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Dynamic trafficking of AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPA-R) in neuronal cells is a key cellular mechanism for learning and memory in the brain, which is regulated by AMPA-R interacting proteins. LARGE, a protein associated with intellectual disability, was found to be a novel component of the AMPA-R protein complex in our proteomic study. Here, our functional study of LARGE showed that during homeostatic scaling-down, increased LARGE expression at the Golgi apparatus (Golgi) negatively controlled AMPA-R trafficking from the Golgi to the plasma membrane, leading to downregulated surface and synaptic AMPA-R targeting. In LARGE knockdown mice, long-term potentiation (LTP) was occluded by synaptic AMPA-R overloading, resulting in impaired long-term memory formation. These findings indicate that the fine-tuning of AMPA-R trafficking by LARGE at the Golgi is critical for memory stability in the brain. Our study thus provides novel insights into the pathophysiology of brain disorders associated with intellectual disability.

The common molecular patterns of microbes play a critical role in the regulation of plant innate immunity. However, little is known about the role of nucleic acids in this process in plants. We pre-infiltrated Arabidopsis leaves with total RNAs from Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pto DC3000) and subsequently inoculated these plants with the same bacterial cells. Total Pto DC3000 RNAs pre-infiltrated into Arabidopsis leaves elicited plant immune responses against Pto DC3000. However, sheared RNAs and RNase A application failed to induce immunity, suggesting that intact bacterial RNAs function in plant innate immunity. This notion was supported by the positive regulation of superoxide anion levels, callose deposition, two mitogen-activated protein kinases and defense-related genes observed in bacterial RNA-pre-treated leaves. Intriguingly, the Pto DC3000 population was not compromised in known pattern recognition receptor mutants for chitin, flagellin and elongation factor-Tu (EF-Tu). Plant defense-related mutant analyses further revealed that bacterial RNA-elicited innate immunity was normally required for salicylic and jasmonic acid signaling. Notably, among total RNAs, the abundant bacterial RNA species 16S and 23S ribosomal RNAs were the major determinants of this response. Our findings provide evidence that bacterial RNA serves as a microbe-associated molecular pattern in plants.

Large accidents such as the recent to the ringing years Pat disaster they become apparent in the human resources, the cause of the accident is also the site corresponding manual member and management blind spots, are aggregated such as safety frigidity. Big problem is safe frigidity of workplace than accident. It is also a reason to introduce a punitive damages system in offices and business owners that caused the direct safety accident from this point. Punitive damages agent and compensation for mental damage, by so as to compensate for far more money than the actual damages, which carry a punishment nature to prevent a situation where the tort is repeated. Currently, it admits "compensatory damages system" corresponding to the damage that gave basically damage by law, but are subject to criticism that not properly relief victims. However, there is a need for the introduction of punitive damages system for safety accident prevention. This is, this system, while to prevent the recurrence of the reverse safety accident, strive to investment and management for safety, healthy companies can operate in the direction of giving more opportunities, national companies that are ignoring and threatening the safety, but to leave because the match also to social justice.

The dpa (displacement per atom) damage for 14-MeV neutron in a pfc materials was simulated using MCNPX/SPECTER code. The dpa values in the main components of the structural material SS316L, Fe, Cr and Ni, were calculated to analyze the effect of nuclear damage. According to the neutron wall load for ITER design base, a neutron flux of 3.5 × 1013 neutrons/cm2·sec was applied. The simulated dpa values were found to be as 3.0 dpa/fpy for Fe, 2.9 dpa/fpy for Cr and 3.1 dpa/fpy for Ni. For practical experiments, the simulated dpa values due to the irradiation damage of 17-MeV protons were found to be as 0.67 dpa at the peak and 0.05 at the surface for SS316L using by SRIM code at the same fluence. For the 17-MeV proton irradiation, the Bragg peak appears at a 0.64-mm depth. Also, SS316L specimens irradiated by a 17-MeV proton beam with a fluence of 1016 protons/cm2 were analyzed by using transmission electron microscopy.

Acoustic emission (AE) is one of the promising methods for detecting the formation of stress corrosion cracks (SCCs) in laboratory tests. This method has the advantage of online inspection. Some studies have been conducted to investigate the characteristics of AE parameters during SCC propagation. However, it is difficult to classify the distinct features of SCC behavior. Because the previous studies were performed on slow strain rate test or compact tension specimens, it is difficult to make certain correlations between AE signals and actual SCC behavior in real tube-type specimens. In this study, the specimen was a AISI 304 stainless steel tube widely applied in the nuclear industry, and an accelerated test was conducted at high temperature and pressure with a corrosive environmental condition. The study result indicated that intense AE signals were mainly detected in the elastic deformation region, and a good correlation was observed between AE activity and crack growth. By contrast, the behavior of accumulated counts was divided into four regions. According to the waveform analysis, a specific waveform pattern was observed during SCC development. It is suggested that AE can be used to detect and monitor SCC initiation and propagation in actual tubes.

The CO2 arc welding was carried out under a longitudinal magnetic field, and the arc shape has been studied by using a high-speed camera. From the camera images, we know that under the action of the longitudinal magnetic field, the upper end of the arc will constrict and the lower end of the arc will expand. It would become a bell-type shape and rotate at a high-speed in the optimum range of magnetic field parameters. The arc shape was simulated using a mathematical model, which was established based on experiment data and theoretical knowledge, and mechanism analysis has been carried out regarding the effect of longitudinal magnetic field on CO2 welding arcs.

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of carbon nanotubes on the zinc corrosion resistance of sealing layer formed on the Tungsten Carbide spray coating. Using the nanotubes, a sealing agent in the form of solid-liquid suspensions was made and applied to the surface of spray coating. A series ofexperiments, consisted of three stages such as preparation of test piece, molten-pot immersion test, and evaluation of micro structure, were undertaken to demonstrate complicated interaction existing between zinc ions and sealing layer containing the nanotubes. Experimental results showed newly developed sealing layer were less susceptible to corrosion and thus coated layer was well protected even in the case of 10 days exposure. Comparison of the micro structure after molten pot test also indicated that carbon nanotubes still remained in the matrix and organized more reliable frame work constituted with boron nitride and chromium compound. It was revealed that carbon nanotubes in the sealing layer played positive role to enhance zinc corrosion resistance in the perspective of both fibrous structure and inherent chemical stability.Key Words : Carbon nanotube, Thermal spray, Sink roll, Corrosion resistanceISSN 1225-6153Online ISSN 2287-8955

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals and causes severe economic loss and devastating effect on international trade of animal or animal products. Since FMD outbreaks have recently occurred in some Asian countries, it is important to understand the relationship between diverse immunogenomic structures of host animals and the immunity to foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). We performed genome wide association study based on high-density bovine single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chip for identifying FMD resistant loci in Holstein cattle. Among 624532 SNP after quality control, we found that 11 SNPs on 3 chromosomes (chr17, 22, and 15) were significantly associated with the trait at the p.adjust

The whole transcriptome of the Antarctic copepod (Tigriopus kingsejongensis) was sequenced using Illumina RNA-seq. De novo assembly was performed with 64,785,098 raw reads using Trinity, which assembled into 81,653 contigs. TransDecoder found 38,250 candidate coding contigs which showed homology to other species by BLAST analysis. Functional gene annotation was performed by Gene Ontology (GO), InterProScan, and KEGG pathway analyses. Finally, we identified a number of expressed gene catalog for T. kingsejongensis that is a useful model animal for gene information-based polar research to uncover molecular mechanisms of environmental adaptation on harsh environments. In particular, we observed highly developing lipid metabolism in T. kingsejongensis directly compared to those of the Far East Pacific coast copepod Tigriopus japonicus at the transcriptome level.

We sequenced the whole transcriptome of the marine mysid Neomysis awatschensis (Crustacea: Mysidacea) using Illumina RNA-seq. De novo assembly was performed with 14,018,702 raw reads using Trinity, resulting in 82,434 contigs. Transdecoder found 22,141 candidate coding contigs with homology to other species by BLAST analysis. Functional gene annotation was performed by Gene Ontology, InterProScan, and KEGG pathway analyses. We generated an expressed gene catalog for the mysid N. awatschensis to serve as a resource for marine environmental genomic and ecotoxicogenomic studies focused on uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying the responses of N. awatschensis to environmental stressors and chemicals.

Background The mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus is the only vertebrate that reproduces by self-fertilizing and is an important model species in genetics and marine ecotoxicology. Using whole-genome and transcriptome sequences, we identified all members of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) family in this model teleost and compared them with those of other teleosts. Results A total of 74 cytochrome P450 genes and one pseudogene were identified in K. marmoratus. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the CYP genes in clan 2 were most expanded, while synteny analysis with other species showed orthologous relationships of CYP subfamilies among teleosts. In addition to the CYP2K expansions, five tandem duplicated gene copies of CYP5A were observed. These features were unique to K. marmoratus. Conclusions These results shed a light on CYP gene evolution, particularly the co-localized CYP2K, CYP5A, and CYP46A subfamilies in fish. Future studies of CYP expression could identify specific endogenous and exogenous environmental factors that triggered the evolution of tandem CYP duplication in K. marmoratus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-017-4410-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The rapid detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is important to improve treatment outcomes and prevent disease transmission. The GenoType MTBDRsl assay (MTBDRsl assay) was developed to detect fluoroquinolone (FQ) and second-line injectable drug (SLID) resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and clinical utility of MTBDRsl assay. We retrospectively reviewed patient medical records with MTBDRsl assay data between December 2011 and February 2017. MTBDRsl assay results were compared with that of phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. In addition, treatment outcomes were analyzed to evaluate the clinical utility of the MTBDRsl assay. Among 107 clinical isolates (84 cultured isolates and 23 sputum specimens), 85 (79.4%) were multidrug-resistant TB and 9 (8.4%) were extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of MTBDRsl assay for detecting FQ resistance was 87.5%, 94.7%, 87.5%, 94.7%, and 92.5%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of MTBDRsl assay for detecting SLID resistance was 88.9%, 98.9%, 94.1%, 97.8%, and 97.2%, respectively. Novel drugs such as bedaquiline and linezolid were more commonly used in patients with FQ or SLID resistance detected by the MTBDRsl assay and, probably therefore, the treatment outcome was favorable irrespective of FQ or SLID resistance. The MTBDRsl assay could be used as a rule-in test to detect FQ and SLID resistance. By detecting FQ- and SLID-drug resistance rapidly, novel or repurposed drugs could be initiated earlier, suggesting that better treatment outcomes would be expected in patients with pre-XDR- and XDR-TB.

Cav1.3 has been suggested to mediate hippocampal neurogenesis of adult mice and contribute to hippocampal-dependent learning and memory processes. However, the mechanism of Cav1.3 contribution in these processes is unclear. Here, roles of Cav1.3 of mouse dorsal hippocampus during newborn cell development were examined. We find that knock-out (KO) of Cav1.3 resulted in the reduction of survival of newborn neurons at 28 days old after mitosis. The retroviral eGFP expression showed that both dendritic complexity and the number and length of mossy fiber bouton (MFB) filopodia of newborn neurons at ≥ 14 days old were significantly reduced in KO mice. Both contextual fear conditioning (CFC) and object-location recognition tasks were impaired in recent (1 day) memory test while passive avoidance task was impaired only in remote (≥ 20 days) memory in KO mice. Results using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated Cav1.3 knock-down (KD) or retrovirus-mediated KD in dorsal hippocampal DG area showed that the recent memory of CFC was impaired in both KD mice but the remote memory was impaired only in AAV KD mice, suggesting that Cav1.3 of mature neurons play important roles in both recent and remote CFC memory while Cav1.3 in newborn neurons is selectively involved in the recent CFC memory process. Meanwhile, AAV KD of Cav1.3 in ventral hippocampal area has no effect on the recent CFC memory. In conclusion, the results suggest that Cav1.3 in newborn neurons of dorsal hippocampus is involved in the survival of newborn neurons while mediating developments of dendritic and axonal processes of newborn cells and plays a role in the memory process differentially depending on the stage of maturation and the type of learning task.

The welding of zirconium alloy components is one of the most critical processes in the fabrication of nuclear fuel rods used in pressurized water reactors. For this, various welding processes, such as gas tungsten arc welding, electron beam welding, laser beam welding, and resistance pressure welding (RPW), are used around the world. In Korea, the RPW process is being used to fabricate nuclear fuel assembly fuel rods. This study investigated changes in the weldment shape owing to welding conditions such as welding current, welding force, and overlapping. The welding soundness of the weldment was evaluated by hydraulic burst test. The welding temperature of the weld zone was measured using a thermal infrared method. Discontinuous black spots in the weld line, regarded as a non-bonding defect, were confirmed as spots caused by the carbide precipitation of zirconium during welding.

Silk is one of the most common base materials of traditional Asian paintings, and it is seen particularly often in coloured paintings known as Chaesaekhwa (彩色畫). However, this silk for painting (繪絹...

Chios Gum Mastic (CGM) is a natural resin extracted from the leaves of Pistacia lentiscus, a plant endemic to the Greek island of Chios. It has been used by traditional healers, and it has antibacterial, antifungal properties, and therapeutic benefits for the skin. The CGM reduces the formation of dental plaque and bacterial growth in oral saliva, and recent studies have demonstrated the role of antioxidant activity of CGM. Although CGM has been widely investigated, its protective effect against oxidative-damage to keratinocytes, as well as the relationship between CGM and autophagy, has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of CGM against H2O2-induced oxidative stress and to evaluate the autophagic features induced by CGM in human keratinocytes. The pretreatment with CGM significantly reduced apoptosis in H2O2-exposed HaCaT cells. It promoted the degradation of caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9; and it induced the formation of the processed PARP. The treatment with CGM caused an increase in vesicle formation compared to control group. The level of p62 was reduced and the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II was increased in CGM treated HaCaT cells. Also, the treatment with CGM increased cleavage of ATG5-ATG12 complex. In summary, CGM helps the cells to survive under stressful conditions by preventing apoptosis and enhancing autophagy. Besides, the present investigation provides evidence to support the antioxidant potential of CGM in vitro and opens up a new horizon for future experiments.

The purpose of this study was through a survey of awareness of cancer and cancer screening of Korean community residents to identify the stereotypes of cancer and bases for development of improved screening programs for early detection. Subjects were residing in South Korea Gangwon-Province and were over 30 years and under 69 years old. The total was 2,700 persons which underwent structured telephone survey questionnaires considered with specific rates of gender, region, and age. For statistical analysis, PASW Statistics 17.0 WIN was utilized. Frequency analysis, the Chi-square (c 2 ) test for univariate analysis, and logistic regression analysis were performed. The awareness of cancer and cancer screening in subjects differed by gender, region and age. For the idea of cancer, women thought about death less than men (OR: 0.73, p

The aim of this study was to determine the beneficial effect of propofol on human keratinocytes that have undergone hypoxia reoxygenation (H/R) injury and to investigate whether autophagy is associated with the protective mechanism. Thus, we evaluated how propofol influences the intracellular autophagy and apoptosis during the H/R process in the HaCaT cells. The cultured human keratinocyte cells were exposed to 24 h of hypoxia (5% CO2, 1% O2, 94% N2) followed by 12 h of reoxygenation (5% CO2, 21% O2, 74% N2). The experiment was divided into 4 groups: (1) Control=Normoxia ; (2) H/R=Hypoxia Reoxygenation ; (3) PPC+H/R=Propofol Preconditioning+Hypoxia Reoxygenation; (4) 3-MA+PPC+ H/R=3-MA-Methyladenine+Propofol Preconditioning+ Hypoxia Reoxygenation. In addition, Western blot analysis was performed to identify the expression of apoptotic pathway parameters, including Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase 3 involved in mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Autophagy was determined by fluorescence microscopy, MDC staining, AO staining, and western blot. The H/R produced dramatic injuries in keratinocyte cells. In our study, the viability of Propofol in H/R induced HaCaT cells was first studied by MTT assay. The treatment with 25, 50, and 100 μM Propofol in H/R induced HaCaT cells enhanced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and 100 μM was the most effective dose. The Atg5, Becline-1, LC3-II, and p62 were elevated in PPC group cells, but H/R-induced group showed significant reduction in HaCaT cells. The Atg5 were increased when autophagy was induced by Propofol, and they were decreased when autophagy was suppressed by 3-MA. These data provided evidence that propofol preconditioning induced autophagy and reduced apoptotic cell death in an H/R model of HaCaT cells, which was in agreement with autophagy playing a very important role in cell protection.

Toxoflavin, a 7-azapteridine phytotoxin produced by the bacterial pathogens such as Burkholderia glumae and Burkholderia gladioli, has been known as one of the key virulence factors in crop diseases. Because the toxoflavin had an antibacterial activity, a metagenomic E. coli clone capable of growing well in the presence of toxoflavin (30 μg/ml) was isolated and the first metagenome-derived toxoflavin-degrading enzyme, TxeA of 140 amino acid residues, was identified from the positive E. coli clone. The conserved amino acids for metal-binding and extradiol dioxygenase activity, Glu-12, His-8 and Glu-130, were revealed by the sequence analysis of TxeA. The optimum conditions for toxoflavin degradation were evaluated with the TxeA purified in E. coli. Toxoflavin was totally degraded at an initial toxoflavin concentration of 100 μg/ml and at pH 5.0 in the presence of Mn2+, dithiothreitol and oxygen. The final degradation products of toxoflavin and methyltoxoflavin were fully identified by MS and NMR as triazines. Therefore, we suggested that the new metagenomic enzyme, TxeA, provided the clue to applying the new metagenomic enzyme to resistance development of crop plants to toxoflavin-mediated disease as well as to biocatalysis for Baeyer-Villiger type oxidation.

OBJECTIVES: Although red ginseng is one of the bestselling herbal medicines, little studies have evaluated and summarized the effects of red ginseng intake on human health using a systematic review. METHODS: We systematically searched for epidemiological studies from 1997 to 2018 regarding red ginseng intake and health in the PubMed, DBPIA, and EMBASE databases. A total of 41 related studies were qualitatively reviewed under the four functionalities of red ginseng: immunity enhancement, prevention of metabolic syndrome and diabetes, blood circulation and prevention of hypertension, and menopausal symptom relief. RESULTS: We identified thirteen studies for immunity enhancement, ten prevention of metabolic syndrome and diabetes (reduced postprandial blood glucose levels), nine for blood circulation and prevention of hypertension, and five for menopausal symptom relief. Functional effects of red ginseng may be related to antioxidant effects via fermentation, although some studies have reported inconsistent effects such as insulin sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Red ginseng may have potential health promoting effects based on this systematic review. Further meta-analysis study is needed to identify and evaluate whether these potential effects of red ginseng exist. FUNDING SOURCES: This study was supported by the Korea Ginseng Corp.

Background: The utility of computed tomography (CT) in the differential diagnosis of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation remains uncertain. However, due to the low cost associated with CT scan along with the impact of Koreas’ health insurance system, there has been a rise in the number of CT scans in the patients with initial diagnosis of COPD exacerbations. Therefore, the utility of CT in the differential diagnosis was investigated to determine whether performing CT scans affect the clinical outcomes of the patients with an initial diagnosis of COPD exacerbation. Methods: This study involved 202 COPD patients hospitalized with an initial diagnosis of COPD exacerbation. We evaluated the change in diagnosis or treatment after performing a CT scan, and compared the clinical outcomes of patient groups with vs. without performing CT (non-CT group vs. CT group). Results: After performing CT, the diagnosis was changed for two (3.0%) while additional diagnoses were made for 27 of the 64 patients (42.1%). However, the treatment changed for only one (1.5%), and six patients (9.3%) received supplementary medication. There were no difference in the median length of hospital stay (8 [6-13] days vs. 8 [6-12] days, p=0.786) and intensive care unit care (14 [10.1%] vs. 11 [16.7%], p=0.236) between the CT and non-CT groups, respectively. These findings remained consistent even after the propensity score matching. Conclusion: Utility of CT in patients with acute COPD exacerbation might not be helpful; therefore, we do not recommend chest CT scan as a routine initial diagnostic tool.

In gas metal arc welding, electromagnetic force, plasma stream force, gravity, and surface tension are the most important factors that affect metal transfer and spatter generation rate. In this paper, different kinds of external electromagnetic fields were introduced to gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The photos of arc plasma and droplet and electric signals covering welding current and arc voltage were acquired synchronously by an analysis and evaluation system based on LabView for GMAW. It was confirmed that the metal transfer frequency was improved, and spatter generation rate was diminished under controls of external electromagnetic fields. The influencing rules of external electromagnetic fields on electromagnetic force, the gravity, the plasma stream force, and surface tension were studied by three physical models, and the mechanism of external electromagnetic fields was revealed. This paper is for the purpose of discussing these factors and will make a profit for the application of electromagnetic coupling control to short-circuit GMAW.

The non-destructive testing using infrared thermography is extended to a variety of industries and non-destructive testing of welds using infrared thermography is also in progress in various ways. Currently, a non-destructive testing of electrical resistance spot welds which is mainly used is Radiography Testing. This study detected area of spot welds nugget using optical-infrared thermography. In the results, it is possible for detecting defects of nugget in a short period of time using pulse-infrared thermography.

The interactions of 14.1-MeV neutrons from nuclear fusion reactions with a pfc (plasma facing component) are analyzed using the MCNPX/SPECTER code system. The dpa (displacement per atom) values in the three-layered pfc of graphite, Cu, and SS316L based on the KSTAR (Korea Superconductor Tokamak Advanced Reactor) device are calculated by the SPECTER code. The production rates of hydrogen and helium gas are calculated for an analysis of the nuclear damage effect. The serious irradiation condition of the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor), a neutron flux of 3.5 × 1013 neutrons/cm2·sec, was applied. The dpa values during oneyear operation were estimated as 0.6 dpa for graphite, 4.6 dpa for Cu and 2.2 dpa for SS316L. And the production rates of H and He atom for SS316L were estimated to be 40 appm/dpa and 11 appm/dpa, respectively.

The finite element analysis on temperature field and stress field during submerged-arc welding (SAW) was carried out by means of assembly language of FORTRAN on the base of ABAQUS. A finite element model was established to study the effects on weld bead formation by using longitudinal magnetic field of low-frequency and different process parameters loaded with moving heat source. A practical SAW experiment was conducted to verify the results of the numerical simulation. It was shown that a molten pool with a wider weld face and a lower penetration could be obtained by the control of longitudinal magnetic field of low-frequency. In addition, the fusion line after this treatment was smoother than with conventional SAW. The results of practical SAW experiment were consistent with those of the numerical simulation. It was confirmed that the longitudinal magnetic field of low-frequency could contribute in diminishing the dilution rate and improving the performance of surfacing layers.

The content of 13 preservatives was investigated for 107 sold in retail markets. A simultaneously analytical method of liquid chromatography, LC, for the preservatives in cosmetics was developed using an AvQuityTM Ultra performance LC System, Waters, BEH C18 column, 150mmx2.1mm,1.7 ㎛, and photo Diode Array, PDA, detector λ;220 nm for quantitative analysis, λ;190∼400nm for qualitative analysis. The developed instrumental method was validated using limit of detection, LOD, limit of quantification, LOQ, precision, accuracy, and linearity of standard curves. LOD and LOQ wre lower than 0.23mg/l and 0.75mg/l, respectively. When standard compounds were analyzed seven times consecutively at the LOQ level, precision and accuracy were lower than 2.49% and, 2.04%, respectively. Good linear relationships, R2 ⊇0.9998, were obtained for all compounds. Recoveries ranged between 96.03% and 102.61%and the overall variability was below 3%, RSD, The type of cosmetics showing the lowest detection rate of target compounds was sunscreen lotion, with a detection rate of 42.9%, followed by baby lotions and mask packs with the same detection rate at 69.2% At least one of the target preservatives was detected in 82.4% of creams, 93.3% of skin toners, 95.2% of lotions, and 92.9% of body lotions. Overall 79.4% of all samples contained at least one of the target compounds. The most frequently detected compound was phenoxyethanol. Methyl and propyl paraben also had a higher detection rate than the others, except, phenoxyethanol. Although the target preservatives in cosmetics sold in retail markets were detected by the simultaneous analysis of LC, the content of the detected preservatives was within the maximum allowed amount established by the Korean FDA.

This study examined the change in the dyeability of natural dyes on cotton fabrics by a PEI (polyethyle-neimine) pretreatment instead of mordants. Cotton fabrics were treated with PEI and the changes in thedyeability were shown by measuring the amount of PEI on cotton fabrics. Samples treated with PEI weredyed with two natural polychromatic dyes with a different affinity to cotton fibers: Alizarin Red S and Cur-cumin. The changes in dyeability by three variables (time, temperature and concentration of dyes) on cottonfabrics were analyzed by the K/S value to define optimum dyeing conditions. Subsequently, the PEI treat-ment improved the dyeability of cotton fabrics with both dyes of low and high affinity to cotton fibers.Thus, PEI could be a suitable heavy metal mordant replacement.Key words: Polyethyleneimine (PEI), Dyeability, Cotton, Alizarin, Curcumin; 폴리에틸렌이민(PEI), 염색성, 면섬유, 알리자린, 쿠쿠민 I. 서론 환경 친화적인 의생활에 대한 관심이 높아지면서 화학염료 대신 천연염료를 이용한 염색이 재조명 받고 있다. 그러나 일부 천연염료는 물 속에서 음전하를 갖기 때문에, 음전하와 양전하를 모두 갖는 동물성 섬유에 비해음전하만을 띠는 면과 같은 셀룰로스 섬유에는 잘 염색되지 않는다는 단점이 있다. 천연 셀룰로스 섬유는 hyd-roxyl기로 인해 음전하를 띠기 때문이다(Stana-Kleinschek& Ribitsch, 1998). 따라서 염료와 직물 사이의 화학적 결합 형성을 도와 염색성과 견뢰도를 높이기 위해 매염제가 사용된다. 매염제는 섬유 내에 염료와의 불용성 화합물을 형성하고 섬유와 염료 사이에 화학적 연결을 조성하여염착을잘되게할뿐아니라, 견뢰도를 높여준다(Vankar, 2000).그러나 천연염색에 관한 많은 연구에서, 학자들은 일반적으로 사용되는 중금속 염의 매염제(mordant)의 사용은 환경 친화적 염색이라는 목적에 모순된다는 점을지적해 왔다. Choi(2001)는 중금속 매염제의 사용은 천연염색 견뢰도의 상승에는 기여하나 중금속은 인체에 유해하며 염색 폐수 등 환경 문제의 원인으로 천연염색 본래의 취지인 환경 친화적인 연구목적에 위배된다고 하였으며, Janhom et al.(2004)는 많은 금속성 매염제(metallicmordants)는 독성이 있어 환경에 심각하게 해로운 영향을 줄 수 있으므로 새로운 유형의 매염제를 찾아야 한다고 주장하였다. 따라서, 천연염색에서 중금속 매염제를사용하지 않고도 면직물의 염색성을 높이고, 또한 염색폐수 E-mail: bobo@snu.ac.kr 발생의 문제 역시 처리할 수 있는 방법을 찾기 위한

This study aims to detecting and analyzing the defects of damaged carbon fiber reinforced compositesafter impacts, particularly focusing on barely visible impact damages. The impact test was progressed by a drop-weightmachine and applied to introduce simulated damages on laminated composites used in aircrafts. Various non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques were applied to identify the defects on the specimens with different levels ofimpact energies. Based on the measurements data, the levels of the barely visible impacts, and the applicability andeffectiveness of the detection methods were discussed. Generally, the results demonstrated that their inner damagescontained bigger footprints than those on the surfaces. However, when the damage energy was low, it was found thatthe inner damage size could be smaller than those appeared on the surfaces.초록 : 본 연구에서는 탄소섬유강화플라스틱(CFRP, carbon fiber reinforced plastics)에 충격을 가하여 발생하는 결함에 대한 분석을, 특히 눈으로 식별이 어려운 손상(Barely Visible Impact Damage: BVID)을 중심으로 진행하였다. 낙하형 충격시험기를 통하여 충격 시험을 진행하였고, 추의 자유 낙하를 통하여 실제 항공기에 적용된 복합재료에충격에 의한 손상을 모사한 후, 표면과 내부에 다양한 비파괴 검사를 적용하여 충격에너지에 따른 시편의 결함 거동을 확인하고 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 여러 가지 비파괴 검사법을 사용하여 결함을 비교, 분석, 검토하였다. 그 결과 눈으로 식별이 어려운 손상과 이를 측정하기 위해 사용된 각각의 측정법에 따른 특성이 논의되었다. 일반적으로 육안으로 보이는 표면결함보다 큰 결함이 내부에 발생하였으나, 충격에너지가 작아지면 내부결함이 표면결함보다 작을 수 있다는 사실이 관찰되었다.

The modern horse (Equus caballus) is the product of over 50 million yrs of evolution. The athletic abilities of the horse have been enhanced during the past 6000 yrs under domestication. Therefore, the horse serves as a valuable model to understand the physiology and molecular mechanisms of adaptive responses to exercise. The structure and function of skeletal muscle show remarkable plasticity to the physical and metabolic challenges following exercise. Here, we reveal an evolutionary layer of responsiveness to exercise-stress in the skeletal muscle of the racing horse. We analysed differentially expressed genes and their co-expression networks in a large-scale RNA-sequence dataset comparing expression before and after exercise. By estimating genome-wide d(N)/d(S) ratios using six mammalian genomes, and F-ST and iHS using re-sequencing data derived from 20 horses, we were able to peel back the evolutionary layers of adaptations to exercise-stress in the horse. We found that the oldest and thickest layer (d(N)/d(S)) consists of system-wide tissue and organ adaptations. We further find that, during the period of horse domestication, the older layer (F-ST) is mainly responsible for adaptations to inflammation and energy metabolism, and the most recent layer (iHS) for neurological system process, cell adhesion, and proteolysis.

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4), a small acidic actin binding peptide, is overexpressed in a side population of cancer stem cells and CD133-positive colorectal cancer stem cells. In order to understand the relationship between Tβ4 and CD133, we studied the expression patterns of Tβ4 and CD133 in ovarian cancers. The expression patterns of Tβ4 and CD133 were studied in normal ovaries, primary ovarian cancers, metastatic ovarian cancers, primary stomach cancers, and normal stomachs by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Expression patterns and co-localization of Tβ4 and CD133 were examined by immunofluorescence and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. Tβ4 is overexpressed in primary ovarian cancers, but not in primary stomach cancers, when compared with normal controls. However, Tβ4 levels in metastatic stomach cancers to the ovary are significantly upregulated compared with levels in normal stomachs and primary stomach cancers. These results suggest that Tβ4 levels are related to tumorigenesis in ovarian cancers and metastasis in stomach cancers. The expression of Tβ4 in normal ovaries and normal stomachs was weak, but was co-localized with CD133 expression. Tβ4 expression was also co-localized with CD133 expression in primary ovarian carcinomas, metastatic ovarian cancers from stomach cancers and primary stomach cancers. These data suggest that Tβ4 expression is strongly related to CD133 expression and is a characteristic of stem cells or cancer stem cells.

In this study, a new heat plate with a groove for butt-welding was developed to investigate the misalignment effects on the joining strengths of polyethylene double walled pipes. Thermal analyses of the material determined the temperature profile of the welding. After the welding, the joining characteristics of the pipes were compared with those welded by the conventional heat plate. The results of the stiffness and flattening tests showed that there were no big differences between the joints made from these two plates. In the leakage test, however, the pipes welded with the conventional heat plate leaked below the required test conditions, while the pipes welded with the grooved heat plate did not show any leakage, even in a range higher than the required conditions. The tensile and bending strength were also improved. The results demonstrated that the grooved heat plate accomplished more complete fusion at the pipe joints and induced high quality joints.

1990년대 자동차 산업에 있어 최대 관심사는 엔진 개발을 통한 최대의 연료 효율을 확보하고 자동차의 무게를 증가시켜 안전성과 편안함을 개선하고 차량 사용에 있어 기능적인 부분을 부가하는 것이었다. 하지만, 최근 전 세계적인 에너지 및 환경규제 등의 문제가 대두되기 시작하면서 일본, 유럽 등지에서 법제화를 통해 자동차 중량을 감소시키는 것이 큰 이슈로 대두되고 있다. 자동차에 있어 무게를 줄이게 되면 차량의 연비를 줄일 수 있으며, 배기가스 배출을 감소시키게 되어 화석연료의 소비 감소 및 환경오염 방지에 큰 역할을 할 수가 있다. 반면 자동차의 안전성, 편의성 등을 바라는 다양한 소비자의 욕구를 충족시키기 위해 많은 장치들을 자동차에 추가 장착함으로써 자동차의 중량은 증가하게 되었다. 따라서 이러한 상반되는 문제를 해결하기 위해 철강 소재에서 마그네슘 합금, 알루미늄 합금, 플라스틱 등의 가벼운 비철합금 소재의 사용이 제안되고 있으나 가격, 안전성, 내구성 등의 문제로 그 사용은 제한되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 따라 자동차구조용 소재는 안전성 및 내구성을 위해 높은 강도와 연성을 동시에 확보하고 있는 고장력강재의 사용이 증가하고 있다. DP 강, TRIP 강, CP 강, Hot-stamping 강 등 600MPa부터 1,500MPa까지 다양한 강도의 강재들이 차체 제작에 있어 사용되고 있다

Many anthropometric measures, including body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and subcutaneous fat thickness, are used as indicators of nutritional status, fertility and predictors of future health outcomes. While BMI is currently the best available estimate of body adiposity, WHR and skinfold thickness at various sites (biceps, triceps, suprailiac, and subscapular) are used as indices of body fat distribution. Copy number variation (CNV) is an attractive emerging approach to the study of associations with various diseases. In this study, we investigated the dosage effect of genes in the CNV genome widely associated with fat distribution phenotypes in large cohorts. We used the Affymetrix genome-wide human SNP Array 5.0 data of 8,842 healthy unrelated adults in KARE cohorts and identified CNVs associated with BMI and fat distribution-related traits including WHR and subcutaneous skinfold thickness at suprailiac (SUP) and subscapular (SUB) sites. CNV segmentation of each chromosome was performed using Golden Helix SVS 7.0, and single regression analysis was used to identify CNVs associated with each phenotype. We found one CNV for BMI, 287 for WHR, 2,157 for SUP, and 2,102 for SUB at the 5% significance level after Holm-Bonferroni correction. Genes included in the CNV were used for the analysis of functional annotations using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID v6.7b) tool. Functional gene classification analysis identified five significant gene clusters (metallothionein, ATP-binding proteins, ribosomal proteins, kinesin family members, and zinc finger proteins) for SUP, three (keratin-associated proteins, zinc finger proteins, keratins) for SUB, and one (protamines) for WHR. BMI was excluded from this analysis because the entire structure of no gene was identified in the CNV. Based on the analysis of genes enriched in the clusters, the fat distribution traits of KARE cohorts were related to the fat redistribution associated with the aging process. In addition to structural variation, dosage effect analysis of genes based on CNV is useful to gain an understanding of the comprehensive biological phenomena underlying particular phenotypes and/or diseases.

Welding is an essential process in the automotive industry. Most welding processes that are used for auto body is spot welding. And CO 2 arc welding is used in a small part. In production field, CO 2 arc welding process is decreased and spot welding process is increased due to welding quality is poor and defects are occurred in CO 2 arc welding process frequently. But CO 2 arc welding process should be used at robot interference parts and closed parts where spot welding couldn’t. CO 2 welding is divided into lap welding and plug arc spot welding. In case of plug arc spot welding, burn through and under fill were caused in various welding environment such as different thickness combinations of base metal, teaching point, over the two steps welding and inconsistent voltage/current. It makes some problem like poor quality of welding area and decrease the productivity. In this study, we will evaluate the effect of teaching point through the weld pool behavior and bead geometry in the arc spot welding at the plut hole. Welding position is horizontal position. And galvanized steel sheet of 2.0mm thickness that has plug hole of 6mm diameter was used. Teaching point was changed by center, top, bottom, left and right of the plug hole. At each condition, the phenomenon of weld pool behavior was confirmed using a high-speed camera. As the result, we find the center of plug hole is the most optimal teaching point. In the other teaching point, under fill was occurred at the plug hole. This phenomenon is caused by gravity and surface tension. For performance of arc spot welding at the plug hole, the teaching condition should be controlled at a center of plug hole.Key Words : Arc spot welding, Plug hole, Teaching point, Gravity, Surface tension

Infrared thermography uses infrared energy radiated from any objects above absolute zero temperature, and the range of its application has been constantly broadened. As one of the active test techniques detecting radiant energy generated when energy is applied to an object, ultrasound infrared thermography is a method of detecting defects through hot spots occurring at a defect area when 15~100 kHz of ultrasound is excited to an object. This technique is effective in detecting a wide range affected by ultrasound and vibration in real time. Especially, it is really effective when a defect area is minute. Therefore, this study conducted thermography through lock-in signal processing when an actual defect exists inside the austenite STS304 seamless pipe, which simulates thermal fatigue cracks in a nuclear power plant pipe. With ultrasound excited, this study could detect defects on the rear of a pipe by using an aluminium reflector. Besides, by regulating the angle of the aluminium reflector, this study could detect both front and rear defects as a single infrared thermography image.

See paper for full list of authors; The Korea Rare Isotope Accelerator, currently referred to as KoRIA, is briefly presented. The KoRIA facility is aimed to enable cutting-edge sciences in a wide range of fields. It consists of a 70 kW isotope separator on-line (ISOL) facility driven by a 70 MeV, 1 mA proton cyclotron and a 400 kW in-flight fragmentation (IFF) facility. The ISOL facility uses a superconducting (SC) linac for post-acceleration of rare isotopes up to about 18 MeV/u, while the SC linac of IFF facility is capable of accelerating uranium beams up to 200 MeV/u, 8 pμA and proton beams up to 600 MeV, 660 μA. Overall features of the KoRIA facility are presented with a focus on the accelerator design.

일반적으로 용접 구조물의 피로강도는 용접부와 같은 기하학적 불연속부에 있어서의 응력집중에 의해 결정된다. 이때 응력집중은 구조적 형상에 의한 전체적인 요인 및 용접부 비드 등의 국부적인 요인의 의해 영향을 받는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 기계 및 구조물의 80% 이상이 피로에 의해서 여러 가지 형태의 원인으로 파손되고 있다고 알려져 있다. 좀 더 구체적으로 구분하면, 용접부의 피로 수명을 저하시키는 원인으로는 앞서 설명한 바와 같이 구조적 불연속 및 용접변형에 의한 부정합(misalignment), 국부적 응력 집중의 영향, 언더컷, 블로우 홀, 개재물 등에 의한 용접결함 그리고 용접 인장 잔류응력의 영향 등 크게 네 가지로 구분될 수 있다. 피로파괴는 때때로 매우 위험한 결과를 초래하기 때문에 이를 방지하고 높은 수명시간을 확보하기 위해서는 설계-시공-후처리 각각의 단계에서 다음과 같은 사항들이 고려되어야 한다. 첫째로 용접연결부의 설계 단계에서는 진동 및 공명(resonance)이 발생하는 위치를 되도록 피하여 피로하중이 최소화될 수 있게 이뤄져야 하며, 부식 환경의 노출 최소화 및 응력집중계수를 낮게 설계하여야 한다. 둘째로 시공단계에서는 모재와 용가재, 용접공정의 올바른 선택, 시공 전 그루브 형상 및 표면 준비 등의 철저한 준수 및 작업자의 숙련도 검증 등의 사항이 요구된다. 마지막으로 시공이 끝나면 적절한 후처리(post weld improvement)를 거쳐 최종적으로 피로강도를 향상시킬 수 있는데, 본회에서는 앞서 기고한 용접 연결부의 설계 방안에 이어 그 두 번째로 용접후처리 단계에서 실시할 수 있는 용접부 피로수명 연장기법에 대해 IIW Recommendation

Welding is an essential process in the automotive industry. Most welding processes that are used for auto body are spot welding and CO 2 welding are used in a small part. In production field, CO 2 welding process is decreased and spot welding process is increased due to welding quality is poor and defects are occurred in CO 2 welding process frequently. But CO 2 welding process should be used at robot interference parts and closed parts where spot welding couldn’t. Because of the 0.65mm ~ 2.0mm thickness steel sheet were used in the automotive industry, poor quality of welding area such as burn through and under fill were happened frequently in CO 2 process. In this paper, we will study about the penetration depth which gives a huge impact on burn through changing a degree of base metal, welding position and torch angle. Voltage, current and welding speed were fixed but degree of base metal, welding position and torch angle were changed. And Cold- Rolled(CR) steel sheet was used. Penetration depth was analysed by multiple regression analysis to derive approximate calculations. And reliability of approximate calculations were confirmed through additional experiments. As the results of this research, we confirmed the effect of torch and plate angle to bead shape. And we present a possibility that can simulate more accurate to weld geometry, as deduced the verification equations that has tolerance of less than 21.69%.Key Words : Welding position, Angle of plate, Torch angle, Penetration depth, Multiple regression analysis

This study detected SCC defects of dissimilar metal welded(STS304 and SA106 Gr. b) pipes using the ultrasonic infrared thermography method and the lock-in image treatment method among infrared thermography method. The infrared excitement equipment has 250 Watt of output and 20 kHz of frequency. By using the ultrasound infrared thermography method, the internal defects of dissimilar metal weld joints of pipes used at nuclear power plants could get detected. By an actual PT test, it was observed that the cracks inside the pipe existed not as a single crack but rather as a multiple cracks within a certain area and generated a hot spot image of a broad area on the thermography image. In addition, UT technology could not easily defects detected by the width of fine hair cracks. but, ultrasound infrared thermography technique was defect detected.

The Ihh (Indian Hedgehog) pathway plays an essential role in facilitating chondrocyte hypertrophy and bone formation during skeletal development. Nkx3.2 (NK3 homeobox 2) is initially induced in chondrocyte precursor cells, maintained in early-stage chondrocytes and down-regulated in terminal-stage chondrocytes. Consistent with these expression patterns, Nkx3.2 has been shown to enhance chondrocyte differentiation and cell survival, while inhibiting chondrocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. Thus, in the present study, we investigated whether Nkx3.2, an early-stage chondrogenic factor, can be regulated by Ihh, a key regulator for chondrocyte hypertrophy. We show that Ihh signalling can induce proteasomal degradation of Nkx3.2. In addition, we found that Ihh can suppress levels of Lrp (low-density-lipoprotein-receptor-related protein) (Wnt co-receptor) and Sfrp (secreted frizzled-related protein) (Wnt antagonist) expression, which, in turn, may selectively enhance Lrp-independent non-canonical Wnt pathways in chondrocytes. In agreement with these findings, Ihh-induced Nkx3.2 degradation requires Wnt5a, which is capable of triggering Nkx3.2 degradation. Finally, we found that Nkx3.2 protein levels in chondrocytes are remarkably elevated in mice defective in Ihh signalling by deletion of either Ihh or smoothened. Thus these results suggest that Ihh/Wnt5a signalling may play a role in negative regulation of Nkx3.2 for appropriate progression of chondrocyte hypertrophy during chondrogenesis.

The interactions of fusion reaction products such as 2.45-MeV and 14.06-MeV neutrons and 3.05-MeV protons with the KSTAR PFC (plasma facing component) are analyzed using Monte Carlo codes. The dpa (displacement per atom) values in the three-layered PFC of graphite, Cu, and SS316L are calculated, and the depth profile was analyzed for different-type secondary particles. The PHITS code was used for this study. The deposited energy was also calculated for analysis of the nuclear heating effect. The serious irradiation condition of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) parameter, a neutron flux of 3.5 × 1013 neutrons/cm2·sec, was applied. The dpa values during one year operation were estimated as 0.75 dpa for graphite, 4.57 dpa for Cu, and 2.69 dpa for SS316L.

In this study, mechanical analyses of a butt welding technology for joining Polyethylene pipe are presented. The pipe had unique structure with double wall, and its section topology was not flat. For an effective repair of leakage and replacements of the pipe, the butt welding technology was developed and tested. For the material characterizations, thermodynamic analyses such as thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed. Based on the test results, the process temperature and time were determined to ensure safe joining of the pipes using a hot plate apparatus. The welding process was carefully monitored by measuring the temperature. Then, the joined pipes were tested by various methods to evaluate the quality. The analyses results showed the detail process mechanism during the joining process, and the test results demonstrated the successful application of the technology to the sewage pipe repairs.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the obesity clinic program in the public community health centers in Korea in 2006-2007. The authors conducted a telephone questionnaire survey for participants to evaluate the outcome of the program. Samples were selected through convenient sampling: 30 persons per one public health center among 2560 participants. The level of improvement in obesity, regular exercise, and the effort for calorie reduction of the participants were analyzed. There were significant differences: The participants who were provided continuously the information of obesity clinic program reduced calories for weight loss (odds ratio [OR] = 2.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.34-4.19, P < .01), and showed concern about body weight (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.07-4.41, P < 0.05). This study found that when the program information was provided continually and the participants were motivated, the community obesity program goals could be achieved.