Search

High Andean forests are biodiversity hotspots that also play key roles in the provisioning of vital ecosystem services for neighboring cities. In past centuries, the hinterland of Andean fast-growing cities often experienced a dramatic decline in forested areas, but there are reports that forest cover has been recovering recently. We analyzed aerial imagery spanning the years 1940 to 2007 from nine administrative localities in the Eastern Andean Cordillera of Colombia in order to elucidate precise patterns of forest vegetation change. To this aim, we performed image object-based classification by means of texture analysis and image segmentation. We then derived connectivity metrics to investigate whether forest cover trajectories showed an increase or decrease in fragmentation and landscape degradation. We observed a forest cover recovery in all the examined localities, except one. In general, forest recovery was accompanied by an increase in core habitat areas. The time scale of the positive trends identified partially coincides with the creation of protected areas in the region, which very likely furthered the recovery of forest patches. This study unveils the long-term dynamics of peri-urban high Andean forest cover, providing valuable information on historical vegetation changes in a highly dynamic landscape.

Set of matrices used for the research article regarding to Rondeletieae (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae) phylogenetics

Phaeographis galeanoae L��cking, Moncada & B. Salgado-N. sp. nov. Mycobank MB 828117 (Fig. 3d). Diagnosis. Differing from Phaeographis bicolor in the very long, narrow, dendroid lirellae and the smaller ascospores. Type. COLOMBIA. Atl��ntico: Pioj��, Reserva Forestal Protectora (RFP) El Palomar; 10��45���47��� N, 75��08���56��� W, 200���600 m; 18 March 2016, R. L��cking, B. Moncada et al. 42981 (UNO, holotype; B, isotype). Description. Thallus corticolous, epiperidermal, up to 5 cm diam., continuous, light olive-green, unevenrugose, opaque; prothallus not observed. Thallus in section 80���150 ��m thick, with prosoplectenchymatous cortex and irregular photobiont layer, strongly encrusted with clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. Ascomata lirellate, radiately branched (dendroid), erumpent, 5���20 mm long, 0.2���0.3 mm broad, 0.1���0.12 mm high; disc exposed but narrow, dark brown; labia inconspicuous, visible as thin, somewhat irregular, greyish-brown line between the disc and the thalline margin; thalline margin basal to lateral, white. Excipulum prosoplectenchymatous, 20���30 ��m broad, dark brown to carbonized; hypothecium 15���30 ��m high, hyaline. Hymenium 70���80 ��m high, strongly inspersed, inspersion partially dissolving in K; paraphyses unbranched, apically smooth. Asci 70���80 �� 15���20 ��m, oblong. Ascospores 8 per ascus, 7���9(���11)-septate, 25���35 �� 6���8(���10) ��m, oblong, with thickened septa and lensshaped lumina, grey-brown, I + vine-red. Secondary chemistry: stictic acid, thallus in section with K + persistently yellow efflux. Etymology. We dedicate this beautiful new species to the memory of the late Gloria Amparo Galeano Garc��s (1958���2016), one of the foremost Colombian botanists and agronomists and internationally renowned specialist in the taxonomy of Arecaceae (palms), an important element in tropical forests including DTF (Garc��a 2016, Olivares and Balslev 2016). One of her last published papers was on the use of the bitter palm, Sabal mauritiiformis, for roofing in Pioj��, Atl��ntico (Andrade-Erazo and Galeano 2016), the municipality of the type locality of Phaeographis galeanoae. Remarks. The genus Phaeographis is currently not well-studied, but we were able to examine most of the type material of names belonging here. We found only three species with transversely septate ascospores, inspersed hymenium, dark brown to carbonized excipulum, and stictic acid chemistry. Among these, the eastern paleotropical P. circumscripta (Kremp.) Vain. [syn.: Graphis pasaniae Vain. nom. inval.] differs in the distinct, apically strongly carbonized labia, fitting the concept of Platygramme (Staiger 2002) and the smaller (15���25 �� 5���6 ��m), consistently 5-septate ascospores. Phaeographis bicolor M��ll. Arg., also an eastern paleotropical species, forms much shorter and broader, irregularly branched lirellae, and the ascospores are larger (35���45 �� 9���11 ��m). Finally, a third species also known from the eastern Paleotropics, P. concava M��ll. Arg., differs in the consistently 5-septate ascospores and the shorter, irregularly branched lirellae with sunken disc and prominent margins covered by a thallus layer. The new species is quite conspicuous due to the dendroid lirellae and strong color contrast between the olivegreen thallus and the dark brown disc and white margin of the lirellae. Additional specimens examined. COLOMBIA. Atl��ntico: Pioj��, Reserva Forestal Protectora (RFP) El Palomar; 10��45���47��� N, 75��08���56��� W, 200���600 m; 18 March 2016, R. L��cking, B. Moncada et al. 42982 (UNO, paratype), 42983 (B, UNO, paratypes). Usiacur��, Distrito Regional de Manejo Integrado (DMI) Luriza; 10��44���22��� N, 75��01���24��� W, 100���200 m; tropical dry forest, closed forest and disturbed forest patches and secondary vegetation along main access trail; 1 December 2015; R. L��cking, B. Moncada et al. 42936 (B, UNO, paratypes) ., Published as part of L��cking, Robert, Moncada, Bibiana, Habibe, Mar��a Cristina Mart��nez-, Salgado- Negret, Beatriz E., Celis, Marcela, Zamora, Oscar Rojas-, Rodr��guez- M., Gina M., Brokamp, Grischa & Borsch, Thomas, 2019, Lichen diversity in colombian caribbean dry forest remnants, pp. 94-214 in Caldasia 41 (1) on pages 208-209, DOI: 10.15446/caldasia.v41n1.71060, http://zenodo.org/record/3666769, {"references":["Garcia GA. 2016. A la memoria de la profesora Gloria Galeano. Caldasia 38 (1): iii-iii.","Olivares I, Balslev H. 2016. Gloria Galeano (22.4.1958 - 23.3.2016). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 182 (2): 204 - 206. doi: 10.1111 / boj. 12461.","Andrade-Erazo V, Galeano G. 2016. La palma amarga (Sabal mauritiiformis, Arecaceae) en sistemas productivos del Caribe Colombiano: estudio de caso en Piojo, Atlantico. Acta Biol. Colomb. 21 (1): 141 - 150. doi: 10.15446 / abc. v 21 n 1.47280.","Staiger B. 2002. Die Flechtenfamilie Graphidaceae: Studien in Richtung einer naturlicheren Gliederung. Biblioth. Lichenol. 85: 1 - 526."]}

Fissurina linoana Lücking, Moncada & G. Rodr. sp. nov. Mycobank MB 828114 (Fig. 3a). Diagnosis. Differing from Fissurina alligatorensis in the I-negative ascospores with thin walls and septa. Type. COLOMBIA. Atlántico: Piojó, Reserva Forestal Protectora (RFP) El Palomar; 10º45’47” N, 75º08’56” W, 200–600 m; 18 March 2016, R. Lücking, B. Moncada et al. 42977b (UNO, holotype). Description. Thallus corticolous, up to 2 cm diam., continuous, white-grey with a silvery shine, minutely uneven-verrucose; prothallus not observed. Thallus partially immersed in the periderm, in section 50–80 µm thick, ecorticate, dominated by the irregular photobiont layer, with large clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. Ascomata lirellate, more or less fissurine, unbranched to sparsely branched, immersederumpent, 0.5–1.5 mm long, 0.1–0.2 mm broad, 0.12–0.15 mm high; disc concealed; labia thin, entire, lighter than the thallus, along the slit with a thin, dark brown line, laterally covered by whitish thallus. Excipulum prosoplectenchymatous, 10–15 µm broad, yellowish, laterally covered by thallus including large clusters of crystals; periphysoids absent; hypothecium 10–15 µm high, light olive. Hymenium 90–100 µm high, clear; paraphyses unbranched, apically smooth. Asci 90–100 × 15–20 µm, oblong. Ascospores 8 per ascus, muriform, 15–20 × 9–12 µm, ellipsoid-oval, with thin septa and rectangular lumina, constricted at the median septum, hyaline, I–. Secondary chemistry: no sustances detected by TLC. Etymology. This new species is dedicated to Lino Olivares, one of the most knowledgeable and passionate empirical experts of the flora of the Colombian Caribbean dry forests and collaborator in the EcoSecos initiative and other conservation efforts in the region for 18 years (Castro-Vásquez et al. 2010, Rodríguez et al. 2012, Castellanos Castro and Newton 2015). ‐ Remarks. Currently, there are only two species known in Fissurina with a whitish, endoperidermal thallus, lacking substances, and muriform ascospores, namely F. alligatorensis Lendemer & R.C. Harris and F. ilicicola Lendemer & R.C. Harris (Lendemer and Harris 2014). The first agrees with the new species in thallus and ascoma morphology, as well as ascospore size, but has distoseptate, I+ strongly amyloid ascospores. The second one differs in the more distinct (hemithecioid) labia and the larger (24–32 × 12–14 µm), also distoseptate and I+ amyloid ascospores.

Graphis lurizana Lücking, Moncada & Celis sp. nov. Mycobank MB 828115 (Fig. 3b). Diagnosis. Differing from Graphis illinata in the apically exposed, black labia and the smaller ascospores. Type. COLOMBIA. Atlántico: Usiacurí, Distrito Regional de Manejo Integrado (DMI) Luriza; 10º44’22” N, 75º01’24” W, 100–200 m; 1 December 2015; R. Lücking, B. Moncada et al. 42922 (UNO, holotype; B, isotype). Description. Thallus corticolous, epiperidermal, up to 7 cm diam., continuous, white-grey, uneven, opaque; prothallus not observed. Thallus in section 100–150 µm thick, with thin, prosoplectenchymatous cortex and irregular photobiont layer, strongly encrusted with large clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. Ascomata lirellate, unbranched to sparsely branched, prominent, 1–3 mm long, 0.4–0.5 mm broad, 0.2–0.3 mm high; disc concealed; labia entire, apically exposed, black, with irregular, lateral thalline margin. Excipulum completely carbonized (thin at the base), 70–100 µm broad; hypothecium 20–30 µm high, hyaline. Hymenium 130–160 µm high, clear; paraphyses unbranched, apically smooth. Asci 120–130 × 25– 25 µm, oblong. Ascospores 1 per ascus, richly muriform, 80–110 × 25–30 µm, oblong, with slightly thickened septa and more or less rounded lumina, hyaline, I+ violet-blue. Secondary chemistry: no substances detected by TLC. Etymology. Graphis lurizana is dedicated to the Luriza community, who manages the Distrito Regional de Manejo Integrado (DMI) Luriza, the first protected area to be declared in the Atlántico Department (Molina-Acosta 2013). Remarks. Graphislurizana keysoutingroup 9 in the Graphis world key of Lücking et al. (2009a). There are four species in this group with large ascospores (> 80 µm), lacking secondary substances, and with elongate, prominent lirellae, namely G. acharii Fée, G. cleistomma Nyl., G. illinata Eschw., and G. subvernicosa Lücking. Graphis acharii and G. subvernicosa have (2–)4–6(–8) ascospores per ascus; in addition, in G. acharii the labia rather regularly become striate and the ascospores are longer (up to 170 µm), whereas in G. subvernicosa, the lirellae have only a basal thalline margin and the ascospores are narrower (15–20 µm broad). Graphis cleistomma and G. illinata agree with the new species in the singlespored asci; however, the first has shorter lirellae with an apically thin complete thalline margin, and larger ascospores (up to 180 × 40 µm), whereas the second has lirellae with an apically thick complete margin and slightly longer ascospores (up to 150 µm).

Fissurina linoana L��cking, Moncada & G. Rodr. sp. nov. Mycobank MB 828114 (Fig. 3a). Diagnosis. Differing from Fissurina alligatorensis in the I-negative ascospores with thin walls and septa. Type. COLOMBIA. Atl��ntico: Pioj��, Reserva Forestal Protectora (RFP) El Palomar; 10��45���47��� N, 75��08���56��� W, 200���600 m; 18 March 2016, R. L��cking, B. Moncada et al. 42977b (UNO, holotype). Description. Thallus corticolous, up to 2 cm diam., continuous, white-grey with a silvery shine, minutely uneven-verrucose; prothallus not observed. Thallus partially immersed in the periderm, in section 50���80 ��m thick, ecorticate, dominated by the irregular photobiont layer, with large clusters of calcium oxalate crystals. Ascomata lirellate, more or less fissurine, unbranched to sparsely branched, immersederumpent, 0.5���1.5 mm long, 0.1���0.2 mm broad, 0.12���0.15 mm high; disc concealed; labia thin, entire, lighter than the thallus, along the slit with a thin, dark brown line, laterally covered by whitish thallus. Excipulum prosoplectenchymatous, 10���15 ��m broad, yellowish, laterally covered by thallus including large clusters of crystals; periphysoids absent; hypothecium 10���15 ��m high, light olive. Hymenium 90���100 ��m high, clear; paraphyses unbranched, apically smooth. Asci 90���100 �� 15���20 ��m, oblong. Ascospores 8 per ascus, muriform, 15���20 �� 9���12 ��m, ellipsoid-oval, with thin septa and rectangular lumina, constricted at the median septum, hyaline, I���. Secondary chemistry: no sustances detected by TLC. Etymology. This new species is dedicated to Lino Olivares, one of the most knowledgeable and passionate empirical experts of the flora of the Colombian Caribbean dry forests and collaborator in the EcoSecos initiative and other conservation efforts in the region for 18 years (Castro-V��squez et al. 2010, Rodr��guez et al. 2012, Castellanos Castro and Newton 2015). ‐ Remarks. Currently, there are only two species known in Fissurina with a whitish, endoperidermal thallus, lacking substances, and muriform ascospores, namely F. alligatorensis Lendemer & R.C. Harris and F. ilicicola Lendemer & R.C. Harris (Lendemer and Harris 2014). The first agrees with the new species in thallus and ascoma morphology, as well as ascospore size, but has distoseptate, I+ strongly amyloid ascospores. The second one differs in the more distinct (hemithecioid) labia and the larger (24���32 �� 12���14 ��m), also distoseptate and I+ amyloid ascospores., Published as part of L��cking, Robert, Moncada, Bibiana, Habibe, Mar��a Cristina Mart��nez-, Salgado- Negret, Beatriz E., Celis, Marcela, Zamora, Oscar Rojas-, Rodr��guez- M., Gina M., Brokamp, Grischa & Borsch, Thomas, 2019, Lichen diversity in colombian caribbean dry forest remnants, pp. 94-214 in Caldasia 41 (1) on pages 204-206, DOI: 10.15446/caldasia.v41n1.71060, http://zenodo.org/record/3666769, {"references":["Castro-Vasquez L, Meza M, Plese T, Moreno- Mora S. 2010. Activity patterns, preference and use of floristic resources by Bradypus variegatus in a tropical dry forest fragment, Santa Catalina, Bolivar, Colombia. Edentata 11 (1): 62 - 69. doi: 10.1896 / 020.011.0111.","Rodriguez GM, Banda-R K, editors. 2012. Plan de Manejo Ambiental de la Reserva Forestal Protectora El Palomar - Piojo, Atlantico. Informe Tecnico. Barranquilla, Colombia: Fundacion Ecosistemas Secos de Colombia.","Castellanos Castro C, Newton AC. 2015. Environmental - heterogeneity influences successional trajectories in Colombian seasonally dry tropical forests. Biotropica 47 (6): 660 - 671. doi: 10.1111 / btp. 12245.","Lendemer JC, Harris RC. 2014. Seven new species of Graphidaceae (lichenized Ascomycetes) from the Coastal Plain of southeastern North America. Phytotaxa 189 (1): 153 - 175. doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 189.1.11."]}

Graphis mokanarum L��cking, Moncada & M.C. Mart��nez sp. nov. Mycobank MB 828116 (Fig. 3c). Diagnosis. Differing from Graphis microsperma in the larger ascospores and the stictic acid chemistry. Type. COLOMBIA. Atl��ntico: Usiacur��, Distrito Regional de Manejo Integrado (DMI) Luriza; 10��44���22��� N, 75��01���24��� W, 100���200 m; 1 December 2015; R. L��cking, B. Moncada et al. 42930 (UNO, holotype; B, isotype). Description. Thallus corticolous, epiperidermal, up to 10 cm diam., continuous, light greenish grey, uneven to minutely verruculose, opaque; prothallus not observed. Thallus in section 40���50 ��m thick, with distinct. prosoplectenchymatous cortex and distinct photobiont layer, blurry through incrustation with numerous small crystals. Ascomata lirellate, irregularly branched, erumpent, 1���5 mm long, 0.3���0.4 mm broad, 0.15���0.2 mm high; disc concealed; labia entire, apically exposed, whitish, with thick, lateral to almost complete, uneven to verruculose thalline margin. Excipulum uncarbonized, 30���50 ��m broad, orangebrown; hypothecium 10���15 ��m high, hyaline to yellowish. Hymenium 80���100 ��m high, clear; paraphyses unbranched, apically smooth. Asci 80���90 �� 20���25 ��m, oblong. Ascospores 8 per ascus, muriform, with (5���) 7 transverse septa and 1���3 longitudinal septa per segment, 25���30 �� 10���12 ��m, oblongellipsoid, with thickened septa and rounded lumina, hyaline, I+ violet-blue. Secondary chemistry: stictic acid, thallus in section with K+ persistently yellow efflux. Etymology. This new species is dedicated to the Mokan��, the only indigenous community in Atl��ntico (Borda 2009, Montoya and Siegler 2010, 2011). The name is said to mean ��� those without feathers ��� in the Mokan�� language, but this interpretation is disputed (Montoya and Siegler 2010). The Mokan�� language has become extinct, but the community, which was considered near-extinct about three decades ago, is recovering its cultural traditions in a process of re-indigenization (Borda 2009). Remarks. Because of its uncarbonized excipulum, this species corresponds to the concept of the genus Hemithecium, which has now been subsumed under the genera Graphis and Allographa (L��cking and Kalb 2018). Among these two genera there are only two species with uncarbonized excipulum, small, muriform ascospores, and secondary substances: G. microsperma (Chitale, Makhija & B. O. Sharma) L��cking & Kalb from India differs in the smaller ascospores (15���20 �� 8���14 ��m) and the formation of norstictic instead of stictic acid, whereas Allographa dispersa (Redinger) L��cking & Kalb agrees in ascospore size, but also differs in the norstictic acid chemistry and the very short, prominent, white lirellae contrasting with the brownish thallus. The new species is morphologically similar to the widespread Graphis implicata F��e, which differs in the transversely septate ascospores and lack of secondary substances. Additional specimen examined. COLOMBIA. Atl��ntico: Pioj��, Reserva Forestal Protectora (RFP) El Palomar; 10��45���47��� N, 75��08���56��� W, 200���600 m; 18 March 2016, R. L��cking, B. Moncada et al. 42975 (B, UNO, paratypes)., Published as part of L��cking, Robert, Moncada, Bibiana, Habibe, Mar��a Cristina Mart��nez-, Salgado- Negret, Beatriz E., Celis, Marcela, Zamora, Oscar Rojas-, Rodr��guez- M., Gina M., Brokamp, Grischa & Borsch, Thomas, 2019, Lichen diversity in colombian caribbean dry forest remnants, pp. 94-214 in Caldasia 41 (1) on pages 207-208, DOI: 10.15446/caldasia.v41n1.71060, http://zenodo.org/record/3666769, {"references":["Borda C. 2009. Diversidad etnica y la reconstruccion de identidades: el grupo Mokana en el departamento del Atlantico, Colombia. Eur. Rev. Latin Am. Caribb. Stud. 86: 39 - 57.","Montoya AB, Siegler AH. 2010. Cultura y tradicion oral en el Caribe colombiano: propuesta pedagogica para incorporar la investigacion: recoleccion de la tradicion oral Mokana en el Departamento del Atlantico. Barranquilla, Colombia: Ediciones UniNorte.","Montoya AB, Siegler AH. 2011. La historia de los Mokana. Un capitulo de la historia en la region Caribe Colombiana. Memorias 14: 9.","Lucking R, Kalb K. 2018. Formal instatement of Allographa (Graphidaceae): how to deal with a hyperdiverse genus complex with cryptic differentiation and paucity of molecular data. Herzogia 31 (1): 535 - 561. doi: 10.13158 / heia. 31. 1.2018. 535."]}

We present a first study of the diversity and community composition of lichens in seasonally dry tropical forest (DTF) remnants in the Atlántico department, Colombia. Lichens were sampled in two of the three protected areas of the department: Distrito de Manejo Integrado (DMI) Luriza and Reserva Forestal Protectora (RFP) El Palomar. The inventory revealed 61 species, including four new to science: Fissurina linoana Lücking, Moncada & G. Rodr. sp. nov., Graphis lurizana Lücking, Moncada & Celis sp. nov., G. mokanarum Lücking, Moncada & M.C. Martínez sp. nov., and Phaeographis galeanoae Lücking, Moncada & B. Salgado-N. sp. nov. Arthonia erupta and Coenogonium saepincola are new to South America, whereas thirteen species are recorded for Colombia for the first time. Further 37 species are new records for Atlántico, raising the total of species known from the department from 27 to 84. With 42 species at Luriza and 31 at El Palomar, species richness was comparable to that of other DTF sites in the Neotropics. Overlap in species composition between the two sites was remarkably low, with only twelve shared species (20 %), indicating a high level of heterogeneity. Biogeographical affinities lie with Central American DTF, which is in line with those of woody plants. These results underline the importance of the remaining fragments of DTF in Colombia in conserving partially unknown biodiversity and the necessity for their continuing conservation. RESUMEN Presentamos un primer estudio de la diversidad y composición de comunidades de líquenes en remanentes de bosque seco tropical (bs-T) en el departamento de Atlántico, Colombia. Se muestrearon líquenes en dos de las tres áreas protegidas del departamento: Distrito de Manejo Integrado (DMI) Luriza y Reserva Forestal Protectora (RFP) El Palomar. El inventario registró 61 especies, incluyendo cuatro especies nuevas para la ciencia: Fissurina linoana Lücking, Moncada & G. Rodr. sp. nov., Graphis lurizana Lücking, Moncada & Celis sp. nov., Graphis mokanarum Lücking, Moncada & M.C. Martínez sp. nov. y Phaeographis galeanoae Lücking, Moncada & B. Salgado-N. sp. nov. Arthonia erupta y Coenogonium saepincola son nuevos registros para América del Sur, mientras que trece especies son reportadas por primera vez para Colombia. Unas 37 especies adicionales son nuevos reportes para Atlántico, incrementando el total de especies conocidas para el departamento de 27 a 84. Con 42 especies en Luriza y 31 en El Palomar, la riqueza de especies fue comparable con la de otros sitios de bs-T en el Neotrópico. El traslape en la composición de especies entre los dos sitios es bajo, con solamente doce (20 %) compartidas, indicando un alto nivel de heterogeneidad. Las afinidades biogeográficas son mayores con los bs-T de Centroamérica, lo que coincide con las de plantas leñosas. Estos resultados enfatizan la importancia de los remanentes de bs-T en Colombia para la conservación de una biodiversidad poco conocida.

Iresine pringlei S.Watson in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 25: 161. 1890 – Holotype: MEXICO. Jalisco: near Guadalajara, 12 Nov 1888, C.G. Pringle 1785 (US barcodes 00931085! [image!]; isotypes: AC barcode 0 0 312957 [image!], BM barcode BM000755855!, BR barcode 000006953164! [image!], E barcode E00296903 [image!], F barcode V0093619F! [image!], GH barcode 00037112! [image!], M barcodes M-0098614 [image!] & M-0241867! [image!], NDG barcode NDG15600 [image!], NY barcodes 0 0 324535 [image!] & 0 0 324536 [image!], PH barcode 0 0 0 16084 [image!], RSA barcode RSA0000622 [image!], S Nos. S 07-12325 [image!] & S 07-12326 [image!], UC barcode UC 116518 [image!], US barcodes 0 0 102844 [image!] & 0 0 145912 [image!], VT barcode UVMVT024389 [image!]). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 969, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine rhizomatosa Standl . in Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 28: 172. 1915 – Holotype: U.S.A. Maryland: Montgomery County, Plummers Island in the Potomac River, 4 Oct 1915, P.C. Standley 12500 (US barcode 00102846!; isotype: US barcode 00067672!). = Celosia paniculata L., Sp. Pl.: 206. 1753 ≡ Iresine celosia L., Syst. Nat., ed. 10: 1291. 1759, nom. illeg. ≡ Iresine celosioides L., Sp. Pl., ed. 2: 1456. 1763, nom. illeg. ≡ Iresine paniculata (L.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 542. 1891, nom. illeg., non I. paniculata (Mart.) Spreng., Syst. Veg. 4(2): 103 1827 – Lectotype (designated by Reveal & Nicholson in Taxon 38: 504. 1989): Clayton 576 (BM barcode BM000051634 [image!]). Note. – Since the Clayton specimen comes from Virgina (U.S.A.), the currently accepted name for this entity is Iresine rhizomatosa as the only taxon of Iresine growing in this area, even if the species limits in relation to I. diffusa have not yet been clarified. Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 969, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine valdesii Zumaya, Flores Olv. & Borsch in Syst. Bot. 38: 438–439, fig. 3b, 4–6. 2013 – Holotype: MEXICO. Puebla: Mun. Chapulco, entre el km. 65 y 66 de la car- retera Esperanza-Tehuacán, 4 km al S del Fresnal, tramo Esperanza-Azumbilla, 18°42′11.7″N, 97°24′21.4″W, 2200–2300 m, 17 Mar 2007, Zumaya Flores, Ochoterena & Borsch 72b (MEXU!; isotypes: B barcode B 10 0715449! [image!], ENCB!, IEB!, MEXU!, US!). Note. – A paratype is Zumaya, Flores, Ochoterena & Borsch 72a (B barcode B 10 0715450! [image!], IEB!, MEXU!) to represent a staminate plant collected from the same population. Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 970, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine interrupta Benth. , Bot. Voy. Sulphur: 156. 1844 – Holotype: MEXICO. Tepic, Acapulco, s.coll. s.n. (K barcode K000195155 [image!]). = Iresine acuminata Moq. in Candolle, Prod. 13(2): 345. 1849 – Holotype: MEXICO. No date, G.L. Bates s.n. (P barcode P00438664! [image!]). = Iresine angustifolia Rich. ex Moq. in Candolle, Prod. 13(2): 348, 353. 1849, nom. illeg., non I. angustifolia Euphrasén 1795 – Holotype: MEXICO. Acapulco (type not located). Taxonomic status: Probably a natural entity (monophylum) as currently defined (A)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 968, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine stricta Standl. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 97. 1916 – Holotype: MEXICO. Puebla; ca. Tehuacán, 1905, J.-N. Rose, J.-H. Painter & J.-S. Rose 9919 (US barcode 00102849!). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 970, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine orientalis G.L.Nesom in Sida 9: 327. 1982 – Holotype: MEXICO. Nuevo León: Monterrey, 17–26 Feb 1880, E. Palmer 1133 (US barcode 00289215!; isotypes: K barcode K000195148! [image!], NY barcode 0 0 324534 [image!], US barcode 00289215!). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 969, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine sousae Zumaya, Borsch & Flores Olv. in Willdenowia 46: 169. 2016 – Holotype: MEXICO. Chiapas: Mpio. Yajalón, Rancho Carmen, 6 Feb 1984, A. Méndez Ton 7192 (MEXU barcode MEXU 01414462! [image!]; isotypes: B barcode B 10 0715452! [image!], CHIS!, MEXU barcode MEXU 01414463! [image!], MO!, SERO!). Taxonomic status: Probably a natural entity (monophylum) as currently defined (A)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 970, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine angustifolia Euphrasén in Beskr. St. Barthél.: 165. 1795 – Holotype: St. Barthelemy, 1788, J.E. Forsström s.n. (S No. S-R-3037 [image!]; isotypes: S Nos. S 07-13086 [image!], S 07-13087 [image!], S 07-13088 [image!], S 07- 13090 [image!] & S 07-13091 [image!]). = Iresine elatior Rich. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 766. 1805 ≡ Rosea elatior (Rich. ex Willd.) Mart., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 2: 59. 1826 – Lectotype (designated here): s.coll. s.n. (B-W barcode B -W 18362 -04 0! [image!]). = Iresine edmonstonei Hook.f. in Trans. Linn. Soc. London 20: 190. 1847 – Holotype: ECUADOR. Galapagos Islands, Edmonston s.n. (K barcode K000583147!). = Iresine lanceolata Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 347. 1849 – Holotype: Locality unknown, Pavon s.n. (P barcode P00623773 [image!]). = Iresine pacifica Standl. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 96. 1916 – Holotype: MEXICO. Colima, Manzanillo, Palmer 932 (GH barcode 00037109! [image!]); isotype: US). = Iresine laxissima S.F.Blake in Contr. Gray Herb. 53: 56. 1918 – Holotype: MEXICO. Oaxaca, Depto. Pochutla, Río Concordia, 600 m, 23 Apr 1917, Conzatti, Reko & Makrinius 3166 (GH barcode 00037107! [image!]; isotypes: MEXU barcodes MEXU 00012705! [image!], MEXU 00525840! [image!] & MEXU 00525883! [image!]). = Iresine laxissima var. ecuadoriensis Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 44: 40. 1938 – Lectotype (designated here): ECUADOR. Bolivar, S of Balzapamba, 500 m, 23 Oct 1933, H.J.F. Schimpff 281 (M barcode M-0241851 [image!]; isolectotypes: G, M barcode M-0241852! [image!], US). Note. – The type of Iresine edmonstonei that was collected by Edmonston might have been from a plant introduced by early settlers or the specimen was mislabeled to originate from Galapagos (Eliasson, 1985). The folder of I. elatior in the Willdenow herbarium (B) contains four sheets, only two of which have labels. Sheet 0 4 is the only one with a label saying “ Iresine – spec. nova”. The fact that the folder itself contains on its inside three more labels, out of the hand of Bonpland as well as Schlechtendahl (H.W. Lack, pers. comm.) is a further indication of a different origin of the sheets but also that these three labels cold not unambiguously be assigned to any of the sheets. A lectotypification is therefore warranted. The geographic origin of the specimens is unknown. The type specimen of I. laxissima is from a hermaphroditic plant and has only bisexual flowers. The name “ Rosea poeppigiana Klotzsch ” is not validly published but was listed by Seubert (1875) as a synonym of I. elatior Rich. ex Willd. There is a specimen in B (E.F. Poeppig s.n., B 10 0 242399, from Brazil, Pará) annotated with the name “ Rosea poeppigiana Kl. ”. The handwriting is clearly by J.F. Klotzsch (R. Vogt, pers. comm.). Seubert cited this name as it was often practised at the time. Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on pages 964-965, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314, {"references":["Eliasson, U. H. 1985. Identity and taxonomic affinity of some members of the Amaranthaceae from the Galapagos Islands. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 91: 41 5 - 4 33. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.1985. tb 01011. x","Seubert, M. 1875 (\" 1855 - 1875 \"). Amaranthaceae. Pp. 16 1 - 2 52 in: Martius, C. F. P. de & Eichler, A. G. (eds.), Flora Brasiliensis, vol. 5 (1). Monachii [Munich]; Lipsiae [Leipzig]: apud Fried. Fleischer. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 454"]}

Iresine inaguensis Millsp. in Publ. Field Columbian Mus., Bot. Ser. 2: 149. 1906 – Holotype: BAHAMAS. W.I. Inagua, Sheep Cay, 18 Oct 1904, Nash & Taylor 1139 (F No. 185969!; isotype: NY barcode 0 0 0 73682 [image!]). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 968, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine herbstii Hook. in Gard. Chron. 1864: 654. 1864 – Lectotype (designated here): From Messrs. Herbst & Stenger, PERU: Mayobamba, 1835, Mathews 1616 (K barcode K000583148 [image!]). = Achyranthes verschaffeltii Lem. in Ill. Hort. 11: pl. 409. 1864 ≡ Iresine verschaffeltii (Lem.) Lem. ex Van Houtte in Ill. Hort. 11: sub pl. 418. 1864 – Type: BRAZIL. No more data provided in the protologue. = Iresine lindenii Van Houtte in Fl. Serres 17: 41, t. 1737. 1868 – Type: ECUADOR. 1868. No more data provided in the protologue. Note. – On the same sheet a rather fragmentary second specimen is mounted, barcode K000583149 [image!]. Hooker did not mention flowers when he described the plant in Gardeners Chronicle, so it is hard to judge if he just saw one of the specimens or both. We selected the more complete specimen as lectotype. Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on pages 967-968, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine arbuscula Uline & W.L.Bray in Bot. Gaz. 21(6): 350. 1896 – Holotype: GUATEMALA. Volcan Tecroamburro, Santa Rosa, Feb 1893, Heyde & Lux 4570 (F, n.v.; isotypes; GH barcode 0 0 0 37094 [image!], M barcode M-0241817! [image!], US barcode 00102815!). = Iresine tomentella Standl. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18: 97. 1916 ≡ Iresine arbuscula var. tomentella (Standl.) Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 39: 11. 1935 – Holotype: MEXICO. Tamaulipas: Vicininty of Gómez Farias, 13–21 Apr 1907, E. Palmer 291 (US barcode 00102852!; isotypes: F No. 217619!, M barcode M-0241818! [image!], NY barcode 0 0 324538 [image!]). = Iresine herrerae Conz. & S.F.Blake in Contr. Gray Herb. 3(53): 55–56. 1918 – Holotype: MEXICO. Oaxaca: Pochutla, Concordia, 600 m, 23 Apr 1917, Conzatti, Reko & Makrinius 3194 (G, n.v.; isotypes: MEXU barcodes MEXU 00012730! [image!], MEXU 00012731! [image!] & MEXU 00525884! [image!], NY barcode 0 0 324529 [image!]). Taxonomic status: Probably a natural entity (monophylum) as currently defined (A). The species is quite distinct phylo- genetically; thus it is very likely that the known individuals that are rather uniform morphologically belong to this lineage., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 965, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine latifolia (M.Martens & Galeotti) Hook.f. in Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 3: 42. 1880 ≡ Gomphrena latifolia M.Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles 10(1): 349. 1843 ≡ Alternanthera latifolia (M.Martens & Galeotti) Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 351. 1849 – Lectotype (designated here): MEXICO. Cordillera (Oaxaca), Oct–Nov 1840, Galeotti 423 (BR barcode 000006952501! [image!]; isolectotype: BR barcode 000006953157! [image!]). = Achyranthes calea Ibáñez in Naturaleza (Mexico City) 4: 79. 1879 ≡ Iresine calea (Ibáñez) Standl. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb 18(3): 94. 1916 – Type: MEXICO. Puebla: Izúcar de Matamoros, Oct 1874?, s.coll. s.n. (type not located). = Iresine laxa S.Watson in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 21: 454. 1886 – Lectotype (designated here): MEXICO. Coahuila: Jimulco Mtns, 27 Apr 1885, C.G. Pringle 141 (GH barcode 00037105! [image!]; isolectotypes: A barcode 00037106! [image!], AC barcode 0 0 312956 [image!], BM No. 017388!, BR barcodes 000005098446! [image!] & 0 0 0 0 0 8430588 [image!], CORD barcodes CORD00002576 [image!] & CORD00002577 [image!], E barcode E00296904 [image!], F barcode V0093618F! [image!], GOET barcode GOET000088! [image!], JE barcode JE00026019 [image!], K barcode K000195149!, MO No. 3728002!, NY barcodes 0 0 324531 [image!] & 0 0 324532 [image!], PH barcode 0 0 0 16086 [image!], RSA barcode RSA0000621 [image!], US barcodes 00102829! & 00145911!, VT barcode UVMVT024388 [image!]). = Iresine latifolia var. velutina Loes. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 203. 1919 – Type: MEXICO. Puebla: in den Steppenwäldern der Umgebung von Tehuacan und El Riego, El Riego, Endlich 1767 (male) y 1767a (female), (type not located). Note. – No lectotypification of Iresine latifolia was made by Pedersen (1997), who also cited a wrong collector’s number (Galeotti 520) for the type. The two Galeotti specimens mentioned in the protologue are numbers 420 and 423. We have selected Galeotti 423, the sheet with barcode 0 0 0 0 0 6952501, which has the more complete label; the isolectotype could be a duplicate for which a simpler label was just written by hand. Standley (1916) erroneously made a new combination using Achyranthes calea Ibáñez as basionym, assuming that “ Iresine latifolia D. Dietr. ” was already available as a validly published name. However, as pointed out by Pedersen (1997) the name Iresine latifolia appears nowhere on p. 870 in Dietrich’s Synopsis plantarum (vol. 1, 1839), although this is cited by Moquin-Tandon (1849: 351). On the other hand, Moquin-Tandon mentiones two pages earlier (p. 349) “ Iresine latifolia = Alternanthera pulverulenta ”, which apparently is an error because Alternanthera latifolia is the next entry on p. 351 of Moquin’s treatment. No specimen of I. latifolia var. velutina could be localized at B. The existence of duplicates that could serve as lectotypes cannot be excluded as Endlich specimens are in various herbaria such as G, L and MO (electronic search so far not successful). Taxonomic status: Probably a natural entity (monophylum) as currently defined (A)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 968, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314, {"references":["Borsch, T. & Pedersen, T. M. 1997. Restoring the generic rank of Hebanthe Martius (Amaranthaceae). Sendtnera 4: 1 3 - 3 1.","Standley, P. C. 1916. New Amaranthaceae from tropical North America. Contr. U. S. Natl. Herb. 18: 9 3 - 9 7.","Moquin-Tandon, A. 1849. Amaranthaceae. Pp. 23 1 - 4 24 in: Candolle, A. P. de & Candolle, A. de (eds.), Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis, vol. 13 (2): Parisiis [Paris]: sumtibus Victoris Masson. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 286"]}

Iresine jaliscana Uline & W.L.Bray in Bot. Gaz. 21: 351. 1896 – Holotype: MEXICO. Jalisco: near Guadalajara, 1 Jun 1886, E. Palmer 92 (NY barcode 0 0 324530 [image!]; isotypes: M barcode M-0241849! [image!], MEXU barcode MEXU 00012656! [image!], NDG barcode NDG15593 [image!], NY barcode 0 0 274711 [image!], US barcode 00102827!). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 968, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine chrysotricha (Suess.) Borsch, Flores Olv. & Kai Müll., comb. nov. ≡ Irenella chrysotricha Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35: 318. 1934 – Lectotype (designated here): ECUADOR. Bei Bulao in silvis umbrosis, Eggers 14145 (B barcode B 10 0242400! [image!]; isolectotypes: M barcode M-0241877! [image!], US barcode 00604386! [image!]). Note. – The protologe cites other original material from Ecuador: Provinz Manabi, Eggers 14833; Provinz Guayas, San Ignacio, ad marginem silvulae, I. Holmgren 57 (S! 2 sheets); südl. Babahoyo, X. 1933, 20 m ü. Meer, H.J.F. Schimpff 304 (M!, US barcode 0 0 604385! [image!]); and in cultis, A. Sodiro 130/21 (M!). The only other specimen than the lectotype with an original annotation as “gen. & spec. nov.” with the handwriting of Suessenguth is from Holmgren. Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 965, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine nigra Uline & W.L.Bray in Bot. Gaz. 21(5): 350. 1896 – Lectotype (designated here): MEXICO. Orizaba, Botteri 990 (GH barcode 00037108! [image!]; isolectotypes: US barcodes 00102833! [image!], 00102834! [image!], 00102835! [image!] & 00102836! [image!]). Note. – The authors mention further original material collected by Thieme in Honduras, which has been distributed by John Donnell Smith under number 5446 (several specimens in GH, US) and Guatemala by Heyde & Lux (distributed by J.D. Smith under no. 4573). Taxonomic status: Probably a natural entity (monophylum) as currently defined (A)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 969, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine alternifolia S.Watson in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 24: 72. 1889 ≡ Dicraurus alternifolius (S.Watson) Uline & W.L.Bray in Bot. Gaz. 21: 355. 1896 – Lectotype (designated by Henrickson & Sundberg in Aliso 11: 362. 1986): MEXICO: Guaymas, 1887, E. Palmer 276 (GH barcode 0 0 0 37095 [image!]; isolectotypes: C barcodes C10005429 [image!] & C10005430 [image!], F No. 265863! [image!], GH barcode 0 0 0 37096 [image!], K barcode K000848128 [image!], MEXU barcode MEXU 00012725! [image!], NDG barcodes NDG15596 [image!], NDG15597 [image!] & NDG15598 [image!], NY barcodes 324521 [image!], 324522 [image!] & 324523! [image!], PH barcode 0 0 0 16090 [image!], UC barcode UC 116516! [image!], US barcodes 0 0 102809 [image!], 0 0 102810 [image!], 0 0 102811 [image!], 0 0 102812 [image!] & 00102813! [image!], YU barcode YU.068884 [image!]). = Iresine pulchella M.E.Jones in Contr. W. Bot. 18: 34. 1933 – Lectotype (designated by Henrickson & Sundberg in Aliso 11: 362. 1986): MEXICO: Baja California Sur: Cayuca Ranch, Sierra Giganta mts., 23 Oct 1930, M.E. Jones 27353 (POM!; isolectotypes: NY barcode 01259987! [image!], POM!, US barcodes 0 0 102814 [image!] & 0 0 902201 [image!]). Taxonomic status: Species limits not yet studied in detail (B)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 964, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine palmeri (S.Watson) Standl. in J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 5(11): 395. 1915 ≡ Hebanthe palmeri S.Watson in Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts. 18: 144–145. 1883 – Holotype: MEXICO. Nuevo Leon: Guajuco, 27 miles southeast of Monterrey, 1–8 Mar 1880, E. Palmer 1138 (NY barcode 0 0 324519 [image!]; isotypes: GH barcode 00037110! [image!], PH barcode 0 0 0 13642 [image!]), US barcode 00102745!). Taxonomic status: Probably not a monophylum as currently defined, requires further study (C)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 969, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314

Iresine cassiniiformis S.Schauer in Linnaea 19: 709. 1847 – Lectotype (designated here): MEXICO. A. Aschenborn s.n. (FR barcode FR-0036366! [image!]). = Iresine grandis Standl. in Britton, N. Amer. Fl. 21(2): 163. 1917 – Holotype: MEXICO. San Luis Potosí, Las Canoas, 5 Dec 1891, C.G. Pringle 3962 (US barcode 00102823!; isotypes: BM barcode BM000755857!, BR barcodes 0 0 0 0 0 6952846 [image!] & 000008430175! [image!], E barcode E00296905 [image!], JE barcode JE00026020 [image!], K barcode K000583143! [image!], KFTA barcodes KFTA0000697 [image!] & KFTA0000698 [image!], LECB barcode LECB0000032 [image!], MEXU barcode MEXU 00012729! [image!], MICH barcode 1115705 [image!], MO!, MU barcode 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 86 [image!], NY barcodes 0 0 324526 [image!] & 0 0 324527 [image!], S No. S 07-12321! [image!], US barcode 00931088! [image!]). = Iresine grandis f. defimbriata Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg. 39: 12. 1935 – Holotype: MEXICO. Vallee de Mexico Zacoalco, 1 Jan 1865, E. Bourgeau 1129 (M barcode M-0098597! [image!]; isotypes: BM barcode BM000755845!, BR!, K barcode K000195152!, NY bar- code 0 1259977 [image!], S No. S 07-12323 [image!], US barcode 00102824! [image!]). Note. – The Aschenborn specimen at FR that is designated as the lectotype of Iresine cassiniiformis is from the herbarium of Sebastian Schauer (see also comment in sched. by S. Becker 2012) and therefore clearly is historical material that qualifies as a lectotype. The protologue cites the Aschenborn collection numbers 169, 617 and 618, none of which could be localized so far in any herbarium. Aschenborn collected in Mexico from 1839 to 1841 and sent specimens to several European herbaria (see Butzin, 1985). More than 700 specimens were deposited in Berlin, from which only a small proportion survived the destructions of the Second World War. Today, no Aschenborn specimen of I. cassiniiformis is present in B (R. Vogt, pers. comm.). Taxonomic status: Not a monophylum as currently defined, requires further study (C)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 965, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314, {"references":["Butzin, F. 1985. Eduard Langethal (1806 - 1878), Alwin Aschenbirg (1816 - 1865) und ihre Beziehungen zur landwirtschaftlichen Akademie Eldena. Willdenowia 14: 457 - 472."]}

Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. , Sp. Pl. 4: 765. 1806 ≡ Iresine celosia var. diffusa (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Suess. in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 4: 106. 1952 – Type: JAMAICA. P. Browne s.n. (LINN-288.5). = Iresine elongata Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Sp. Pl. 4: 765. 1806 – Holotype: COLOMBIA. Crescit prope Turbago, regione subtemperata Regni Novo-Granatensis, 1 May 1801, Humboldt 1494 (B barcode B -W -18357 -01 0!; isotypes: P barcodes P00129842 [image!], P00129843 [image!], P00129844 [image!] & P00129845 [image!], PH barcode 0 0 0 16088 [image!]). = Iresine mutisii Kunth in Humboldt & al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 200. 1817 – Lectotype (designated here) or possibly holotype: COLOMBIA. No date, Mutis & J.C.B. Bosio s.n. (P barcode P00129841 [image!]; isolectotype [possibly isotype]: M barcode M-0241855! [image!]). = Iresine havanensis Kunth in Humboldt & al., Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 199. 1818 – Holotype: CUBA. Havana, Mar 1801, Bonpland s.n. (P barcode P00136005 [image!]). = Iresine parvifolia Kunth in Humboldt, Nov. Gen. Sp. 2: 198. 1818 – Holotype: CUBA. Humboldt & Bonpand s.n. (P barcodes P00129847 [image!]; isotypes: B barcodes B 10 0242396! [image!] & B 10 0242397! [image!], P00129848 [image!]). = Iresine polymorpha Mart., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 2: 56. 1826 ≡ Iresine polymorpha var. effusa Mart. , Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 2: 56. 1826 – Lectotype (designated here): BRAZIL. S. Pauli, Porto Feliz, Sellow s.n. (P barcode P00623775 [image!]). = Iresine polymorpha var. alopecuroidea Mart., Nov. Gen. Sp. Pl. 2: 56, t. 153. 1826 ≡ Iresine celosia var. alopecuroidea (Mart.) Suess. in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 4: 107. 1952 – Lectotype (designated here): BRAZIL: In sepibus prope Soracaba, Provinciae Min. Ger., Martius s.n. (M barcode M-0241858 [image!]). = Iresine gracilis M.Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 10: 347. 1843 – Holotype: MEXICO. Veracruz, Mirador, 3000 ft., 1 Jan 1840, H.G. Galeotti 414 (BR!; isotypes: P barcodes P00623763 [image!] & P00623764 [image!]). = Iresine floribunda M.Martens & Galeotti in Bull. Acad. Roy. Sci. Bruxelles 10: 347. 1843 – Lectotype (designated here): MEXICO. Oaxaca: Zacuapan, 3000 ft., 1840, H. Galeotti 424 (BR barcode 0 0 0 0 0 6953171 [image!]; isolectotypes: BR barcodes 0 0 0 0 0 6952532 [image!] & 0 0 0 0 0 6950538 [image!], ENCB barcode ENCB008606 [image!], P barcodes P00623765 [image!], P00623766 [image!] & P00623767 [image!]). = Iresine frutescens Moq. in Candolle, Prodr. 13(2): 344. 1849 – Holotype: MEXICO. Prope la Hacienda de la Laguna, C.J.W. Schiede s.n. (P barcode P00438663! [image!]). = Iresine gossypiantha A.Rich., Hist. Fis. Cuba 11: 177. 1850 ≡ Cruzeta gossypiantha (A.Rich.) M.Gomez in Anales Inst. Segunda Ensen. 2: 313. 1896 – Holotype: CUBA. Ramon de la Sagra, s.coll. s.n. (P barcode P00623762 [image!]; isotype: P barcode P00623761 [image!]). = Iresine celosioides var. macrophylla Griseb. in Abh. Königl. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen 19: 82 & Pl. Lorentz.: 34. 1874 ≡ Iresine diffusa var. macrophylla (Griseb.) Pedersen in Bull. Mus. Natl. Hist. Nat., B, Adansonia 12(1): 88. 1990 – Holotype: ARGENTINA. Tucuman, in barranca profunda pr. Siambon, 8 May 1872, P.G. Lorentz 169 (GOET barcode GOET000086! [image!]; isotype: CORD!). = Iresine spiculigera Seub. in Martius, Fl. Bras. 5(1): 228, t. 70. 1875 ≡ Iresine diffusa var. spiculigera (Seub.) Eliasson in Harling & Andersson, Fl. Ecuador 28: 124. 1987 – Holotype: BRASIL. Brasilia, Rio de Janeiro, A. Glaziou 1601 (P barcode P04971323; isotype: C barcode C10005435 [image!]). = Iresine acicularis Standl. in Contr. U.S. Natl. Herb. 18(3): 93. 1916 – Holotype: GUATEMALA. Sacatepéquez, Volcán de Fuego, alt. 2700 m, 20 Feb 1905, W.A. Kellerman 4549 (US barcode 00102808!; isotype: OS barcode 0 0 0 0 201 [image!]). = Iresine papantlana Loes. in Verh. Bot. Vereins Prov. Brandenburg 58: 143. 1917 – Lectotype (designated here): MEXICO. Veracruz, Papantla, Hacienda San Miguel del Rincon, 23 Dec 1902, Seler 3645 (GH barcode 00037111! [image!]). = Iresine endlichii Loes. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 16: 203. 1919 – Holotype: MEXICO. Veracruz: in der Umgebung von Xico, 24 Jan 1907, Endlich 1459 (B barcode B 10 0177103!). = Iresine spiculigera f. pauciglandulosa Herzog in Meded. Rijks-Herb. 46: 9. 1922 – Holotype: BOLIVIA. Im Bergwald des Rio Tocorani, ca. 2400 m, Jul 1911, T.C.J. Herzog 2304 (JE barcode JE00026024 [image!]; isotypes: S No. S 07-12709 [image!], Z barcode Z-000026850!). = Iresine spiculigera f. picta Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 35: 323. 1934 – Type: COLOMBIA. Comisaria del putomayo, Umbria, 0°54′N, 76°10′W, G. Klug 1756 (S No. S 07-12708 [image!]). = Iresine polymorpha var. verticillata f. albonervosa Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 39: 11. 1935 – Type: COLOMBIA. Comisaria del putomayo, Umbria, 0°54′N, 76°10′W, G. Klug 1893 (type not located). = Iresine celosioides var. nicotianoides Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 39: 11. 1935 – Lectotype (designated here): BOLIVIA. Dept. Cochabamba, Incachaca, S. Antonio, Jul 1926, E. Werdermann 2082 (S No. S 07- 12719 [image!]). = Iresine pilgeri Suess. in Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 39: 12. 1935 – Holotype: COLOMBIA. Santa Marta, 1898–1899, H.H. Smith 2605 (S No. S-R-3041! [image!]; isotypes: B barcode B 10 0242398!, E barcode E00296902 [image!], GH barcode 0 0 0 37117 [image!], K barcode K000583150!, MO No. 137136!, PH barcode 0 0 0 16085 [image!], US barcode 00102842!). = Iresine macbridei Standl. in Publ. Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser. 11: 152–153. 1936 – Holotype: PERU. Dept. Junin, open hillside, alt. 1800–2400 m, Jun 1929, E.P. Killip & A.C. Smith 24207 (F No. 613778!; isotypes: NY barcode 0 0 324542 [image!], US barcode 00102830!). = Iresine celosia f. ciliolata Suess. in Mitt. Bot. Staatssamml. München 1: 7. 1950 – Lectotype (designated here): ECUADOR. Westl. Mera 1400 m, H.I.F. Schimpff 703 (M barcode M-0241842!). Note. – For Iresine mutisii there is no designation of any holotype nor any citation of a specimen in the protologue; but the Paris herbarium holds a specimen that might have been used as a type. It has an original label saying “Herbier donné par M. Bonpland en 1833”, which corresponds to the note published at the end of the protologue “A Mutisio cum Bonplandio communicata”. Other Mutis material in US was collected later and came there via Madrid. In order to describe I. polymorpha, Martius worked on Sellow specimens from B (H. Esser, pers. comm.) and the specimen in P has a label “Herb. Reg. Berolinense” but no material could now be located at B. The P specimen therefore is the best original material for lectotypification, assuming that the holotype in B was destroyed in the second world war. As frequently practiced at this time, no nominate variety was established by Martius (1826). Because “β effusa ” is mentioned on the original label, we treat the nominate variety as a synonym of var. effusa with the same type. No specimen exists of I. papantlana at B. It is very likely that the holotype was destroyed during the second world war, but duplicate original material with a Berlin label exists in GH. The specimen of I. pilgeri at S was labeled as the type by Suessenguth in 1934, whereas he put annotations on the B and K specimens as “co-types”. Suessenguth cites Klug 1893 as the only specimen of I. polymorpha var. verticillata f. albonervosa in the protologue. However, one year earlier, when describing I. spiculigera f. picta Suess. he mentioned the same specimen among the syntypes “desgl. 1893”. So he probably decided later that this specimen should be treated as a different entity. So far this specimen could not be localized in any herbarium. The specimen G. Klug 1756 is one of the syntypes of I. spiculigera f. picta but the locality of G. Klug 1756 is identical to G. Klug 1893. Since none of the other syntypes could so far be localized a lectotypification is premature as the correct assignment of label data in the publication needs to be checked. Eliasson (1987) did some morphometrics supporting the differentiation of var. spiculigera as a high-elevation Andean taxon. However, his study was only including material from Ecuador, so that the status of this variety within the total variation of Iresine diffusa requires further study before recognizing this and other infraspecific taxa. Taxonomic status: Probably not a monophylum as currently defined, requires further study (C)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on pages 966-967, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314, {"references":["Martius, C. F. P. von 1826. Nova genera et species plantarum, vol. 2, Monachii [Munich]: typis C. Wolf. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 450","Eliasson, U. H. 1987. Amaranthaceae. In: Harling, G. & Andersson, L. (eds.), Flora of Ecuador, vol. 28. Gothenburg: Botanical Institute, University of Goteborg."]}

Iresine borschii Zumaya & Flores Olv. in Willdenowia 46: 166, fig. 1A–G, 4A, C. 2016 – Holotype: MEXICO. Veracruz: Mpio. Chocamán, 1 km N of Chocamán, gorge of river upstream from Chocamán–Coscomatepec highway, 7 Dec 1981, Nee 23904 (XAL!; isotype: NY barcode 03376790!). Taxonomic status: Probably a natural entity (monophylum) as currently defined (A)., Published as part of Thomas Borsch, Hilda Flores-Olvera, Silvia Zumaya & Kai Müller, 2018, Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity, pp. 944-976 in Taxon 67 (5) on page 965, DOI: 10.12705/675.7, http://zenodo.org/record/1488314