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Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study was conducted to determine whether there is a difference in leaf breaking resistance between genotypes in order to minimize leaf breaks which cause large loss in alfalfa forage production. The experiment was carried out in the Batı Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute, at the Department of Field Crops in 2016. It was established by randomized complete block design. Breaking resistance of the leaves was measured using a universal testing machine on the main stem belonging to alfalfa genotypes which were collected from 40 different locations at the fourth-end leaves. In addition, thickness of leaf stalk, rupture energy of green and dry samples and rupture stress of green and dry samples were calculated. As a result of the experiment; in dry sample, Demre-1, Döşemealtı-2 and Konyaaltı-2, genotypes were determined to have the highest breaking resistance and Alanya-1, Alanya-2, Finike-1, Finike-2, Manavgat-1 Manavgat-2 and Gazipaşa-2 genotypes were determined to have the lowest breaking resistance. In the dry sample, while the highest breaking resistance value was measured at 1.0419 N, the lowest breaking resistance value was measured at 1.0022 N. A wide variation among genotypes was determined in terms of the characteristics examined and it can be said that the rupture resistance can be used as a selection criterion.

The in fluence of the composite finishing process by chitosan/gelatin/nanometer titanium dioxide on viscose fabric performance was discussed, and the optimum composite finishing parameters of nanometer titanium dioxide were analyzed. Weight gain rate, breaking strength, ultraviolet resistance and antibacterial properties of the viscose fabric before and after finishing were used as indicators to evaluate the finishing process. Results showed that indicators of weight gain rate, breaking strength, ultraviolet resistance and antibacterial properties of the viscose fabrics were positively correlated with the content of titanium dioxide. The properties of weight gain rate, breaking strength, ultraviolet resistance and antibacterial properties of the finished viscose fabrics reached the beset when the titanium dioxide concentration was about 9.5 g/L. Ultraviolet resistance and antibacterial properties of the viscose fabric decreased with washing times after the finishing. When washing time is less than 15, stability in ultraviolet resistance ancl antibacterial properties of the finished viscose fabrics can be maintained, which validate the feasibility of composite finishing of viscose fabrics by chitosan/gelatin/nanometer titanium dioxi(le. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to clarify the main causes of the breakage of hind willow-rock during the flood control and emergency rescue of the Yellow River, take measures to avoid the breakage of hind willow-rock and realize the intensification of the Yellow River flood control and emergency rescue, in this paper, taking hind willow-rock,L, the research object, the analysis model of breaking resistance force in moving water was established. The calculation formula of breaking moment of bind willow-rock was deduced,md the maximum stress of bind willow-rock at different velocities was willow-rock. The main reasons for the breakage arc the selection of willow material, the manufacturing technology of bounding, the setting of the rope and the force extended during the hind willow-rock pushing. Using gabion to strength then the hind willow-rock, choosing high quality flexible willow branches, strictly controlling the manufacturing technology, reasonably setting the number and spacing of the rope and even force when pushing the bind willow-rock down can effectively avoid the breakage of the bind willow-rock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to solve the problem that some wool products have high requirements for whiteness in fabrication processing and are prone to be yellow in the storage process, considering the current environmental restrictions on the use of chemical agents, the application of a new activator 2103 in the wool bleaching process was studied in the experiment, and the effects of activator 2103, hydrogen peroxide, bleaching temperature, time, pH on the whiteness of wool and its strength were discussed. The results show that when the dosage of hydrogen peroxide is 15 mL/L, the dosage of activator 2103 is 2 g/L, bleaching temperature is 70 °C, time is 40 min, pH value is 6, bath ratio is 1:40, the whiteness of wool is 61.084%, whiteness growth rate is 25.16%, breaking strength is 3.00 cN/cltex, strength reduction rate is 7.69%, the whiteness can reach 64.545% by adding wool protectant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Complementary DNA encoding a part of myosin heavy chain was cloned from fast skeletal muscle of Japanese codling Physiculus japonicus. Japanese codling, a frequent catch off the Pacific coast of northeastern Japan, is a typical underutilized fish species, especially in summer. Phylogenetic analysis of the deduced amino acid sequence of Japanese codling myosin heavy chain loop 2 region revealed that this fish belongs to a group comprising white croaker Pennahia argentata and walleye pollack Gadus chalcogrammus, which are commonly used as raw materials for surimi-based products. Thus Japanese codling meat was considered a promising candidate ingredient for surimi-based products. Salt-ground meat was prepared from Japanese codling in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl and subjected to a two-step heating procedure: pre-heating at 15–70 °C for 30 min, and secondary heating at 85 °C for 20 min. Thermal gels with a maximum breaking strength of > 10 N were produced by this process. The breaking strength was comparable to that of white croaker and walleye pollack. On the basis of the phylogenetic analysis of myosin heavy chains, and the properties of the heat-induced surimi gel, we conclude that Japanese codling is a promising raw material for the production of surimi-based products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interlaboratory study involving 19 laboratories was conducted to quantify the precision of ASTM A1061- 16, Standard Test Methods for Testing Multi-Wire Steel Prestressing Strand, which describes methods for measuring yield strength, elastic modulus, elongation, breaking strength, and relaxation. Relaxation measurements were outside the project scope. Yield strength, elastic modulus, and breaking strength results showed low variability, with reproducibility limits less than 4%, 10%, and 3% of the mean reported values, respectively. Elongation results exhibited high variability, resulting in a reproducibility limit close to 50% of the mean reported value. Compliance with the requirements of the standard was an issue, with 74%, 82%, 32%, and 100% of laboratories submitting valid results for yield strength, elastic modulus, elongation, and breaking strength, respectively. Strand fracture location was sensitive to the type of grips used for testing. Several changes to ASTM A1061 are proposed to improve clarity and precision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The scope of current study is to research the influences of composition of weft and warp yarns and constitutive characteristics of fabric such as weft density and weave type on air permeability, wicking, tensile strength, breaking elongation of the worsted fabrics. For this purpose, 27 types worsted fabric samples with three different weft density, three different weave pattern and three different raw material composition were produced. The physical qualities of worsted fabrics were determined by appropriate measurements. The impact of fabric composition, weft density and weave design on performance properties of worsted fabrics were examined and analyzed with statistical analysis. According to the findings, it is understood that the air permeability values have decreased in the more compact weave types, wool fabrics have lower wicking heights among the samples, and the tensile strength values increase with increasing polyester ratio in the blend and weft density. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In order to obtain the industrial basalt fiber wet-laid nonwovens with excellent performance, the basalt fiber web was obtained by the wet mesh forming nonwovens process. The epoxy resin E44 was used as the binder, and the resol phenolic resin was used as the curing agent to bond and strengthen the basalt fiber wet-laid nonwovens. The influence of binder content, curing time and curing temperature on the breaking strength of basalt fiber wet nonwovens was investigated by orthogonal test. The optimal bonding process was obtained, and the properties of the samples were tested and analyzed. The results show that 20% binder, 70 min curing time and 150 ℃ curing temperature are the best bonding process. The physical and mechanical properties of the basalt fiber wet-laid nonwovens prepared under this condition meet the requirements of the national standard for waterproof roll matrix materials [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The caking of sugar is generally due to the mutual adhesion of crystals by dissolution and recrystallization of the crystal surface, and involves diverse and complex factors. Therefore, it is generally difficult to predict the cause of caking. This study aimed to establish a method to evaluate the extent of caking using dynamic vapor sorption isotherms to predict the caking of sugar. Grain size, powder characteristics, dynamic vapor sorption/desorption, and breaking measurement values for 29 different granulated sugars from different companies and regions throughout Japan were measured and then analyzed for correlations. Correlations were observed between caking and grain size for all samples as well as between caking and moisture sorption/desorption, verifying the utility of the dynamic vapor sorption measurement as a potential method to predict caking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An effective film construction was provided as a noise‐reducing materials based on self‐assembled polymer film supported by ultralight glass fiber blanket (UGFB) skeleton. The synthesized polymer film enhanced UGFB structure shows about 60% improvement over a broad frequencies compared to neat UGFB. The sound transmission loss has a remarkably increasing of 16.59 dB at 4 kHz. The reinforced acoustic performances was created by the structural optimization of UGFB/UMPR‐film, owing to the observably enhanced tortuosity in sound waves transmission and reinforced surface area, which can induce more viscous and thermal losses when the acoustic wave consumes in the semiopen pore construction. Moreover, the UGFB/UMPR‐film demonstrates 7.4 times increasing in breaking strength (width direction) and the degrees of uniformity lower than 0.0771. The manufacture of this new acoustic damping materials is low cost, structural controllable, and easy to large‐scale preparation, making it can be applied in multitudinous applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to determine if body weight or range use has a significant impact on bone health in commercial free-range laying hens, and to correlate tibia bone quality parameters with individual range usage and body weight. A total of 30 Lohmann Brown hens at 74 wk of age were selected from a commercial free-range farm and were either classified as heavy (mean ± SEM body weight 2.11 ± 0.034 kg, n = 14) or light (1.68 ± 0.022 kg, n = 16) body weight, and also classified as rangers (accessed the range for 86.7% of available days, n = 16) or stayers (accessed the range for 5.00% of available days, n = 14). The left tibiae of all individuals were analyzed for morphological parameters using computed tomography, evaluated for bone breaking strength, and ashed to determine mineral composition. Keel bone scoring was performed based on observation. Data were analyzed using a 2 × 2 factorial ANOVA, and regression analysis was performed. There was no measurable effect of range usage on any of the tibia parameters investigated. The body weight was significantly correlated with tibia breaking strength (r = 0.59), tibia weight (r = 0.56), tibia length (r = 0.64), diaphyseal diameter (r = 0.61), and total tibia volume (r = 0.67). In conclusion, range access had no beneficial effect on bone health. The impact of internal hen house furnishing and movement on bone health needs further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order for biochar (which is produced via waste wood pyrolysis) to be used in sustainable energy or material production, it is crucial to determine certain properties, such as its mechanical strength. Consequently, in this paper, municipal waste wood (MWW) 1 1 Municipal waste wood. and forestry residue biomass (FRB) 2 2 Forestry residue biomass. – as a point of reference – are examined in an autothermal pyrolysis unit. The mechanical strength of the biochar is analysed via an uniaxial compression experiment. The present paper proposes an advanced method to investigate the strength of pyrolysed biochar in a representative and comprehensive manner, since no standards are available in literature. It has been found that firstly, the mechanical biochar's strength decreases with increasing temperature, and secondly, that biochar prepared from FRB shows a higher breaking strength than biochar produced from MWW. Furthermore, an approximately linear progression between degree of pyrolysis and the mechanical strength is observable. Successful experiments on the gasification of MWW confirm the results obtained in this study. Additional allothermal pyrolysis experiments reveal higher strength values and reflect the more precise temperature adjustment. These results can be used as a point of reference in future research on alternative biogenic energy carriers and biochar products. • Lower mechanical strength with increasing pyrolysis temperature and waste wood usage. • Linear relationship between degree of pyrolysis and mechanical strength. • Pilot-scale experiments on waste wood gasification confirm obtained findings. • Higher mechanical strength with allothermal biochar pyrolysis. • Plot as basis for the switch from fresh wood to waste wood biochar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main large-capacity polymers of modern chemical industry is polyvinylchloride (PVC). Polyvinylchloride is characterized by many useful engineering properties – chemical firmness in different environments, good electric properties, etc. It explains immensely various use of materials on the basis of PVC in different engineering industries. It is cable, building, light industries, mechanical engineering and automotive industry where PVC is widely applied. One of the reasons why PVC production is dramatically growing is that there is no yet other polymer which could be subjected to such various modifying as it is done with PVC. However under normal temperature this polymer is fragile and isn't elastic that limits the field of its application. Rapid growth of production of polyvinylchloride is explained by its ability to modify properties, due to introduction of special additives when processing. Introduction of plasticizers – mostlly esters of organic and inorganic acids – into PVC allows significant changing properties of polymer. Plasticizers facilitate process of receiving polymeric composition, increase flexibility and elasticity of the final polymeric product due to internal modification of polymeric molecule.

Background: Which suture material is optimal for pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) anastomosis is a matter of debate with contradictory results. The aim of the present in vitro study was to determine the effects of pancreatic juice, bile, and their mixture on different suture materials in terms of breaking strength and disintegration. Material and Methods: Four suture materials, silk, polyglactin 910, polydioxanone, and polypropylene, were tested in pancreatic juice, bile, and their mixture. Determination of breaking strength and disintegration under electron microscope for each suture material was done on days 0, 3, 6, and 10. Results: The breaking strength of polyglactin 910 and silk was significantly higher than polypropylene and polydioxanone (p < .05). Polyglactin 910 significantly lost its breaking strength with time in pancreatic juice, bile, and their mixture (p < .001). The breaking strength of each type of suture did not significantly alter in pancreatic juice, bile, and their mixture at the baseline measurement and at the end of the experiment (p > .05). No obvious disintegration has been observed under electron microscope in the architecture and appearance of suture materials after days of exposure to pancreatic juice, bile, and their mixture. Conclusions: None of the suture materials was disintegrated on exposure to pancreatic juice, bile, and their mixture. Polyglactin 910 has the highest breaking strength and significantly loses its strength throughout the experiment but still remains higher than other suture materials. Polypropylene, polydioxanone, and silk showed less variation across the incubation period.

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Frozen sashimi can be stored for a long time and transported over long distances, giving it a distinct advantage over fresh sashimi, and a stable supply of material for frozen sashimi products can be obtained using cultured fish rather than natural resources fish. Hybrids of blue mackerel Scomber australasicus and chub mackerel Scomber japonicus possess unique characteristics that are advantageous in aquaculture, such as a high temperature tolerance. To evaluate the quality of the meat in these hybrids after freezing, we compared the muscle properties of hybrid and chub mackerel that had been reared in a land-based tank. The hybrid mackerel had a lower gonadosomatic index and a higher crude lipid content than the chub mackerel. However, there were no significant differences in the breaking strengths of unfrozen and frozen–thawed muscles between the hybrid and chub mackerel. These findings suggest that the hybrid mackerel may be suitable for use in frozen sashimi products, and that it has unique characteristics that will give it added value as a branded fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present manuscript the patented non-electrode plasma electrolysis technique was successfully applied in order to deposit nano-structured Al 2 O 3 ceramic coating on the quartz fiber. It was found that the grooves on the blank fiber were covered by Al 2 O 3 , accordingly decreasing the surface defects. In this case, the coating effectively improved the breaking strength of the quartz fiber at elevated temperatures. The coated fiber still exhibited relatively higher strength of 0.38 N/tex after annealing at 600 °C for 60 min, nearly three times as that of the blank fiber. Both the formation mechanism and the protection mechanism of the Al 2 O 3 coating were systematically investigated. We believe that the non-electrode plasma electrolysis will find a wide range of applications in the surface modification of non-conductive fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard of GB/T 406--2018 Cotton Grey Fabric was analyzed. Compared with 2008 version standard, main technology changes of GB/T 406--2018 Cotton Grey Fabric were introduced. Classification of standard test items, cooperation of evaluation items requirements and specification limits, test of fabric breaking strength and application of trade standard, all these were analyzed and discussed. Corresponding suggestions were put forward. It is considered that according to trade standard rules, it is a more scientific, reasonable and economical method to formulate different fabric breaking strength assessments according to specific use and specific requirements of textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The modification effect of pineapple leaf nanocellulose cooperating with SiO2 gel on linen blended fabric was studied. The thickness, breaking strength, bending property, air permeability and creasy recovery angle of linen blended fabric before and after the modification of pineapple leaf nanocellulose cooperating with SiO2 gel with different concentrations were tested. The test results showed that the thickness of Nano SiO2 gel modified linen blended fabric was increased as the increase of the mass fraction for pineapple leaf nanocellulose. The breaking strength and creasy recovery angle was increased first then decreased. The bending property was strengthened and the air permeability were decreased. It is considered that the modification effect on fabric overall properties is better when 0. 5 % mass fraction pineapple leaf nanocellulose cooperating with SiO2 gel is adopted for the improvement of linen blended fabric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality of fish muscles is known to vary with the season. The characterisation of such seasonal variations is important for the development of fish products of high commercial value. In this study, seasonal variations and correlations between muscle toughness and chemical composition in the muscle of two fish species, the spotted mackerel Scomber australasicus and the Pacific mackerel S. japonicus, were examined. Muscle toughness and chemical composition differed between these two mackerel species. Muscle toughness, as determined by the breaking strength, was correlated with muscle pH in both the spotted mackerel and Pacific mackerel (r = 0.34 and 0.57, respectively). In addition, muscle toughness was negatively and weakly correlated with cathepsin L activity in the Pacific mackerel (r = − 0.23). Around the spawning period, muscle quality decreased in both species. These findings suggest that muscle toughness is influenced by an acidic pH in both the spotted mackerel and Pacific mackerel and additionally by cathepsin L activity in the Pacific mackerel around the spawning period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ribes species are usually evergreen shrubs, represented by eight species in Turkey. Although they are known for their fruits with commercial importance, their leaves have been used as folk remedy in various areas in Turkey by rural population owing to their wound healing potential. In the present study we aimed to assess the wound healing activity of the leaves of Ribes species growing in Turkey, namely, Ribes alpinum L., R. anatolica Behçet, R. petraeum Wulfen, R. multiflorum Kit. ex Romer & Schultes, R. nigrum L., R. orientale Desf., R. rubrum L., R. uva-crispa L. Wounds were surgically induced on the dorsal parts of the rats and mice. Prepared herbal ointments were topically applied onto the wounds once daily. The effects of the extracts were evaluated by measuring the breaking strength and percentage of reduction in wounded area by comparing the results with the registered reference ointment, FITO Krem®. Histopathological and antioxidant assays were also conducted. Since, R. nigrum was determined to be the most active species, we further investigated the wound healing potential of the subextracts of the methanol extract of R. nigrum leaves. R. nigrum and R. multiflorum extracts significantly increased wound breaking strength. Significant reduction in the areas was determined for the wounded tissues treated with the ointments of R. nigrum and R. multiflorum extracts. Oxidative Stress Index was found to be lowest for R. orientale , R. nigrum and R. multiflorum. Among the subextracts of R. nigrum , ethyl acetate subextract was found to have promising effect. Methanol extracts of leaves of R. nigrum and R. multiflorum demonstrated significant wound healing effect. We can suggest that ethyl acetate subextract of R. nigrum may be a potential candidate to be used for the development of a wound healing agent. Image 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subsurface damages (SSD) induced by lapping strongly influence performances of optical components. However, to date, a wide variety of destructive and non-destructive techniques for measuring the SSD depth have been explored. In the present study, a novel destructive technique was proposed based on breaking strength of the lapped materials. The proposed technique relates the length of median cracks, formed through the Vickers indentation test, and the breaking strength of the indented samples. With this technique, subsurface damage depth can be practically evaluated via measuring breaking strength of lapped samples. The subsurface damage depth and surface roughness of ground and lapped BK7 glass were measured by the bonded interface sectioning technique and contacting profilometer, respectively. In order to validate the feasibility of the proposed technique, the values of SSD depth obtained by the calibration curve were compared with the values of SSD depth measured by the bonded interface sectioning technique. The obtained results are in concordance in the both used methods, which prove the efficiency of our technique to estimate the SSD depth of brittle materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University is the property of Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

To analyze the stress state of seed cotton in the process of cotton ginning and to improve the quality of lint, a new model for cotton, the laminated cotton model, is presented based on the idea of a composite laminate. The model assumes the cotton mass is made up of a certain number of cotton fibers, each of which has a different arrangement angle. Based on this model, the ginning process is simulated using finite element analysis. The mechanical properties of a single cotton fiber that is either machine- or hand-picked are obtained. The working condition of the ginning process is described successfully. By analyzing the influence of different working conditions on the serration cotton ginning process, the simulation results show the model prediction is reasonably consistent with existing experiments. For example, to improve the productivity and quality of lint, it is important to guarantee the saw teeth are sharp and smooth, with none being crooked or inverted, and missing teeth on each saw blade should not exceed the specified value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent economic reforms and liberalization necessitate the Indian industrialist to face on sought of stiff global competition, In order to survive in the world market the power loom industry needs not only to cut down cost by way of increased efficiency, capacity utilization, reduced wastages, but also to improve product quality to world standard. The power loom is perhaps the most important one as it creates considerable added value to the textile material hence needs fully geared up to face challenge of 21st century. In this study an attempt is made mainly for the quality up gradation, improvement in moisture absorbency and cost reduction by using different pile heights such as: 5mm, 7mm and 9mm as well as using openend and ring frame yarn in terry fabrics. Terry towel are often very complex with yarns of different type and colors, in combination with various pile and flat structure. Market is constantly demanding new design with improved fabric characteristics as per the requirements of consumer such as: softness and absorbency. In satisfying these requirements, very critical decisions are to be taken for deciding the terry towel structure which determines the resulting quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cotton Textile Technology is the property of Cotton Textile Technology Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the main procedures in intestinal surgery is anastomosis, which is mostly performed by stapling or hand suturing. Due to limitations of these methods, a novel automatic suturing machine was designed and fabricated in this study, equipped with a needle-driving system; a thread control mechanism, and a linear mechanism, which is applicable in intestinal anastomosis by making continuous sutures. The main advantages of the fabricated machine are employing biocompatible suture, from the tissue's adaptation point of view, and making a uniform suturing pattern, independent of surgeon's skill, and thus offering a greater strength than the hand-sutured specimen. In order to evaluate the capability of the fabricated machine and investigate the validity of the hypothesis made in this study, that is, a more uniform suture will result in a greater mechanical strength of the sutured tissue, in vitro tests were performed on human intestine specimens, which were manually sutured by an expert surgeon and by the automatic suturing machine. The tensile tests with an elongation rate of 5 mm/min were done for 90 specimens, in 9 groups with various suturing configurations. The optimum pattern, from the mechanical strength point of view, was found to be the same in both manual and automatic suturing methods, that is, h7 d6 ( h = distance of suture from the edge of the tissue = 7 mm, and d = distance between stitches = 6 mm). It was also shown that the maximum breaking strength, for the best suturing pattern, h7 d6, is significantly greater when the automatic suturing machine was employed, compared with the hand-sutured tissue ( P < .001). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study examined the superiority of the strength of compact-Siro spun yarn. First, the strength properties of four types of yarn--ring, compact, Siro, and compact-Siro spun yarn--were compared based on an experiment with 9.7 tex and 14.6 tex polyester yarns. Yarn unevenness and compactness were analyzed in terms of their influence on yarn strength. It was determined that compact spinning enhanced the strength distribution by improving the overall yarn compactness. Siro spinning significantly increased the minimum yarn strength by reducing unevenness. Furthermore, compact-Siro spun yarn, which incorporates the advantages of both compact and Siro, remarkably improved the yarn strength distribution. These results were verified in the first part of the experiment. Finally, the four types of yarn were applied in the same weaving process. The results indicated that the efficiency of weaving with compact-Siro pure polyester yarn was higher than that of other methods by 3%-6%, thereby confirming the superior productivity of the method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Summary: Background: Hair coloring is broadly used by women and men either to change their natural hair color or to delay the onset of gray hair. Oxidative dyes may damage the hair, as chemical and physical processes are required to convert the fiber structure and, consequently, alterations in its mechanical and surface properties. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of silanetriol (and) Panthenol, PEG‐12 dimethicone, and hydrolyzed silk (and) hydrolyzed milk protein (and) lactose as conditioner agents on hair treated with oxidative hair dye by protein loss, combability, and breaking strength. Methods: In this research, we analyzed the untreated hair (sample I) and the effect of oxidative hair dye emulsions, with or without conditioner agents (sample II) silanetriol (and) Panthenol (sample III), PEG‐12 dimethicone (sample IV), and hydrolyzed silk (and) hydrolyzed milk protein (and) lactose (sample V) on Caucasian hair. The hair samples were submitted to protein loss quantification, breaking strength, and combing analysis. Results: For protein loss, the results were: IIa = Va > IVb > IIIc > Id. For the breaking strength: Ie = IIe = IIIe = IVe = Ve. For the combing analysis for wet and dry hair, the results were, respectively: IIa > IIIb = IVb > Vc > Id and IIA > IIIb = Vb > IV c= Ic. Data classified by different letters presented statistically significant alterations, α = 5, P ≤ . 05, n = 15. Conclusions: Based on these results, the incorporation of conditioner agents into emulsion blond color decreased the damage caused by the coloring process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]