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At what age do infants understand that goals exist independently of the actions that result from them? Exploring infants' understanding of failed intentional actions—when the goal of the action is unfulfilled and thus not apparent in the actor's movements—is a critical step in answering this question. Using a visual habituation paradigm, we assessed when infants understand that a failed intentional action is goal directed and whether an understanding of successful intentional actions (actions that do overtly attain their goals) precedes an understanding of failed intentional actions. Results demonstrated that 10- and 12-month-olds recognized the goal directedness of both successful and failed reaching actions. Eight-month-olds also recognized the goal directedness of successful actions, but not of unsuccessful attempts. Thus, by the end of the 1st year of life, infants possess an impressive understanding of intentional action, and an understanding of failed intentional actions follows an earlier understanding of successful ones.

Results of conservative treatment with surgery and radiation therapy of 132 non-palpable ductal carcinomas in situ of the breast. Purpose. — Retrsopective analysis of results of treatment of 132 subclinical ductal carcinomas in situ, non-palpable. Material and methods. — Patients were treated with limited surgery and 70 Gy radiation therapy (70 Gy). Results. — With a median follow-up of 7 years, the total recurrence rate was 6%, and the actuarial rate at 5 years 4% and at 10 years 13% at. These have no influence on recurrence on the specific actuarial survival rate which was 100% at 10 years. In spite of five infiltrating recurrences of seven, no metastasis appeared 48 months after the salvage surgery. The global rate of breast preservation was 92% at 7 years. Discussion and conclusion. — Therapeutic indications were developed taking into account the present analysis and a literature review (2,338 in situ ductal carcinomas, palpable or not, treated with conservative surgery, with or without adjuvant radio-therapy).

The assessment of language in early childhood is essential for the early identification of children with special needs. However, administering traditional language assessments to large preschool populations can be prohibitively time-consuming and complicated. Thus, there is clear value in developing a standardized, norm-referenced, computer-administered language assessment battery that is both time-efficient and fun for children, that yields a meaningful profile of children's specific language competencies, and that can be administered by testers in a consistent manner without extensive training. Here we discuss research undertaken as part of an evaluation of the feasibility of developing such a language assessment tool for use with preschool children. Preschoolers (M = 3.60 years) were tested using a traditional, standardized language assessment (PLS-4) and a computer-administered task assessing (via the use of a touch-screen computer) verb vocabulary and comprehension of plural morphology, negation, and noun-verb agreement. All participants completed the entire test without difficulty. Moreover, analyses revealed significant correlations between performance on the computer-based language assessment, age, and performance on the PLS-4. These data support the notion that a computer-administered language assessment is methodologically feasible and can provide a practical and valid means by which to assess early language abilities.

The radiological search for GSR is crucial in burnt material although it has been rarely tested. In this study, thirty-one bovine ribs were shot at near-contact range and burnt to calcination in an oven simulating a real combustion. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) were performed before and after carbonization and compared with former analyses with DR (digital radiography); thus comparing the assistance, the radiological methods can provide in the search for GSR in fresh and burnt bone. DR demonstrated the greatest ability in the detection of metallic residues, CT showed lower abilities, while MR showed a high sensitivity only in soft tissues. Thus, DR can be considered as the most sensitive method in the detection of GSR in charred bones, whereas CT and MR demonstrated much less reliability. Nonetheless, the MR ameliorates the analysis of gunshot wounds in other types of remains with large quantities of soft tissues.

Cystic pancreatic neoplasms concern 1 to 2% of the pancreatic tumours. The serous ones are considered benign tumours but since 1989, several pancreatic serous cystadenocarcinomas (SCAC) cases have been reported. We report the case of a SCAC with a particular pattern. An 80-year-old female patient presented a 4-cm tumour in the neck of the pancreas associated with liver lesions evoking, on imagery exams, focal nodular hyperplasia nests. A cephalic duodenopancreatectomy and a resection of the liver lesions were carried out. The gross exam showed a tumour with a pattern mostly solid and an area made of cysts. The microscopic exam displayed two patterns: the solid one, predominant, made of mild atypical clear cells, and the cystic one. The liver lesions revealed solid pattern similar to the pancreatic tumour one. The tumoral cells were cytokeratin 7, AE1/AE3 and inhibin positives. The Periodic-acid Schiff showed cytoplasmic granulations, which were digested after diasatasis. Only the presence of metastases allows distinguishing a pancreatic serous cystadenoma from a SCAC. To date, thirty cases of pancreatic SCAC have been reported. Immunohistochemistry cannot confirm the malignancy nature of the lesion but it needs to be done in order to cross out the differential diagnosis, that is pancreatic metastatic clear cell renal carcinoma. Nevertheless, it remains a pathology with good prognosis. Only two cases have been reported but ours case a predominant solid pattern.

Soot soiling is a crucial forensic parameter around gunshot lesions. Carbonization, however, can severely alter human tissues and mimic such clues. This study aims at evaluating the survival of soot soiling even after carbonization in bone. A total of 36 bovine ribs (half fleshed and half defleshed) were shot with two types of bullet (both 9-mm; full metal-jacketed and unjacketed) with a near-contact range. With unjacketed bullets, the shot left in every case a clear, black, and roughly round soot stain around the entrance wound, whereas full metal-jacketed bullets left no signs of soot. Every specimen then underwent calcination in an oven at 800°C. The analysis of the charred samples clearly showed the survival of the soot soiling in both fleshed and bony samples, with a clear correspondence with the former position, but with a different color (yellow). Thus, soot soiling may survive, although with a different color, even after charring.

In literature, many studies have been performed in order to investigate the presence of GSR (“gunshot residue”) and metallic residues in general with radiological techniques on several types of material, but the survival of metallic residues on charred samples has never been systematically performed. In this study, 31 adult bovine ribs underwent a shooting test. Every rib was shot with a single bullet, at a near-contact shooting distance, using two kinds of projectile: 17 samples were shot with a full metal-jacketed bullet and the remaining 14 with an unjacketed bullet. After the shooting test, every rib underwent a “charring cycle” in an electric oven up to 800°C. Every sample underwent radiological investigation with conventional radiography, before and after the burning process, to evaluate any changes in number and distribution of metallic residues. Radiographs showed survival of radiopaque residues in every sample, even after the charring process, especially when the bullet used was of the unjacketed type.

Introduction Les CBNPC KRAS m sont traites par chimiotherapie avec des taux de reponse objective (TRO) variables et des progressions rapides. Les ICI offrent une nouvelle option therapeutique pour les CBNPC KRAS m mais leur efficacite est variable egalement. Cette etude vise a analyser l’efficacite et la toxicite des ICI dans les CBNPC KRAS m traites en routine. Methodes Dans cette etude retrospective bicentrique, apres consentement eclaire, les donnees cliniques etaient extraites des dossiers medicaux des patients avec un CBNPC avance et traites par un ICI (avril 2013–juin 2017). Les patients avec des resultats d’analyses de biologie moleculaire disponibles ont ete selectionnes. L’analyse de l’expression de PD-L1 a ete realisee en cas de materiel tumoral exploitable. Resultats Au total, 273 patients avec un CBNPC traites par ICI et avec des resultats de biologie moleculaire ont ete identifies, dont 155 (59,8 %) KRAS m, 26 (9,5 %) avec d’autres mutations et 92 (33,7 %) de phenotype sauvage. L’analyse de PD-L1 a pu etre realisee chez 123 patients (45 %) avec 55 % et 24 % de PD-L1+ (seuil 1 % et 50 % respectivement) et chez 82 (53 %) des CBNPC KRAS m, avec 39 % (seuil 1 %) et 19 % (seuil 50 %) de PD-L1+. Les TOR et taux de controle de la maladie (TCM) aux ICI dans les CBNPC KRAS m etaient de 18,7 % et 48,4 % respectivement, avec des survie globale (SG) et survie sans progression (SSP) medianes de 14,3 mois et 3,1 mois respectivement, sans difference significative entre les sous-types de KRAS m principaux (G12A, G12 C, G12D, G12 V, G13 C). Leur TOR, TCM, SG et SSP ne sont pas significativement differents des autres CBNPC, des CBNPC sauvages, ni de ceux avec une autre mutation. Il n’y a pas de difference significative entre les CBNPC KRAS m et les autres CBNPC ni entre types de mutation KRAS, en terme de toxicite tous grades confondus ou de grade superieur ou egal a 3 ou de thyroidite. Dans l’ensemble des CBNPC et dans les KRAS m, les TRO et la SSP sous ICI sont systematiquement superieurs pour les PD-L1+ versus les PD-L1−, et ce d’autant plus que le seuil est eleve. Conclusion Les patients atteints de CBNPC KRAS m (tous sous-types de mutation) ont une efficacite, une survie et une toxicite sous ICI similaires aux autres CBNPC. Les CBNPC KRAS m PD-L1+ ont une tendance pour un TRO et une SSP ameliores par rapport aux PD-L1−.

During the first year of life, infants possess some of the key social-cognitive abilities required for success in a social world: Infants interpret others' actions in terms of their intentions and can use this understanding prospectively to generate predictions about others' behavior. Exactly how these foundational abilities develop is currently unknown. The goal of this study was to shed light on the developmental mechanisms underlying changes in infants' understanding of intentional actions by documenting relations between infants' intention understanding and other emerging social (joint attention) and motor (means-end and self-locomotion) abilities. Using eye tracking, 8- to 11-month-olds infants' (N = 80) ability to visually predict the goal of an ongoing successful or failed intentional action was examined in relation to their developing means-end, self-locomotion, and joint attention abilities. Results confirmed previous findings showing improvements in infants' ability to interpret and make predictions about others' failed intentional actions. Importantly, results also indicated that parent-report measures of infants' initiating-joint-attention and self-locomotion abilities were associated with the ability to visually predict the outcome of a failed reaching action. These data support the view that infants' social and motor experiences may contribute to changes in their social-cognitive abilities. In particular, joint-attentive social interactions that occur with increasing frequency as infants learn to crawl and walk may shape infants' understanding of others as intentional agents.

The colloid milium has four clinical forms: adult colloid milium, juvenile colloid milium, paracolloid (or nodular colloid degeneration) and pigmented colloid milium. We report the case of an adult colloid milium in a man of 56, who presented episodes of diffuse pruritus associated with myalgia and digestive disorders, indicative of trichinosis. He also developed gradually over the past 10 years, yellowish injuries in the mandibles and neck for whom histology objectified a colloid milium. Etiology and treatment are still unknown; association with a trichinosis is probably coincidental.

The goal of the present study was to explore domain differences in young children's expectations about the structure of animal and artifact categories. We examined 5-year-olds’ and adults’ use of category-referring generic noun phrases (e.g., “Birds fly”) about novel animals and artifacts. The same stimuli served as both animals and artifacts; thus, stimuli were perceptually identical across domains, and domain was indicated exclusively by language. Results revealed systematic domain differences: children and adults produced more generic utterances when items were described as animals than artifacts. Because the stimuli were novel and lacking perceptual cues to domain, these findings must be attributed to higher-order expectations about animal and artifact categories. Overall, results indicate that by age 5, children are able to make knowledge-based domain distinctions between animals and artifacts that may be rooted in beliefs about the coherence and homogeneity of categories within these domains.

L'autotransplantation dentaire est le prelevement d'une dent de son alveole d'origine pour la greffer dans l'alveole d'une dent absente du meme patient. Nous avons souhaite comparer le traitement implantaire a l'autotransplantation dentaire au moyen d'une revue de la litterature et d'une etude cout-efficacite. Nous avons voulu proposer une strategie globale exploitant au mieux les avantages cliniques et economiques de chacune des deux therapeutiques. Cette etude cout-efficacite vise a comparer les depenses engendrees par ces deux traitements, realises a l'hopital ou en cabinet liberal, du point de vue du praticien, du patient et de l'Assurance Maladie. En tenant compte du cout et de la frequence des echecs des deux techniques, l'autotransplantation reste d'un meilleur rapport cout-efficacite.

Very little literature exists concerning radiochemical and microscopic analyses of gunshot wounds in decomposed material, and even less concerning skeletonized samples; the most advanced technologies may provide useful indications for the diagnosis of suspect lesions, especially if gunshot wounds are no longer recognizable. However, we know very little of the survival of gunshot residues (GSR) in skeletonized samples. This study examined nine gunshot wounds produced on pig heads which then underwent skeletonization for 4 years, and four gunshot entries on human heads from judicial cases which were then macerated to the bone in water; the samples underwent scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. Positive results for GSR were observed only in four of the nine animal samples and in all four human samples. Among the human samples, two lesions showed Pb and Sb, one lesion only Pb, and one Pb, Sb, and Ba. This pilot study showed the survival of GSR in skeletal material and therefore the crucial importance of SEM-EDX analyses on skeletonized material. Further studies are needed in order to ascertain the role of environmental modifications of GSR.

Fast-mapping is the ability to acquire a word rapidly on the basis of minimal information. As proposed by Carey (1978), we assume that children are able to achieve fast-mapping because their initial word meanings are skeletal placeholders that will be extended gradually over time. In this paper, we propose that a notion of “kind” is fundamental to children's initial mappings for object labels. We illustrate this point by considering the acquisition of generic noun phrases, which are understood by children as kind-referring from very early on. We argue that the acquisition of generics has implications for mechanisms of word learning. Evidence suggests that generics cannot be acquired solely on the basis of associative learning mechanisms; rather, they are a default interpretation for young children.

Very little literature exists on gunshot wounds on decomposed material. In this study, seven pig heads underwent a shooting test. Entrance wounds from the first head underwent neutron activation analysis (NAA) and histological testing immediately after the firing test; the other six heads were exposed to two different environments (open air and soil) and analyzed by radiochemical and histological tests every 15 days. Gunshot wounds in air maintained their morphological characteristics, and those in soil showed severe alteration after 5 weeks. Microscopic testing verified positive results for lead in all gunshot wounds in open air, whereas in most of those in soil lead could not be detected. Radiochemical analysis performed by NAA yielded for all gunshot wounds but one antimony quantities in the range of 0.07-13.89 microg. In conclusion, it may be possible to detect residues of antimony even in degraded tissues.

Under what circumstances do people agree that a kind-referring generic sentence (e.g., “Swans are beautiful”) is true? We hypothesized that theory-based considerations are sufficient, independently of prevalence/frequency information, to lead to acceptance of a generic statement. To provide evidence for this general point, we focused on demonstrating the impact of a specific theory-based, essentialist expectation–that the physical features characteristic of a biological kind emerge as a natural product of development–on participants’ reasoning about generics. Across 3 studies, adult participants (N = 99) confirmed our hypothesis, preferring to map generic sentences (e.g., “Dontrets have long tails”) onto novel categories for which the key feature (e.g., long tails) was absent in all the young but present in all the adults rather than onto novel categories for which the key feature was at least as prevalent but present in some of the young and in some of the adults. Control conditions using “some”- and “most”-quantified sentences demonstrated that this mapping is specific to generic meaning. These results suggest that generic meaning does not reduce to quantification and is sensitive to theory-based expectations.

Intention understanding emerges early in human development, manifest in deep and robust fashions even in infants. Overlapping intention understandings, encompassing agents as intentional actors and experiencers, are evident in nonhuman primates in more limited fashions. Intention understandings, of the sort shared by infants and nonhuman primates, predict the more comprehensive theory-of-mind understandings of older children. Those early understandings provide a platform for the ontogenesis of further, deeper achievements in the human case.

The influence of radiotherapy dose parameters on longterm local control was studied in 134 clinical stage I-II breast cancer patients treated by tumorectomy and telecesium therapy during the 1960s. Recurrence in the breast was more frequent in patients receiving 75 Gy or less to the tumor bed (31% versus 15% for higher doses, p less than 0.05), and weekly dose rates of less than 8 Gy/week were associated with increased local-regional failure (30% versus 15% for higher weekly doses, p less than 0.01). The majority of local-regional failures were observed in the 53 patients having "inadequate" total or weekly radiotherapy doses (18/53, 34% versus 9/81, 11%, p less than 0.001). The importance of adequate radiotherapy applied to both older patients, as well as those younger than 40, who appear inherently to have a higher risk of local relapse. The mean interval to recurrence was markedly longer for inadequate radiotherapy (111 months, versus 75 months for adequate treatment), so that significant differences in local control became apparent only after 5 years. These results underscore the importance of radiotherapy technique in breast-conserving treatment, and suggest that an excessive reduction in the intensity of radiotherapy may result in an inordinate number of late local failures.

The feasibility of conservative salvage surgery was addressed in a clinicopathologic study of the results of wide excision for 50 selected parenchymal intramammary recurrences after standard breast conserving treatment. After median follow-up of 51 months, 16 (32%) second local failures were observed (5-year local control 62%). Cox multivariate analysis of 18 parameters indicated that only disease-free interval and resection margins significantly influenced local control. 5-year local control was 92% for recurrences occurring after 5 years vs. 49% for shorter intervals, and 73% for negative vs. 36% for positive or indeterminate margins. Local control appeared independent of morphologic features, initial tumour stage, patient age, recurrent tumour size and location. Median survival after second local failure was 33 months; tertiary therapy obtained ultimate local-regional control in 8 of 16 cases. The authors conclude that wide excision is a particularly satisfactory alternative to salvage mastectomy for late recurrences. Negative margins are essential. Further study will be required to establish additional guidelines allowing improved patient selection.

Retrospective analysis of results of treatment of 132 subclinical ductal carcinomas in situ, non-palpable.Patients were treated with limited surgery and 70 Gy radiation therapy (70 Gy).With a median follow-up of 7 years, the total recurrence rate was 6%, and the actuarial rate at 5 years 4% and at 10 years 13% at. These have no influence on recurrence on the specific actuarial survival rate which was 100% at 10 years. In spite of five infiltrating recurrences of seven, no metastasis appeared 48 months after the salvage surgery. The global rate of breast preservation was 92% at 7 years.Therapeutic indications were developed taking into account the present analysis and a literature review (2,338 in situ ductal carcinomas, palpable or not, treated with conservative surgery, with or without adjuvant radio-therapy).

One of the most prominent theories for why children struggle to learn verbs is that verb learning requires the abstraction of relations between an object and its action (Gentner, 2003). Two hypotheses suggest how children extract relations to extend a novel verb: (1) seeing many different exemplars allows children to detect the invariant relation between actions in different contexts (Gentner, 2003), and (2) repetition of fewer exemplars allows children to move beyond the entities involved to extract the relation (KerstenSmith, 2002). We tested 2 1/2- and 3-year-olds' ability to extend a novel verb after viewing the repetition of one novel actor compared to four different actors performing a novel action. Both ages were better at learning and extending a novel verb to a novel actor when shown only one actor rather than four different actors. These results indicate that during initial verb learning less information is more effective.

Modern physico-chemical methods allow reliable forensic analysis of gunshot residues (GSR) from the hands of suspected persons. Inorganic components of primer such as barium and antimony and such elements as lead and copper contained in the bullets can be accurately revealed by means of many analytical techniques. In order to improve the reliability of the method, we labelled some commercial cartridges with samarium oxide and tested, after shooting, its presence on the hands of the shooter. The results show that Sm has never been found on the hands of non-shooters, but it has been shown by neutron activation analysis to be on the hands of the person who fired the gun, therefore suggesting the use of samarium oxide to label gunpowder to be a reliable method in forensic research. The ballistic tests made using labelled and non-labelled cartridges, showed that the presence of samarium oxide does not change their properties.

The influence of extensive intraductal component (EIC) on local recurrence risk was studied for 496 patients with stage I-II infiltrating ductal cancers treated by conservative surgery and irradiation. EIC was diagnosed in 65 of 231 (28%) premenopausal and 41 of 265 (15.5%) post-menopausal patients. Local recurrence risk was markedly increased in EIC+ patients (5-year actuarial risk 18% versus 8% without EIC, P less than 0.001), but this effect appeared limited to premenopausal patients. Local recurrence risk increased with increasing degree of EIC. EIC with more than 50% intraductal carcinoma was more prevalent in patients younger than 40, perhaps accounting to some degree for the higher local recurrence rates observed in younger patients. The presence of EIC had no influence on overall survival, on median time to local recurrence, or on short-term survival after local failure. The usefulness of EIC as a risk factor for local recurrence is discussed.

102 patients with sub-clinical intra ductal non invasive breast cancer (T0N0) treated by limited surgery and curative radiation therapy. Follow-up ranged from 2 to 10 years with a median follow-up of 59 months. The long term survival rate of this therapeutic approach, consisting of simple excision without any adjuvant treatment and radical mastectomy was close to 100%. The actuarial local recurrence rate was only 8.6% at 10 years (confidence interval: 4.6 to 12.6%), which strongly suggests that radiation therapy is active on multicentric foci. Salvage surgery could be performed in every case of local recurrence. The survival rate of in situ breast cancer (T0N0) treated by conservative radio-surgery is comparable to that of radical mastectomy, while cosmetic results and psychological impact appear to be better for the conservative technique (breast preservation rate = 91 to 96%).

In 1990, following an agreement with the Royal Nepal Academy of Science, the Italian National Research Council (CNR) installed a scientific laboratory (Pyramid) at 5,050 m (s.l.) in the Himalayan region. Among the environmental related researches, the task project RATEAP (Remote Areas Trace Elements Atmospheric Pollution), started in 2001, aims at obtaining information about the chemical composition of the high altitude airborne particulate matter. During the period of March-April 2002 series of samplings have been carried out by pump aspiration. Samples of total suspended particles (TSP) as well as of the particles size fraction PM10 and PM 2.5 have been collected and submitted to INAA for the determination of more than 30 elements present, at nanogram levels, in few micrograms of air dust. Data quality assurance has been performed by the analysis of different NIST SRMs and, in particular, the SRM 2783 Air particulate on Filter Media.

The present study has assessed the value of clinical examination of breast cancers in a retrospective study of 2,626 cases of operated mammary lesions. Anatomopathology is used as basic reference. The fiability of the cancer diagnosis is 94%, its sensitivity is 90% and specificity 96%. The total error only amounts to 6%, with 2/3 false negatives and 1/3 false positives. The errors are for the most part due to the anatomopathologic nature of the tumor, its size, the area of the body it is situated in and also to the examiner and to the of the patient. Nevertheless clinical examination still remains the first diagnostic step, and is indispensable in all breast pathology.