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104. Novel opsin gene variation in large-bodied, diurnal lemurs

Author

Jacobs, Rachel L., primary, MacFie, Tammie S., additional, Spriggs, Amanda N., additional, Baden, Andrea L., additional, Morelli, Toni Lyn, additional, Irwin, Mitchell T., additional, Lawler, Richard R., additional, Pastorini, Jennifer, additional, Mayor, Mireya, additional, Lei, Runhua, additional, Culligan, Ryan, additional, Hawkins, Melissa T. R., additional, Kappeler, Peter M., additional, Wright, Patricia C., additional, Louis, Edward E., additional, Mundy, Nicholas I., additional, and Bradley, Brenda J., additional

Published
2017
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106. FOXP2 variation in great ape populations offers insight into the evolution of communication skills

Author

Staes, Nicky, Sherwood, Chet C, Wright, Katharine, de Manuel, Marc, Guevara, Elaine E, Marques-Bonet, Tomas; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-3075, Krützen, Michael, Massiah, Michael, Hopkins, William D, Ely, John J, Bradley, Brenda J, Staes, Nicky, Sherwood, Chet C, Wright, Katharine, de Manuel, Marc, Guevara, Elaine E, Marques-Bonet, Tomas; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5597-3075, Krützen, Michael, Massiah, Michael, Hopkins, William D, Ely, John J, and Bradley, Brenda J

Abstract

The gene coding for the forkhead box protein P2 (FOXP2) is associated with human language disorders. Evolutionary changes in this gene are hypothesized to have contributed to the emergence of speech and language in the human lineage. Although FOXP2 is highly conserved across most mammals, humans differ at two functional amino acid substitutions from chimpanzees, bonobos and gorillas, with an additional fixed substitution found in orangutans. However, FOXP2 has been characterized in only a small number of apes and no publication to date has examined the degree of natural variation in large samples of unrelated great apes. Here, we analyzed the genetic variation in the FOXP2 coding sequence in 63 chimpanzees, 11 bonobos, 48 gorillas, 37 orangutans and 2 gibbons and observed undescribed variation in great apes. We identified two variable polyglutamine microsatellites in chimpanzees and orangutans and found three nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms, one in chimpanzees, one in gorillas and one in orangutans with derived allele frequencies of 0.01, 0.26 and 0.29, respectively. Structural and functional protein modeling indicate a biochemical effect of the substitution in orangutans, and because of its presence solely in the Sumatran orangutan species, the mutation may be associated with reported population differences in vocalizations.

Published
2017

112. CD11c+ Cells Are Gatekeepers for Lymphocyte Trafficking to Infiltrated Islets During Type 1 Diabetes.

Author

Sandor, Adam M., Lindsay, Robin S., Dyjack, Nathan, Whitesell, Jennifer C., Rios, Cydney, Bradley, Brenda J., Haskins, Kathryn, Serreze, David V., Geurts, Aron M., Chen, Yi-Guang, Seibold, Max A., Jacobelli, Jordan, and Friedman, Rachel S.

Subjects
TYPE 1 diabetes, MACROPHAGES, T cells, LYMPHOCYTES, CHEMOKINES, EXTRAVASATION
Abstract

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease that affects more than 19 million people with incidence increasing rapidly worldwide. For T cells to effectively drive T1D, they must first traffic to the islets and extravasate through the islet vasculature. Understanding the cues that lead to T cell entry into inflamed islets is important because diagnosed T1D patients already have established immune infiltration of their islets. Here we show that CD11c+ cells are a key mediator of T cell trafficking to infiltrated islets in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Using intravital 2-photon islet imaging we show that T cell extravasation into the islets is an extended process, with T cells arresting in the islet vasculature in close proximity to perivascular CD11c+ cells. Antigen is not required for T cell trafficking to infiltrated islets, but T cell chemokine receptor signaling is necessary. Using RNAseq, we show that islet CD11c+ cells express over 20 different chemokines that bind chemokine receptors expressed on islet T cells. One highly expressed chemokine-receptor pair is CXCL16-CXCR6. However, NOD. CXCR6−/− mice progressed normally to T1D and CXCR6 deficient T cells trafficked normally to the islets. Even with CXCR3 and CXCR6 dual deficiency, T cells trafficked to infiltrated islets. These data reinforce that chemokine receptor signaling is highly redundant for T cell trafficking to inflamed islets. Importantly, depletion of CD11c+ cells strongly inhibited T cell trafficking to infiltrated islets of NOD mice. We suggest that targeted depletion of CD11c+ cells associated with the islet vasculature may yield a therapeutic target to inhibit T cell trafficking to inflamed islets to prevent progression of T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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113. CD4 T cells reactive to an IAPP peptide accumulate in the pancreas and contribute to disease pathogenesis in NOD mice

Author

Baker, Rocky L., Delong, Thomas, Barbour, Gene, Bradley, Brenda, Nakayama, Maki, and Haskins, Kathryn

Subjects
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, endocrine system, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, Autoimmunity, Adoptive Transfer, Autoantigens, Article, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Islet Amyloid Polypeptide, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Prediabetic State, Mice, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Mice, Inbred NOD, Animals, Lymph Nodes, Pancreas, Cells, Cultured, Spleen
Abstract

We previously reported a peptide KS20 from islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) to be the target antigen for a highly diabetogenic CD4 T cell clone BDC-5.2.9. In order to track IAPP-reactive T cells in NOD mice and determine how they contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), we designed a new I-Ag7 tetramer with high affinity for BDC-5.2.9 that contains the peptide KS20. We found that significant numbers of KS20 tetramer-positive CD4 T cells can be detected in the pancreas of pre-diabetic and diabetic NOD mice. To verify pathogenicity of IAPP-reactive cells, KS20 tetramer-positive cells were sorted and cloned from uncloned T cell lines isolated from spleen and lymph nodes of diabetic mice. We isolated a new KS20-reactive Th1 CD4 T cell clone that rapidly transfers diabetes. Our results suggest that IAPP triggers a broad autoimmune response by CD4 T cells in NOD mice.

Published
2013

114. Parentage complexity in socially monogamous lemurs (<italic>Eulemur rubriventer</italic>): Integrating genetic and observational data.

Author

Jacobs, Rachel L., Frankel, David C., Rice, Riley J., Kiefer, Vera J., and Bradley, Brenda J.

Subjects
ANIMAL paternity, LEMUR behavior, LEMURS, ANIMAL genetics, ANIMAL sexual behavior, ANIMAL social behavior, PHYSIOLOGY
Abstract

Genetic analyses of parentage sometimes reveal that “socially monogamous” (pair‐living) species do not reside in strict family groups. Circumstances such as adult turnovers and extra‐pair copulations, among others, may result in non‐nuclear families. These genetic relationships within groups have implications for interpreting social behaviors. Red‐bellied lemurs (Eulemur rubriventer) live in groups generally comprising an adult male‐female pair plus immatures, and early genetic analyses of parentage in a relatively small sample suggested they mate monogamously. However, previous research on this taxon has also identified scenarios in which non‐nuclear families might result, such as adult turnovers. To assess the potential occurrence of non‐nuclear families in this “socially monogamous” taxon, as well as the social conditions under which they might occur, we combined behavioral observations of wild red‐bellied lemurs in Ranomafana National Park with genetic parentage analysis of immatures from 17 groups. We found that the majority of groups (75%) represented nuclear family groups. However, 25% of groups represented non‐nuclear families at some point during the study. The social factors that resulted in non‐nuclear families were varied and included at least one adult turnover, and potentially delayed female dispersals and extra‐pair copulations. Our results suggest that red‐bellied lemurs are generally reproductively monogamous, with only limited evidence that non‐nuclear families result from non‐monogamous reproduction. However, similar to other pair‐living primates, red‐bellied lemurs appear to exhibit flexibility in their social organization and mating strategies. Multiple lines of evidence should be considered when inferring parent‐offspring relationships within pair‐living groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2018
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119. Recent divergences and size decreases of eastern gorilla populations

Author

Roy, Justin, Arandjelovic, Mimi, Bradley, Brenda J., Guschanski, Katerina, Stephens, Colleen R., Bucknell, Dan, Cirhuza, Henry, Kusamba, Chifundera, Kyungu, Jean Claude, Smith, Vince, Robbins, Martha M., Vigilant, Linda, Roy, Justin, Arandjelovic, Mimi, Bradley, Brenda J., Guschanski, Katerina, Stephens, Colleen R., Bucknell, Dan, Cirhuza, Henry, Kusamba, Chifundera, Kyungu, Jean Claude, Smith, Vince, Robbins, Martha M., and Vigilant, Linda

Abstract

Compared with other African apes, eastern gorillas (Gorilla beringei) have been little studied genetically. We used analysis of autosomal DNA genotypes obtained from non-invasively collected faecal samples to estimate the evolutionary histories of the two extant mountain gorilla populations and the closely related eastern lowland gorillas. Our results suggest that eastern lowland gorillas and mountain gorillas split beginning some 10 000 years ago, followed 5000 years ago by the split of the two mountain gorilla populations of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park and the Virungas Massif. All three populations have decreased in effective population size, with particularly substantial 10- fold decreases for the mountain gorillas. These dynamics probably reflect responses to habitat changes resulting from climate fluctuations over the past 20 000 years as well as increasing human influence in this densely populated region in the last several thousand years.

Published
2014
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120. Recruitment and retention of participants for an international type 1 diabetes prevention trial: a coordinators' perspective.

Author

De Beaufort, Carine [collaborator], Franciscus, Margaret, Nucci, Anita, Bradley, Brenda, Suomalainen, Heli, Greenberg, Ellen, Laforte, Diane, Kleemola, Paivi, Hyytinen, Mila, Salonen, Marja, Martin, Mary Jean, Catte, Daniel, Catteau, Jacki, De Beaufort, Carine [collaborator], Franciscus, Margaret, Nucci, Anita, Bradley, Brenda, Suomalainen, Heli, Greenberg, Ellen, Laforte, Diane, Kleemola, Paivi, Hyytinen, Mila, Salonen, Marja, Martin, Mary Jean, Catte, Daniel, and Catteau, Jacki

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Trial to Reduce Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) is the first multicenter international type 1 diabetes (T1D) prevention trial to be undertaken. A unique feature of TRIGR has been recruitment of eligible pregnant women and enrollment of newborns for long-term follow-up assessments. PURPOSE: Our purpose is to summarize the recruitment and retention strategies used to conduct TRIGR from the perspective of the study coordinators. METHODS: TRIGR was designed to test whether weaning to formula containing hydrolyzed versus intact cow's milk protein would be efficacious in decreasing risk for development of T1D-associated autoantibodies and T1D among infants identified to be at increased risk for T1D based on their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) profile and family history. Multiple strategies tailored to local issues were required to enroll and follow the target number of infants. RESULTS: This study was conducted in the United States, Canada, Australia, and 12 countries in Europe. Of the 5606 mothers registered worldwide, 5000 of their infants were randomized. Of these, 2159 were HLA eligible and enrolled in the 8-month intervention and 10-year follow-up phases of this study. The TRIGR study met the accrual goal after 4.7 years of recruitment, 2.7 years longer than projected initially. Challenges included difficulty in finding fathers with T1D, a higher than expected rate of premature delivery among T1D mothers, and implementation of new privacy regulations mid-trial. The majority of participants were recruited from primary care antenatal clinics located near the study centers and from a general hospital or pediatric center that was affiliated with a TRIGR Study center. Internet and magazine advertisements were found to be useful for recruitment of families. Alternative follow-up strategies are offered to families who wish to reduce or discontinue participation. LIMITATIONS: Our experience is limited to a single interna

Published
2014
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121. Recruitment and retention of participants for an international type 1 diabetes prevention trial:a coordinators' perspective

Author

Franciscus, Margaret, Nucci, Anita, Bradley, Brenda, Suomalainen, Heli, Greenberg, Ellen, Laforte, Diane, Kleemola, Paivi, Hyytinen, Mila, Salonen, Marja, Martin, Mary Jean, Catte, Daniel, Catteau, Jacki, Mandrup-Poulsen, Thomas, Franciscus, Margaret, Nucci, Anita, Bradley, Brenda, Suomalainen, Heli, Greenberg, Ellen, Laforte, Diane, Kleemola, Paivi, Hyytinen, Mila, Salonen, Marja, Martin, Mary Jean, Catte, Daniel, Catteau, Jacki, and Mandrup-Poulsen, Thomas

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The Trial to Reduce Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) is the first multicenter international type 1 diabetes (T1D) prevention trial to be undertaken. A unique feature of TRIGR has been recruitment of eligible pregnant women and enrollment of newborns for long-term follow-up assessments.PURPOSE: Our purpose is to summarize the recruitment and retention strategies used to conduct TRIGR from the perspective of the study coordinators.METHODS: TRIGR was designed to test whether weaning to formula containing hydrolyzed versus intact cow's milk protein would be efficacious in decreasing risk for development of T1D-associated autoantibodies and T1D among infants identified to be at increased risk for T1D based on their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) profile and family history. Multiple strategies tailored to local issues were required to enroll and follow the target number of infants.RESULTS: This study was conducted in the United States, Canada, Australia, and 12 countries in Europe. Of the 5606 mothers registered worldwide, 5000 of their infants were randomized. Of these, 2159 were HLA eligible and enrolled in the 8-month intervention and 10-year follow-up phases of this study. The TRIGR study met the accrual goal after 4.7 years of recruitment, 2.7 years longer than projected initially. Challenges included difficulty in finding fathers with T1D, a higher than expected rate of premature delivery among T1D mothers, and implementation of new privacy regulations mid-trial. The majority of participants were recruited from primary care antenatal clinics located near the study centers and from a general hospital or pediatric center that was affiliated with a TRIGR Study center. Internet and magazine advertisements were found to be useful for recruitment of families. Alternative follow-up strategies are offered to families who wish to reduce or discontinue participation.LIMITATIONS: Our experience is

Published
2014

122. Recent divergences and size decreases of eastern gorilla populations

Author

Roy, Justin, primary, Arandjelovic, Mimi, additional, Bradley, Brenda J., additional, Guschanski, Katerina, additional, Stephens, Colleen R., additional, Bucknell, Dan, additional, Cirhuza, Henry, additional, Kusamba, Chifundera, additional, Kyungu, Jean Claude, additional, Smith, Vince, additional, Robbins, Martha M., additional, and Vigilant, Linda, additional

Published
2014
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123. The JDRF CCTN CGM TIME Trial: Timing of Initiation of continuous glucose Monitoring in Established pediatric type 1 diabetes: study protocol, recruitment and baseline characteristics

Author

Lawson, Margaret L, primary, Bradley, Brenda, additional, McAssey, Karen, additional, Clarson, Cheril, additional, Kirsch, Susan E, additional, Mahmud, Farid H, additional, Curtis, Jacqueline R, additional, Richardson, Christine, additional, Courtney, Jennilea, additional, Cooper, Tammy, additional, Downie, Cynthia J, additional, Rajamannar, Gopalan, additional, and Barrowman, Nicholas, additional

Published
2014
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125. The genetic population structure of wild western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) living in continuous rain forest

Author

Fünfstück, Tillmann, primary, Arandjelovic, Mimi, additional, Morgan, David B., additional, Sanz, Crickette, additional, Breuer, Thomas, additional, Stokes, Emma J., additional, Reed, Patricia, additional, Olson, Sarah H., additional, Cameron, Ken, additional, Ondzie, Alain, additional, Peeters, Martine, additional, Kühl, Hjalmar S., additional, Cipolletta, Chloe, additional, Todd, Angelique, additional, Masi, Shelly, additional, Doran-Sheehy, Diane M., additional, Bradley, Brenda J., additional, and Vigilant, Linda, additional

Published
2014
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126. Predictors of orbital convergence in primates: A test of the snake detection hypothesis of primate evolution

Author

Wheeler, Brandon C, Bradley, Brenda J., Kamilar, Jason M., Wheeler, Brandon C, Bradley, Brenda J., and Kamilar, Jason M.

Abstract

Traditional explanations for the evolution of high orbital convergence and stereoscopic vision in primates have focused on how stereopsis might have aided early primates in foraging or locomoting in an arboreal environment. It has recently been suggested that predation risk by constricting snakes was the selective force that favored the evolution of orbital convergence in early primates, and that later exposure to venomous snakes favored further degrees of convergence in anthropoid primates. Our study tests this snake detection hypothesis (SDH) by examining whether orbital convergence among extant primates is indeed associated with the shared evolutionary history with snakes or the risk that snakes pose for a given species. We predicted that orbital convergence would be higher in species that: 1) have a longer history of sympatry with venomous snakes, 2) are likely to encounter snakes more frequently, 3) are less able to detect or deter snakes due to group size effects, and 4) are more likely to be preyed upon by snakes. Results based on phylogenetically independent contrasts do not support the SDH. Orbital convergence shows no relationship to the shared history with venomous snakes, likelihood of encountering snakes, or group size. Moreover, those species less likely to be targeted as prey by snakes show significantly higher values of orbital convergence. Although an improved ability to detect camouflaged snakes, along with other cryptic stimuli, is likely a consequence of increased orbital convergence, this was unlikely to have been the primary selective force favoring the evolution of stereoscopic vision in primates.

Published
2011

129. Use of vitamin D supplements during infancy in an international feeding trial

Author

Lehtonen, Eveliina, primary, Ormisson, Anne, additional, Nucci, Anita, additional, Cuthbertson, David, additional, Sorkio, Susa, additional, Hyytinen, Mila, additional, Alahuhta, Kirsi, additional, Berseth, Carol, additional, Salonen, Marja, additional, Taback, Shayne, additional, Franciscus, Margaret, additional, González-Frutos, Teba, additional, E Korhonen, Tuuli, additional, L Lawson, Margaret, additional, J Becker, Dorothy, additional, P Krischer, Jeffrey, additional, Knip, Mikael, additional, M Virtanen, Suvi, additional, Mandrup-Poulsen, Thomas, additional, Arjas, Elias, additional, Lernmark, Åke, additional, Schmidt, Barbara, additional, Krischer, Jeffrey P., additional, Åkerblom, Hans K., additional, Koski, Katriina, additional, Koski, Matti, additional, Pajakkala, Eeva, additional, Shanker, Linda, additional, Bradley, Brenda, additional, Dosch, Hans-Michael, additional, Dupré, John, additional, Fraser, William, additional, Lawson, Margaret, additional, Mahon, Jeffrey L., additional, Sermer, Mathew, additional, Taback, Shayne P., additional, Becker, Dorothy, additional, Palmer, Jerry, additional, Pekkala, Minna, additional, Virtanen, Suvi M., additional, Catteau, Jacki, additional, Howard, Neville, additional, Crock, Patricia, additional, Craig, Maria, additional, Clarson, Cheril L., additional, Bere, Lynda, additional, Thompson, David, additional, Metzger, Daniel, additional, Marshall, Colleen, additional, Kwan, Jennifer, additional, Stephure, David K., additional, Pacaud, Daniele, additional, Schwarz, Wendy, additional, Girgis, Rose, additional, Thompson, Marilyn, additional, Catte, Daniel, additional, Lawson, Margaret L., additional, Daneman, Denis, additional, Martin, Mary-Jean, additional, Morin, Valérie, additional, Frenette, Lyne, additional, Ferland, Suzanne, additional, Sanderson, Susan, additional, Heath, Kathy, additional, Huot, Céline, additional, Gonthier, Monique, additional, Thibeault, Maryse, additional, Legault, Laurent, additional, Laforte, Diane, additional, Cummings, Elizabeth A., additional, Scott, Karen, additional, Bridger, Tracey, additional, Crummell, Cheryl, additional, Houlden, Robyn, additional, Breen, Adriana, additional, Carson, George, additional, Kelly, Sheila, additional, Sankaran, Koravangattu, additional, Penner, Marie, additional, White, Richard A., additional, King, Nancy, additional, Popkin, James, additional, Robson, Laurie, additional, Al Taji, Eva, additional, Aldhoon, Irena, additional, Mendlova, Pavla, additional, Vavrinec, Jan, additional, Vosahlo, Jan, additional, Brazdova, Ludmila, additional, Venhacova, Jitrenka, additional, Venhacova, Petra, additional, Cipra, Adam, additional, Tomsikova, Zdenka, additional, Krckova, Petra, additional, Gogelova, Pavla, additional, Einberg, Ülle, additional, Riikjärv, Mall-Anne, additional, Tillmann, Vallo, additional, Kleemola, Päivi, additional, Parkkola, Anna, additional, Suomalainen, Heli, additional, Järvenpää, Anna-Liisa, additional, Hämälainen, Anu-Maaria, additional, Haavisto, Hannu, additional, Tenhola, Sirpa, additional, Lautala, Pentti, additional, Salonen, Pia, additional, Aspholm, Susanna, additional, Siljander, Heli, additional, Holm, Carita, additional, Ylitalo, Samuli, additional, Lounamaa, Raisa, additional, Nuuja, Anja, additional, Talvitie, Timo, additional, Lindström, Kaija, additional, Huopio, Hanna, additional, Pesola, Jouni, additional, Veijola, Riitta, additional, Tapanainen, Päivi, additional, Alar, Abram, additional, Korpela, Paavo, additional, Käär, Marja-Liisa, additional, Mustila, Taina, additional, Virransalo, Ritva, additional, Nykänen, Päivi, additional, Aschemeier, Bärbel, additional, Danne, Thomas, additional, Kordonouri, Olga, additional, Krikovszky, Dóra, additional, Madácsy, László, additional, Khazrai, Yeganeh Manon, additional, Maddaloni, Ernesto, additional, Pozzilli, Paolo, additional, Mannu, Carla, additional, Songini, Marco, additional, de Beaufort, Carine, additional, Schierloh, Ulrike, additional, Bruining, Jan, additional, Bisschoff, Margriet, additional, Basiak, Aleksander, additional, Wasikowa, Renata, additional, Ciechanowska, Marta, additional, Deja, Grazyna, additional, Jarosz-Chobot, Przemyslawa, additional, Szadkowska, Agnieszka, additional, Cypryk, Katarzyna, additional, Zawodniak-Szalapska, Malgorzata, additional, Castano, Luis, additional, Gonzalez Frutos, Teba, additional, Oyarzabal, Mirentxu, additional, Serrano-Ríos, Manuel, additional, Martínez-Larrad, María Teresa, additional, Hawkins, Federico Gustavo, additional, Rodriguez Arnau, Dolores, additional, Ludvigsson, Johnny, additional, Smolinska Konefal, Malgorzata, additional, Hanas, Ragnar, additional, Lindblad, Bengt, additional, Nilsson, Nils-Osten, additional, Fors, Hans, additional, Nordwall, Maria, additional, Lindh, Agne, additional, Edenwall, Hans, additional, Aman, Jan, additional, Johansson, Calle, additional, Gadient, Margrit, additional, Schoenle, Eugen, additional, Daftary, Ashi, additional, Gilmour, Carol, additional, Taculad, Rachel, additional, Tanner-Blasiar, Marilyn, additional, White, Neil, additional, Devaskar, Uday, additional, Horowitz, Heather, additional, Rogers, Lisa, additional, Colon, Roxana, additional, Frazer, Teresa, additional, Torres, Jose, additional, Goland, Robin, additional, Greenberg, Ellen, additional, Nelson, Maudene, additional, Schachner, Holly, additional, Softness, Barney, additional, Ilonen, Jorma, additional, Trucco, Massimo, additional, Nichol, Lynn, additional, Savilahti, Erkki, additional, Härkönen, Taina, additional, Vaarala, Outi, additional, and Luopajärvi, Kristiina, additional

Published
2013
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136. Uncover the hidden assets in your condenser water system: 50 percent more cooling capacity from cooling towers. (Data Digest)

Author

Schwedler, Mick and Bradley, Brenda

Subjects
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning industry -- Methods, Cooling towers -- Management -- Methods, Business, Construction and materials industries, Environmental services industry, Company business management, Management, Methods
Abstract

Did you realize that in many applications your existing cooling tower, condenser water pipes, and condenser water pump can deliver at least 50 percent more cooling capacity? More often than [...]

Published
2001

138. Chromogranin A is an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes

Author

Stadinski, Brian D, primary, Delong, Thomas, additional, Reisdorph, Nichole, additional, Reisdorph, Richard, additional, Powell, Roger L, additional, Armstrong, Michael, additional, Piganelli, Jon D, additional, Barbour, Gene, additional, Bradley, Brenda, additional, Crawford, Frances, additional, Marrack, Philippa, additional, Mahata, Sushil K, additional, Kappler, John W, additional, and Haskins, Kathryn, additional

Published
2010
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143. Reproductive competition and inbreeding avoidance in a primate species with habitual female dispersal.

Author

Vigilant, Linda, Roy, Justin, Bradley, Brenda, Stoneking, Colin, Robbins, Martha, and Stoinski, Tara

Subjects
PRIMATE behavior, INBREEDING, GORILLA (Genus), ANIMAL dispersal, ANIMAL sexual behavior, SOCIAL dominance, SOCIAL dynamics, REPRODUCTION
Abstract

As in other highly sexually dimorphic, group-living animals, reproduction in gorillas has been largely viewed as the outcome of competition among males. However, females may exert choice via dispersal decisions or choice of partner in multimale groups, and males may also mate selectively. Here, we examine the paternity of 79 wild mountain gorilla offspring born into four groups characterized by stable dominance hierarchies and the presence of mature offspring of the dominant male. We found that on average the dominant male sires the majority (72 %) of the offspring in stable multimale groups and subordinate males also produce offspring, particularly when dominant males become older or the number of competing males increases. Although expected to disperse to avoid inbreeding, only half of the maturing daughters of dominant males left the group in which their father maintained dominance. However, in all five cases of reproduction by a resident daughter of a dominant male, a subordinate male was the sire of the offspring. As females commonly initiate and end copulations, and dominant males may prefer mating with fully mature females, both male and female mate preferences in addition to male competition apparently play a role in reproductive patterns in multimale groups, emphasizing the complexity of social dynamics in one of our closest living relatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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