Jose Carlos, additional, McNeil, Leah M., additional, Hanamoto, Fred, additional, Hughes, Matthew D., additional, Ross, Robin D., additional, Sanford, Susan M., additional, Markiewicz, Nicole Martini, additional, Utley, Tracy M., additional, Henderson, Shannon, additional, Lippincott, Joanie H., additional, Streasick, Patricia, additional, Glazer, Louis C., additional, Garber, Frank W., additional, Zheutlin, Jeffrey D., additional, Listerman, Angela D., additional, Feehan, Christine E., additional, Cruz, Heather L., additional, Kuitula, Donald E., additional, Rainey, Olivia P., additional, Weatherbee, Sue, additional, Googe, Joseph M., additional, Shuler, R. Keith, additional, Anderson, Nicholas G., additional, Perkins, Stephen L., additional, Oliver, Kristina, additional, Grindall, Nicole, additional, Arnold, Ann, additional, Beerbower, Jennifer, additional, Hunt, Cecile, additional, Schulz, Kathy L., additional, Oelrich, Sarah M., additional, Whetstone, Jerry K., additional, Walsh, Justin, additional, Morris, Chris, additional, Wong, Robert W., additional, Nixon, Peter A., additional, Leon, Jeni L., additional, Montesclaros, Chris A., additional, Leung, Carrie E., additional, Le, Phill, additional, Harborth, Codey L., additional, Rodriguez, Margaret A., additional, Mangham, Cory, additional, Aaberg, Thomas M., additional, Westhouse, Scott J., additional, Vincent, Holly L., additional, Malone, Rebecca, additional, Karsten, Kathy L., additional, Maturi, Raj K., additional, Harless, Ashley M., additional, Novak, Carolee K., additional, Bleau, Laura A., additional, Steele, Thomas, additional, Harris, Charlotte, additional, Bildner, Alisha, additional, Maple, Abby, additional, Stone, Thomas W., additional, Isernhagen, Rick D., additional, Kitchens, John W., additional, Holcomb, Diana M., additional, Van Arsdall, Jeanne, additional, Buck, Michelle, additional, Slade, Edward A., additional, Chiu, Mark T., additional, Reddy, Ashok K., additional, Wyant, Frank W., additional, Montano-Niles, Mary M., additional, Carter, Lorraine J., additional, Maerki, Shirley, additional, Tartaglia, Laura, additional, Gomez, Paul P., additional, Maestas, Stephen A., additional, Shanta, Camille, additional, Jimenez, Lisbrenda M., additional, Stoltz, Robert A., additional, Vanderveldt, Stephanie L., additional, Lampert, Scott I., additional, Marcus, Leslie G., additional, Fulbright, Shelly, additional, Martin, James P., additional, Novack, Roger L., additional, Liao, David S., additional, Lo, Tammy Eileen, additional, Kurokouchi, Janet, additional, Ngo, Richard, additional, Hoang, Connie V., additional, Sierra, Julio, additional, Zamboni, Adam, additional, Protacio, Eric G., additional, Kessinger, Jeff, additional, Garg, Seema, additional, Houghton, Odette M., additional, Ulrich, Jan Niklas, additional, Chavala, Sai H., additional, DuBose, Elizabeth L., additional, Barnhart, Cassandra J., additional, Karmalkar, Megha, additional, Jani, Pooja D., additional, Goble, Justin, additional, Cantrell, Debra, additional, Esquejo, Rona Lyn, additional, Shah, Sandeep N., additional, Harmon, Natasha, additional, Dhalla, Mandeep S., additional, del Cid, Mario R., additional, Halperin, Lawrence S., additional, Brady, Jaclyn A., additional, Hamlin, Monica, additional, Lopez, Monica L., additional, Mariano, Jamie, additional, Neale, Candace M., additional, Veksler, Rita R., additional, Mannarelli, Angelica, additional, Coffee, Robert E., additional, Carvounis, Petros Euthymiou, additional, Hemati, Pejman, additional, Dorenbach, Cindy J., additional, Joshi, Annika S., additional, Leger, April, additional, Barnett, Dana B., additional, Morales, Joseph F., additional, Mansour, Sam E., additional, Choyce, Cathy, additional, Dirawatun, Aissa L., additional, Nagy, Emma A., additional, Kerkstra, Jamie C., additional, Fan, Joseph T., additional, Suthar, Mukesh Bhogilal, additional, Rauser, Michael E., additional, Santiago, Gisela, additional, Marvyn Cerdenio, Liel, additional, Perez, Brandi J., additional, Halsey, Kara E., additional, Kiernan, William H., additional, Knabb, Jesse, additional, Catren, Rachel, additional, Shami, Michel, additional, Arrington, Brenda K., additional, Neuling, Keri S., additional, Meeks, Ashaki, additional, Garcia, Natalie R., additional, Blair, Kayla, additional, Rhymes, Ginger K., additional, Medrano, Janet, additional, Kim, Judy E., additional, Weinberg, David V., additional, Stepien, Kimberly E., additional, Connor, Thomas B., additional, Williams, Vesper V., additional, Kaczanowski, Tracy L., additional, Packard, Krissa L., additional, Flanders, Judy, additional, Barwick, Vicki, additional, Winter, Pat A., additional, Beringer, Joseph R., additional, Selchert, Kathy J., additional, Lehr, John T., additional, Rodriguez-Roman, Elaine, additional, Jones, Teri, additional, Haddox, Martha Eileen, additional, Pena, Mark, additional, Hernandez, Brenda, additional, Chan, Clement K., additional, Lalezary, Maziar, additional, Lin, Steven G., additional, Walther, Kimberly S., additional, Gonzales, Tiana, additional, Myers, Lenise E., additional, Huff, Kenneth M., additional, Chace, Richard, additional, Kallay, Sunny, additional, Stevens, Kirsten, additional, Dolbec, Nicole, additional, Baker-Hill, Ronda, additional, Surette, Janea, additional, Rose, Steven J., additional, Connolly, Brian P., additional, Guillet, Ernest G., additional, Hall, Edward F., additional, Yagoda, Margaret M., additional, Doran, Mary Jo, additional, Burgess, Mindy, additional, Reynard, Ann, additional, Powers, Margaret, additional, Territo, Joe, additional, Mein, Calvin E., additional, Chica, Moises A., additional, Lane, R. Gary, additional, Holy, Sarah Elizabeth, additional, Kirschbaum, Lita, additional, Martinez, Vanessa D., additional, Baker, Jaynee, additional, Kincaid, Christa G., additional, Castillo, Elaine, additional, Wienecke, Christopher Sean, additional, Schlichting, Sara L., additional, Nakoski, Brenda, additional, Diddie, Kenneth R., additional, Cadwell, Deborah M., additional, Van Arsdale, Louise, additional, Boisvert, Taryn F., additional, Galonsky, Joyce, additional, O'Hayer, Susie, additional, Johnson, Melissa L., additional, McCabe, Frank J., additional, Baker, Brad J., additional, Defrin, Melvyn H., additional, Lampson, Marie V., additional, Pratte, Heather, additional, Baron, Selena A., additional, Borelli, Aundrea S., additional, Davidorf, Frederick H., additional, Wells, Michael B., additional, Chang, Susie, additional, Christoforidis, John Byron, additional, Letson, Alan D., additional, Salerno, Jill A., additional, Perry, Jerilyn G., additional, Shelley, Stephen E., additional, Fish, Patrick J., additional, Scott, Michael H., additional, Dixon, James A., additional, Walsh, Shannon R., additional, Ozpirincci, Philomina M., additional, Tebon, Brenda L., additional, Moyle, Marcia J., additional, Pavlica, Michael R., additional, Matta, Noelle S., additional, Brubaker, Cristina M., additional, Backer, Alyson B., additional, Bhagat, Neelakshi, additional, Fay, Catherine, additional, Mikheyeva, Tatiana, additional, Lazar, Michael, additional, Ellenberger, Janie D., additional, Malpica, Beth, additional, Brucker, Alexander J., additional, Kim, Benjamin J., additional, VanderBeek, Brian L., additional, Drossner, Sheri, additional, DuPont, Joan C., additional, Salvo, Rebecca, additional, Engelhard, Stephanie B., additional, Berger, Jim M., additional, Morales, Sara, additional, Serpentine, Beth, additional, Kaufman, Paul L., additional, McCluskey, Jessica D., additional, Wynne, Kathy T., additional, Jordan, Julian, additional, Watson, Brandun, additional, Wirthlin, Robert S., additional, Guglielmo, Eric S., additional, Dittman, Eileen A., additional, Waidelich, Dylan C., additional, Garza, Cristofer J., additional, Stone, Adeline M., additional, Oakes, Ashley Nicole, additional, Suner, Ivan J., additional, Hammer, Mark E., additional, Peden, Marc C., additional, Traynom, Janet R., additional, DenBoer, Rochelle, additional, Vargo, Heidi, additional, Ramsey, Susan, additional, Malzahn, Anita Kim, additional, Jeffres, Debra, additional, Chaudhry, Nauman A., additional, Shah, Sumit P., additional, Haffner, Gregory M., additional, German, Emiliya, additional, Moreau, Shannan, additional, Fox, Laura A., additional, Matteson, Jennifer M., additional, Pelletier, JoAnna L., additional, Fontecchio, Alison, additional, Morse, Emily, additional, McNamara, Greg, additional, Laglivia, Marie Grace, additional, Scherf, Marissa L., additional, LaPre, Angela, additional, Cocilo, Justin A., additional, Das, Arup, additional, Friesen, Linda, additional, Franco, Michele, additional, Lucero, Johnny, additional, Frazier, Melissa, additional, Laviolette, Robert, additional, Mian, Umar Khalil, additional, Riemer, Rebecca L., additional, Koestenblatt, Evelyn, additional, Wolf, Louise V., additional, Kim, Christine, additional, Katkovskaya, Irina, additional, Otoo, Erica, additional, Ellerbe, Kevin A., additional, Boyd, Kenneth, additional, Costa, Caroline, additional, Edwards, Paul Andrew, additional, Gao, Hua, additional, Hessburg, Thomas, additional, Desai, Uday, additional, Murphy, Janet, additional, Monk, Mary K., additional, Hall, Julianne, additional, Mazurek, Melina, additional, Ventimiglia, Katie M., additional, Rusinek, Brian A., additional, Stern, Bradley A., additional, Brouhard, Kris, additional, Weier, Katie M., additional, Allis, Megan, additional, Shaken, Jenny, additional, Massu, Nicole M., additional, Troszak, Tracy A., additional, Burley, David, additional, Bhavsar, Abdhish R., additional, Emerson, Geoffrey G., additional, Jones, Jacob M., additional, Anderson, Tracy A., additional, Gilchrist, Andrea, additional, Peloquin, Matt D., additional, Gaid, Gaid, additional, Vang, Yang, additional, Ryan, Samantha, additional, Vang, Denise, additional, Evans, Alanna C., additional, Scherer, Tonja, additional, Lazarus, Howard S., additional, Bunch, Debra Paige, additional, Davis, Liana C., additional, Booth, Kelly, additional, Trimble, Margaret, additional, Bledsaw, Mary A., additional, Moore, Jay, additional, Rosberger, Daniel F., additional, Groeschel, Sandra, additional, Madry, Miriam A., additional, DiGirolamo, Nikoletta, additional, Pressley, Dustin, additional, Santora, Robert, additional, Gomez, Yenelda M., additional, Olsen, Karl R., additional, Bergren, Robert L., additional, Conrad, P. William, additional, Rath, Pamela P., additional, Vyas, Avni Patel, additional, Liu, Judy C., additional, Merlotti, Lori A., additional, Chamberlin, Jennifer L., additional, Mechling, Holly M., additional, Kelly, Mary E., additional, Marfisi, Kellianne, additional, Yeckel, Kimberly A., additional, Bennett, Veronica L., additional, Schultz, Christina M., additional, Rigoni, Grace A., additional, Walter, Julie, additional, Forish, Missy A., additional, Fec, Amanda, additional, Foreman, Courtney L., additional, Steinberg, David, additional, McBroom, Keith D., additional, Chen, Melvin C., additional, Levy, Marc H., additional, Torres, Waldemar, additional, Jelemensky, Peggy, additional, Raphael, Tara L., additional, Rich, Joann, additional, Sneath, Mark, additional, Kinyoun, James L., additional, Vemulakonda, Gurunadh Atmaram, additional, Rath, Susan A., additional, Ernst, Patricia K., additional, Pettingill, Juli A., additional, Jones, Ronald C., additional, Clifton, Brad C., additional, Leslie, James D., additional, Solomon, Sharon D., additional, Levin, Lisa K., additional, Donohue, Deborah, additional, Frey, Mary, additional, Larez, Lorena, additional, Murray, Keisha, additional, Denbow, Rita L., additional, Graul, Janis, additional, Emmert, David, additional, Herring, Charles, additional, Rhoton, Nick, additional, Belz, Joe, additional, Lyon, Alice T., additional, Mirza, Rukhsana G., additional, Krug, Amanda M., additional, Ramirez, Carmen, additional, Kaminski, Lori, additional, Castro-Malek, Anna Liza M., additional, Mills, Amber N., additional, Rozenbajgier, Zuzanna, additional, Skelly, Marriner L., additional, Simjanoski, Evica, additional, Degillio, Andrea R., additional, Lim, Jennifer I., additional, Chau, Felix Y., additional, Niec, Marcia, additional, Johnson, Tametha, additional, Ovando, Yesenia, additional, Janowicz, Mark, additional, Carroll, Catherine, additional, Gross, Jeffrey G., additional, Fishburne, Barron C., additional, Flowers, Amy M., additional, Stroman, Riley, additional, Ochieng, Christen, additional, McDowell, Angelique S.A., additional, Paul, Ally M., additional, Price, Randall L., additional, Drouilhet, John H., additional, Lacaden, Erica N., additional, Nobler, Deborah J., additional, Cummings, Howard L., additional, Long, Deanna Jo, additional, McCord, Ben, additional, Robinson, Jason, additional, Swift, Jamie, additional, Maynard, Julie P., additional, Pahk, Patricia J., additional, Palmer-Dwore, Hannah, additional, Dave, Dipali H., additional, Pacheco, Mariebelle, additional, Galati, Barbara A., additional, Simpson, Eneil, additional, Barkmeier, Andrew J., additional, Vogen, Diane L., additional, Berg, Karin A., additional, Howard, Shannon L., additional, Burrington, Jean M., additional, Morgan, Jessica Ann, additional, Overend, Joan T., additional, Goddard, Shannon, additional, Lewison, Denise M., additional, Tesmer, Jaime L., additional, Greven, Craig Michael, additional, Fish, Joan, additional, Everhart, Cara, additional, Clark, Mark D., additional, Miller, David T., additional, Hubbard, George Baker, additional, Yan, Jiong, additional, Cribbs, Blaine E., additional, Curtis, Linda T., additional, Brower, Judy L., additional, Dobbs, Jannah L., additional, Jordan, Debora J., additional, Ahmad, Baseer U., additional, Huang, Suber S., additional, Sedlacek, Hillary M., additional, Hornsby, Cherie L., additional, Ferguson, Lisa P., additional, Carlton, Kathy, additional, Sholtis, Kelly A., additional, Allchin, Peggy, additional, Clow, Claudia, additional, Harrod, Mark A., additional, Pankhurst, Geoffrey, additional, Baum-Rawraway, Irit, additional, Hrvatin, Stacie A., additional, Gentile, Ronald C., additional, Yang, Alex, additional, Carrasquillo-Boyd, Wanda, additional, Masini, Robert, additional, Samy, Chander N., additional, Kraut, Robert J., additional, Shirley, Kathy, additional, Corso, Linsey, additional, Ely, Karen, additional, Scala, Elizabeth, additional, Gross, Stewart, additional, Alava, Vanessa, additional, Margalit, Eyal, additional, Neely, Donna G., additional, Blaiotta, Maria, additional, Hagensen, Lori, additional, Harris, April E., additional, Lennon, Rita L., additional, Cota, Denice R., additional, Wilson, Larry, additional, Aiello, Lloyd P., additional, Beck, Roy W., additional, Bressler, Susan B., additional, Chalam, Kakarla V., additional, Danis, Ronald P., additional, Arnold-Bush, Bambi J., additional, Ferris, Frederick, additional, Almukhtar, Talat, additional, Dale, Brian B., additional, Baptista, Alyssa, additional, Connor, Crystal, additional, Conner, Jasmine, additional, Constantine, Sharon R., additional, Dowling, Kimberly, additional, Dupre, Simone S., additional, Ayala, Allison R., additional, Huggins, Meagan L., additional, Inusah, Seidu, additional, Johnson, Paula A., additional, Loggins, Brenda L., additional, McClellan, Shannon L., additional, Melia, Michele, additional, Battle, Eureca, additional, Stockdale, Cynthia R., additional, Stanley, Danielle, additional, Jaffe, Glenn, additional, Balsley, Brannon, additional, Barbas, Michael, additional, Burns, Russell, additional, Busian, Dee, additional, Ebersohl, Ryan, additional, Heydary, Cynthia, additional, McEwan, Sasha, additional, Myers, Justin, additional, Robertson, Amanda, additional, Shields, Kelly, additional, Thompson, Garrett, additional, Winter, Katrina, additional, Young, Ellen, additional, Davis, Matthew D., additional, Huang, Yijun, additional, Blodi, Barbara, additional, Domalpally, Amitha, additional, Reimers, James, additional, Vargo, Pamela, additional, Wabers, Hugh, additional, Myers, Dawn, additional, Lawrence, Daniel, additional, Allan, James, additional, Jampol, Lee M., additional, Antoszyk, Andrew, additional, Friedman, Scott, additional, Scott, Ingrid U., additional, Schron, Eleanor, additional, Everett, Donald F., additional, Miskala, Päivi H., additional, Connett, John, additional, Abrams, Gary, additional, Barnbaum, Deborah R., additional, Flynn, Harry, additional, Weinstock, Ruth S., additional, Wilkinson, Charles P., additional, Wisniewski, Stephen, additional, Genuth, Saul, additional, Frank, Robert, additional, Ferris, Frederick L., additional, Jaffe, Glenn J., additional, Bhavsar, Abdhish, additional, Googe, Joseph, additional, Lauer, Andreas, additional, and McClain, Ashley, additional

Published
2018
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116. Varieties of English.

Author

Brook, G. L.

Abstract

The English language is not a monolithic entity but an amalgam of many different varieties that can be associated respectively with groups of speakers, with individuals, and with the occasion. Among such varieties are slang, regional and class dialects, the language of children, and the language used by public speakers, journalists, lawyers, scientists, and advertisers. Contributing to these varieties are dialects, idiolects, registers, slang, usage, and the changing nature of our language. A number of changes in pronunciation, vocabulary, and syntax are currently taking place and are thus constantly creating new varieties of English. (HOD)

Published
1973

118. Sequential loss of myelin proteins during Wallerian degeneration in the human spinal cord

Author

Buss, A., Pech, K., Merkler, D., Kakulas, B. A., Martin, D., Schoenen, J., Noth, J., Schwab, M. E., Brook, G. A., Buss, A., Pech, K., Merkler, D., Kakulas, B. A., Martin, D., Schoenen, J., Noth, J., Schwab, M. E., and Brook, G. A.

Abstract

Axons undergo Wallerian degeneration (WD) distal to a point of injury. In the lesioned PNS, WD may be followed by successful axonal regeneration and functional recovery. However, in the lesioned mammalian CNS, there is no significant axonal regeneration. Myelin-associated proteins (MAPs) have been shown to play significant roles in preventing axonal regeneration in the CNS. Since relatively little is known about such events in human CNS pathologies, we performed an immunohistochemical investigation on the temporal changes of four MAPs during WD in post-mortem spinal cords of 22 patients who died 2 days to 30 years after either cerebral infarction or traumatic spinal cord injury. In contrast to experimental studies in rats, the loss of myelin sheaths is greatly delayed in humans and continues slowly over a number of years. However, in agreement with animal data, a sequential loss of myelin proteins was found which was dependent on their location within the myelin sheath. Myelin proteins situated on the peri-axonal membrane were the first to be lost, the time course correlating with the loss of axonal markers. Proteins located within compact myelin or on the outer myelin membrane were still detectable 3 years after injury in degenerating fibre tracts, long after the disappearance of the corresponding axons. The persistence of axon growth-inhibitory proteins such as NOGO-A in degenerating nerve fibre tracts may contribute to the maintenance of an environment that is hostile to axon regeneration, long after the initial injury. The present data highlight the importance of correlating the well documented, lesion-induced changes that take place in controlled laboratory investigations with those that take place in the clinical domain

Published
2017

120. British HIV Association guidelines for the management of hepatitis viruses in adults infected with HIV 2013

Author

Wilkins, E, Nelson, M, Agarwal, K, Awoyemi, D, Barnes, E, Bhagani, S, Brook, G, Brown, A, Castelino, S, Cooke, G, Fisher, M, Geretti, AM, James, R, Kulasegaram, R, Leen, C, Mutimer, D, Orkin, C, Page, E, Palfreeman, A, Papineni, P, Rodger, A, and Tong, CY

Subjects
Male, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Coinfection, Immunotherapy, Active, HIV Infections, Viral Vaccines, Viral Load, Hepatitis B, Antiviral Agents, Hepatitis C, United Kingdom, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Humans, Patient Compliance, Female, Guideline Adherence
Published
2016

122. Home-field advantage? evidence of local adaptation among plants, soil, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi through meta-analysis

Author

James F. Meadow, Justine Karst, Brook G. Milligan, V. Bala Chaudhary, Anita J. Antoninka, Louis J. Lamit, Catherine A. Gehring, Jason D. Hoeksema, Marc J. Lajeunesse, Pedro M. Antunes, Catherine A. Zabinski, James D. Bever, Bridget J. Piculell, and Megan A. Rúa

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Evolution, Local adaptation, Acclimatization, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Biology, Plant Roots, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Soil, Symbiosis, Mycorrhizae, Botany, Ecosystem, Community ecology, Biomass, Plant Physiological Phenomena, Soil Microbiology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 2. Zero hunger, Abiotic component, Biomass (ecology), Biotic component, Ecology, fungi, Soil micro-organisms, food and beverages, 15. Life on land, Adaptation, Physiological, Sympatric speciation, Geographic origin, Soil microbiology, Research Article, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Background Local adaptation, the differential success of genotypes in their native versus foreign environment, arises from various evolutionary processes, but the importance of concurrent abiotic and biotic factors as drivers of local adaptation has only recently been investigated. Local adaptation to biotic interactions may be particularly important for plants, as they associate with microbial symbionts that can significantly affect their fitness and may enable rapid evolution. The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is ideal for investigations of local adaptation because it is globally widespread among most plant taxa and can significantly affect plant growth and fitness. Using meta-analysis on 1170 studies (from 139 papers), we investigated the potential for local adaptation to shape plant growth responses to arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation. Results The magnitude and direction for mean effect size of mycorrhizal inoculation on host biomass depended on the geographic origin of the soil and symbiotic partners. Sympatric combinations of plants, AM fungi, and soil yielded large increases in host biomass compared to when all three components were allopatric. The origin of either the fungi or the plant relative to the soil was important for explaining the effect of AM inoculation on plant biomass. If plant and soil were sympatric but allopatric to the fungus, the positive effect of AM inoculation was much greater than when all three components were allopatric, suggesting potential local adaptation of the plant to the soil; however, if fungus and soil were sympatric (but allopatric to the plant) the effect of AM inoculation was indistinct from that of any allopatric combinations, indicating maladaptation of the fungus to the soil. Conclusions This study underscores the potential to detect local adaptation for mycorrhizal relationships across a broad swath of the literature. Geographic origin of plants relative to the origin of AM fungal communities and soil is important for describing the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on plant biomass, suggesting that local adaptation represents a powerful factor for the establishment of novel combinations of fungi, plants, and soils. These results highlight the need for subsequent investigations of local adaptation in the mycorrhizal symbiosis and emphasize the importance of routinely considering the origin of plant, soil, and fungal components. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0698-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Published
2016

123. MycoDB, a global database of plant response to mycorrhizal fungi

Author

Wolfgang Viechtbauer, Anita J. Antoninka, Blake D. Ramsby, James Umbanhowar, Alicia M. Frame, Suzanne W. Simard, Gail W. T. Wilson, Lawrence L. Walters, Jason D. Hoeksema, Jeffery B. Cannon, Wittaya Kaonongbua, John C. Moore, Nancy Collins Johnson, Peter C. Zee, Monique Gardes, Baoming Ji, Shubha Shrestha, James F. Meadow, Brook G. Milligan, Megan A. Rúa, Miranda M. Hart, Catherine A. Gehring, Bridget J. Piculell, Thomas H. Pendergast, Roger T. Koide, Michelle Ha, V. Bala Chaudhary, Louis J. Lamit, Jessica Duchicela, Jacob Hopkins, James D. Bever, Ashley Craig, Justine Karst, Psychiatrie & Neuropsychologie, and RS: MHeNs - R2 - Mental Health

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Statistics and Probability, Data Descriptor, Databases, Factual, Ecology (disciplines), Context (language use), Library and Information Sciences, computer.software_genre, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Education, Symbiosis, Phylogenetics, Mycorrhizae, Ecosystem, Biomass, Arbuscular mycorrhiza, Fungal ecology, Phylogeny, Abiotic component, Biomass (ecology), Ecology, biology, Database, 15. Life on land, Plants, biology.organism_classification, Computer Science Applications, Fungal evolution, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, computer, 010606 plant biology & botany, Information Systems
Abstract

Plants form belowground associations with mycorrhizal fungi in one of the most common symbioses on Earth. However, few large-scale generalizations exist for the structure and function of mycorrhizal symbioses, as the nature of this relationship varies from mutualistic to parasitic and is largely context-dependent. We announce the public release of MycoDB, a database of 4,010 studies (from 438 unique publications) to aid in multi-factor meta-analyses elucidating the ecological and evolutionary context in which mycorrhizal fungi alter plant productivity. Over 10 years with nearly 80 collaborators, we compiled data on the response of plant biomass to mycorrhizal fungal inoculation, including meta-analysis metrics and 24 additional explanatory variables that describe the biotic and abiotic context of each study. We also include phylogenetic trees for all plants and fungi in the database. To our knowledge, MycoDB is the largest ecological meta-analysis database. We aim to share these data to highlight significant gaps in mycorrhizal research and encourage synthesis to explore the ecological and evolutionary generalities that govern mycorrhizal functioning in ecosystems. ispartof: Scientific Data vol:10 issue:3 ispartof: location:England status: published

Published
2016

124. Cave deposits in Cordillera de la Sal (Atacama, Chile)

Author

DE WAELE J., FORTI P., PICOTTI V., GALLI E., ROSSI A., BROOK G., ZINI, Luca, CUCCHI, FRANCO, De Waele J., Forti P., Picotti V., Galli E., Rossi A., Brook G., Zini L., Cucchi F., DE WAELE, J., Forti, P., Picotti, V., Galli, E., Rossi, A., Brook, G., Zini, Luca, and Cucchi, Franco

Subjects
Archaeological remains, MINERALOGY, Halite speleothems, Cave minerals and sediments, Cave minerals and sediment, CAVE SEDIMENTS, ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS, SPELEOGENESIS, Cave mineral and sediments, Archeological remains, SPELEOTHEMS, Halite speleothem
Abstract

Although the Atacama Desert is one of the driest places on earth there are several halite caves in the Oligocene-Miocene outcrop of evaporites that forms the Cordillera de la Sal. The caves contain a variety of deposits including speleothems, allogenic sediments, and archaeological remains that have provided information on cave evolution and proxy information on past climates in the area. This study presents the first report of monocrystalline halite stalactites whose initial formation and subsequent evolution are controlled by (1) the degree of supersaturation of the feeding solution, (2) capillary and/or gravity flow along the speleothem, and (3) air currents in the cave. Also, we report a new cave mineral (atacamite) together with a zeolite (clinoptilolite), where genesis was controlled by thermal fluids rising under pressure along a fault plane. Analysis and radiocarbon dating of the allogenic sediments and archaeologic remains shows that the halite caves of Atacama are very young and that development is rapid during rare floods brought on by sudden, short rainstorms that may only affect a single stream catchment. By contrast, between these rare events, which may be several hundred years apart, there is little or no cave development.

Published
2009

125. Motion Generated in the Unstable Lumbar Spine During Hospital bed Transfers

Author

Brook G. Bearden, Glenn R. Rechtine, Mark Weight, Bryan P. Conrad, Jon Kimball, and MaryBeth Horodyski

Subjects
Joint Instability, Orthodontics, Lumbar Vertebrae, Moving and Lifting Patients, business.industry, Hospital bed, Repeated measures design, Spinal cord, Spinal column, Hospitalization, Motion, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lumbar, Spinal Injuries, Cadaver, Transfer (computing), medicine, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Surgery, Lumbar spine, Neurology (clinical), business
Abstract

STUDY DESIGN A parallel group design with repeated measures using a cadaver model was employed. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare lumbar spine motion generated in the presence of spinal instabilities during common hospital moves using different transfer techniques. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Up to 25% of spinal cord injuries may occur during initial management of the patient with a compromised spinal column, when multiple transfers between diagnostic locations and operating, recovery and hospital rooms are often required. Few studies have compared methods of moving patients with lumbar spinal column injuries in hospital settings. METHODS A global instability was created in 3 cadavers at L1 and sensors were attached to T12 and L2. A 3-dimensional electromagnetic tracking system (Liberty, Polhemus Inc) was used to measure flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation while moving a cadaver from one bed to another to compare 2 transfer techniques used in hospitals: manual transfer and the On3, a motorized lateral transfer device (Hill-Rom, Batesville, IN). RESULTS Significant increases in lumbar angulations (P

Published
2009

126. The intensity of a resistance exercise session can be quantified by the work rate of exercise.

Author

Brendan R Scott, Kieran J Marston, Shaun Y M Teo, Mitchell R L Forrest, Andrew Jonson, Thomas P Walden, Brook Galna, and Jeremiah J Peiffer

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

PurposeAthletes regularly perform resistance training, yet it is unknown how best to monitor its intensity. This study compared different resistance exercise intensity metrics to determine their sensitivity to manipulating work rate (via altering inter-set rest and load).MethodsFollowing baseline testing for 10- and 3-repetition maximum (RM; squat and bench press), fourteen trained participants completed four volume-matched protocols in a randomised order: 3x10 with 85% 10RM, 60 s rest (3x1060s); 3x10 with 85% 10RM, 180 s (3x10180s); 8x3 with 85% 3RM, 120 s (8x3120s); 8x3 with 85% 3RM, 300 s (8x3300s). Internal intensity was quantified via rate of oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]), heart rate, blood lactate concentration, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). External intensity was assessed via previously developed "Training-Intensity" (TI) and "Intensity-Index" (II) metrics, and from exercise work rate (expressed as kg∙min-1 and joules∙min-1).ResultsInternal intensity and work-rate metrics were highest for 3x1060s, followed by 3x10180s, 8x3120s and 8x3300s (p≤0.027). TI and II were higher for 8x3 than 3x10 protocols (pConclusionsWork rate corroborated objective internal intensity metrics during resistance exercise, with the highest work rate session (3x1060s) also eliciting greater RPE scores than other protocols. In contrast, the TI and II did not agree with other intensity measures, likely because they do not consider rest periods. Practitioners can plan for the physiological and perceptual demands of resistance training by estimating work rate.

Published
2023
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127. Motion in the unstable cervical spine: comparison of manual turning and use of the Jackson table in prone positioning

Author

MaryBeth Horodyski, Bryan P. Conrad, Brook G. Bearden, and Glenn R. Rechtine

Subjects
Joint Instability, Motion analysis, Supine position, Rotation, Beds, Motion (physics), Surgical Equipment, Cadaver, Prone Position, Supine Position, Humans, Medicine, Range of Motion, Articular, Braces, business.industry, Biomechanics, General Medicine, Anatomy, Cervical spine, Prone position, Cervical Vertebrae, Spinal Diseases, business, Range of motion, Electromagnetic Phenomena
Abstract

Object. The purpose of this study was to compare manual maneuvering with the use of a Jackson table when moving patients with cervical spine instability from the supine to the surgically appropriate prone position. Methods. The range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spine of a fresh cadaver was measured. A ligamentous instability was created at the C5–6 level, and the increased ROM was confirmed. Sensors for an electromagnetic motion analysis device were fixed to the anterior portions of the C-5 and C-6 vertebral bodies (VBs) using machined polyethylene mounts and carbon fiber rods that were inserted into the VBs. The sensors were used to measure cervical flexion, lateral bending, and axial rotation during the two transfer procedures. The cadaver was then moved from the supine position on a hospital bed to the prone position for surgery. The manual technique was performed by four trained individuals who moved the cadaver from the hospital bed while rotating it 180° axially onto the surgical table. In using the Jackson table, the cadaver was moved from the bed to the table in the supine position and then the Jackson table rotated the cadaver to the prone position. The two techniques were tested with and without the use of a collar and were repeated five times. Results. Analysis of the data indicated that when moving a patient into the prone surgical position, the use of a cervical collar and the Jackson table significantly reduced the cervical motion in all angular planes compared with that of manual transfer. Conclusions. The use of a cervical collar and the Jackson table may reduce the possibility of further spinal cord compromise. Because manual transfers are performed routinely, this warrants further study.

Published
2007

128. Biomechanical Analysis of Cervical and Thoracolumbar Spine Motion in Intact and Partially and Completely Unstable Cadaver Spine Models With Kinetic Bed Therapy or Traditional Log Roll

Author

MaryBeth Horodyski, Glenn R. Rechtine, Bryan P. Conrad, and Brook G. Bearden

Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, Poison control, Beds, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Immobilization, Motion, Postoperative Complications, Lumbar, Cadaver, Humans, Medicine, Spinal cord injury, Postoperative Care, Orthodontics, business.industry, Kinetic bed therapy, Thoracolumbar spine, musculoskeletal system, medicine.disease, Spine, Biomechanical Phenomena, Surgery, Spine (zoology), Transportation of Patients, Spinal Injuries, Spine injury, business
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The main comorbidities associated with spinal cord injury patients are secondary to immobilization. Kinetic bed therapy is used currently to reduce the complications associated with immobilization, but the effect on the unstable spine has not been quantified. The purpose of this study was to compare the motion in the cervical and thoracolumbar spine when cadavers with spinal instabilities are log rolled (LR) on a standard hospital bed or rotated on a RotoRest kinetic treatment table (KTT). METHODS: Cervical and lumbar instabilities were created surgically in three embalmed cadavers. An electromagnetic tracking device was used to measure the three-dimensional segmental motion generated at C5 to C6 and T12 to L2 during LR and KTT treatments. RESULTS: In both the cervical and lumbar spine, significantly more motion was observed during LR than KTT treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We found that in cadavers with severely unstable cervical spine, rotation using a KTT produced less flexion and lateral bending than the LR. Also, in cadavers with severely unstable lumbar spine, treatment with the KTT produced less axial rotation than the LR. Currently, we think that the best way to immobilize the spine while still allowing therapeutic motion is through the use of a KTT. Language: en

Published
2007

129. PHYLOGENETIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF HANTAVIRUS STRAINS IN EASTERN AND WESTERN PARAGUAY

Author

Brook G. Milligan, Colleen B. Jonsson, Yong Kyu Chu, Robert D. Owen, and Douglas G. Goodin

Subjects
Holochilus chacarius, Phylogenetic tree, biology, Ecology, Oligoryzomys chacoensis, Reassortment, biology.organism_classification, Infectious Diseases, Ecoregion, Phylogenetics, Virology, Parasitology, Clade, Hantavirus
Abstract

Recently, we reported the discovery of several potential rodent reservoirs of hantaviruses in western (Holochilus chacarius) and eastern Paraguay (Akodon montensis, Oligoryzomys chacoensis, and O. nigripes). Comparisons of the hantavirus S- and M-segments amplified from these four rodents revealed significant differences from each another and from other South American hantaviruses. The ALP strain from the semiarid Chaco ecoregion clustered with Leguna Negra and Rio Mamore (LN/RM), whereas the BMJ-NEB strain from the more humid lower Chaco ecoregion formed a clade with Oran and Bermejo. The other two strains, AAI and IP37/38, were distinct from known hantaviruses. With respect to the S-segment sequence, AAI from eastern Paraguay formed a clade with ALP/LN/RM, but its M-segment clustered with Pergamino and Maciel, suggesting a possible reassortment. AAI was found in areas experiencing rapid land cover fragmentation and change within the Interior Atlantic Forest. IP37/38 did not show any strong association with any of the known hantavirus strains.

Published
2006

130. Long‐distance seed dispersal in plant populations

Author

Allan E. Strand, Michael L. Cain, and Brook G. Milligan

Subjects
Ecology, Seed dispersal, Dispersal vector, Genetic model, Genetics, Biological dispersal, Plant community, Metapopulation, Context (language use), Plant Science, Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Invasive species
Abstract

Long-distance seed dispersal influences many key aspects of the biology of plants, including spread of invasive species, metapopulation dynamics, and diversity and dynamics in plant communities. However, because long-distance seed dispersal is inherently hard to measure, there are few data sets that characterize the tails of seed dispersal curves. This paper is structured around two lines of argument. First, we argue that long-distance seed dispersal is of critical importance and, hence, that we must collect better data from the tails of seed dispersal curves. To make the case for the importance of long-distance seed dispersal, we review existing data and models of long-distance seed dispersal, focusing on situations in which seeds that travel long distances have a critical impact (colonization of islands, Holocene migrations, response to global change, metapopulation biology). Second, we argue that genetic methods provide a broadly applicable way to monitor long-distance seed dispersal; to place this argument in context, we review genetic estimates of plant migration rates. At present, several promising genetic approaches for estimating long-distance seed dispersal are under active development, including assignment methods, likelihood methods, genealogical methods, and genealogical/demographic methods. We close the paper by discussing important but as yet largely unexplored areas for future research.

Published
2000

131. THE ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE OF SPINES ON PINE CONES

Author

Craig W. Benkman, Kimberly Coffey, and Brook G. Milligan

Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases, Ecology, fungi, Foraging, food and beverages, Biological evolution, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Predation, Feeding behavior, Hard pines, Pinus pungens, Botany, sense organs, Predator, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Conifer cone
Abstract

Besides woody cone scales, certain species of wind-dispersed pines (Pinus) have spines on their scales as a putative form of defense against seed predators. We tested whether spines differentially deterred seed predators foraging on closed and open pine cones. Red Crossbills (Loxia curvirostra) were selected as the seed predator because they commonly forage on these cones. We timed crossbills foraging on closed and open pine cones with and without spines. Crossbills did not require more time to remove seeds from closed ponderosa pine (P. ponderosa) cones with spines. However, crossbills required significantly more time (18-34%) to remove seeds from open ponderosa pine and Table Mountain pine (P. pungens) cones with spines than from cones whose spines had been removed. Moreover, experiments designed to isolate the effect of spines on the perching and probing behavior of crossbills revealed that spines hindered both activities additively. These experimental results were consistent with our phylogenetic analyses of 21 species of hard pines (subgenus Pinus). Whereas the evolution of changes in the length of time seeds are retained in closed cones and that of changes in the presence of spines appear independent, changes in the length of time seeds are retained in open cones were associated with changes in the presence or development of spines. Therefore, pines that retain seeds in open but not closed cones for extended periods tend to have well-developed spines. This illustrates the complementarity of experimental approaches and explicit phylogenetic mod- els in elucidating ecological processes.

Published
1999

133. Home-field advantage? evidence of local adaptation among plants, soil, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi through meta-analysis

Author

Rúa, Megan A., primary, Antoninka, Anita, additional, Antunes, Pedro M., additional, Chaudhary, V. Bala, additional, Gehring, Catherine, additional, Lamit, Louis J., additional, Piculell, Bridget J., additional, Bever, James D., additional, Zabinski, Cathy, additional, Meadow, James F., additional, Lajeunesse, Marc J., additional, Milligan, Brook G., additional, Karst, Justine, additional, and Hoeksema, Jason D., additional

Published
2016
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134. MycoDB, a global database of plant response to mycorrhizal fungi

Author

Chaudhary, V. Bala, primary, Rúa, Megan A., additional, Antoninka, Anita, additional, Bever, James D., additional, Cannon, Jeffery, additional, Craig, Ashley, additional, Duchicela, Jessica, additional, Frame, Alicia, additional, Gardes, Monique, additional, Gehring, Catherine, additional, Ha, Michelle, additional, Hart, Miranda, additional, Hopkins, Jacob, additional, Ji, Baoming, additional, Johnson, Nancy Collins, additional, Kaonongbua, Wittaya, additional, Karst, Justine, additional, Koide, Roger T., additional, Lamit, Louis J., additional, Meadow, James, additional, Milligan, Brook G., additional, Moore, John C., additional, Pendergast IV, Thomas H., additional, Piculell, Bridget, additional, Ramsby, Blake, additional, Simard, Suzanne, additional, Shrestha, Shubha, additional, Umbanhowar, James, additional, Viechtbauer, Wolfgang, additional, Walters, Lawrence, additional, Wilson, Gail W. T., additional, Zee, Peter C., additional, and Hoeksema, Jason D., additional

Published
2016
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135. Pollination biology in hybridizing Baptisia (Fabaceae) populations

Author

Brook G. Milligan and Jim Leebens-Mack

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Pollination, Plant Science, Fabaceae, Reproductive isolation, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, biology.organism_classification, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Pollinator, Pollen, Backcrossing, Botany, Genetics, medicine, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 010606 plant biology & botany, Hybrid, Baptisia
Abstract

In their classic study, Alston and Turner (American Journal of Botany, vol. 50, 159-173, 1963) documented extensive hybridization among four morphologically distinct Baptisia species native to East Texas. While Alston and Turner found putative F1 hybrids in great numbers, they found no evidence of backcrossing. In this study prezygotic and postzygotic reproductive barriers between two of these species, B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa, were investigated and found to be quite weak. Flowering times overlap and bumble bees were observed visiting both species and intermediate hybrids. While pollinator constancy in flights between B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa was moderately strong, significant levels of constancy were not observed in flights involving hybrids and either parental species. Thus, backcrossing was not impeded by pollinator behavior. Further, hybrid pollen was highly stainable (93.5%) and able to effectively set seed in crossing experiments with both parental species. Pollinator behavior was compared in experimental populations with and without hybrid ramets and found to differ between these two treatments. Hybrids were found to facilitate pollinator movement between species. In total, these results suggest that reproductive isolation is not responsible for the rarity of backcrossing in naturally hybridizing B. leucophaea and B. sphaerocarpa populations.

Published
1998

138. Periphere Nervenregeneration mit der mikrostrukturierten Nervenleitschiene 'NeuroMaix': Experimentelle Daten und klinischer Ausblick ('First-In Human'-Studie)

Author

Bozkurt, A, van Neerven, S, Böcker, A, O 'Dey, D, Claeys, K, Sellhaus, B, Weis, J, Brook, G, and Pallua, N

Subjects
ddc: 610, 610 Medical sciences, Medicine
Abstract

Einleitung und Ziele: Die autologe Nerventransplantation bei überkritischen peripheren Nervendefekten ist eine in der rekonstruktiven Plastischen Chirurgie erfolgreich etablierte Methode. Durch die Entwicklung bioartifizieller Nervenleitschienen erhofft man sich, einerseits die Morbidität [for full text, please go to the a.m. URL], 44. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft der Plastischen, Rekonstruktiven und Ästhetischen Chirurgen (DGPRÄC), 17. Jahrestagung der Vereinigung der Deutschen Ästhetisch-Plastischen Chirurgen (VDÄPC)

Published
2013
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139. Artificial urine and FBS supplemented media in cytocompatibility assays for PLGA‐PEG‐based intravesical devices using the urothelium cell line UROtsa.

Author

Arndt, P., Leistner, N. D., Neuss, S., Kaltbeitzel, D., Brook, G. A., and Grosse, J.

Abstract

Abstract: European and German directives for approval of new medical devices require tests for cytotoxicity in relevant media, since urine can influence cytotoxicity of biodegradable devices. The aim of this study was to determine the long‐term cytotoxicity of PLGA‐b‐mPEG (PLGA‐PEG) polymer carriers and artificial urine (AU) to human UROtsa cells. Benign urothelial UROtsa cells were incubated in fetal bovine serum‐containing RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with a range of concentrations of AU for 24 h and 7 days. Cell viability was determined by the XTT assay and by live/dead staining. The cytotoxicity of medium containing degradation products from PLGA‐PEG carriers was also tested on the UROtsa cells in AU‐containing and control medium. PLGA‐PEG carriers exhibited no cytotoxicity to UROtsa cells after 24 h of incubation. However, after 7 days, cytotoxicity was observed, but this was largely attributable to the effects of 30% AU on the cells. Compared to phosphate buffer saline (PBS) and normalized to RPMI 1640 medium, significant cytotoxicity was observed by 24 h in medium containing 50% AU and by 7 days in medium containing 30% AU. Live/Dead staining confirmed proliferation results and no pH‐changes could be observed. Here we demonstrate for the first time the impact of AU on standard cytotoxicity tests related to biomaterials for urinary‐tract applications. Our study showed cytotoxic effects of high concentrations of 50% AU by 24 h and by physiological concentrations of AU (i.e., 30%) by 7 days. We have also demonstrated that PLGA‐PEG has no cytotoxic effects in the appropriate AU‐containing test environment. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2140–2147, 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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140. Estimating Long-Term Mating Systems Using DNA Sequences

Author

Brook G. Milligan

Subjects
Genetics, Analysis of Variance, Population fragmentation, DNA, Plant, Models, Genetic, Genetic Variation, Selfing, Investigations, Biology, Mating system, Mixed mating model, Effective population size, Effective selfing model, Evolutionary biology, Inbreeding depression, Mathematical Computing, Inbreeding
Abstract

Plant mating systems often involve a mixture of self fertilizations and outcross fertilizations. The degree of selfing has a large impact on the genetic composition of natural populations and on the evolution of the mating system itself in response to such factors as inbreeding depression. This paper describes a means of estimating the long-term rate of self-fertilization from samples of alleles taken from individuals in a population. Use is made of the genealogy of pairs of alleles at a locus within individuals and pairs between individuals. The degree of selfing is closely related to the extent to which the number of nucleotide sites differing within an individual is reduced relative to the number differing between individuals. Importantly, the estimate of long-term selfing is largely independent of population size and is not affected by historical fluctuations in population size; instead it responds directly to the mating system itself. The approach outlined here is most appropriate to evolutionary problems in which the long-term nature of the mating system is of interest, such as to determine the relationship between prior inbreeding and inbreeding depression.

Published
1996

141. Isolation and characterization of microsatellite DNA loci in Aquilegia sp

Author

P. Scott White, Brook G. Milligan, and Kelly G. Gallagher

Subjects
Genetics, Ecology, biology, Aquilegia, biology.organism_classification, Biochemistry, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, law.invention, Natural population growth, law, Genotype, biology.protein, Microsatellite, Genomic library, Primer (molecular biology), Polymerase chain reaction, Polymerase
Abstract

We obtained a microsatellite-enriched genomic library isolated from the tissue of a single columbine (Aquilegia sp.) plant taken from a southwestern USA natural population. The primers developed for these microsatellite loci performed consistently in polymerase chain reactions and yielded multiallelic genotypes with relatively high observed heterozygosities. We describe polymerase chain reaction primers and conditions to amplify 16 unique, codominant di-, tri- and tetra-nucleotide microsatellite DNA loci so that other population biology researchers using columbine natural populations as a model system may benefit.

Published
2004

143. Nachweis und Bestimmung des Aluminiums

Author

Thrun, W. E., White, C. E., Lowe, C. S., Willard, H. H., Tang, N. K., Young, K. P., Lay, M. C., Fainberg, S. J., Tal, E. M., Moltschanow, S. P., Pinsl, H., Steinhäuser, K., Brook, G. B., Waddington, A. G., Callendar, L. H., Churchill, H. V., Bridges, R. W., Lee, M. F., and Moreau, L.

Published
1939
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145. Conservation genetics: beyond the maintenance of marker diversity

Author

Jim Leebens-Mack, Allan E. Strand, and Brook G. Milligan

Subjects
Genetics, Conservation genetics, media_common.quotation_subject, Metapopulation, Biology, Mating system, Effective population size, Genetic marker, Evolutionary biology, Inbreeding depression, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Global biodiversity, Diversity (politics), media_common
Abstract

One of the major problems faced by conservation biologists is the allocation of scarce resources to an overwhelmingly large number of species in need of preservation efforts. Both demographic and genetic information have been brought to bear on this problem; however, the role of information obtained from genetic markers has largely been limited to the characterization of gene frequencies and patterns of diversity. While the genetic consequences of rarity may be a contributing factor to endangerment, it is widely recognized that demographic factors often may be more important. Because patterns of genetic marker variation are influenced by the same demographic factors of interest to the conservation biologist, it is possible to extract useful demographic information from genetic marker data. Such an approach may be productive for determining plant mating systems, inbreeding depression, effective population size, and metapopulation structure. In many cases, however, data consisting only of marker frequencies are inadequate for these purposes. Development of genealogical based analytical methods coupled with studies of DNA sequence variation within and among populations is likely to yield the most information on demographic processes from genetic marker data. Indeed, in some cases it may be the only means of obtaining information on the long-term demographic properties that may be most useful for determining the future prospects of a species of interest.

Published
1994

146. Evidence for reduced selection pressure on the hepatitis B virus core gene in hepatitis B e antigen-negative chronic hepatitis B

Author

Malakai Ofanoa, William G. H. Abbott, Edward Gane, Stephen Munn, Brook G. Warner, Allen G. Rodrigo, and Peter Tsai

Subjects
Adult, Male, Hepatitis B virus, Molecular Sequence Data, Human leukocyte antigen, medicine.disease_cause, Virus, Hepatitis B, Chronic, Orthohepadnavirus, Virology, medicine, Humans, Amino Acid Sequence, Hepatitis B e Antigens, Selection, Genetic, Gene, Phylogeny, biology, Middle Aged, biology.organism_classification, Hepatitis B Core Antigens, Hepadnaviridae, HBeAg, Viral replication, Immunology, Mutation, Female
Abstract

The mechanisms underlying the high levels of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication that cause hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-negative chronic hepatitis B (e−CHB) are unknown. Impaired anti-HBV immunity, which may be measurable as a relaxation of selection pressure on the virus, is possible. A group of Tongans (n = 345) with a chronic HBV infection, including seven with e−CHB, were genotyped at HLA class I. The repertoire of HBV core-gene codons under positive selection pressure was defined by phylogenetic analysis (by using the paml program) of 708 cloned sequences extracted from the 67 of these 345 subjects with the same repertoire of HLA class I alleles as the seven e−CHB individuals and matched controls (see below). The frequency of non-synonymous mutations at these codons was measured in longitudinal data from 15 subjects. Finally, the number of non-synonymous mutations at these codons was compared in seven groups comprised of one subject with e−CHB and 1–3 HLA class I-matched controls with an inactive, HBeAg-negative chronic HBV infection (e−InD). Nineteen codons in the core gene were under positive selection pressure. There was a high frequency of new non-synonymous mutations at these codons (PP = 0.02) in HBV from subjects with e−CHB (4.4±0.5 codons per subject) versus those with e−InD (6.4±0.4 codons per subject). There is a subtle relaxation in selection pressure on the HBV core gene in e−CHB. This may be due to impaired antiviral immunity, and could contribute to the high levels of viral replication that cause liver inflammation in this disease.

Published
2011

147. Rationale and development of a survey tool for describing and auditing the composition of, and flows between, specialist and community clinical services for sexually transmitted infections

Author

Aicken, C. R. H., Cassell, J. A., Estcourt, C. S., Keane, F., Brook, G., Rait, G., White, P. J., and Mercer, C. H.

Subjects
HEALTH-CARE, PROVISION, BRITAIN
Abstract

Background: National health strategies have called for an expansion of the role of primary care in England to increase access to sexual health services. However, there is little guidance for service planners and commissioners as to the public health impact of different combinations of specialist genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics and primary care based services for local populations. Service planning for infectious diseases like sexually transmitted infections (STI) is further complicated because the goal of early detection and treatment is not only to improve the health of the individual, but to benefit the wider population and reduce future treatment costs by preventing onward transmission. Therefore, we are developing a survey tool that will enable service planners to better understand the needs of their local STI care-seeking population and which will help inform evidence-based decision-making about current and future service configurations. Here we describe the rationale and development of this survey tool.Methods/Design: A pen-and-paper questionnaire asking about sociodemographics, reasons for attendance, care pathways, and recent sexual risk behaviours, is being developed for patients to complete in waiting rooms of diverse clinical services, including GUM clinics and primary-care based services in sociodemographically- and geographically-contrasting populations in England. The questionnaire was cognitively tested before being piloted. In the pilot, 67% of patients participated, of whom 84% consented to our linking their questionnaire to data on STI testing and diagnosis and partner notification outcomes from their clinical records.Discussion: The pilot study suggests that both the questionnaire and its linkage to routinely-collected clinical data are likely to be acceptable to patients. By supplementing existing surveillance, data gathered by the survey tool will inform service planners' and providers' understanding of the needs and care-pathways of their patients, facilitating improved services and greater public health benefit.

Published
2011

148. Dominant vs. codominant genetic markers in the estimation of male mating success

Author

Brook G. Milligan and C. K. McMURRY

Subjects
Genetics, education.field_of_study, Reproductive success, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Fertility, Biology, RAPD, Genetic marker, Sample size determination, Genetic variation, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Dominance (genetics), media_common
Abstract

Although a major component of fitness, male reproductive success is generally extremely difficult to estimate. As a result, genetic methods and maximum likelihood models have been developed to estimate male parentage, but all are limited in practice by the degree of genetic variation observable. Scoring individuals phenotypically at a large number of random loci exhibiting dominance (e.g. RAPD markers) may provide a means of detecting sufficient genetic variation. Dominance, however, represents a loss of information and therefore greater variation in the estimate of paternity. A mixture model describing mating in a population is presented to quantify the trade-off between marker types when estimates of male fertility are sought. A sample size 1.5-2.0 times greater is required for dominant markers under some conditions to obtain the same confidence in fertility estimates as for codominant markers, although with large sample sizes the fertility estimates are similar for either marker type. Since the number of dominant DN A markers is not limited in the same manner as is the number of codominant protein markers, one's confidence in the estimates can be increased above that possible from proteins by surveying additional loci. However, for a fixed sample size a trade-off exists between the number of progeny assayed per female and the number of loci surveyed. In many cases more progeny per female provide better estimates of fertility than more loci.

Published
1993

149. IS ORGANELLE DNA STRICTLY MATERNALLY INHERITED? POWER ANALYSIS OF A BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

Author

Brook G. Milligan

Subjects
Progeny testing, Genetics, Non-Mendelian inheritance, Genotype, Organelle, Population genetics, Plant Science, Biology, Heritability, Organelle inheritance, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Sexual reproduction
Abstract

Although numerous exceptions are well known, organelle DNA is often exclusively or predominantly maternally inherited. In such cases, maternal inheritance is often documented by the study of progeny derived from crosses between parents with distinguishable organelle genotypes. These studies generally detect a single type of progeny, those containing organelles derived from only one of the parents; no progeny containing organelles derived either from the opposite parent or from both parents are found. However, in most cases the number of progeny examined is quite small. I present a simple binomial model of organelle inheritance to determine the power of such experiments to distinguish between the hypothesis of strict maternal inheritance and a more complex hypothesis involving the presence of both organelle types within a progeny array. Extremely large sample sizes of progeny are required to distinguish these two hypotheses with reasonable confidence when organelle transmission is not strictly maternal. As a result, studies involving simple progeny testing may be misleading. Larger samples, more complex breeding designs, or more sensitive molecular methods are required to document adequately strict maternal inheritance of organelles.

Published
1992

150. Age of caves in the Cordillera de la Sal (Atacama, Chile)

Author

DE WAELE, JO HILAIRE AGNES, PICOTTI, VINCENZO, FORTI, PAOLO, Brook G. A., Cucchi F., Zini L., WHITE W.B., De Waele J., Picotti V., Forti P., Brook G.A., Cucchi F., and Zini L.

Subjects
AGE, SPELEOGENESIS, ATACAMA, KARST, HALITE
Abstract

Although the Cordillera de la Sal, close to San Pedro de Atacama (Chile), is one of the driest places on Earth, it contains extensive cave systems that have developed in halite. A detailed morphological study of these caves, combined with 16 AMS radiocarbon ages on wood and bone fragments recovered from cave ceilings and diamictons, have allowed us to define when these systems formed and when sediments were emplaced. The sometimes huge cave passages appear to have formed in less than 2000 years by a succession of short-lived flash floods, probably after single extreme rain events.

Published
2009

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