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Biological flocs are communities of heterotrophic bacteria that develop through manipulation of the carbon-nitrogen ratio of aquaculture farming systems. These microbial communities improve the water quality parameters, reduce the concentrations of toxic inorganic species, and act as a source of food and immunostimulators. The present work aims to evaluate the effect of the biological floc technology (BFT) implementation on parameters of the water culture quality through meta-analysis and meta-regression. Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus were searched from 2000 to 2021 on the influence of BFT on water quality parameters (nitrite, nitrate, ammonium concentration) in penaeid shrimp farming systems. The statistical analysis was performed with the Jasp Metaanalysis version 0.9.2 program. 414 scientific articles were obtained on the evaluation of BFT in penaeid shrimp. Of these, only 108 met the inclusion criteria for the parameters that were evaluated. The meta-regression with fixed data of study parameters showed that complex carbon sources and the use of probiotics potentiated a greater effect than the other indicators. BFT reduces the concentration of nitrogen compounds that have negative effects on shrimp production parameters.

Contexto: Los inmunoestimulantes estimulan la respuesta inmune y el crecimiento, incrementan la resistencia al estr��s y a las enfermedades en acuicultura. A veces se encuentran resultados contradictorios que brindan confusi��n acerca del empleo de ellos, por lo que se plante�� como problema: ��Pudiera la literatura cient��fica relacionada con prebi��ticos y probi��ticos, donde se eval��en los indicadores del sistema inmune del camar��n, servir como base para la toma de decisiones en empleo de inmunoestimulantes en la camaronicultura? Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de prebi��ticos y probi��ticos en la expresi��n de fenoloxidasa de camarones Penaeus, mediante un meta-an��lisis que permita la toma de decisiones para su empleo en la camaronicultura. M��todos: Se realizaron b��squedas en Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus desde el 2008 hasta el 2019 sobre la influencia de inmunoestimulantes en la expresi��n de genes. El an��lisis estad��stico se realiz�� con el programa Jasp Metaanalysis Versi��n 0.9.2. a un 95% de confianza. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 262 art��culos cient��ficos sobre evaluaci��n de prebi��ticos y probi��ticos en camarones Penaeus. De estos 11 evaluaron la respuesta en la profenoloxidasa. Tanto los prebi��ticos como los probi��ticos estimulan la proenzima; los extractos de plantas fueron los que m��s modificaron esta y los Bacillus fue el g��nero que m��s estimul��. Conclusiones: La literatura cient��fica relacionada con profenoloxidasa en camarones Penaeus indican que se deben evaluar con cuidado, debido al dise��o experimental y la forma que expresan los resultados.

Biological flocs are communities of heterotrophic bacteria that develop through manipulation of the carbon-nitrogen ratio of aquaculture farming systems. These microbial communities improve the quality parameters of the culture water, reduce the concentrations of toxic inorganic species, and act as a source of food and immunostimulators. The present work aims to evaluate the effect of the implementation of biological floc technology (BFT) on parameters of the immune response of farmed shrimp through meta-analysis and meta-regression studies. Pubmed, Science Direct, Scopus were searched from 2000 to 2021 on the influence of BFT on the immune system of penaeid shrimp. Statistical analysis was performed with the Jasp Metaanalysis Version 0.9.2 program. 258 scientific articles were obtained on the evaluation of BFT in penaeid shrimp. Of these, only 24 met the inclusion criteria for immune response. Meta-regression with fixed data on immune parameters showed that complex carbon sources and the use of probiotics enhanced a greater immune response than the other indicators. BFT stimulates the immune system of shrimp and can be used in conjunction with the use of probiotics as a tool to counteract diseases in shrimp culture.

The knowledge and management of the populations genetic diversity allow decision-making on the family structure and genomic selection for the optimization of culture programs. Ammonium is a toxic compound for aquaculture species, causing gill damage and necrosis of internal organs. Also, ammonia depresses the immune system of shrimp, making them more vulnerable to disease. The present study aimed to evaluate genetic diversity using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers associated with desired ammonium tolerance and disease resistance traits, reported in the reviewed literature. We proceeded to take samples of shrimp pleopods from reproductive banks of Cuban shrimp lines. The genotyping of the samples was developed with the service of the Center for Aquaculture Technologies (CAT). SNPs related to resistance to diseases such as those related to hemocyanin and resistance to the WSSV virus were included in the search for candidate traits. Regarding the frequencies evaluated in the reference articles, the Cuban lines present low values, all below 0.5. The Cuban lines with the highest values of SNPs related to the candidate traits were lines 14 and 1. It is advisable to cross and select these lines with lines with greater genetic diversity in Cuban populations.

A key element for selective breeding programs is the characterization of genetic diversity and composition of stocks, as it will enable decisions on the genotype of the populations, inbreeding restrictions, family structure, and the potential use of genomic selection. After the EMS worldwide outbreaks, Cuban authorities decided to stop the introduction of new lines. Several generations without a renewal of the progenitors could trigger a reduction of productive traits. This study aimed to assess the growth-related traits performance of stocks of Penaeus vannamei, used in Cuba for the shrimp industry. The growth-related traits data records used for comparison of different stocks with genetic diversity was analyzed in this study were: Harvest Weight (g), Specific growth rate (g), survival (%), yield (kg/ha/harvest), Feed conversion efficiency and Culture duration (days). The comparison of some growth-related traits from different stocks with genetic diversity was analyzed in this study show that stock 24 has the highest survival 80.9±12.0 % and Yield 1505.0±472.1 kg/ha/harvest, it has the lowest weight 12.1±1.4 g at the moment of harvest, these traits show significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) among the four the others stocks studied. On the other hand, stock 145 has the lowest survival 66.7±15.3 % rate with significant differences (p ≥ 0.05) among the others four stocks studied. The stock 1 has the highest Feed conversion efficiency 2.2 ±0.6, but only have significant differences with stocks14 y 145. However, after comparing the zootechnical parameters of the current populations, no significant differences were found between these and the zootechnical parameters after the last introduction of P. vannamei lines in Cuba.

Contexto: Los inmunoestimulantes estimulan la respuesta inmune y el crecimiento, incrementan la resistencia al estrés y a las enfermedades en acuicultura. A veces se encuentran resultados contradictorios que brindan confusión acerca del empleo de ellos, por lo que se planteó como problema: ¿Pudiera la literatura científica relacionada con prebióticos y probióticos, donde se evalúen los indicadores del sistema inmune del camarón, servir como base para la toma de decisiones en empleo de inmunoestimulantes en la camaronicultura? Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de prebióticos y probióticos en la expresión de fenoloxidasa de camarones Penaeus, mediante un meta-análisis que permita la toma de decisiones para su empleo en la camaronicultura. Métodos: Se realizaron búsquedas en Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Scopus desde el 2008 hasta el 2019 sobre la influencia de inmunoestimulantes en la expresión de genes. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa Jasp Metaanalysis Versión 0.9.2. a un 95% de confianza. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 262 artículos científicos sobre evaluación de prebióticos y probióticos en camarones Penaeus. De estos 11 evaluaron la respuesta en la profenoloxidasa. Tanto los prebióticos como los probióticos estimulan la proenzima; los extractos de plantas fueron los que más modificaron esta y los Bacillus fue el género que más estimuló. Conclusiones: La literatura científica relacionada con profenoloxidasa en camarones Penaeus indican que se deben evaluar con cuidado, debido al diseño experimental y la forma que expresan los resultados.

Context: Immunostimulants promote immune response and growth, and raise stress and aquaculture disease resistance. At times, the results are contradictory and misleading regarding their utilization. Accordingly, the following problematic was stated: Could the related scientific literature on prebiotics and probiotics that evaluate the indicators of the immune system of shrimps be the basis for decision-making in shrimp-culture immunostimulant use? Aim: To evaluate the influence of prebiotics and probiotics on the phenoloxidase expression and activity in Penaeus shrimps, using meta-analysis for decision-making in shrimp culture. Methods: Several searches were conducted in Pubmed, Science Direct, and Scopus, between 2008 and 2019, related to the influence of immunostimulants on phenoloxidase activity and gene expression. The statistical analysis was conducted by means of Metanalysis 0.9.2., with a 95% confidence interval. Results: A total of 262 scientific articles on prebiotic and probiotic evaluation in Penaeus shrimps were compiled. Out of them, 61 met the inclusion criteria for immunological response: 51 dealt with phenoloxidase activity, and 11 studied prophenoloxidase. Both prebiotics and probiotics stimulated the enzyme and proenzyme; the plant extracts had a major role in the modification of this activity, whereas the Bacilli produced the highest stimulation. Conclusions: The scientific literature on Penaeus shrimp phenoloxidase activity indicated careful evaluation due to the experimental design and way expressed in the results.