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It is a question of making a bibliographical review of the pathogens of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and its way of combating them in a biological way. In this way a summary of previous studies on the biological control of tomato pathogens is sought. Within this is a description of the plant, as well as its main taxonomic and morphological aspects. The importance of this vegetable in Spain and in the Valencian community is emphasized, as well as the importance of combating the main pathogens of this one., Se trata de hacer una revisión bibliográfica de los patógenos del tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) y su forma de combatirlos de manera biológica. De esta manera se busca realizar un resumen de estudios previos sobre el control biológico de los patógenos del tomate. Dentro de este proyecto, se describen tambien distintos aspectos la planta, así como sus principales características morfológicas. Se nombra también la importancia de este vegetal en España y en la Comunidad Valenciana, así como la importancia de combatir los principales patógenos de éste.

Ipomoea longistaminea se destaca entre as espécies do gênero por ser considerada como endêmica da Caatinga e de distribuição restrita nos Estados de Pernambuco e da Bahia. Neste trabalho, foi estudada a biologia da e produtiva e os visitantes florais dessa espécie em área de Caatinga, na Fazenda São Luiz, em Juazeiro-BA. As atividades foram desenvolvidas nos anos de 2009 a 2012, no período de maio a agosto, entre 05h00 e 18h00, com 20 indivíduos de I. longistaminea. Para o estudo da biologia floral, flores foram marcadas e acompanhadas, sendo anotadas a antese e os visitantes florais. Experimentos de polinização foram feitos para determinar a estratégia reprodutiva. Ipomoea longistaminea é uma liana anual, como floração observada de maio a julho, caracterizada como do tipo cornucópia. As inflorescências são do tipo cimeira apresentando, em média, 10,6 ± 2,88 botões. As flores são infundibuliformes, com corola de cor vermelha e comprimento médio de 40,9 ± 3,68mm. O androceu é composto por cinco estames que, juntamente com estilete e estigma, fica exposto fora da corola. A antese é diurna, ocorrendo por volta das 05h00 e, nesta fase, o estigma está receptivo, o pólen está viável (93,4%) e disponível e o néctar é produzido em pequena quantidade (7,1 ± 2,1μL). Por volta das 15h00, as flores encontram-se com as pétalas desidratadas, fechando a fauce da corola. Ao longo da floração, foram registradas visitas de cinco espécies de beija-flores e três espécies de abelhas. Ipomoea longistaminea é uma espécie autocompatível e que apresenta atributos florais característicos da síndrome de ornitofilia, sendo Chlorostilbon sp., Eupetomena macroura e o beija-flor não identificado seus polinizadores potenciais no local do presente estudo. Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-13T00:46:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LuciaKiill.pdf: 1402529 bytes, checksum: c6aed3e000ced2997a83853f74dea00d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-12

[EN] Essential oil (EO) extracts coming from two representative populations of Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. subesp. suaveolens in Eastern Iberian Peninsula were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and flame ion detector. Plant sampling was carried out in the morning and evening in order to study diurnal variation in EO profiles. Likewise, leaves and inflorescences were analyzed separately. Two chemotypes corresponding to each one of the populations were identified, with piperitenone oxide (35.2 - 74.3%) and piperitone oxide (83.9 - 91.3%), respectively, as major compounds. Once different chemotypes were identified, canonical correspondence analysis was employed to evaluate the effect of the bioclimatic and edaphic factors recorded in each location on the observed differences. Statistical analysis suggested that these chemotypes were closely related to specific environmental factors, mainly the bioclimatic ones. Concretely, piperitenone oxide chemotype can be associated to supramediterranean bioclimatic conditions and soils with major salinity and water field capacity. On the other hand, the most volatile fraction (hydrocarbon monoterpenes) reached its higher level in the morning; specifically, a noticeable amount of limonene was found in morning samples of flowers (4.8 - 10.6%). This fact can be related to ecological role of volatile compounds in order to attract pollinator insects.

[EN] Biomass waste from rice straw has many management problems, including field firing causing severe air pollution and natural organic decomposition resulting in methane emission. The conversion of this waste to ashes may offer the possibility of reusing them in cementing systems. For the first time ashes from different parts of the rice plant (Oryza sativa) were characterised from the chemical composition point of view: rice leaf ash (RLA), rice leaf sheath ash (RlsA) and rice stem ash (RsA). Microscopic studies on ashes revealed heterogeneity in the distribution of chemical elements in the remaining cellular structure (spodograms). The highest concentration of SiO2 was found in dumbbell-shaped phytoliths (%SiO2 > 78%). In the global chemical composition of ashes, SiO2 was also the main oxide present. According to Vassilev¿s classification of chemical composition, RLA belongs to the K-MA zone (medium acid), RlsA to the K-zone (low acid) and RsA to the S-zone (high acid). Calcination temperatures ¿550 ¿C completely removed organic matter from the straw and ashes underwent significant sinterisation by calcining at 650 ¿C due to the presence of potassium chloride. Here, ashes from global straw (rice straw ash, RSA) are characterised (via X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetry) and tested from a reactivity point of view (reaction towards calcium hydroxide) in order to assess the possibility for its reuse in cementing systems. Results from pastes made by mixing RSA and calcium hydroxide showed that the pozzolanic reactivity of the ashes is important (hydrated lime fixation of 82% for 7 days and 87% for 28 days in RSA:hydrated lime paste) and cementing C S H gel is formed after 7 and 28 days at room temperature. Compressive strength development of Portland cement mortars with 10% and 25% replacements by RSA yielded 107% and 98% of the strength of control mortar after 28 days of curing. Frattini test confirmed the pozzolanicity of the RSA blended cements. These reactivity results are very promising in terms of the potential reuse of ashes in cementing systems., The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad MINECO, Spain, and FEDER funding [Project: B1A2015-70107-R] The authors thank the Electron Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Spain).

Cortaderia selloana Schult. & Schult.f. Asch. & Graebn. is a native Soud American species used as ornamental but currently classified as invasive in many European countries. Due to its high competitiveness, it can displace native species from their habitats and therefore it is especially damaging to wetland plants. For this reason, the aim of this is to test the effects of different abiotic stress factors that could influence the presence of this species. Plant material (seeds) and soil samples will be collected in several Valencian coastal locations. In the soil samples the values of texture, electrical conductivity, organic matter, levels of cations and anions among others will be obtained. The seeds will be germinated in the chambers of cultivation of the Escuela Politécnica Superior de Gandia, and the seedlings obtained will undergo different conditions of water and saline stress. At the end of the treatments the parameters of plant growth will be compared. In case of obtaining different answers between the different localities, these will be related to the environmental conditions of the populations of origin of the seeds. These results may have a direct practical application for the control programs of this species in the Valencian marshes., Cortaderia selloana Schult. & Schult.f. Asch. & Graebn. es una especie nativa de Sudamericana utilizada como ornamental pero actualmente catalogada como invasora en muchos paises europeos. Debido alta competitividad puede desplazar especies autóctonas de sus hábitats, siendo especialmente perjudicial para las plantas de los humedales.Por este motivo se plantea comprobar los efectos de diferentes factores de estrés abiótico que podrían influir en la presencia de esta especie. El material vegetal (semillas) y muestras de suelos se recogerán en varias localidades litorales valencianas. En las muestras de suelo se obtendrán los valores de textura, conductividad eléctrica, materia orgánica, niveles de cationes y aniones entre otros. Las semillas se germinarán en las cámaras de cultivo de la Escuela Politécnica Superior de Gandia, y las plántulas obtenidas se someterán a diferentes condiciones de estrés hídrico y salino. Al finalizar los tratamientos se compararán los parámetros de crecimiento de las plantas. En caso de obtener respuestas diferentes entre las diversas localidades, éstas se relacionarán con las condiciones ambientales de las poblaciones de origen de las semillas. Estos resultados pueden tener una aplicación práctica directa para los programas de control de esta especie en los marjales valencianos.

ISBN: 978-84-945378-7-5 (Book) ISBN: 978-84-945378-8-2 (e-Book) Available in http://lap.uab.cat/aerobiologia/es/bibliography#organizedcongresses Since 1991, the aerobiology research team of the University of Malaga has been sampling and studying the atmospheric pollen content in different localities of Malaga province (SW Spain) (Recio et al. 1998, 2006). Nevertheless, the northwest part of the province had not been studied yet. In order to complete this missing information, a pollen trap was installed in Ronda in December 2016. This locality, the biggest city in the northwest of Malaga province, is located in a rural area close to the natural Parks Sierra de las Nieves and Sierra de Grazalema, surrounded by crops, natural and semi-natural vegetation. The objectives of this preliminary study were to determinate the atmospheric pollen behaviour of the main taxa registered during winter and spring months in Ronda, as well as compare them with the data obtained by Malaga city sampling station during the same period in order to search for significant differences. The samplings were made by means of two Hirst-type volumetric pollen traps (Hirst 1952). One of them was placed on the roof of the Perez de Guzman High School (Ronda) and the other was located on the roof of the Faculty of Sciences building (Malaga). Samples obtained were mounted and counted according to the methodology proposed by the Spanish Aerobiology Network, the REA (Galán et al. 2007). Significant differences (α = 0.05) between Ronda and Malaga were found regarding the daily concentration of pollen. These differences were particularly detected for some pollen types such as Mercurialis, Fraxinus, Urticaceae and Cupressaceae. In general, we found higher pollen concentration levels in Ronda. We can see a delay for some taxa in Ronda. The higher concentrations of pollen detected in Ronda can be justified by the abundant surrounding vegetation. The differences in concentration and seasonal behaviour detected for some taxa can be explained by the different thermotype and ombrothype of the two sampling sites and the natural distribution and abundance of these taxa in the province. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

[EN] Aloe vera gel, analysed as to its antifungal properties against six fungi causing plant diseases, was found to be most effective against Fusarium oxysporum. It was included in different ratios in starch based films plastiziced with glycerol to obtain antifungal films. These were characterized as to their physical (barrier and optical) and structural properties. Films containing the highest ratio of Aloe vera solids (1:1, with respect to starch) and different glycerol mass ratios with respect to starch (0.15 and 0.25) were analysed as to the water sorption and water plasticization effects, in order to discover the water sensitivity of the films in different RH ambients. Films with 0.15 g glycerol/g starch were more homogenous, with a lower degree of starch crystallization, reduced water vapour permeability and higher gloss and transparency. These films with the highest Aloe vera ratio were effective at controlling fungal decay and weight loss in cherry tomatoes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad throughout the project AGL2013-42989-R and AGL2016-76699-R. Rodrigo Ortega-Toro thanks Universidad Nacional Abierta y a Distancia from Colombia for their support through project PIE-01 2016. Authors also thank the Electron Microscopy Service of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for their technical assistance.

[EN] Commercial thyme and lavender essential oils were analysed by GC/MS. Sixty-six compounds accounting for 98.6¿99.6% of total essential oil were identified. Thymol (52.14 ± 0.21%), followed by pcymene (32.24 ± 0.16%), carvacrol (3.71 ± 0.01%) and ¿-terpinene (3.34 ± 0.02%), were the main compounds in thyme essential oil, while large amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes linalool acetate (37.07 ± 0.24%) and linalool (30.16 ± 0.06%) were found in lavender one. In vitro antifungal activity of the essential oils was evaluated at 200 and 300 ¿g/mL against 10 phytopathogenic and post-harvest fungi, which significantly affect agriculture. Micelial growth inhibition was calculated for each tested fungus and dose. Thyme essential oil showed satisfactory results with 90¿100% growth inhibition in almost all the assayed fungi at 300 ¿g/mL, while lavender essential oil showed no noteworthy inhibition data at either dose, and its growth was even enhanced. Thyme essential oil represents a natural alternative to control harvest and post-harvest fungi, and to extend the shelf-life of agriculture products., This study has been financed by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, Programme-oriented Societal Challenges 2014-2017 [grantnumber AGL2013-42989-R-AR].

Throughout the present piece of work, the characterization of the roots was performed, followed by the analysis of the nodulation of two main legumes of the Valencian Community: Medicago sativa L. y Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Subsequently, the development of a method of isolation and identification of the rhizobia harboring the nodules formed in the roots of these plant species was carried out. The results showed the differences in root nodulation of both species. The obtained nodules were subjected to different disinfection methods to determine which one was more convenient to obtain isolated colonies of the rhizobia, as well as the ways in which the preservation of the roots were tested, in order to assess their viability over the time. Finally, biochemical tests were performed to determine the Rhizobium species of the isolated microorganisms., En el presente trabajo, se realizó la caracterización de las raíces y se analizó la nodulación de dos leguminosas características de la Comunidad Valenciana: Medicago sativa L. y Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. Posteriormente, se llevó a cabo la puesta a punto de un método de aislamiento e identificación de los rhizobios que albergan los nódulos formados en las raíces de dichas especies vegetales. Los resultados obtenidos ponen de manifiesto las diferencias en la nodulación radicular de ambas especies. Los nódulos obtenidos se sometieron a distintos métodos de desinfección para determinar cuál era más conveniente para obtener colonias aisladas de los rhizobios, así como se probaron formas de conservación de las raíces, con el fin de valorar su viabilidad con el paso del tiempo. Finalmente, se realizaron pruebas bioquímicas para determinar la especie de rhizobio de los microorganismos aislados., En el present treball, es va realitzar la caracterització de les arrels i es va analitzar la nodulació de dues leguminoses característiques de la Comunitat Valenciana: Medicago sativa L. i Onobrychis viciifolia scop. Posteriorment, es va dur a terme la posada a punt d'un mètode d'aïllament i identificació dels rhizobios que alberguen els nòduls formats en les arrels d'aquestes espècies vegetals. Els resultats obtinguts posen de manifest les diferències en la nodulació radicular d'ambdues espècies. Els nòduls obtinguts es van sotmetre a diferents mètodes de desinfecció per a determinar com era més convenient per a obtenir colònies aïllades dels rhizobios, així com es van provar formes de conservació de les arrels, amb la finalitat de valorar la seua viabilitat amb el pas del temps. Finalment, es van realitzar proves bioquímiques per a determinar l'espècie de rhizobio dels microorganismes aïllats.

Galapagos is an archipelago of volcanic islands located 972 km west from the continental Ecuador. They were declared by the UNESCO as a World Heritage Site and Biosphere Reserve due to their singular environmental value, where a third part of the native plants are endemic to this archipelago (Jaramillo et al., 2011). In spite of the numerous scientific studies carried out in Galapagos, there are not any aerobiological samplings being performed currently. The main objectives of this study were to install a pollen trap for detecting the presence of pollen in the atmosphere of Puerto Ayora (Santa Cruz, Galapagos Islands) and qualitatively identify the different pollen types detected during the studied period. A Durham (1946) gravimetric pollen trap was modified to turn it into a passive impact pollen trap based on Pla Dalmau (1957) modifications. It was placed on the roof of the Galapagos National School (Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island) at a height of 15m above ground level. The samples were obtained by using silicone fluid as adhesive substance and glycerine gelatine as mounting mean. The pollen grains were counted in a surface of 14 x 48 mm in each sample. The pollen types were identified with the aid of the pollen guide of the Galapagos Island by Jaramillo & Trigo (2011) and the Charles Darwin Foundation pollen bank. Pollen types of endemic plants such as Darwiniothamnus sp., Passiflora foetida var. galapagensis Killip, Justicia galapagana Lindau and Castela galapageia Hook. f. were detected together with those of other native and introduced species. A high diversity of pollen types was detected, reflecting the particular vegetation of the island. This preliminary aerobiological information can be used as precedent for further studies on the pollination of native and introduced species of the Galapagos Islands, as well as for detecting possible allergic diseases in the population. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

[EN] Contacts across the Strait of Gibraltar in the Pleistocene have been studied in different research papers, which have demonstrated that this apparent barrier has been permeable to human and fauna movements in both directions. Our study, based on the genetic analysis of wild boar (Sus scrofa), suggests that there has been contact between Africa and Europe through the Strait of Gibraltar in the Late Pleistocene (at least in the last 90,000 years), as shown by the partial analysis of mitochondrial DNA. Cytochrome b and the control region from North African wild boar indicate a close relationship with European wild boar, and even some specimens belong to a common haplotype in Europe. The analyses suggest the transformation of the wild boar phylogeography in North Africa by the emergence of a natural communication route in times when sea levels fell due to climatic changes, and possibly through human action, since contacts coincide with both the Last Glacial period and the increasing human dispersion via the strait., This study was supported by The Emirates Centre for Wildlife Propagation (Morocco). The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

[EN] Parmotrema pseudotinctorum (des Abb.) Hale is a foliose lichen able to colonize large areas on rock surfaces in semiarid and warm localities in the Canary Islands. In this contribution, we investigate the phycobionts of this successful lichen under these extreme environmental conditions using ultrastructural and genetic methodologies. Two populations from La Gomera and La Palma islands were analyzed. After TEM analyses, three algal types were clearly distinguished in intrathalline symbiosis, provisionally named Ph1, Ph2, and Ph3. Two of them (Ph1 and Ph2) were Trebouxia showing a well visible pyrenoid corticolatype the chloroplast thylakoids being very different in both. The type Ph3 could be a taxon included in the genus Asterochloris. Our molecular approach consisted in sequencing two different DNA loci: a portion of the chloroplast psbA gene and nuclear ITS. Sequences of the psbA gene resulted in electrophoretograms showing double peaks when DNA extracted from the whole lichen thallus was used as template. Such double peaks were interpreted as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This interpretation was confirmed by cloning. However, no intrathalline polymorphisms were detected among the nrITS sequences. Phylogenetic analyses on the basis of the psbA gene revealed three distinct clades. It is likely that these clades corresponded to the the three different morphotypes revealed by TEM. One of these clades, was closely related to T. corticola, other was related to Asterochloris glomerata and the third did not grouped with any specific taxa. These results are the first piece of evidence that algal coexistence may even be established between species of different genera of the Trebouxiophyceae (Asterochloris and Trebouxia at least). Moreover, the coexistence of several microalgal taxa evidenced in this study appears as a consistent character among the populations of this foliose lichen. Further isolation and cultivation of the three different algal types and physiological studies should shed light on the ecological plasticity of the entire holobiont. Along with such variety of intrathalline coexisting algae, another unexpected result was the observation of an almost continuous layer of bacterial-communities coating the lower cortex in all the studied samples of P. pseudotinctorum. The function of these biofilms in the lichen symbiosis remains to be elucidated. The existence of such particular symbiosis involving different algal species and bacteria could be explained by an increased fitness in particular habitats or under specific environmental conditions, [ES] Parmotrema pseudotinctorum (des Abb.) Hale es un liquen foliáceo que coloniza roquedos volcánicos y es frecuente en localidades semiáridas y cálidas de las islas Canarias. En este trabajo, se investigan los ficobiontes de este liquen utilizando métodos ultraestructurales y genéticos. Se analizaron dos poblaciones de La Gomera y La Palma. Mediante análisis TEM, se han distinguido claramente tres tipos de algas en simbiosis intratalinas, llamados provisionalmente Ph1, Ph2 y Ph3. Dos de ellas (Ph1 y Ph2), pertenecientes al género Trebouxia, muestran un pirenoide bien visible del tipo corticola, pero los tilacoides del cloroplasto son muy diferentes en ambos. El tipo Ph3 podría ser un taxón incluido en el género Asterochloris. El enfoque molecular consistió en la secuenciación de dos loco diferentes de ADN: una porción del gen psbA del cloroplasto e ITS nuclear. Las secuencias del gen psbA proporcionaron electroforetogramas que mostraban dobles picos cuando se usó como patrón el ADN extraído de los talos completos. Estos dobles picos se interpretaron como polimorfismos de nucleótido simple (SNP). Esta interpretación se confirmó mediante técnicas de clonación. Sin embargo, no se detectaron polimorfismos intratalinos con las secuencias nrITS. Los análisis filogenéticos basados en las secuencias del gen psbA constataron la presencia de tres clados diferenciados. Es probable que éstos correspondan a los tres diferentes morfotipos puestos en evidencia por TEM. Uno de ellos está estrechamente relacionado con T. corticola, otro con Asterochloris glomerata, y el tercero no se agrupaba a ningún taxón especifico. Estos resultados son la primera evidencia de que en los líquenes la coexistencia de algas intratalinas se puede establecer incluso entre especies de difierentes géneros de Trebouxiophyceae (Asterochloris y Trebouxia al menos). Por otra parte, la coexistencia de varios taxones de microalgas, constatada en este estudio, puede considerarse como una sólida característica entre las poblaciones de este liquen foliáceo. Posteriores aislamientos y el cultivo de los tres tipos de algas, además de estudios fisiológicos, podrán explicar la plasticidad ecológica que muestra el holobionte. Otro resultado inesperado fue la observación de una capa casi continua de comunidades bacterianas que recubren el córtex inferior en todas las muestras estudiadas de P. pseudotinctorum. Está por determinar la función que estos biofilms puedan tener en las simbiosis liquénicas. La existencia de estos tipos de simbiosis tan particulares, que involucran tanto a diferentes especies de algas como a bacterias, podría explicarse por un incremento en la capacidad de colonizar hábitats peculiares o con condiciones ambientales específicas, This study was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (MINECO CGL2012-40058-C02-01/02), FEDER and the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEO 021/2013 GVA).

En este estudio, se proporciona una caracterización de los atributos estructurales e históricos de un hayedo-robledal perteneciente a un bosque viejo, y se tratará de abordar una serie de objetivos: · Conocimiento del robledal acidófilo de roble común, del hayedo oligótrofo y su evolución · Determinar la evolución del robledal de roble común en competencia con el hayedo y su situación en el Parque Natural Señorío de Bértiz · Realización de un inventario mediante el establecimiento de Parcelas Permanentes para la evaluación de distintos tratamientos selvícolas. · Describir la estructura espacial de las poblaciones de roble (Quercus robur L.) y evaluar el papel de la regeneración y la mortalidad en la formación y variación de sus patrones espaciales. · Conservación del robledal autóctono en el Parque Natural Señorío de Bértiz. · Iniciar un seguimiento a largo plazo de la evolución de la madera en el suelo · Iniciar un seguimiento a largo plazo de la evolución de hayedo-robledal para explicar el funcionamiento y la dinámica natural de este ecosistema que nos puede proporcionar directrices para la mejora de la gestión forestal.

Comparative studies on the responses to salt stress of taxonomically related taxa should help to elucidate relevant mechanisms of stress tolerance in plants. We have applied this strategy to three Plantago species adapted to different natural habitats, P. crassifolia and P. coronopus both halophytes and P. major, considered as salt-sensitive since it is never found in natural saline habitats. Growth inhibition measurements in controlled salt treatments indicated, however, that P. major is quite resistant to salt stress, although less than its halophytic congeners. The contents of monovalent ions and specific osmolytes were determined in plant leaves after four-week salt treatments. Salt-treated plants of the three taxa accumulated Na+ and Cl- in response to increasing external NaCl concentrations, to a lesser extent in P. major than in the halophytes; the latter species also showed higher ion contents in the non-stressed plants. In the halophytes, K+ concentration decreased at moderate salinity levels, to increase again under high salt conditions, whereas in P. major K+ contents were reduced only above 400 mM NaCl. Sorbitol contents augmented in all plants, roughly in parallel with increasing salinity, but the relative increments and the absolute values reached did not differ much in the three taxa. On the contrary, a strong (relative) accumulation of proline in response to high salt concentrations (600 800 mM NaCl) was observed in the halophytes, but not in P. major. These results indicate that the responses to salt stress triggered specifically in the halophytes, and therefore the most relevant for tolerance in the genus Plantago are: a higher efficiency in the transport of toxic ions to the leaves, the capacity to use inorganic ions as osmotica, even under low salinity conditions, and the activation, in response to very high salt concentrations, of proline accumulation and K+ transport to the leaves of the plants., MAH was a recipient of an Erasmus Mundus pre-doctoral scholarship financed by the European Commission (Welcome Consortium). AP acknowledges the Erasmus mobility programme for funding her stay in Valencia to carry out her Master Thesis.

[EN] In the department of San Marcos, Guatemala, in recent decades one of the aspects that has most worried the farmers is the low production they get from their crops and livestock species. There-fore it was decided to conduct the study "ecological bromatological typing and forage woody species in the watershed of the Naranjo River"The objectives of the research focus on establishing the biocli-matic features and ecological conditions where forage species de-velop Erytrhina berteroana Urb. (Miche or whistle), caudata Bohe-meria Swartz (cattle fattening or SACLA) Verbesina apleura SF Blake (copal), Polymnia maculata Cav. (Bilil or rod rocket) and Fuchsia arborescens L. (moradillo). Also, know the chemical composition of such species through phytochemical analysis, knowing the type of soil and identify agroforestry systems in the area of study and quantify their forage potentialFrom the point of view bioclimatic study area it is characterized by the following indices: continentality (Ic) 2.2; termicidad (It) 3.9; ombrothermic (Io) 8.7; Annual positive temperature (Tp) 1.7 ° C; positive precipitation (Pp) 1458 mm and a mean annual tempera-ture (Tm) of 14 ° C. It corresponds to a climax vegetation of plu-viseasonal jungle. The soil is slightly acidic, rich in phosphorus, potassium and or-ganic matter, with a predominantly sandy texture. Regarding the nutritional value and pascícola taxa studied, the best results in crude protein content berteroana E. correspond to 30.7% (± 2.1), P. maculata 29.9% (± 0.4) and B. caudata 27.0% (± 3.3); while higher contents of crude fiber corresponded to E. berteroana with 29.1% (± 5.7) and F. arborescens with 19.8% (± 1.1), on a dry matter values correspond to the best B. caudata and V. apleura with 17.6% (± 4.2) and 16.3% (± 3.0) respectively.Note that the higher protein content is in the agroforestry sys-tem, with 91.72%, values obtained from the data reported by the laboratory of food science; predominant species in this system berteroana E., B. caudata, V. and P. maculata apleura; followed in order of importance with its plant components system strip crop-ping with 49.08 of protein, mainly com-posed by E. berteroana, P. maculata and V. apleura., [ES] En el departamento de San Marcos, Guatemala, en las últimas décadas uno de los aspectos que más ha preocupado a los productores agrícolas es la baja producción que obtienen de sus cultivos y especies pecuarias. Por lo anterior se decidió llevar a cabo el estudio "Tipificación ecológica y bromatológica de especies leñosas forrajeras, en la microcuenca del río Naranjo"Los objetivos de la investigación se centran en establecer las características bioclimáticas y condiciones ecológicas en donde se desarrollan las especies forrajeras Erytrhina berteroana Urb. (miche o pito), Bohemeria caudata Swartz (engorda ganado o sacla) Verbesina apleura S.F. Blake (copal), Polymnia maculata Cav. (bilil o vara de cohete) y Fuchsia arborescens L. (moradillo). Así mismo, conocer la composición bromatológica de dichas especies a través de análisis fitoquímicos, conocer el tipo de suelo e identificar los sistemas agroforestales en el área de estudio y cuantificar su potencial forrajeroDesde el punto de vista bioclimático el área de estudio se caracteriza por los siguientes índices: continentalidad (Ic) 2,2; termicidad (It) 3,9; ombrotérmico (Io) 8,7; temperatura positiva anual (Tp) 1,7°C; precipitación positiva (Pp) 1458 mm y una temperatura media anual (Tm) de 14°C. Le corresponde una vegetación clímax propia de selva pluviestacional. Los suelos son de pH ligeramente ácido, ricos en fósforo, potasio y materia orgánica, con una textura predominantemente arenosa. Respecto al valor nutricional y pascícola de los taxones estudiados, los mejores resultados en contenido de proteína cruda corresponden a E. berteroana con 30,7% (±2,1), P. maculata 29,9% (±0,4) y B. caudata 27,0% (±3,3); mientras que los contenidos de fibra cruda más elevados correspondieron a E. berteroana con 29,1% (±5,7) y F. arborescens con 19,8% (±1,1), respecto a materia seca los mejores valores corresponden a B. caudata y V. apleura con 17,6% (±4,2) y 16,3% (±3,0) respectivamente.Cabe destacar que el mayor contenido de proteína se encuentra en el sistema agrosilvopastoril, con 91,72%, valores obtenidos de los datos reportados por el laboratorio de bromatología; predominando en este sistema las especies E. berteroana, B. caudata, V. apleura y P. maculata; le sigue en orden de importancia con sus componentes vegetales el sistema de cultivos en fajas con 49,08 de proteína, com-puesto principalmente por E. berteroana, P. maculata y V. apleura., [CAT] En el departament de San Marcos, Guatemala, en les últimes dècades un dels aspectes que més ha preocupat als productors agrí-coles és la baixa producció que obtenen dels seus cultius i espècies pecuàries. Per l'anterior es va decidir dur a terme l'estudi "Tipificació ecològica i bromatològica d'espècies llenyoses farratgeres, a la mi-croconca del riu Taronger"Els objectius de la recerca es centren en establir les característi-ques bioclimàtiques i condicions ecològiques on es desenrrollen les espècies farratgeres Erytrhina berteroana Urb. (Miche o xiulet), Bohemeria caudata Swartz (engreixa bestiar o sacla) Verbesina apleura SF Blake (copal), Polymnia maculata Cav. (bilil o vara de coet) i Fuchsia arborescens L. (Moradillo). Així mateix, conèixer la composició bromatològica d'aquestes espècies a través d'anàlisis fitoquímics, conèixer el tipo de sòl i identificar els sistemes agroforestals a l'àrea d'estudi i quantificar el seu potencial farratgerDes del punt de vista bioclimàtic l'àrea d'estudi es caracteritza pels siguientes índices: continentalitat (Ic) 2,2; termicitat (It) 3,9; ombrotèrmic (Io) 8,7; temperatura positiva anual (Tp) 1,7 ° C precipitació positiva (Pp) 1.458mm i una temperatura mitjana anual (t) de 14 ° C. Li correspon una vegetació clímax propi de selva pluviestacional.Les terres són de pH lleugerament àcid, riques en fòsfor, potassi i matèria orgànica, amb una textura predominantment sorrenca. Pel que fa al valor nutricional i pratícola dels tàxons estudiats, els millors resultats en contingut de proteïna crua corresponen a I. berteroana amb 30,7% (± 2,1), P. maculata 29,9% (± 0,4) i B. caudata 27,0% (± 3,3) mentre que els continguts de fibra crua més elevats van corres-pondre a E. berteroana amb 29,1% (± 5,7) i F. arborescens con 19,8% (± 1,1), respecte a matèria seca els millors valors corresponen a B. caudata i V. apleura amb 17,6% (± 4,2) i 16,3% (± 3,0) respectiva-ment.Cal destacar que el major contingut de proteïna es troba en el sis-tema agrosilvopastoril, en el qual en fer la sumatòria de les espècies que el componen s'obté un 91,2%, valors obtinguts en funció de les dades reportats pel laboratori de bromatologia; predominant en aquest sistema les espècies E. berteroana, B. caudata, V. apleura i P. maculata; el segueix en ordre d'importància amb els seus compo-nents vegetals el sistema de cultius en faixes amb 49,08 % de pro-teïna, compost principalment per E. berteroana, P. maculata i V. apleura., Ruiz Mazariegos, RF. (2016). Tipificación ecológica y bromatológica de especies leñosas forrajeras, en la microcuenca del río Naranjo, San Marcos, Guatemala, 2014 [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. doi:10.4995/Thesis/10251/63674., TESIS

[EN] Charred organic matter is recently receiving attention for its potential use as soilless growth medium. However, depending on its origin and on the manufacturing technology, it can result toxic for plants. This fact implies that a detoxifying treatment ought to be devised in order to reclaim char in this way. We have studied three materials which combine these factors: two pyrolyzed biochars, one from forest waste (BCH-FW) and another from olive mill waste (BCH-OMW), and one hydrothermally carbonized hydrochar from forest waste (HYD-FW). These materials are suspicious of phytotoxicity due to their high pH, high salinity, or presence of organic toxics. For these new materials, it is mandatory to select fast and reliable bioassays to predict their potential phytotoxicity. In order to achieve this goal water extracts of the three chars were subjected to bioassays of seed germination and bioassays of seedling growth in hydroponic conditions. The biochar from olive mill waste and the hydrochar, but not the biochar from forest waste, showed considerable phytotoxicity as seed germination and plant growth were negatively affected (e.g. BCH-OMW reduced seed germination by 80% and caused early seedling death). In order to adjust pH and electrical conductivity for plant growth, treatments of acidification and salt leaching with optimal diluted HNO3 solutions (03 N, 0.2 N, and 0.75 N for BCH-OMW, BCH-FW, and HYD-FW, respectively) as calculated from titration curves, were conducted. The acid treatment reduced electrical conductivity in BCH-OMW (from 9.2 to 4.5 dS m(-1)), pH (maximum in BCH-FW from 9.6 to 6.2) and water soluble carbonaceous compounds (maximum in HYD-FW from 5969 to 2145 mg kg(-1)) in the three chars, and increased N content (maximum in BCH-OMW from 50 to 6342 mg kg(-1)) in the three chars. Bioassays on acid-treated chars demonstrated the absence of phytotoxicity and even stimulation of seedling growth over the control (increase of 86% and 56% for BCH-FW and HYD-FW, respectively). We conclude that acidification of chars with diluted HNO3 is a viable technique to conform chars to standards for plant growth purposes. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., This study was funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Val encia (SP20120433-PAID-05-12) (Proyectos de nuevas Líneas de Investigacion Multidisciplinares; PAID-05-12). We thank INGELIA S.L. for giving us the hydrochar for free.This study was funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Val encia (SP20120433-PAID-05-12) (Proyectos de nuevas Líneas de Investigacion Multidisciplinares; PAID-05-12). We thank INGELIA S.L. for giving us the hydrochar for free.

El objetivo del proyecto además de tener un fin académico, es una propuesta de construcción de un parque público de ocio activo, en una parcela situada en el distrito de Benipeixcar de Gandía. Se trata de una propuesta real. El objetivo principal del parque será la recuperación de este espacio para el barrio y de satisfacer las necesidades de esparcimiento, juego, relación y ocio de los vecinos, crear un espacio de esparcimiento público para los habitantes del Distrito

La zona objecte d’estudi es pretén que siga visitada per un gran nombre de públic però la Marjal de Gandia no disposa de servicis de guia de forma regular, que puguen explicar les característiques de la zona i el que espot trobar en ella. D’altra banda els guies que treballen a aula natura sols efectuen visites amb reserva i només entra en el servici l’ informació del centre d’interpretació i la volta a l’ullal de l’alqueria del Duc per això la necessitat de una ferramenta que proporcione informació del que es pot veure, y de les mesures necessàries per a la bona conservació de la Marjal, més allà d’aquesta zona. A més la manca d’un fulletó que puga suplir estes necessitats posa de manifest la realització d’un autoguiat per a cobrir les necessitats informatives de caràcter interpretatives, educatives i de guiatge del visitant. D’altra banda, la ferramenta dona un caràcter ordenat de la visita, millorant-la i donant bona imatge del lloc i la seua conservació.

[EN] The aim of this Thesis is to establish methodologies to improve agricultural produc-tion techniques, biodiversity conservation, and forecast of air quality, through the analytical capacity of Geographic Information Systems. Several methodologies are proposed to integrate both the geographic component of data and methods, in order to provide a practical, transferable, and integrated solution to the increasing need for environmental studies at larger scales.Initially, a plot-based approach to detect fraction of tree cover from high spatial resolution images in an Irrigation Community is proposed. The calculation of quality rates for the management of Irrigation Communities is important, and requires accurate and up-to-date knowledge of water requirements of each specific crop. The computation of the shadow fraction of vegetation cover on large areas needs of systems to able to integrate the spatial component and enable accurate results. This study presents a shadow fraction approach based on classification of high spatial resolution orthoimages acquired within the Spanish National Plan of Survey of the Territory (PNOT). The results of the classification are subsequently used in a Geographic Information System for irrigation management. Secondly, methodology for the integration of geospatial data from different sources is presented. This method aims to predict actual vegetation models, on a forested Natural Park. The quantitative spatial information is used to characterize a 25 x 25 m grid, includes: (1) topographic descriptors and the solar irradiation metrics, (2) texture features computed from aerial photography, and (3) vegetation indices informing about the vegetation status. A multivariate method is proposed by overlapping layers in a GIS. The results, are tested using independent samples, and point out to the potential of these techniques to provide and to estimate actual vegetation maps as guide in the restoration of forest ecosystems. The last study, is a forecast and evaluation of air pollution related to transport systems in urban areas. The method relies on three different geospatial data sourcess: meteorology conditions, traffic emissions, and street geometry. An inverse model calculation of dispersion of pollutants to determinate emissions of the actual car feet to provide factor emission the methodology uses. A cartographical model is defined in to integrate the geospatial data sets (i.e. measured CO concentrations, Cadastral data, and LIDAR data) with mathematical applied. The results of factor emissions have been tested in other cities. The defined model is used to estimate spatial distribution air pollutant in streets of Valencia city center and the results are represented via maps.The integration of spatial components to traditional methods allows to predict and to describe as working the phenomena in the nature. Additionally, the production of maps of phenomena improves the potential of the analysis, enable to reach more meaningful results. In order to understand and research interactions on them, these systems enable to combine different analysis disciplines and methods. For example, the atmosphere and the environment can be integrated throughout scale in space and time.This Thesis opens up various lines of research to improve our knowledge on agriculture, natural environment, and air quality. Future research may combination and fusion of methodologies to better understand the influence of vegetation cover on air quality, in order to improving the forecast of urban pollution caused by car traffic emissions., [ES] Esta tesis tiene como objetivo establecer técnicas de análisis espacial para el desarrollo de métodos dirigidos a mejorar las técnicas de producción agraria, la conservación de la biodiversidad y evaluar el pronóstico de la calidad de aire, a través de la capacidad analítica de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). Se proponen diversas metodologías para incorporar la componente geográfica a los datos y métodos, ofreciendo una solución práctica, transferible e integrada, a la creciente necesidad del estudio del medio que nos rodea, a escalas más amplias. El primer lugar, se propone una metodología basada en la clasificación de imágenes para automatizar la determinación de la cobertura arbórea de un cultivo en las parcelas de una comunidad de regantes. El cálculo de los índices de calidad en la gestión de riego requiere tener un conocimiento preciso de los consumos efectuados y de las necesidades de los cultivos en cada parcela. La determinación de la fracción promedio de suelo cubierto por la vegetación en grandes extensiones, como el caso de una comunidad de regantes, hace necesaria la utilización de sistemas que aporten un aspecto espacial, de manera que faciliten y hagan más preciso el cálculo de la misma. En el presente estudio, se propone un método para determinar la cobertura arbórea en cada parcela a través de una clasificación de imágenes cedidas por el Plan Nacional de Observación del Territorio (PNOT), que permite implementarlo de forma sencilla en un Sistema de Información Geográfica para la gestión del riego.A continuación, se expone una metodología para la obtención de un modelo de distribución de vegetación, (en un Parque Natural de gran valor paisajístico), a partir de datos de la presencia de vegetación forestal y variables ambientales obtenidas de diversas fuentes (modelos digitales de elevación y fotografía aéreas). La información cuantitativa extraída de cada variable es extraída a escala de pixel de 25x25 m y consiste en: (1) descriptores espaciales del relieve y de la radiación, obtenida de modelos digitales de elevación, (2) características texturales extraídas de imágenes aéreas, y (3) índices de vegetación que informan de sus características. Se aplica un método clásico multivariante al que se le incorpora la componente espacial a través de la superposición de capas en un SIG. Los resultados son cotejados con muestras independientes y evidencian la potencialidad del método para construir mapas de vegetación con el objetivo de servir de orientación para la restauración del ecosistema forestal.Finalmente, se presenta una metodología para el pronóstico de la contaminación del aire relacionada con el tráfico rodado en áreas urbanas. El método se basa principalmente en medidas de tres factores: (1) las condiciones meteorológicas, (2) la intensidad de tráfico vehicular, y (3) la geometría de la vía y la aplicación de dos modelos de dispersión de contaminante mediante modelización inversa, (con el objetivo de determinar las emisiones de la actual flota de vehículos). Se utilizan herramientas de información geográfica que integran, a través de un modelo cartográfico, información de diversas fuentes (medidas de concentración de CO, datos catastrales y datos LIDAR) y uso de varios modelos matemáticos. Los resultados de los factores de emisión han sido comparados con los resultados obtenidos en otros estudios desarrollados con la misma metodología, tras su validación se han aplicado los dos modelos de dispersión para estimar la distribución espacial del contaminante en algunas vías del centro de la ciudad de Valencia.La incorporación de la componente espacial a métodos tradicionales sirve de base para predecir y conocer cómo funcionan los fenómenos en la naturaleza, a la vez que permite la creación de una cartografía de los elementos utilizados para el análisis, la investigación y la divulgación, [CAT] Aquesta tesi té per objectiu establir tècniques d'anàlisi espacial per al desenvolupament de mètodes dirigits a millorar les tècniques de producció agrària, la conservació de la biodiversitat i per avaluar el pronòstic de la qualitat de l'aire, mitjançant la capacitat analítica dels Sistemes d'Informació Geogràfica. Es proposen diferents metodologies per tal d'incorporar la component geogràfica a les dades i mètodes, oferint una solució pràctica, transferible i integrada a la necessitat creixent de l'estudi del medi que ens envolta, a escales més amplies.Primerament, es proposa una metodologia basada en la classificació d'imatges per tal d'automatitzar la determinació de la cobertura arbòria d'un cultiu a les parcel¿les d'una comunitat de regants. El càlcul del índexs de qualitat de la gestió del reg requereix tindre un coneixement precís del consum efectuat i de les necessitats dels cultius en cada parcel¿la. La determinació de la fracció mitjana de sol cobert per la vegetació en grans extensions, com és el cas d'una comunitat de regants, fa necessària la utilització de sistemes que aporten l'aspecte espacial, de manera que faciliten i augmenten la precisió del càlcul d'aquesta fracció. Al present estudi, es proposa un mètode per determinar la cobertura arbòria a cada parcel¿la mitjançant una classificació de les imatges cedides pel Pla Nacional d'Observació del Territori (PNOT), que permet la implementació senzilla del mètode en un Sistema d'Informació Geogràfica per a la gestió del reg.Seguidament, s'exposa una metodologia per a l'obtenció d'un model de distribució de vegetació, en un Parc Natural de gran valor paisatgístic, a partir de dades sobre la pre-sència de la vegetació forestal i variables ambientals obtingudes de diferents fonts (models digitals d'elevació i fotografies aèries). La informació quantitativa extreta de cada variable és referida a escala de píxel de 25x25 m i consisteix en: (1) descriptors espacials del relleu i de la radiació, obtinguda de models digitals d'elevació, (2) característiques texturals extretes d'imatges aèries, i (3) índexs de vegetació multivariant que informen de les característiques d'aquesta. A més a més, s'utilitza un mètode clàssic multivariant al que s'incorpora la component espacial mitjançant la superposició de capes en un Sistema d'informació Geogràfica. Els resultats són comparats amb mostres independents i evidencien el potencial del mètode per construir mapes de vegetació amb l'objectiu de servir d'orientació per a la restauració de l'ecosistema forestal.Per acabar, es presenta una metodologia per al pronòstic de la contaminació de l'aire en relació al tràfic rodat en àrees urbanes. El mètode es basa principalment en les mesures de tres factors: (1) les condicions meteorològiques, (2) la intensitat del tràfic vehicular, i (3) la geometria de la via i l'aplicació de dos models de dispersió de contaminant mitjançant la modelització inversa, amb l'objectiu de determinar les emissions de la flota de vehicles actual. A més a més, s'utilitzen ferramentes d'informació geogràfica que integren, per mitjà d'un model cartogràfic, informació de diverses fonts (mesures de concentració de CO, dades cadastrals i dades LIDAR) i l'ús de diferents models matemàtics. Finalment, els resultats dels factors d'emissió es comparen amb els resultats d'altres estudis desenvolupats amb la mateixa meto-dologia. Després d'una validació, s'empren dos models de dispersió per estimar la distribució del contaminant en algunes vies del centre de la ciutat de València., López Pérez, E. (2016). Modelos cartográficos en agricultura y medio ambiente: métodos de cálculo de cobertura arbórea, modelo de distribución de especies y modelo de pronostico de calidad de aire [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. doi:10.4995/Thesis/10251/62189., TESIS

Co-composting two phase olive mill wastes (TPOMW) with bulking agents ¿which provide nitrogen and aeration¿ with agricultural purposes is an appropriate strategy for the management of this by-product from both environmental and economic points of view. The aims of this work were to characterize two composts prepared by mixing TPOMW and fresh horse manure and to study the effects of the composts produced when applied to a calcareous soil fertilized with two mineral programs on radish, lettuce and green beans throughout two years, by emphasizing on crops productivity and soil chemical properties. The two mixtures subjected to composting evolved to materials with different properties, thus leading to differences in soil and crop responses to the resulting composts. After compost application radish root and leaf biomass were significantly higher when AL was added compared to AL+H, and similarly standard mineral fertilization (F1) showed higher values for these parameters than the reduced program F2. Regarding subsequent crops, compost application increased markedly lettuce and bean yields in comparison with the controls, especially treatments with the highest rate of compost and mineral fertilizers. Throughout the second year of the experiment, standard fertilization enhanced radish and lettuce productivity, whereas non significant variations in bean pods yield were scored; in addition, the residual effect resulted in a greater lettuce yield in compost-amended treatments with standard fertilization, especially when composts were added at 24 Mg ha-1. Finally, compost application improved soil fertility, particularly by increasing total organic carbon, total nitrogen and available potassium contents with respect to controls.

Over the next few decades we must boost crop productivity if we are to feed a growing world population, which will reach more than 9×109 people by 2050; and we should do it in the frame of a sustainable agriculture, with an increasing scarcity of new arable land and of water for irrigation. For all important crops, average yields are only a fraction-somewhere between 20% and 50%-of record yields; these losses are mostly due to drought and high soil salinity, environmental conditions which will worsen in many regions because of global climate change. Therefore, the simplest way to increase agricultural productivity would be to improve the abiotic stress tolerance of crops. Considering the limitations of traditional plant breeding, the most promising strategy to achieve this goal will rely on the generation of transgenic plants expressing genes conferring tolerance. However, advances using this approach have been slow, since it requires a deep understanding of the mechanisms of plant stress tolerance, which are still largely unknown. Paradoxically, most studies on the responses of plants to abiotic stress have been performed using stress-sensitive species-such as Arabidopsis thaliana-although there are plants (halophytes, gypsophytes, xerophytes) adapted to extremely harsh environmental conditions in their natural habitats. We propose these wild stress-tolerant species as more suitable models to investigate these mechanisms, as well as a possible source of biotechnological tools (‘stress tolerance’ genes, stress-inducible promoters) for the genetic engineering of stress tolerance in crop plants.

A major constraint limiting saffron cultivation is the difficulty of obtaining high quality corms for propagation. There is limited knowledge about the physiology of vegetative development of saffron. The aim of this work was to analyse the relative contribution of different carbon sources (leaf photosynthetic activity and mother corm reserves) to the growth of vegetative organs and to analyse the influence of internal and external factors on the photosynthetic processes sustaining corm growth. The photosynthetic rate and changes in biomass were measured over the course of the vegetative growing season. The influence of the size of the mother corm, the cultivation method used (greenhouse versus field) and water availability on saffron production was assessed. Most of the remaining mother corm reserves after flowering were depleted during root and leaf development. After these organs reached their maximum size, the growth of replacement corms was initiated, and this development primarily relied on photosynthesis. Saffron mother corm reserves only contributed 10% to the biomass during vegetative development. The photosynthetic rate was consistently very high (26 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) throughout the year but was reduced in plants from the largest corms. A sink capacity limitation arose during growth of replacement corms since the increase of biomass was limited before total leaf senescence. Saffron grown under greenhouse conditions exhibited traits characteristic of plants grown under low-irradiance, even after the saffron plants were transferred to the field. This fact limits the production of replacement corms in this environment. A decrease in the photosynthetic rate was observed under water stress, but the supply of water to the leaves from the corms and roots was found to maintain a still high photosynthetic rate (12 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) even at highly negative soil water potentials., We thank the staff of the ANECOOP experimental station in Museros (Valencia, Spain) for their support and assistance in the field cultivation of saffron. This work was supported by the Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Tecnologia Agraria y Alimentaria, MEC, Spain (PET 2007-014-C05-02). We thank Elsevier Language Editing Services for language revision of the manuscript.

[EN] Polyploidy and hybridisation are the basis of the evolution of Centaurea (Compositae). At the El Saler dune field (eastern Spain), the diploid Centaurea aspera ssp. stenophylla and the tetraploid C. seridis ssp. maritima form a polyploid complex in which C. x subdecurrens individuals occur. This polyploid complex was analysed morphologically and genetically, using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and tubulin-based polymorphism (TBP) markers. Flow cytometry showed that the hybrids are triploid, which is a rare finding in Centaurea. Morphologically, in contrast to leaf characters, flowering characters clearly discriminated the three taxa. The genetic analyses confirm that C. x subdecurrens is a result of the hybridisation between Centaurea aspera ssp. stenophylla and C. seridis ssp. maritima, and suggest that backcrossing events and gene flow are very rare or absent. Although the hybrids likely represent true F1 offspring, they displayed some genetic diversity that is probably due to the combination of alleles. Genetic diversity was higher in diploid than in tetraploid individuals. This fact, and the high degree of sterility of the triploid hybrids, may reflect a cytotype minority exclusion effect. This may cause spatial segregation, which effectively takes place in the study area. Dune disturbance may lead to an overlapping of the parents' distribution areas, facilitating hybridisation., This work is posthumously dedicated to Antonio Samo Lumbreras, to whom we are very grateful for all his help. This study was sponsored by the Valencian Government (Research Project GVPRE/2008/130) and the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia (Research Project Ref. 3241).

The photosynthetic responses to a flowering-inductive water-stress period and recovery were studied and compared in two Citrus species. Under greenhouse conditions, Fino lemon and Owari satsuma trees were subjected to moderate (-2 MPa at predawn) and severe (-3 MPa) water stress levels and were re-watered after 60 days. Vegetative growth was inhibited during the stress assays, and strong defoliation levels were reported, especially in Fino lemon. In both species, bud sprouting was induced after re-watering. Flowers and vegetative shoots developed in Owari satsuma after a drought period, and the development was independent of the stress level. In Fino lemon, vegetative shoots and flowers were primarily formed after moderate and severe stress, respectively. The photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance were reduced by water stress, and a marked increase in water-use efficiency at the moderate water deficit level was observed. Nevertheless, the photosynthetic apparatus was not damaged, since the maximum quantum yield, photosynthetic pigment concentrations and Rubisco level and activity did not change. Furthermore, the measured malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and peroxidase activity indicated that oxidative stress was not specifically triggered by water stress in our study. Therefore, the gas exchange, fluorescence and biochemical parameters suggested that diffusional limitations to photosynthesis predominated in both of the studied Citrus species, and explained the rapid recovery of the photosynthetic parameters after rehydration. The net CO 2 fixation rate and stomatal conductance were recovered within 24 h in Fino lemon, whereas 3 days were required in Owari satsuma. This suggests the presence of some metabolic limitations in the latter species. Furthermore, the sensibility of the defoliation rates, the accumulation of proline and the stomatal behaviour in response to water stress indicated a higher drought tolerance of Fino lemon, according to its better acclimation to hot climates. © 2011 Springer-Verlag., The authors thank Dr. J. Moreno and co-workers from the Departamento de Bioquimica of the Universidad de Valencia for his help and support in the Rubisco assays, and Dr. F. Fornes, Dr. A. Calatayud and Dr. E. Primo-Millo for the critical review of the manuscript. This work was funded by the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia, Spain (Ayudas para primeros proyectos de investigacion PAID06-06).

[EN] A botanical survey has been conducted to determine the influence of invasive species on the main indigenous communities in the Spanish Mediterranean coast and evaluate the current status of these communities in the eastern coast of Spain. The work was done in about 35 km of coastline located in Valencia (Spain). A total of 361 species cataloged are present in the study area, belonging to 79 different families. 49 of them have been inventoried invasive species which currently affect 38 plant communities. For this cause, we have developed a map of location finding out the area occupied by the same at every point and key to indigenous communities it affects. The plant communities characteristic of semi-mobile dunes Centaureo maritimae-Echietum sabulicolae and Medicagini marinae-Ammophiletum australis have turned out to have a greater degree of invasion. Carpobrotus edulis, Agave americana, Arundo donax, Oxalis pes-caprae and Cortaderia sellowiana are invasive species that cause further encroachment, both in area as a number of vegetation communities they affect., This study is part of a project to study the coast by the UPV and directed by Jose Serra, has been sponsored by government institutions (General Directorate of Coasts, Ministry of Environment (“Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino”) and Wildlife Service of Valencia Regional Government (Generalitat Valenciana, the Local Government of the Valencian region).

[EN] The aim of this work was to assess the relation between carbohydrate levels and flower and fruit production, as well as the role of carbohydrates on CO(2) fixation activity, by analysis of leaves, twigs and roots from the alternate bearing 'Salustiana' cultivar of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck). A heavy crop load (on year) did not affect photosynthesis activity when compared to non-fruiting trees (off year). Fruiting trees accumulated most of the fixed carbon in mature fruits, whilst no accumulation was observed in roots before harvest. Non-fruiting trees transported part of the fixed carbon to the roots and mobilize it for growth processes and, at the end of the season (December), store it as reserves. Reserve carbohydrates accumulation in leaves started by early December for both tree types, showing the same levels in on and off trees until spring bud sprouting. A heavy flowering after an off year caused the rapid mobilization of the stored reserves, which were exhausted at full bloom. We found no evidence on carbon fixation regulation by either fruit demand or carbohydrate levels in leaves. Carbohydrate reserves played little or no role over fruit set, which actually relied on current photosynthesis, We thank Ing. Agr. J.M. Torres (ANECOOP, Valencia, Spain) for providing the orchard facilities and logistic help, the R + D + i Linguistic Assistance Office at the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia for their help in revising this article and Y. Bordon for her cooperation in some experiments. Thanks are due also to Dr. Olivares for the critical review of the manuscript. This research was funded by grants from the Conselleria de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentacion (GV-CAPA00-11) and the Conselleria diEmpresa, Universitat i Ciencia, Generalitat Valenciana (Grupos 04/059).

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais O ambiente epifítico oferece nutrientes às plantas de forma limitada, sendo marcado por flutuações hídricas constantes. Entretando, as Orchidaceae são bem sucedidas nesse contexto, evidenciando estratégias estruturais e fisiológicas dos órgãos vegetativos, principalmente para suprir a deficiência de água. As raízes aéreas nestas plantas exibem características anatômicas especiais, sendo constituídas por um estelo envolvido por endoderme, seguida de múltiplas camadas de parênquima cortical delimitadas externamente pela exoderme, e sistema de revestimento composto por múltiplas camadas celulares que formam o velame. Todo esse aparato anatômico revela diferentes estratégias para a maximização da obtenção de água e nutrientes, podendo haver investimento em maior área de velame, que facilta a passagem de água ou maior investimento em estruturas internas, como córtex e cilindro vascular associados ao maior número de células de passagem da endoderme, as quais podem promover uma condução eficaz destes recursos para o interior da planta. O velame, embora composto por células mortas, conserva sua matriz péctica. O caráter negativo desta matriz faz com que cátions sejam retidos e contribuam para a atração de íons negativos, tornando o velame um tecido com maior aporte nutritivo considerando a oferta do meio como limitada. O maior número de cordões de xilema alinhados com as células de passagem da endoderme também pode aumentar a eficiência de transporte, uma vez que facilita a entrada destes íons ao cilindro vascular. A exoderme e a endoderme auxiliam no suporte mecânico em casos de dessecação e constituem barreiras apoplásticas devido à alta impregnação de suberina e/ou lignina, exceto nas células de passagem, onde induzem o transporte simplástico. No parênquima cortical, as pectinas HGAs de alta metil esterificação contribuem para a porosidade da parede celular (aumentando o fluxo de nutrientes para as células) e sua flexibilidade (aumentando sua elasticidade e capacidade de retenção de água). Neste tecido, foram ainda encontradas células com espessamento em phi, uniforme e reticulados, além de células com alta impregnação de suberina nas lamelas. O reforço de lignina nestas células pode também ajudar a evitar o colapso do córtex em condições de baixa umidade, enquanto que a impregnação por suberina gera um caráter hidrofóbico, que contribui para o fluxo de água em direção ao estelo. The epiphytic environment provides limited content of nutrients to plants, marked by constantly water fluctuations. However, the Orchidaceae are successful in this ambience, showing structural and physiological strategies of the vegetative organs, mainly to supply water deficiency. The aerial roots of these plants exhibit anatomic special features, being constituted by a stele surrounded by the endodermis, followed by multiple layers of cortical parenchyma bounded externally by the exodermis, and a dermal tissue composed of multiple cell layers called velamen. This anatomical apparatus reveals different strategies for maximizing water and nutrients uptake, with greater investment in velamen area (facilitates water passage) or greater investment in internal structures, such as cortex and vascular cylinder associated with the higher number of passage cells from endodermis (promote effective management of these resources into the plant). The velamen, regardless of being composed by dead cells, retains its pectin matrix. The negative character of this matrix retains cations and contributes to attract negative ions, which makes velamen a tissue with higher nutritional intake when the environment supply is limited. The higher number of xylem strands aligned with the passage cells of the endodermis can also increase the transport efficiency, since it facilitates these ions entrance on vascular cylinder. The exodermis and endodermis help on mechanical support in cases of desiccation, and constitute an apoplastic barrier due to the high suberin and/or lignin impregnation, except for the passage cells, where its induce the symplastic transport. In cortical parenchyma, the high methyl-esterification of the pectins contributes to the porosity of the cell wall (increasing the flow of nutrients among the cells) and its flexibility (increasing its elasticity and water retention capacity). In this tissue, there were cells with phi, uniform and reticulated thickenings, besides cells with high suberin lamellae. The lignin reinforcement help to prevent the cortex collapse in low humidity conditions, while the suberin impregnation generates a hydrophobic character of the cortex, which contributes to the water flow toward the stele. Dissertação (Mestrado)

En el presente estudio en su tentativa de proporcionar información adicional a la conservación y restauración de los sistemas dunares litorales, se plantea alcanzar los siguientes objetivos: a) Conocer la capacidad germinativa de la especie Pancratium maritimum. b) Evaluar la perdida de viabilidad de las semillas de Pancratium maritimum asociada al envejecimiento. c) Evaluar el efecto que la eliminación de la testa que recubre la semilla tiene sobre su capacidad germinativa.

Os tricomas, estruturas responsáveis pela produção de uma variedade de metabólito secundários, têm sido implicados na resposta antiherbivoria em vegetais. O sulfeto de hidrogênio (H2S) é uma molécula gasosa que emergiu recentemente como importantesinalizador em vários processos do desenvolvimento e nas respostas de plantas a estresses. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de um doador de H2S (Na2S) e o pH de sua solução na formação de tricomas em plantas de Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom(MT) e o híbrido Get. Plantas com o primeiro par de folhas expandidas foram aspergidas com Na2S a 0, 50, 100 ou 200 M (pH 11,0) por um período de 15 dias. Paralelamente, estresse mecânico foi promovido nas folhas que foram aspergidas com H2S a 100 M (pH 6,4). O crescimento das plantas e o número de folhas produzidas não foram afetados pelo H2S exógeno. O número de tricomas na face adaxial de folhas novas tratadas com Na2S (pH 11,0) foi 30% menor que aquele de folhas novas de plantas controle, independentemente do genótipo estudado. Contudo, o uso de Na2S (pH 6,4) promoveu um acréscimo de 80 e 48% no número de tricomas da face adaxial de folhas de MT e de Get, respectivamente. Esse tratamento também estimulou o aumento da proporção de tricomas glandulares em ambos os genótipos. Sabe-se que o dano mecânico pode provocar estresse oxidativo, bem como induzir a formação de tricomas em folhas novas. Contudo esse danonão afetou o número de tricomas e nem o conteúdo de H2O2 em folhas novas após 21 dias de tratamento. O Na2S (pH 6,4) restabeleceu a atividade superóxido dismutase de plantas de MT danificadas aos níveis encontrados nas plantas controle. A aplicação da solução de pH 11,0 pode ter alterado o pH das folhas dos tomateiros e essa alteração pode ter culminado na inibição e/ou atraso da formação de tricomas em folhas novas. Dessa forma, o pH da solução de doador de H2S é crucial para observar os efeitos reais desse gás na planta. O gás sulfídrico sinaliza processos celulares que podem desencadear a indução daformação de tricomas em folhas jovens de tomateiros. Trichomes are structures responsible for the production of a variety of secondary metabolites that are implicated in plant response to herbivory. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a gas that has emerged as a signaling molecule during plant growth and development and in response to stress. This work focused on the investigation of the effect of an H2S donor (Na2S) under two pH conditions on the trichome formation in Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro-Tom (MT) and the hybrid Get. Plants bearing the first fully expanded leaf pair were sprayed with Na2S at 0, 50, 100 or 200 M (pH 11.0) for 15 days. In another experiment, mechanical stress was imposed in plant leaves followed by treatment with 100 M Na2S (pH 6.4). Plant growth and leaf production were not affected by the treatments. The number of trichomes on the adaxial face of young leaves treated with Na2S (pH 11.0) was 30% lower than that of young leaves of control plants, regardless of the genotype. However, the use of Na2S (pH 6.4) promoted trichome formation on adaxial face of MT and Get young leaves by 80% and 48%, respectively. This treatment also stimulated theincrement of glandular trichome proportion in both genotypes. Mechanical damage is known to cause oxidative stress and induce trichome formation in new leaves. However, this damage neither affected the number of trichomes nor the H2O2 content in young leaves after 21 days of treatment. The treatment with Na2S (pH 6.4) reestablished the activity of superoxide dismutase to control levels in MT injured plants. Application of Na2S at pH 11.0 may have changed the pH of the leaves and this alteration may have culminated in the inhibition and/or delay of trichomes formation in young leaves. Thus, the pH of H2S donor solution was found to be pivotal for the actual effects of this signaling molecule in plants. The H2S signals cellular processes that, in turn, may trigger the induction of trichome formation in young leaves of tomato plants.

"Estudio anatómico-histológico de las flores del endemismo Lamottea diania (Asteraceae) y de los efectos del ozono troposférico sobre su desarrollo". Lilloa 53 (2). Plantas del endemismo Lamottea diania se expusieron en cámaras OTC (Open Top Chambers) a aire ambiente filtrado y a aire ambiente no filtrado más 30 ppb de ozono para observar el efecto de este contaminante sobre el desarrollo de sus flores, particularmente sobre su androceo. Hemos comprobado, mediante estudios de microscopía óptica y electrónica, que el ozono afecta el proceso de desarrollo y maduración de los estambres y del polen. Las anteras se ven afectadas, en unos casos al abortar algunos estambres en su desarrollo y, en otros, impidiéndose el desarrollo correcto de los sacos polínicos en el interior de las mismas. Asimismo, el ozono impide la formación correcta del polen encontrando numerosos granos de polen sin desarrollar o desarrollados y madurados de forma anómala en el interior de los sacos polínicos. Los resultados indican que el ozono es el responsable del desarrollo anormal del androceo y del polen en plantas de L. diania. Anatomical and histological study of endemism flowers of Lamottea diania (Asteraceae) and the effects of tropospheric ozone on their development'. Lilloa 53 (2). Plants of endemism Lamottea diania were exposed in cameras OTC (Open Top Chambers) to filtered ambient air and ambient air unfiltered over 30 ppb ozone to observe the effect of this pollutant on the development of its flowers, particularly on its androecium. We have found, through studies of optical and electron microscopy, that ozone affects the process of development and maturation of stamens and pollen. The anthers are affected, in some cases by aborting some stamens in their development and in other, prevented the proper development of the pollen sacs within them. In addition, ozone prevents proper formationand maturation of pollen found many undeveloped pollen grains or developed abnormally inside the pollen sacs. Results indicate that ozone was responsible for the abnormal development of androecium and pollen in L. diania.

[EN] Rice is exposed in the field and in stored conditions to a great variety of fungi that can cause a lot of diseases with potential risk to consumers. In the present study, the chemical composition of commercial Laurus nobilis L. and Syzygium aromaticum L. Merr. & Perry essential oils and antifungal activity against five pathogenic fungi isolated from Mediterranean rice grains has been investigated. Thirty-seven compounds accounting for more than 99.5% of the total essential oil were identified by GC and GC/MS. 1,8-Cineole (51.95%), alpha-terpinyl acetate (12.93%) and the monoterpene hydrocarbon sabinene (9.56%) were the main compounds in bay leaf essential oil, while the phenylpropanoid eugenol (88.58%), and the sesquiterpene hydrocarbons beta-caryophyllene (8.13%) and alpha-humulene (2.35%) were found in clove essential oil. Clove essential oils at 300 mu g/mL showed more antifungal effect than bay leaf essential oil against all tested strains. S. aromaticum essential oil showed the best antifungal activity towards Fusarium graminearum and similar antifungal activity compared to pure eugenol against all tested phytopathogenic fungi. In inoculated rice grain, clove essential oil significantly reduced the fungal infection in food so S. aromaticum essential oil could be a good alternative as preservative in stored rice grain. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., This study has been financed by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad; Subdireccion General de Proyectos de Investigacion; Convocatoria de Ayudas a Proyectos de I+D+i; Research Challenges; Programme-oriented Societal Challenges 2014-2017, reference number AGL2013-42989-R-AR.

The mitochondrial genome of three Moroccan canids has been analysed. Two of them complete and one partial. The sequences are included in GenBank with the accession number KT378605 (16721 bp), KT378606 (16734bp) and KT378607 (27809bp) Theses results have been compared with the results currently available in GenBank. In the phylogenetic analysis of the of cytochrome b regions and control region the three are grouped together with Canis lupus lupaster and the Senegalese golden jackal Canis aureus and separate from the wolf Canis lupus and the Eurasian golden jackal Canis aureus. The comparison of the complete mitochondrial genomes with Canis lupus confirms the distance between the two groups. We conclude that they belong to a different species to the wolf Canis lupus and the Eurasian golden jackal. We propose in agreement with (Koepfli et al., 2015) that it´s scientific name be Canis anthus by merit of being the name by which it was classified and published for the first time as a different species by Cuvier in 1824. The preprint is a translation of a Spanish document published in Altorero journal on the 15th August 2015.

[EN] The precise boundary delineations between taxa in symbiotic associations are very important for evolutionary and ecophysiological studies. Growing evidence indicates that in many cases, the use of either morphological characters or molecular markers results in diversity underestimation. In lichen symbioses. Trebouxia is the most common genus of lichen phycobionts, however, the diversity within this genus has been poorly studied and as such there is no clear species concept. This study constitutes a multifaceted approach incorporating aspects of ultrastructural characterization by TEM and phylogenomics to evaluate the morphological and genetic diversity of phycobionts within the sexually reproducing lichen Ramalina fraxinea in the context of Mediterranean and temperate populations. Results reveal an association with at least seven different Trebouxia lineages belonging to at least two species. T. decolorans and T. jamesii, and diverse combinations of such lineages coexisting within the same thallus depending on the analysed sample. Some of these lineages are shared by several other non-related lichen taxa. Our findings indicate the existence of a highly diverse assemblage of Trebouxia algae associating with R. fraxinea and suggest a possible incipient speciation within T. decolorans rendering a number of lineages or even actual species. This study stresses the importance of coordinated ultrastructural and molecular analyses to improve estimates of diversity and reveal the coexistence of more than one Trebouxia species within the same thallus. lt is also necessary to have clearer species delimitation criteria within the genus Trebouxia and microalgae in general., This study was funded by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO CGL2012-40058-0O2-01/02), FEDER, the Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII2013/021, GVA) and the Direccion General de Universidades e Investigacion de la Consejeria de Educacion de la Comunidad de Madrid - Universidad de Alcala (CCG10-UAH/GEN-5904). Drs. Arantxa Matins and Patricia Moya (Universitat de Valencia) made helpful comments on the manuscript.

[EN] Trampling is one of the most visible forms of disturbance to vegetation as a result of recreational use resulting in loss of vegetation height and cover and changes in plant community composition. In order to identify and quantify such impacts, a study on Capo Sant Elia, a calcareous promontory located within the municipality of Cagliari (southern Sardinia) is carried out. This area is characterised by a great naturality and floristic diversity, with a high number of plant species very interesting from biogeographic point of view, as well as a recreational area much frequented by hikers and mountain bikers. Among these species, Globularia alypum L, represents a particular interest because its population in Sardinia is the westernmost station of the species in Italy. Effects of trampling on Mediterranean shrub G. alypum was evaluated realizing transects located a different distance to the paths. Moreover, the population size of G. alypum in Capo Sant Elia was quantified by a census and the estimation of visitors number (both cycling and walking) that frequented this area. The results of the present study allow to know the effects of trampling on G. alypum, the disturbances and threats factors for this species in the study area and the size of the Sardinian population. The results achieved will be useful to propose management actions for guaranteeing the conservation of the taxon., [ES] El trepig és una de les formes més visibles de perjudici de la vegetació com a resultat d activitats lúdiques, el que provoca la pèrdua d altura de la vegetació i de la cobertura de la mateixa, així com de canvis en la composició de la comunitat de plantes. Amb l objectiu d identificar i quantificar aquests impactes, s ha dut a terme un estudi al Capo Sant Elia, un cap de roca calcària que es troba al terme municipal de Calgiari (al sud de la Sardenya). Aquesta àrea es caracteritza pel seu estat natural i la diversitat florística, amb una gran quantitat d espècies molt interessants des del punt de vista biogeogràfic, a més d ésser una zona molt freqüentada per senderistes i bicicletes de muntanya. Entre totes les espècies destaca Globularia alypum L, que posseeix un interès particular perquè aquesta estació, la població de Sardenya, representa la presència més meridional de l espècie en Italia. Els efectes del trepig sobre G. alypum van ser avaluats realitzant transsectes a diferents distàncies de la senda. A més, es va quantificar la població de G. alypum al Capo Sant Elia mitjançant un cens, i també el nombre de visitants (amb bici i a peu) que freqüenten la zona. Els resultats d aquest estudi ens permetran conèixer els efectes del trepig sobre la G. alypum, els perjudicis i les amenaces per a aquesta espècie en la zona d estudi, així com la mesura de la població de Sardenya. Els resultats obtinguts seran d ajuda per proposar mesures de gestió per garantir la conservació del taxó.

[EN] The antimicrobial activity of essential oils (EO) is very well-known and it has been reported that incorporating them into edible films based on biopolymers extends the food's shelf-life. In this study, cinnamon, clove and oregano EO, at 25% with respect to the polymer, were incorporated into glycerol plasticized starch-gelatin blend films (ratio 1:1) in order to elucidate their effect on the physical (barrier, mechanical and optical), structural and antifungal properties of the films. Whereas EOs exhibited no significant effect on tensile behavior in the case of casting films conditioned at 53% relative humidity and 25 degrees C, the EO compounds did significantly reduce the water vapor and oxygen permeability of the films. Likewise, the EOs increased the films' transparency but reduced their gloss. Despite the fact that about 60% of the incorporated EOs were lost during the film drying step, they exhibited antifungal activity against the two tested fungal species, Colletotrichum gloesporoides (CG) and Fusarium oxysporum (FOG), as revealed by the in vitro agar diffusion method. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved., The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad-Spanish Government (AGL2013-42989-R).

[EN] The genus Crocus belonging to the family Iridaceae, is known for its cultivated species, saffron (Crocus sativus L.). The genus includes about 100 species, many of which are of interest as ornamentals for their products or secondary metabolism, and others are exclusively wild. On the whole, they are a source of genetic variability of enormous interest. The rapid disappearance of the culture of saffron in Europe due to the significant amount of manpower required, has led to significant genetic erosion. In order to slow down and improve this situation, several national and European programs for the collection, multiplication, and characterization of germplasm of saffron and related species were initiated. In this context, this Thesis aims to complete the existing collections and characterize the available germplasm of the Spanish wild species of the genus Crocus, conserved in the Plant Germplasm Bank of the Center for Research in Agroforestry in Albaladejito (Cuenca). Seven wild species of this genus can be found in Spain, which are both autumn flowering species (C. serotinus, C. clusii, C. nudiflorus and C. cambessedesii) and spring flowering species (C. nevadensis, C. carpetanus and C. vernus), and in this work a morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular characterization of them has been carried out. After a thorough review of the locations of these species in Spain, we have collected accessions from different locations in which their presence was described. We have developed location maps, and the description of the ecosystems these species inhabit. Of this set of accessions, a maximum of 60, which form a representation of the observed variability, were characterized morphologically. It should be noted that a microscopic characterization of the anatomy of the leaves and seed coat also identifies most species. A total of 115 accessions, representing different populations of each species collected, have been characterized phenologically. In addition, 1-2 accessions of each autumn flowering species, C. serotinus and C. nudiflorus (with hysterantia), and the spring-flowering species, C. nevadensis, C. carpetanus and C. vernus (this last species has the latter flowering date), have been characterized physiologically. We have studied the influence of temperature on the development of floral meristems in flowering, in the vegetative development, set and development of fruit and leaf senescence. These physiological studies have also allowed developing methods to break dormancy and germination, which allow a percentage of germination of the Spanish species of Crocus of around 81-95%. The biochemical characterization of 15 accessions belonging to 5 species of Spanish wild Crocus has revealed the lower content of crocins in its styles. Two of these species, C. carpetanus and C. nevadensis, have no crocins in the style. The analysis of the absence and presence of main peaks corresponding to crocins and flavonoids has enabled to separate each species which has crocins, but has provided no separation between C. nevadensis and C. carpetanus. The molecular characterization of 133 individuals, corresponding to 26 different accessions of the 7 species, using RAPDs, indicates that these markers can be a useful tool for differentiating species that share ecological niche, or with very similar vegetative morphological features. Microsatellite markers have proved to be a complementary tool for the distinction of materials which cannot be distinguished by the use of RAPDs., [ES] El género Crocus perteneciente a la familia de las Iridáceas, es conocido por su especie cultivada, el azafrán (Crocus sativus L.). El género incluye aproximadamente 100 especies, muchas de las cuales tienen interés como ornamentales o por sus productos de metabolismo secundario, y otras son exclusivamente silvestres. En su conjunto, constituyen una fuente de variabilidad genética de enorme interés. La rápida desaparición del cultivo del azafrán en Europa, debido a la importante cantidad de mano de obra que requiere, ha conducido a una importante erosión genética. Con el fin de frenar y mejorar esta situación, se han iniciado varios programas de ámbito nacional y europeo para la recolección, multiplicación, y caracterización de germoplasma de azafrán y especies afines. En ese contexto, se enmarca esta Tesis que tiene como objetivo completar las colecciones existentes y caracterizar el germoplasma disponible de especies silvestres españolas del género Crocus, del Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal del Centro de Investigación Agroforestal de Albaladejito (Cuenca). En España pueden encontrarse 7 especies silvestres de este género, que son tanto de floración otoñal (C. serotinus, C. clusii, C. nudiflorus y C. cambessedesii) como primaveral (C. nevadensis, C. carpetanus y C. vernus), y en este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo una caracterización morfológica, fisiológica, bioquímica y molecular de las mismas. Tras una revisión minuciosa de las citas sobre la localización de estas especies en España, se han conseguido entradas de distintas áreas de las zonas en las que se ha descrito su presencia. Se han elaborado mapas de localización, así como la descripción de los ecosistemas que habitan estas especies. De este conjunto de entradas, un máximo de 60, que configuran una representación de la variabilidad observada, fueron caracterizadas morfológicamente. Hay que destacar una caracterización microscópica de la anatomía de las hojas y de la cubierta de las semillas que permite también identificar la mayoría de las especies. Un total de 115 entradas, que representan las diferentes poblaciones recolectadas de cada especie, se han caracterizado fenológicamente. Asimismo, se han caracterizado fisiológicamente 1-2 entradas de las especies de floración otoñal C. serotinus y C. nudiflorus (con histerantia), y de tres especies de floración primaveral C. nevadensis, C. carpetanus y C. vernus (esta última con floración más tardía). Se ha estudiado la influencia de la temperatura en el desarrollo de los meristemos florales, en la floración, en el desarrollo vegetativo, el cuajado y desarrollo del fruto y sobre la senescencia de las hojas. Estos estudios fisiológicos también han permitido poner a punto métodos de rotura de latencia y germinación que permiten un porcentaje de germinación de entre un 81-95%. La caracterización bioquímica de 15 entradas correspondientes a 5 de las especies analizadas, ha revelado el menor contenido en crocinas de los estilos de estas especies silvestres, dándose la ausencia total de las mismas en C. carpetanus y C. nevadensis. El análisis de la ausencia y presencia de los principales picos que corresponden a crocinas y a flavonoides, ha permitido separar entre sí las especies que presentan crocinas, pero no ha facilitado la separación entre C. nevadensis y C. carpetanus. La caracterización molecular de 133 individuos que corresponden a 26 entradas diferentes mediante RAPD, indica que estos marcadores pueden ser una herramienta útil para la diferenciación de especies que comparten nicho ecológico, o con rasgos morfológicos vegetativos muy similares. Los marcadores microsatélites se han mostrado como una herramienta complementaria que permite la distinción de materiales que no es posible llevar a cabo mediante el empleo de marcadores tipo RAPD., [CAT] El gènere Crocus pertanyent a la família de les Iridaceae, és conegut per la seua espècie conreada, el safrà (Crocus sativus L.). El gènere inclou aproximadament 100 espècies, moltes de les quals tenen interès com a ornamentals o pels seus productes de metabolisme secundari, i altres són exclusivament silvestres. El seu conjunt, constitueix una font de variabilitat genètica d'enorme interès. La ràpida desaparició del cultiu del safrà a Europa, a causa de la important quantitat de mà d'obra que requereix, ha conduït a una important erosió genètica. Per tal de frenar i millorar aquesta situació, s'han iniciat diversos programes d'àmbit nacional i europeu per a la recol·lecció, multiplicació, i caracterització de germoplasma de safrà i espècies afins. En aquest context, s'emmarca aquesta Tesi que té com a objectiu completar les col·leccions existents i caracteritzar el germoplasma disponible d'espècies silvestres espanyoles del gènere Crocus, del Banco de Germoplasma Vegetal del Centro de Investigación Agroforestal de Albaladejito (Cuenca). A Espanya es poden trobar 7 espècies silvestres d'aquest gènere, que són tant de floració tardoral (C. serotinus, C. clusii, C. nudiflorus i C. cambessedesii) com primaveral (C. nevadensis, C. carpetanus i C. vernus), i en aquest treball s'ha dut a terme una caracterització morfològica, fisiològica, bioquímica i molecular de les mateixes. Després d'una revisió minuciosa de les cites sobre la localització d'aquestes espècies a Espanya, s'han aconseguit entrades de diferents àrees de les zones en què s'ha descrit la seua presència. S'han elaborat mapes de localització, així com la descripció dels ecosistemes que habiten aquestes espècies atenent: tipus de sòl, altitud, clima, comunitat vegetal i els estressos abiòtics o biòtics més freqüents. D'aquest conjunt d'entrades, un màxim de 60, que configuren una representació de la variabilitat observada, van ser caracteritzades morfològicament. Cal destacar una caracterització microscòpica de l'anatomia de les fulles i de la coberta de les llavors que permet també identificar la majoria de les espècies. Un total de 115 entrades, que representen les diferents poblacions recol·lectades de cada espècie, s'han caracteritzat fenológicament. Així mateix, s'han caracteritzat fisiològicament 1-2 entrades de les espècies de floració de tardor C. serotinus i C. nudiflorus (amb histerantia), i de tres espècies de floració primaveral C. nevadensis, C. carpetanus i C. vernus (aquesta última amb floració més tardana). S'ha estudiat la influència de la temperatura en el desenvolupament dels meristemes florals, en la floració, en el desenvolupament vegetatiu, el quallat i desenvolupament del fruit i sobre la senescència de les fulles. Aquests estudis fisiològics també han permès posar a punt mètodes de trencament de latència i germinació que permeten un percentatge de germinació de llavors de les espècies espanyoles de Crocus entre un 81-95%. La caracterització bioquímica de 15 entrades corresponents a 5 de les espècies analitzades, ha revelat el menor contingut en crocinas d'aquestes espècies silvestres, donant-se l'absència total de les mateixes en C. carpetanus i C. nevadensis. L'anàlisi de l'absència i presència dels principals pics que corresponen a crocinas i flavonoides, ha permès separar entre si les espècies que presenten crocinas, però no ha facilitat la separació entre C. nevadensis i C. carpetanus. La caracterització molecular de 133 individus que corresponen a 26 entrades diferents mitjançant RAPD, indica que aquests marcadors poden ser una eina útil per a la diferenciació d'espècies que comparteixen nínxol ecològic, o amb trets morfològics vegetatius molt similars. Els marcadors microsatèl·lits s'han mostrat com una eina complementària que permet la distinció de materials que no és possible dur a terme mitjançant l'ús de marcadors tipu, Pastor Férriz, MT. (2016). Caracterización fenológica, morfológica, fisiológica, fitoquímica, y molecular de las especies silvestres españolas del género Crocus [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. doi:10.4995/Thesis/10251/62827., TESIS