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This paper will summarize the experimental and clinical literature on the pathogenesis of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Several mechanisms by which leukocyte antibodies including, HLA class I, HLA class II, and HNA-3a antibodies, induce TRALI have been unraveled, although some aspects remain a matter of debate. Significant advances have also been made in the field of recipient-related factors that contribute to the development of TRALI. In contrast, the pathomechanism behind antibody-negative TRALI (associated with the transfusion of blood components which do not contain antibodies) is less well understood, and further research is urgently required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which investigates the resuscitation with aged blood exacerbates liver injury in hemorrhagic anesthetized rat model. It states that the study was conducted at a research laboratory at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, and used a prospective, controlled study and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results show that stored blood showed reduction in the deformability of red blood cell (RBC).

The effects of prestorage leukoreduction and storage duration on the in vitro quality parameters of canine packed red blood cells (pRBCs) stored in saline--adenine--glucose--mannitol (SAGM) were investigated. Hematological, biochemical, and morphological changes in filtered and unfiltered pRBCs were determined each week during 42 days of storage. All of the parameters changed significantly during storage. The effects of leukoreduction on leukocyte and erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, hemoglobin content, and erythrocyte morphology were significant. While supernatant K increased during storage, glucose, Cl, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentrations decreased. Filtered pRBCs had higher 2,3-DPG levels throughout storage than their unfiltered counterparts. It was concluded that the leukoreduction filter significantly decreases the number of leukocytes and that canine pRBCs can be stored in SAGM for 42 days. Furthermore, leukoreduction may be a consideration with the intention of improving oxygen delivery, since the filtered pRBCs had a higher 2,3-DPG concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mature red blood cells (RBCs) are the end-stage of a development process that starts in the bone marrow and continues to differentiate, through reticulocyte stage, entering into the circulation with a four-month lifespan. While stored, RBCs undergo different changes. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes occurring in RBC membranes during storage that could be used as possible markers to detect the misuse of blood transfusion in sports. Whole blood was collected from two volunteers in blood bags and stored for 42 days at 4°C. At different times (1, 7, 21, and 42 days of storage) whole blood was extracted under sterile conditions and submitted to RBC membrane ghost preparation and further analysis. Proteomic methods were applied using two strategies: protein oriented using 2-DE gels and peptide oriented using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ). In both approaches, the goal was to compare detectable changes in RBC membrane proteome before and after standard storage at different times. Some of the changes were confirmed with both methodologies employed, while with others only with one of them. Complementarities of the methods in this case showed to be an advantage. Changes were observed in two different protein complexes. In one of them, changes consisted of proteins decreasing, while increasing in the other during storage of RBCs. They are mostly located in cytoskeleton - spectrin β, band 4.2, ankyrin-1, tropomodulin-1, β adducin, band 4.9 (dematin), tropomyosin, while some changes were also observed in transmembrane proteins (glycophorin C, aquaporin-1, band 3). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Hematology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Background: Flow cytometry represents an attractive approach for developing currently unavailable screening tests for prion diseases. Several studies have reported significant differences in the binding of antibodies directed against cellular prion protein (PrPC) to blood cells of prion-infected subjects compared with healthy controls. However, flow cytometry data usually show large individual variations in detected PrPC levels in both infected and control groups, rendering the interpretation of individual patient data difficult. Objectives: To determine how pre-analytical variables, such as the choice of anticoagulant, whether or not the blood was stored, and the storage temperature, affect the detection of PrPC in blood cells. Methods: Blood from healthy donors was collected in EDTA or citrate anticoagulant and processed either immediately or after storage overnight at room temperature or at 4°C. The expression of PrPC by T cells, B cells, NK cells, monocytes and circulating dendritic cells was evaluated using quantitative flow cytometry with the PrPC monoclonal antibodies AG4 and AH6. Results: The anticoagulation of blood with citrate resulted in decreased levels of PrPC on monocytes but not the other cell types. The storage of blood prior to analysis led to a significant decrease in the levels of PrPC on the cells studied, although there were substantial differences between the cell populations. This decrease was more pronounced when using mAb AG4, which targets the N-terminal portion of the PrPC molecule, or following storage at room temperature. Moreover, we identified platelet satellitism on leukocytes, especially on monocytes and granulocytes, as an additional factor contributing to the heterogeneity of PrPC detection in stored blood. Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that the storage of blood prior to analysis greatly affects the detection of PrPC by flow cytometry. To limit the inclusion of storage-generated artifacts, we recommend the processing of blood samples immediately after their collection. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background Blood samples banked for up to 1 month are typically used to perform pretransfusion testing in humans and small animals, but this has not been validated using blood from horses. Hypothesis Compatibility of equine blood samples is repeatable using fresh samples, and reproducible using donor blood samples stored for up to 4 weeks. Animals Six healthy adult horses. Methods Randomized, blinded experimental study. Immunologic compatibility of the blood of all horses was assessed using a major and minor saline agglutination and hemolysin crossmatch using blood samples refrigerated for 0-4 weeks and fresh blood from the same horses. Crossmatch results were scored and then compared to identify changes of compatibility in each of the 4 tests. In addition, repeatability of the crossmatch technique itself was assessed by performing 6 iterations of this procedure in immediate succession with fresh blood from 3 horses. Results No significant difference in crossmatch results was found using fresh blood ( P = .39-1.00). Reproducibility was poor using blood stored for 1-4 weeks, especially in tests using stored erythrocytes (major antigen crossmatches), with significant differences from baseline at all weeks ( P < .05); 13 of these differences were positive, indicating poorer compatibility. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Equine blood crossmatching is repeatable using fresh blood, although decreased apparent compatibility after storage makes exclusion of compatible donors more likely than mistaken administration of incompatible blood. These data suggest that fresh samples should be collected from potential donors before crossmatching equine blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates whether red blood cell storage hinders the ability of red blood cells to release adenosine-5'-triphosphate. Results show that storage-induced deficiency in adenosine-5'-triphosphate release from transfused red blood cells can exacerbate lung microvascular pathophysiology, partly because of increased red blood cell adhesion. It observes that the normal flow of red blood cells in pulmonary microvessels is partly associated with the release of antiadhesive adenosine.

The article presents a study that examined the changes in the osmotic fragility of camel and donkey erythrocytes caused by variations in temperature, acidity or alkalinity (pH), and blood storage. The study used seventeen adult one-humped camels and twenty-two adult Nubian donkeys. The results suggest that variation in temperature and pH of the erythrocyte environment and duration of blood storage may each play a significant role in the osmotic behavior of camel and donkey erythrocytes.

Abstract: Although biochemical properties of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins have been extensively studied in various cell lines and organisms, redox-induced structural transitions of peroxiredoxin II (PrxII) in human erythrocytes certainly warrant further investigation. In this work, cytosol and membrane ghosts of both fresh erythrocytes (cells obtained just after blood collection) and 28-day stored erythrocytes were analyzed by proteomics tools. We demonstrated that in fresh red blood cells PrxII exhibits four different oligomeric states in cytosol, whereas no PrxII complexes are in the membrane. The highest molecular weight PrxII protein complex (440 kDa) was proven to derive from the association between tetrameric catalase (CAT, 232 kDa) and decameric PrxII, whereas oligomers at 140, 100 and 67 kDa resulted to be homo-polymeric complexes composed of variable copies of PrxII monomeric subunits. Interestingly, the 440 kDa complex contained both reduced and oxidized (disulphide-linked dimers) PrxII decamers. Upon oxidative stress (28-day storage), the PrxII oligomers at 100 kDa in the cytosol disappeared and the CAT–PrxII hetero-oligomeric complex at 440 kDa is converted to a higher molecular weight structure (480 kDa) due to the presence therein of cross-linked species of PrxII and hemoglobin. More interestingly, oxidized red cell membranes contained the CAT–PrxII complex detected in 0-day cytosol as a consequence of protein recruitments induced by oxidative stress, however it showed a greater percentage of PrxII dimers. Finally, since the adoption of distinct PrxII structures is known to be closely related to different functions, peroxidase activity assays were performed demonstrating a positive reaction for oligomers at 440 kDa (both in cytosol and membrane compartment) and at 140 kDa. Our results contribute to clarify structural and functional switching of peroxiredoxin II in erythrocytes, thus possibly opening new scenarios in the biological roles played by this protein in defense mechanisms against oxidative stress, especially with the reference to red cell storage lesions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: The structural and biochemical changes to erythrocytes during storage, called ‘storage lesion’, are important factors that contribute to decreases in the efficacy and safety of blood transfusions. However, the biochemical mechanisms are only partly understood. Study design and methods: Fresh whole blood in citrate phosphate dextrose anticoagulant was preserved in storage bags at 1–4°C for over 20 days. Aliquots of stored blood were withdrawn for analysis at the 1st, 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th day of storage. Whole blood viscosity, plasma reactive carbonyl species, erythrocyte membrane protein carbonylation, protein (tryptophan) fluorescence and the contents of thiols were quantified concurrently. Results: There were significant increases in blood viscosity and plasma reactive carbonyl species level during storage. There were significant time-dependent increases in membrane protein carbonylation, increases in protein (tryptophan) fluorescence and a decrease in the content of thiols. Conclusion: Reactive carbonyl species, by attacking the amino and/or sulfhydryl groups of erythrocyte membrane proteins, induce a series of structural alterations in erythrocytes. These lead to an increase in blood viscosity and reduce the efficacy and safety of storage and transfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the least recognized causes of cellular damage during ex vivo preservation of red blood cells is oxidative injury to the hemoglobin. The latter has been associated with hemolysis through the release of toxic substances and oxidation of vital cell components. This review delineates some of the major pathways that link hemoglobin oxidation and cellular damage, and summarizes the incidence of red blood cell oxidative injury during hypothermic storage, cryopreservation and desiccation stress. Red blood cell hypothermic storage, despite its success, is not exempt from oxidative injury. Growing evidence portrays a time-dependant oxidative assault including formation of reactive oxygen species, attachment of denatured hemoglobin to membrane phospholipids and the release of hemoglobin-containing membrane microvesicles throughout storage. Similar symptoms have been observed in attempts to stabilize red blood cells in the dried state, in which methemoglobin levels of reconstituted red blood cells reached 50%. Factors affecting the rate of hemoglobin oxidation during red blood cell ex vivo storage include compromised antioxidant activity, high concentrations of glucose in the storage media and the presence of molecular oxygen. Hemoglobin oxidation largely dictates our ability to effectively preserve red blood cells. Understanding its origins along with investigating methods to minimize it can significantly improve the quality of our future blood products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To evaluate the effect of storage conditions of blood on the direct relationship between radiation-induced chromosome aberrations and apoptosis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, whole blood was irradiated with 3Gy X-rays. Directly after irradiation, a sample of blood was analyzed for chromosome damage and proliferation index, after phytohaemagglutinin stimulation and incubation at 37°C for 56h. Blood samples were stored for 48h at 4 and 20°C with or without phytohaemagglutinin and analyzed for cell viability and apoptosis at 0, 24 and 48h storage time. After 48h of storage, unstimulated cultures were stimulated to proliferate. These samples and cultures stimulated immediately before storage were incubated at 37°C for 56h and analyzed for chromosome damage and proliferation index. Metaphases were examined for the presence of dicentrics, excess acentrics, and rings. Storage at 20°C without phytohaemagglutinin for 48h increases significantly the yield of apoptosis and decreases significantly the yield of dicentrics. During 48h of storage time the presence of phytohaemagglutinin and the temperature of 4°C protected the irradiated lymphocytes from apoptosis allowing accurate estimation of the real yield of radiation-induced chromosome damage. Therefore these blood-storage conditions enable analysis in metaphase and may offer some advantages for biodosimetry of absorbed radiation dose. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There is currently no effective method for preventing ATP and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) depletion during long-term erythrocyte storage in the cold, although these metabolites are strongly associated with cell viability and oxygen delivery after transfusion. Metabolite reduction is caused by whole metabolic networks in the cell, which are regulated by various physical or chemical factors. Mathematical modeling is a powerful tool for integrating such complex and dynamic systems. Here, we developed a mathematical model to predict metabolism in erythrocytes preserved with a mannitol-adenine-phosphate solution (MAP) at 4°C, by modifying a published model of large-scale erythrocyte metabolism. Our model successfully reproduced the reported decreases in ATP and 2,3-BPG during storage. Analysis of our model identified several enzymatic reactions and factors related to ATP and 2,3-BPG depletions, which may serve as possible targets for improving blood storage methods. We also performed metabolome analysis of laboratory-made MAP-stored erythrocytes using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE-TOFMS), which provided a comprehensive view of the metabolism dynamics. Alterations in the metabolic intermediate concentrations after long storage were qualitatively predicted by the model. Finally, through further systematic analysis, we also discuss the usability of our model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Blood samples used in hemorheological studies may be stored for a period of time, the effects of storage have yet to be fully explored. This study evaluated the effects of storage temperature (i.e., 4°C or 25°C) and duration on RBC deformability and aggregation for blood from healthy controls and from septic patients. Our results indicate that for normal blood, RBC deformability over 0.3–50 Pa is stable up to six hours regardless of storage temperature; at eight hours there were no significant differences in EI but SS1/2 calculated via a Lineweaver–Burk method indicated impaired deformability. Storage temperature affected the stable period for RBC aggregation: the safe time was shorter at 25°C whereas at 4°C aggregation was stable up to 12 hours. Interestingly, blood samples from septic patients were less affected by storage. Blood can thus be stored at 25°C for up to six hours for deformability studies, but should be limited to four hours for RBC aggregation; storage at 4°C may prolong the storage period up to 12 hours for aggregation but not deformability measurements. Therefore, the time period between sampling and measurement should be as short as possible and reported together with results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Dynamic oximetry provides a new way to assess the effect of blood storage on the oxygen transport rate (OTR). Materials and Methods In dynamic oximetry, the rate at which oxyhemoglobin becomes deoxyhemoglobin is measured optically, thereby, indirectly measuring the rate at which oxygen leaves the red blood cell (RBC) making it available for transfer to tissues. Extending the physiologic diffusion time in an in vitro apparatus, consisting of a diffusion system and gas exchanger capable of controlling the surface area and the time of exposure for oxygenation and deoxygenation, makes OTR measurement feasible. Eight normal blood donor units, collected in adenine, dextrose, sorbitol, sodium chloride and mannitol , were stored for 8 weeks under standard conditions and serially sampled for OTR. Results We report that the OTR at the time of blood bank donation appears to be singular for each donor, that the interdonor differences are maintained over time, and that the individual OTR increased 1·72-fold (95% CI 1·51, 1·95) over 8 weeks, adjusting for sex, age and plasma cholesterol level. Conclusion Oxygen transport rate increases during storage; blood units with similar haemoglobin content may have significant differences in OTR. Studies examining blood parameters at the time of donation and blood storage on patient outcomes should consider measuring OTR, as it may contribute to differences in observed efficacy of tissue oxygenation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tissue oxygen delivery depends on red blood cell (RBC) content and RBC flow regulation in the microcirculation. The important role of the RBC in tissue oxygenation is clear from anaemia and the use of RBC transfusion which has saved many lives. Whether RBC transfusion actually restores tissue oxygenation is difficult to determine due to the lack of appropriate clinical monitoring techniques. Some patients with restored haemoglobin levels and stable haemodynamics still develop tissue hypoxia, emphasizing that, in addition to global parameters, local microcirculatory control mechanisms are also important in the restoration of tissue oxygenation. Both clinical and animal experimental studies have indicated that storage of RBC diminishes their ability to oxygenate the tissue. Several intrinsic RBC parameters that change during storage and might influence tissue oxygenation will be mentioned. The release of vasodilators from RBC that will alter blood flow during hypoxia, mediated by haemoglobin in the RBC that functions as an oxygen sensor, could be impaired during storage. A better understanding of hypoxia-induced vasodilator release from RBC might become a potential target for drug development and improve tissue oxygenation after transfusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Release of inflammatory mediators from blood cells during prestorage leukocyte filtration may result in recipient immune suppression. To investigate the effects of prestorage leukocyte filtration on the quality of blood components, twenty-four blood units were collected from healthy donors and randomised into 3 groups. Eight units were stored as whole blood, eight units were separated into plasma, red blood cells (RBC) and buffy coat and eight units were collected and filtered through the ASAHI RZ 2000 leukocyte filter and separated into plasma and RBC. The units were stored for 35 days. Samples were collected weekly for analyses of polymorphonuclear elastase (PMN elastase), transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and neopterin. PMN elastase and neopterin increased during storage of whole blood and RBC. From the beginning and throughout storage, PMN elastase was increased in filtered plasma as compared with unfiltered plasma. Filtration per se did not influence the neopterin concentration in plasma or RBC. TGF-β1 increased in plasma and RBC during storage. In filtered plasma, an elevation of the TGF-β1 concentration was observed from the start of storage. The TGF-β1 levels were higher in filtered plasma compared with unfiltered plasma. Prestorage leukocyte filtration increased the release of PMN elastase and TGF-β1 in plasma and RBC. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background: Ubiquitin (Ub) is involved in intracellular protein metabolism, but may also have extracellular roles in host defense and immunomodulation. Erythrocytes contain high amounts of Ub and hemolysis is one potential source of extracellular Ub in vivo. Since hemolysis also occurs with storage of packed RBC units (pRBCs) in vitro, we hypothesized that Ub is released during storage and that it correlates with immunological properties of pRBCs. Materials and methods: Daily aliquots were drawn from pRBCs (n = 3) for 42 days and plasma was isolated. Ub was measured by ELISA. Immunomodulatory properties of plasma were assessed by measuring endotoxin-stimulated cytokine (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8) production of normal whole blood, and cell proliferation in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results: Plasma Ub linearly increased (49 ± 2 ng/mL/day; r 2 = 0.82, P < 0.001) 20-fold to 2170 ± 268 ng/mL on day 42. Plasma inhibited TNF-α production but stimulated IL-8 production of normal whole blood, which correlated with time-dependent Ub release (TNFα: r spearman = −0.626, P < 0.001; IL-8: r spearman = 0.427, P = 0.004). Addition of exogenous Ub (equaling day 42 concentration) to day 0–4 plasma inhibited TNF-α production by one-third of the effect detected for day 42 plasma, but also inhibited IL-8 production by 40%. IL-6 production and cell proliferation was unchanged between day 0–4 plasma with or without Ub supplementation and day 42 plasma. Conclusions: Extracellular Ub release in pRBCs correlates with in vitro immunomodulatory effects and may partially contribute to transfusion-related immune modulation. Additionally, the linear kinetics of the ubiquitin release during pRBC storage suggest Ub is a suitable in vitro quality control parameter. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Many teleostean fish, including rainbow trout, regulate red blood cell (RBC) pH (pHi) in the presence of a stress-induced acidosis such as hypoxia, hypercapnia, or exhaustive exercise. This is accomplished through activation of RBC Na+/H+ exchange (β-NHE), ultimately minimizing impairment to oxygen transport. Presence and characterization of the RBC β-NHE in fish is best tested in blood from cannulated, resting animals; however, several studies have used blood from stressed animals drawn from the caudal vein and stored prior to use. The effects of sampling procedures and storage on the β-NHE response is not known and is the focus of this study. Whole blood drawn from cannulated, resting rainbow trout was compared with RBCs obtained from the caudal vein rinsed and stored at 4 °C for 0, 6, 24, 48, 96 or 144 h. Isoproterenol (10− 5 M), a β-adrenergic agonist, was added to hypoxia/hypercapnia incubated RBCs in vitro. In all treatments, isoproterenol induced a large β-NHE response, and storage duration (≤96 h) had a minimal affect, indicating that rinsing and storing is an easy and viable means by which to obtain RBCs and investigate function. Storage for 144 h still resulted in a significant RBC β-NHE response; however, viability of RBCs may be compromised. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Background: Red blood cell (RBC) conformational changes occur when blood is stored. This study was designed to be a preliminary evaluation to assess how these changes affect the microcirculation. Methods: The rat cremaster muscle flap model was used to evaluate in vivo microcirculatory changes after withdrawal of 1 mL blood with subsequent administration of fresh blood (group I, n = 6) and banked blood (group II, n = 6). Each group underwent a 3-stage evaluation: baseline, after blood withdrawal, and after transfusion. Using intravital microscopy, RBC velocity, vessel diameter, functional capillary perfusion, and leukocyte–endothelial interactions were noted. Results: After blood withdrawal, changes in RBC velocity, vessel diameter, functional capillary perfusion, and number of activated leukocytes were observed in both groups, but these changes were more significant in stored blood compared with fresh blood (P ≤.05). Conclusions: Further work is needed to validate these findings, but these preliminary data suggest that stored blood may have a deleterious effect on the microcirculation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Several studies have shown that autologous blood storage during pregnancy is relatively safe for mother and fetus. However, the need for reappraisal of autologous blood transfusion in obstetric patients has been proposed.We retrospectively reviewed the cases of placenta previa and low-lying placenta among pregnancies at our hospital during an 18-year period, 1985–2002. The utility of autologous blood transfusion program, which started in 1994 for those with placental positional disorders, was evaluated.Of the pregnancies reviewed, there were 158 cases (1.9%) of placenta previa or low-lying placenta. The number of patients transfused with homologous blood decreased from 27.6% (21/76) in the period before implementation of the autologous blood transfusion program to 8.5% (7/82) after its implementation in 1994. In the latter time period, 39.0% (32/82) of patients with placenta previa and low-lying placenta were phlebotomized and had blood stored. Of those, 71.9% (23/32) were reinfused where one patient (3.1%) needed homologous blood as well. The volume of collected blood per phlebotomy was 367 ± 65 ml, the total volume of collected blood per patient was 803 ± 350 ml, and the total of estimated blood loss per patient was 1326 ± 873 ml. The volume of reinfused blood per patient was 578 ± 326 ml.The program of autologous blood collection and transfusion in patients with placenta previa resulted in a decrease in homologous blood transfusion. In our program, we recommend starting blood collection and storage at 32 weeks' gestation and phlebotomize 400 ml per week to reach a volume of stored blood of 1200–1500 ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare viability of equine whole blood stored by 4 different methods, and to establish optimal storage protocols for an equine autologous blood donation program. Study Design In vitro study of stored equine whole blood. Animals Six healthy adult horses. Methods Blood from each horse was collected into 4 different containers: glass bottles containing acid–citrate–dextrose solution (ACD), plastic bags containing ACD, citrate–phosphate–dextrose (CPD), and CPD with supplemental adenine (CPDA-1). Blood was stored for 5 weeks and sampled at 2-day intervals. Standard hematologic and biochemical variables were evaluated, and adenosine-5-triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) concentrations were measured and normalized to total hemoglobin content. Results Plasma hemoglobin, % hemolysis, lactate, potassium, ammonia, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased, whereas glucose concentration and pH decreased in all stored blood over 5 weeks. There was a temporal increase in hemolysis with all storage methods, but the increase was greatest in glass bottles. Lactate and ammonia were highest in CPD and CPDA-1 samples, indicating more active red blood cell (RBC) metabolism. 2,3-DPG concentrations decreased during storage, but were optimally preserved with CPDA-1. ATP concentrations were significantly higher for blood stored in CPDA-1, and were lowest in glass bottles. Conclusions Hematologic and biochemical values measured for blood stored in CPDA-1 are suggestive of improved RBC viability compared with other storage methods. With the exception of ATP, results from stored equine blood were similar to those reported for other species. Clinical Relevance Commercial CPDA-1 bags appear to be the optimal storage method for equine whole blood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red blood cells (RBC) can be frozen in glycerol solutions and stored for many years. Thawed RBC must have the glycerol removed, but the recovered cells have normal survival in humans. Freezing has been used to store RBC of rare phenotypes for more than 40 years. In the 1960s and 1970s, when medical technology and blood use were expanding rapidly and liquid whole blood and RBC storage were limited to 3 weeks, many attempts were made to expand the use of frozen RBC for meeting the needs for a stable blood supply and to have RBC reserves for emergencies. These attempts have largely been abandoned because of the cost of freezing, storing and processing, better management of the larger and longer lived RBC inventory, concerns about the safety of stored RBC that have not received the most up-to-date testing and the losses associated with the short shelf life of thawed RBC. New automated frozen RBC processing systems will potentially allow extending the outdate of thawed RBC to 2 weeks, but will not materially effect the costs or losses associated with the use of frozen RBC. RBC freezing will have little effect on the logistics of blood supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Complement activation and generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines occur during storage of blood components. Prestorage leucocyte filtration of platelet concentrates and red cells diminishes the accumulation of leucocyte-derived cytokines during storage, however, transfusion reactions are not eliminated. We investigated inflammatory mediator release during storage of plasma and whole blood and the effect of prestorage leucocyte filtration of plasma. Twenty-four blood units were collected from healthy blood donors and stored for 35 days. Eight units were stored as whole blood, eight units as plasma and eight units as prestorage filtered plasma. Samples were collected weekly for analyses of potassium, leucocytes, free plasma haemoglobin, complement activation (C3a and SC5b-9) and pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α]. Elevated levels of C3a and SC5b-9 were registered in filtered plasma, from the beginning of storage. C3a levels increased during storage. There was a higher rate of change during storage in C3a ( P < 0·01) and SC5b-9 ( P < 0·05) in plasma compared with filtered plasma. Interleukin (IL)-8 is released in whole blood. The cytokine levels generated in plasma and filtered plasma were low. Complement activation is present in whole blood, plasma and filtered plasma during storage. Prestorage filtration of plasma activates the complement cascade but does not influence cytokine generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Rheological blood properties were studied during storage. Materials and Methods Blood viscosity, erythrocyte morphology and ATP levels were determined in filtered samples (Leukotrap WB filter system) and their unfiltered counterparts during storage with saline-adenine-glucose-mannitol (SAG-M) for 42 days. Results Prestorage leucocyte depletion decreased blood viscosity at a high shear rate and reduced the degree of anisocytosis of erythrocytes. During storage, erythrocytes underwent a time-dependent echinocytic shape transformation, which increased the suspension viscosity at high and low shear rates. On day 42, high shear viscosity in filtered units remained lower than in unfiltered counterparts, the mean cellular volume and red blood cell distribution width (RDW) were lower and erythrocytic ATP levels were higher. Conclusions Prestorage leucocyte depletion by Leukotrap WB filters improves biophysical properties of erythrocyte concentrates throughout storage, which is, however, outweighed by a time-dependent echinocytic shape transformation and deterioration of these properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and ObjectivesRed blood cells (RBCs) must be stored in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags plasticized with di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate or a similar plasticizer to achieve their full storage life with conventional storage solutions. Improved storage solutions might remove this requirement and allow blood storage in other plastics. Experimental Additive Solution-61 (EAS-61), which maintains RBCs for 9 weeks with reduced haemolysis and satisfactory 51Cr 24-h recovery, is an appropriate candidate improved RBC storage solution. Materials and MethodsTwenty-four units of packed RBCs were pooled in groups of four units, each pool was realiquoted into four units and stored, six pooled units per arm, in one of the following: 100 ml of EAS-61 in PVC; 200 ml of EAS-61 in PVC; 100 ml of EAS-61 in polyolefin (PO); and 200 ml of EAS-61 in PO. Haemolysis, RBC morphology indices, RBC ATP concentrations, and other measures of RBC metabolism and function were measured weekly. ResultsRBC haemolysis exceeded 1% by 7 weeks in PO bags containing 100 ml or 200 ml of EAS-61. In PVC bags, haemolysis was less than 1% at 11 weeks. RBC ATP concentrations were 1 mol/g of haemoglobin (Hb) higher at 2 weeks in the PVC-stored units. ConclusionsRBCs stored in PVC had markedly less haemolysis and higher RBC ATP concentrations than those stored in PO. Haemolysis would limit RBC storage in PO bags to a duration of 6 weeks, even with EAS-61. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the consistency of blood lipid test result under different storage conditions., Methods: Blood samples from 140 subjects were collected, centrifuged and were divided into five aliquots. One aliquot was used to determine serum total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) immediately, and the other four parts were stored at 4 ℃ for 4 h, 24 h, and frozen at-20 ℃ and-80 ℃ for 30 d, respectively, for the further measurement., Results: Immediate 0 h detection was compared with 4 ℃ for 4 h and 24 h, -20 ℃and-80 ℃ for 30 d: The difference Bland-Altman method was used to analyze TC and LDL-C data, and the mean TC difference values was 0.00, 0.00, 0.07 and 0.03 mmol/L, respectively. LDL-C difference value was-0.02, -0.04, -0.02 and-0.07 mmol/L, respectively, and 95% of the points were within the clinically acceptable conformance threshold. Ratio Bland-Altman method was used to analyze TG and HDL-C data. The mean TG ratios was 1.01, 1.00, 1.05, 1.05, and the mean HDL-C was 1.01, 1.03, 1.05 and 1.03, respectively. Ninety-five percent of the points were within the clinically acceptable consistency boundary. According to the 2021 Interlaboratory Quality Evaluation Standard of Clinical Laboratory Center of National Health Commission, the Bland-Altman analysis showed good consistency between the test result of different blood samples under different storage conditions and the immediate test result., Conclusion: In large population epidemiological studies, the results of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TG in sera being refrigerated at 4 ℃ for 4 h and 24 h, and frozen at-20 ℃ and-80 ℃ for 30 d, were consistent with the result of immediate detection.

Lysostaphin, a staphylococcus-derived staphylocidal substance, has widely been used in assays of granulocyte phagocytic and bactericidal capability. It rapidly kills extracellular bacteria. Thus, a separate determination of intracellular surviving bacteria can be performed. One prerequisite for this approach is the safe inactivation of lysostaphin (usually brought about by trypsin) before the intracellular bacteria are externalized for plating. This inactivation has been found by others to be incomplete. Data are presented demonstrating a safe inactivation of lysostaphin by trypsin, if the pH value is maintained within the alkaline range. A low variation of results is obtained by plotting the total number of bacteria killed per incubate vs the logarithm of initial bacterial inoculum or of the intracellular surviving bacteria, leading to linear regression lines. The variation of the results increases greatly for initial bacteria/granulocyte proportions of > 5/1. The results obtained for two different St. aureus strains are significantly different. Dexamethasone pretreatment (12 mg p.o. within 8 h) had no detectable influence, when fresh blood was assayed, while blood storage at room temperature for 12 h (without dexamethasone pretreatment) led to a significant functional impairment, mainly of bactericidal capability when analyzed in a pairwise fashion. A major limitation of this kind of assays is that killed bacteria cannot be determined directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Blut: Zeitschrift für die Gesamte Blutforschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We evaluated structural damage to DNA (%TDNA) in blood leukocytes from healthy donors of different age at different periods (0-6 days) of blood storage at 4-8°C. It was found that the basal level of DNA damage increased and intracellular antioxidant level decreased during storage. Mean %TDNA was 6.8±3.3% in the fresh blood and 19.2±8.1% after 5-day storage. The experiments with exposure to reactive oxygen species induced by irradiation suggest that depletion of low-molecular-weight endogenous antioxidants occurs as soon as after 5-h storage. Our results suggest that storage time should be taken into account when assessing the basal and induced levels of leukocyte DNA damage by the comet assay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Storage and shipment conditions of clinical specimens affect the quality of nucleic acids and may interfere with molecular analysis. The aim of our study was to verify whether blood storage at room temperature affects single nucleotide polymorphisms analysis; moreover, we analysed the consequences of serum storage at +4°C on viral load determination of hepatitis B and C viruses. Methods: For single nucleotide polymorphism screening, genomic DNA was extracted from EDTA whole blood samples stored at room temperature for different times, quantified photometrically, and Factor V Leiden point mutation analysis was performed. For viral load determination, serum samples with medium or low viremias were stored at +4°C for different times and analysed by Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan tests for hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA or hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA. Results: While mutation analysis was successfully performed on all samples tested, serum storage at +4°C of HBV- and HCV-infected sera decreased viral load, in particular for low viremias. Conclusions: Storage of blood samples at room temperature up to 1 month does not affect the feasibility of genetic analysis, while serum storage at +4°C affects viral load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood and its components are stored to meet the demands of blood transfusion. Erythrocytes undergo progressive modifications during storage known as storage lesions. Storage solutions were developed to improve shelf life and extend red cell viability. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze the effects of AS-7 on young and old erythrocytes during storage. Blood was collected from the blood bank at Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences (KIMS) hospital, Bengaluru. Erythrocytes were isolated from whole blood and separated based on its age using Percoll density gradient. The young and old erythrocytes were stored in AS-7 for 35 days and every 5th day, oxidative stress markers – Hemoglobin (Hb), Oxidative Hemolysis, Mechanical Fragility, Sialic Acid, Superoxides, Glucose, Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), Glutathione, antioxidant capacity (TAC CUPRAC), Plasma Membrane Redox System (PMRS), antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and protein oxidation products were assessed. Hb, glucose, TAC CUPRAC, and superoxide dismutase reduced, while oxidative hemolysis, mechanical fragility, protein oxidation, and lipid peroxidation products increased in young and old cells over storage. LDH, PMRS, catalase, advanced oxidation protein products, and conjugate dienes were significant in old cells from day 5 itself, whereas in young cells towards the end of storage (from day 25). Oxidative insult was higher in old cells compared to young cells. AS-7 was beneficial to young erythrocytes during storage and thus laying the foundation for the possibilities of utilizing young cells as models for storage studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Blood transfusion is a life-saving veterinary therapeutic procedure. While fractionated blood components are used in humans, whole blood is most commonly used in animals, especially for farm animals. Whole blood contains white blood cells that can cause a transfusion reaction in animals. Here, we proposed that using a blood bag with leukocyte filtration is sufficient for blood conservation under field conditions and thus can be an option for transfusion medicine in the case of farm animals. The filtered bag was efficient in removing white cells from cattle whole blood and could be used under field conditions. Blood stored after white blood cells were removed showed less acidic load. Further experimental studies are required to prove that blood without white cells results in a decrease in transfusion reactions in cattle. Leukoreduction (LR) is a technique that consists of reducing the number of leukocytes in whole blood or blood components that can contribute to decreasing storage lesions and the occurrence of post-transfusion complications. We propose that using a blood bag with pre-storage leukocyte filtration is sufficient for blood conservation under field conditions. Ten healthy Nelore cows were used. Whole blood was sampled from each animal and stored at 2 to 6 °C in CPD/SAG-M (citrate phosphate dextrose bag with a saline, adenine, glucose, mannitol satellite bag) triple bags (Control) and in CPD/SAG-M quadruple bags with a leukocyte filter (Filter). At baseline and after 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days (D0, D7, D14, D21, D28, D35, and D42, respectively), complete hematological, blood gas, and biochemical evaluations were determined. The filtered bag removed 99.3% of white blood cells from cattle blood, and the entire filtration process was performed in the field. There was a reduction in the number of red blood cells (RBCs) in both groups from D14 onward, with a decrease of 19.7% and 17.1% at D42 for the Control and Filter bags, respectively. The hemoglobin (Hb) concentration had variation in both groups. Potassium, pO2, pCO2, and sO2 increased, and sodium, bicarbonate, and pH decreased during storage. The filtered bag was efficient in removing white cells from cattle whole blood and could be used under field conditions. Blood stored after LR showed differences (p < 0.05) in blood gas analysis towards a better quality of stored blood (e.g., higher pH, lower pCO2, higher sO2). Further experimental studies are required to prove that blood without white cells results in a decrease in transfusion reactions in cattle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After blood donation, the red blood cells (RBCs) for transfusion are generally isolated by centrifugation and then filtrated and supplemented with additive solution. The consecutive changes of the extracellular environment participate to the occurrence of storage lesions. In this study, the hypothesis is that restoring physiological levels of uric and ascorbic acids (major plasmatic antioxidants) might correct metabolism defects and protect RBCs from the very beginning of the storage period, to maintain their quality. Leukoreduced CPD-SAGM RBC concentrates were supplemented with 416 µM uric acid and 114 µM ascorbic acid and stored during six weeks at 4 °C. Different markers, i.e., haematological parameters, metabolism, sensitivity to oxidative stress, morphology and haemolysis were analyzed. Quantitative metabolomic analysis of targeted intracellular metabolites demonstrated a direct modification of several metabolite levels following antioxidant supplementation. No significant differences were observed for the other markers. In conclusion, the results obtained show that uric and ascorbic acids supplementation partially prevented the metabolic shift triggered by plasma depletion that occurs during the RBC concentrate preparation. The treatment directly and indirectly sustains the antioxidant protective system of the stored RBCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood banks need to understand patterns of use and ordering practices to provide the blood donor centers with the best information with which to develop daily scheduled deliveries of blood products. Blood use is a large component of this process through maximizing physician education about appropriate ordering practices and use of appropriate tools. Simple measures can help provide guidance on the number of available components and the need to order more from the blood donor center. Special product requests in pediatrics, such as fresh blood, leukoreduction, irradiation, and antigen-negative units can also drive inventory practices and use patterns., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)