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Dışkının mikroskopik ve makroskopik muayenesi ve bunlardan alınacak sonuçların yorumlanması, gastrointestinal sistem hastalıklarının teşhisinde önemli bir yol gösterici olmaktadır. Gaitadaki birçok mikroskopik bulgular hastalığın teşhisinde hekimlere kolaylık sağlayabilir. Bu çalışmamızda gaitanın mikroskopik ve makroskopik bulguları ile klinik bulguların birbirleri ile olan ilişkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla laboratuara başvuran 500 kişinin gaitası incelendi. Her hastanın klinikbulguları ve gaita inceleme bulguları kayıt edildi. Öncelikle gaitalar makroskopik olarak incelendi ve sonrasında direkt bakı (nativ) ve sedimantasyon yöntemi kullanılarak elde edilen mikroskopik bulgular gaita muayene raporuna not edildi. Parazitoloji laboratuarına başvuran 500 hastadan 166'sı (%33,2) 15 yaş altı bireylerdi. Bunlardan 103'ü (%62,0) paraziter enfeksiyonlu şikâyetlerle, 63'ü (%38,0) paraziter enfeksiyonu olmayan şikâyetlerle hastaneye başvuran bireylerdi. Yine 500 hastadan 334'ü (%66,8) 15 yaş üstü bireylerdi. Bunlardan 87'si (%26,0) paraziter enfeksiyonlu şikâyetlerle,247'si (%74,0) paraziter enfeksiyonlu olmayan şikâyetlerle hastaneye başvuran bireylerdi. 500 bireye ait gaita özellikleri şöyleydi; bu dışkıların 183'sinde (%36,6) mukus varken 181'i (%36,2) anormal renkteydi, 29'u (%5,8) kötü kokuya sahipti. Kıvam olarak 109'u (%21,8) katı, 151'i (%30,2) sulu, 240'ı (%48,0) ise yumuşak-gevşek kıvama sahipti. Yine bu dışkıların mikroskopik olarak incelenmesiyle 251'inde (%50,2) lökosit, 43'ünde (%8,6) eritrosit pozitif olarak tespit edildi. İstatistik bulgularına göre; gaita renginin mukus ve lökositler ile gaita kıvamının lökositler ile gaita kokusunun mukus ile anlamlı bir ilişkisinin olduğu ki-kare testi ile ispatlandı. Sonuç olarak laboratuara gönderilen gaitalar hem makroskopik hem de mikroskopik olarak incelenmeli ve her iki bulgu da sonuca rapor edilmelidir. Gaita incelemesinin sadece paraziter bir etkenin varlığı yönünden değerlendirilmesi eksiklik olmaktadır. Bulduğumuz her bulgunun sonuç olarak rapor edilmesi klinisyenin teşhiskoymasını kolaylaştıracaktır. Macroscopically and microscopically examination of stool and interpretation of results will be taken from them may be an important guiding for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal system diseases. Many microscopic findings in stool may provide ease to physicians for diagnose the disease. In this study, investigation the relationship with each other of the clinical signs with microscopic and macroscopic findings of feces was aimed. It was examined stool of 500 persons admitted to parasitology laboratory. Each patient's clinical symptoms and stool examination findings were recorded. First stools were examined macroscopically and microscopic findings achieved from using wet mount slide(native) and sedimentation method were noted in the stool examination report. 166 (33.2%) of the 500 patients admitted to the parasitology laboratory were individuals under 15 years old. 103 (62.0%) of these had parasites complaints and 63 (38.0%) of these parasites complaints had not. 334 (66.8%) of the 500 patients were over 15 years old. 87 (26.0%) of these had parasites complaints and 247 (74.0%) of had not parasitic complaints. Stool characteristics of 500 individuals are as follow; It was determined as positive mucus in 183 (36.6%), abnormal color 181 (36.2%) of them and malodorous stool 29 (5.8%) of them. It was solid consistency of 109 (%21, 8) of stools, aqueous consistency of 151(30.2%) and soft-loose consistency of 240 (48.0%). Also, It was detected as positiveleukocyte in 251 (50.2%), eritrositin 43 (%8, 6) with examine for microscopically of thesestools. According to statistics the findings; it was proven with chi-square test that was a significant relationship with and mucus and leukocytes of stool color, with leukocytes of stool consistency and with mucus of stool odor. As result; It should been reported in the both findings and should been examined as both macroscopically and microscopically stools sent to laboratory. It will be a deficiency evaluated for presence of only parasitic agents of stool examined. It should been reported as a result of any findings that we found, the clinician will facilitate the diagnostic interpretation. 57

Acidizing high-temperature wells has always been a challenge due to problems associated with corrosion of tubulars and loss of acid carbonate dissolving efficiency. Typical acid treatments of offshore wells with extreme downhole temperatures are carried out using retarded acids, which often degrade, form insoluble salts, and require further neutralization of flowed back spent acid, resulting in loss of production days. Recently there has been a growing interest in using amino-polycarboxylic acids such as glutamic acid, N, N'-diacetic acid (GLDA) to treat carbonate or sandstone formations with high bottomhole temperatures. The benefits of using such acid for high-temperature acidizing are lowered reactivity, inherent chelation chemistry, better tubular protection and biodegradability.Extensive laboratory testing was conducted before a field trial of the acid. A corrosion test conducted at 395°F using corrosion-resistant G-3 and G-50 coupons (identical to the metallurgy of the tubular) without corrosion inhibitor had a corrosion rate of 0.0068 and 0.0069 lb/ft2, respectively; thus, no corrosion inhibitor was included in the acid used for field treatment. About 2.38 pore volumes of the acid broke through a carbonate core, dissolving 452 mg of calcium at 300°F. A computed tomography scan of the treated core showed a highly branched wormhole distribution network. The acid was found to be compatible with brines and different elastomers often used in downhole completions.Flowback samples of spent acid analyzed by ICP-OES contained a high amount of dissolved calcium, iron, and magnesium. Further neutralization of the flowed back acid was not required, saving the operator two or more days of production per well.The successful removal of wellbore scale and formation damage in four offshore wells with bottomhole temperatures ranging from 395 to 410°F with an amino-polycarboxylic acid is presented. Detailed laboratory testing that supported the treatment design and field application will be reported. Production enhancement as a result of the treatments, statistical analysis of flowed back spent acid physico-chemical testing, challenges with the treatment process, and treatment design will also be presented.

The Minnesota Department of Health conducted an exploratory epidemiologic investigation into the health care burden of illicit synthetic drug (ISD) use in Duluth, Minnesota. Staff reviewed medical records of 78 patients with suspected ISD use who were treated in emergency departments at two Duluth-area hospitals from January through September 2013. Most (67%) were unemployed, 75% arrived at the hospital by ambulance or police escort and 57% were admitted to the hospital. Use of ISDs has the potential to create a significant burden on the health care system and public services. Therefore, effective prevention and response strategies need to be developed.

Mandawa Basin in coastal Tanzania was formed as a result of tensional forces related to the Gondwana break-up and the opening of the Indian Ocean. Mandawa Basin has been influenced by transgressive and regressive phases which have led to deposition of various sedimentary sequences from Late Triassic to recent age. These sedimentary sequences have been deposited in different depositional environments, from alluvial fans proximal to source area to deep marine, distal environments. The sedimentary sequences display various mineralogical and textural compositions and heavy mineral contents. Offshore sediments from Statoil, Block 2, display comparable petrography and heavy mineral content to corresponding onshore sediments. Conventional heavy mineral analysis, heavy mineral ratios and electron microprobe analysis are all tools for reconstructing the provenance of a sedimentary sequence. The heavy mineral assemblages in Mandawa Basin are influenced by several different processes, such as transport, weathering and diagenesis, which can alter the compositions of the heavy minerals assemblages to the point where they no longer reflect the true composition of the source area. The composition of heavy minerals then indicate the stability of different heavy minerals and the different degrading processes acting on the sediment, thus complicating the interpretation and identification of provenance. Heavy mineral ratios and single grain analysis are tools which provide a better reflection of the true source rock mineralogy and are to a less degree affected by processes that alter the heavy mineral assemblages. Heavy mineral assemblages and the electron microscope analysis of garnet point towards a sedimentary input from the Mozambique Belt, west of Mandawa Basin. To provide a link between the sedimentary sequences and the source areas, information regarding source rock mineralogy is needed. Samples from different basement lithologies as well as sediments from rivers draining specific source areas are necessary if such a link is to be made. Large river systems in Tanzania which drain and transport sediments from several source areas, and the possibility of reworked sediments, provide a further challenge when trying to reconstruct the sedimentary provenance.

Tramadol is a commonly prescribed synthetic opioid analgesic. In humans, electrocardiogram (ECG) changes consistent with sodium-channel blockade have not been described in overdoses with tramadol. We report a case of isolated tramadol overdose associated with a Brugada ECG pattern. A review of the literature reveals no previous human cases of tramadol overdose causing ECG changes consistent with sodium-channel blockade. However, in vitro blockade of sodium-channels has been demonstrated with high concentrations of tramadol. Tramadol overdose should be recognized as a cause for the manifestation of a Brugada ECG pattern in the setting of suicidal intoxication.

Summary A new computer-controlled laboratory technique has been developed to measure propped fracture width and embedment in weakly consolidated cores or unconsolidated sands under simulated downhole conditions. Previously, laboratory studies on cores had determined embedment in hard rocks where embedment was normally limited to 50% of the proppant grain diameter. Several studies also indicated the importance of embedment with one monolayer or less of proppant coverage. The effects of water saturation and fracture-fluid filtrate on formation softness and embedment have not been previously published. Consequently, the objectives of the current paper are to extend previous research results to include soft, weakly consolidated cores and unconsolidated sands with multiple proppant layers. The influence of water saturation and dynamic fluid leakoff on embedment are also shown to be important. The current investigations indicate that embedment becomes a problem when the Brinell hardness (BH) of the formation is less than about 20 kg/mm2 or when the static Young's modulus of formations cores is less than about 2 million psi (13 GPa). Embedment has been determined for cores with static Young's moduli between 0.1 and 1.4 million psi (0.7 to 9.6 GPa). In soft and wet sandstone, embedment can reduce fracture width up to 60% or more for proppant concentrations of 2 lbm/ft2. For unconsolidated sands, embedment is influenced by fracturing-fluid type, water saturation, and downhole conditions. Cyclic loading conditions associated with well shut-ins also increase embedment in unconsolidated sands. This paper reviews and discusses test data on formation cores from south Texas, New Mexico, the North Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Most of the commercial fracture-design programs neglect embedment problems in calculating fracture width, while other fracture simulators contain allowances for embedment.

Bakgrunn: Flere internasjonale studier viser at traumatiske opplevelser i barndom og voksen alder er assosiert med utvikling av dårlig helse på mange områder. Årsakene eller begrunnelsene for disse sammenhengene er fortsatt ikke godt nok forstått. Hensikten med denne studien er å undersøke assosiasjonen mellom psykisk eller fysisk vold – i barndom og voksen alder- og selv rapportert psykisk helse og muskel – skjelett plager hos kvinner og menn i en generell populasjon. Metode: Data som er presentert i dette arbeidet er hentet fra den populasjonsbaserte Tromsø undersøkelsen som ble gjennomført i 2007-08. Til sammen 19762 kvinner og menn var invitert og 12984 (65.7 %) deltok, 6930 kvinner og 6054 menn. Informasjon om voldserfaringer i barndom og voksen alder, mental helse (målt med HSCL_10), muskel-skjelettplager, demografiske variabler og livsstils variabler ble samlet inn via spørreskjema. I tillegg ble en del målevariabler som høyde, vekt, blodtrykk og puls brukt som justeringsvariabler. Assosiasjonen mellom selv-rapporterte voldserfaringer og muskel-skjelettplager og mental helse ble analysert ved bruk av henholdsvis logistisk og multippel lineær regresjon. Resultater: Gjennomsnittsalderen i denne populasjonen var 57.5 (SD 13.0) for kvinner og 57.5 (SD 12.3) for menn. Opplevd psykisk vold i barndom ble rapportert hos 7.9 % av kvinner og hos 10 % av menn (p=0.001), opplevd fysisk vold i barndom hos 4.6 % av kvinner og 7.9 % hos menn (p= 0.001). De korresponderende tallene for opplevd psykisk vold i voksen alder var 7.5 % hos kvinner og 3.5 % hos menn (p=0.001), fysisk vold i voksen alder: 5.2 % hos kvinner og 2.4 % hos menn (p=0.001). Voldserfaringer av psykisk eller fysisk karakter i barndom eller voksen alder ble rapportert av til sammen 16 % av kvinner og menn. Voldserfaringer enten av psykisk eller fysiske karakter, i barndom eller voksen alder, var sterkt assosiert med høyere HSCL_10 score hos begge kjønn (p1.44) også når det ble justert for flere mulige konfunderende faktorer. Konklusjon: Funnene fra denne populasjonsbaserte undersøkelsen støtter eksisterende studier som dokumenterer negativ helseeffekt av voldserfaring og understreker konsekvensene både på mental og fysisk helse. Resultatene synliggjør viktigheten av voldsforbyggende tiltak og implementering av kunnskapen om vold i arbeidet med forebygging og behandling av muskel-skjelettplager og psykiske helse.

Tramadol is a commonly prescribed synthetic opioid analgesic. In humans, electrocardiogram (ECG) changes consistent with sodium-channel blockade have not been described in overdoses with tramadol. We report a case of isolated tramadol overdose associated with a Brugada ECG pattern. A review of the literature reveals no previous human cases of tramadol overdose causing ECG changes consistent with sodium-channel blockade. However, in vitro blockade of sodium-channels has been demonstrated with high concentrations of tramadol. Tramadol overdose should be recognized as a cause for the manifestation of a Brugada ECG pattern in the setting of suicidal intoxication.

Tez konusu olarak seçilen tarihi yapının 1900'lü yılların başında işletme binası olarak inşa edildiği ve günümüze kadar kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Yapı günümüzde (2010) Dalaman Tarım İşletmesi'nin İdare Binası olarak kullanılmaktadır. Tanzimat sonrası Batı mimarisinin etkisinde inşa edilen yapı, özgünlüğünü korumuştur. Simetrik anlayışta planlanan kagir yapının orta aksı çatı arası ile birlikte üç katlı, yan kanatları ise iki katlıdır. Özgün planlama anlayışı çok değişmeyen ve strüktürel hasar tespit edilmeyen yapının, Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıkları Koruma Kurulu tarafından henüz tescil kaydı yapılmamıştır.Tezin konusu; Dalaman Tarım İşletmesi İdare Binası'nın mimari belgelenmesi, bu belgelemeye dayalı tescil işlemlerinin başlatılması ve korunması için önlemler geliştirilmesidir. Çalışmalara yapının 1/50 ölçekli rölöveleri hazırlanarak başlanmıştır. Yapının mevcut izlerine ve dönemin diğer Tarım İşletmeleri İdare binalarının mimarisi ile yapılan karşılaştırmalarına dayanarak restitüsyonu yapılmıştır. Yapının şimdiki (2010) işlevini daha uygun ve fonksiyonel bir şekilde yürütmesini amaçlayan restorasyon projeleri hazırlanmıştır.Dalaman Tarım İşletmesi İdare Binası'nın tarihi değeri, özgün mimari özellikleri ile korunması ve günün koşullarına uygun donanımlara kavuşması sağlanmaya çalışılmıştır. The building which is chosen as the subject of thesis was built as an administration building and has been used for that purpose till today. Today (2010), it is being used as the administrative building of Dalaman Farm. As built under the influence of post-Reform period (1908) Western architecture, has remained original. The stone building, which was designed in a symmetrical manner, is three storied at the middle axis and two storied at the side axis. The building, of which original plan scheme had not changed much and no structural destruction was identified on; has not been registered by the Cultural and Natural Property Protection Board yet.The subject of the thesis is the architectural documentation of Dalaman Farm Administrative Building, to begin its registration process through the prepared documentation and develop the necessary measures for its preservation. Studies were started with the preparation of 1/50 scaled architectural survey of the building. The restitution was prepared according to the existing traces and comparisons with other Agricultural Farm administration building of that era. It is tried to prepare a restoration project which aims to conduct its existing (2010) function in a more proper and functional way.What is aimed in this study is to preserve the Dalaman Farm Administrative Building with its historical value and original architectural features and to furnish it with modern equipments according to the day?s conditions. 206

A great number of species in the animal kingdom possess means by which they subdue prey or defend against predators. Human encounters with these species may result in bites or stings that produce local injury or systemic toxicity ranging from local pain and varying degrees of tissue injury to systemic illness, organ failure and even death. Most of these animals deliver a dose of venom when they bite or sting, but some produce or accumulate toxin in their flesh that may produce illness if ingested. Venoms are generally complex mixtures of proteins and enzymes, but few are very well understood. Antivenoms have been produced to treat exposures to some species, but treatment generally consists of supportive measures and treatment of symptoms. This chapter presents an overview of some of more common animal species found throughout the world, the toxic syndromes they produce and current therapeutic strategies. Keywords: ants; antivenom; beaded lizard; stinging fish; gila monster; Hymenoptera; jellyfish; scorpion; shellfish; snake; spider; stingray; venom

Rural students, in comparison to their urban counterparts, have had unique circumstances to contend with when making decisions about education and careers. Reduced accessibility to higher education, narrow rural school curricula, limited exposure to the world of occupations and few role models have been major limitations. It is not surprising that early studies of students' aspirations revealed a considerable difference between rural and urban high school students in plans to go on to some form of post-high school education (Middleton & Grigg, 1959; Sewell & Orenstein, 1965). A greater percentage of urban students, males and females, planned on attending college than rural students. However, that gap has been closing; data collected in the late sixties (Schwarzweller, 1976) indicated a trend toward aspiring to further education beyond high school in rural males and females. That trend continued through the seventies and early eighties (Chu & Culbertson, 1983; Dunne, Elliott & Carlson, 1981; Kammer, 1985) with increasing numbers of young rural men and women aspiring to further education after high school graduation. Dunne, et al. (1981) and Thomas and Falk (1978) reported an increase in numbers of these young people aspiring to higher level jobs as well. So, in view of the increases in educational and occupational aspirations of rural youth, the limitations on rural students listed above are better addressed today or perhaps less related to aspirations than we believe. The agriculture crisis of the 1980s and the downturn in energy

s Feature Editor: Steven A. Seifert, MD, FACMT, FACEP JOURNAL OF MEDICAL TOXICOLOGY ■ VOLUME 2, NUMBER 1 ■ MARCH 2006 29 From “Snakebites in the New Millennium: A State-of-the-Art Symposium” University of Nebraska Medical Center, October 21–23, 2005

Den globaliserte økonomiens problemstillinger aktualiseres i norske nyhetsmedier i debatten om etiske retningslinjer for oljefondet (ERFO). I 1997 bestemte finansminister Stoltenberg at oljefondet skulle investeres i utenlandske aksjer, uten etiske retningslinjer. Mange av investeringsobjektene er transnasjonale selskaper. Komplekse eierskapsstrukturer kan gjøre det vanskelig å vite hvilke bedrifter som er involvert i kontroversiell drift (som barnearbeid), produksjon (som ikke-konvensjonelle våpen) eller områder (som Burma). Jeg analyserer debatten ved hjelp nyhetssosiologi og retorikk. Mediedebatten består av tre faser. I den første fasen utfordres i liten grad Sentrumsregjeringens konklusjon: ERFO er ikke mulig i en globalisert, uoversiktlig økonomi. I avsløringsfasen øker omfanget av dekningen kraftig; sakens nyhetsverdi etableres. De fire første avsløringene av kontroversielle investeringer graves fram av spesialiserte gravere, og bringes deretter videre av de tradisjonelle nyhetsmediene. Artiklene i avsløringsfasen framstiller investeringene som globaliseringskoblinger. Dette innebærer at artiklene viser den potensielle toveis påvirkningen mellom investor (avkastning og/eller omdømme) og investeringsobjekt (aksjekurs og/eller f.eks arbeidstakernes vilkår). Disse artiklene er del av en global diskurs, og her problematiseres dikotomien innenriks/utenriks. Avsløringene presenteres ofte i en liv og lære-ramme, der Norges omdømme etter hvert blir et vesentlig aspekt. Det synes rimelig å anta at avsløringsepisodene bidro til at stortingsflertallet snudde og gikk inn for ERFO. Men i den siste fasen trekker artiklene igjen i hovedsak på en nasjonal diskurs og spør i liten grad om hva ERFO skal innebære i praksis. Oljefondets investeringer representerer et institusjonelt rammeverk som utgjør en ny kontekst for nyhetsproduksjon. Debatten indikerer utfordringer for journalistikken relatert til autonomi, kompetanse og globalisering.