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The objective of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of Salvia pachystachya Trautv. (Lamiaceae) essential oil against plant pathogens that cause anthracnose, Colletotrichum acutatum J. H. Simmonds, C. fragariae A.N. Brooks and C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc., and to determine its chemical composition. The essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and major components were identified as ?-pinene (18.9%), (Z)-?-ocimene (11.8%) and 1,8-cineole (8.0%). The oil showed weak antifungal activity against three Colletotrichum species using direct-bioautography assay. © 2019, Badebio Biotechnololgy Ltd. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000455644400004, This study was conducted on the antibacterial, antimycobacterial and antifungal activities of various extracts (petroleum ether (PE), chloroform (CHCl3) and ethanol (EtOH) extracts; infusion and decoction) and essential oil from the aerial parts of S. cassia Sam. ex Rech.f. and the chemical composition of the most active samples. The antibacterial activity was determined against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli. The antimycobacterial activity was analyzed against five different Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the antifungal activity was compared with two dermotophytes and three Candida species. The composition of EO was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The EO had a very good activity against B. subtilis (0.3 mu L/mL) and good activity against S. aureus, methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and E. faecalis (0.6 mu L/mL). All extracts were active in the antimycobacterial and antifungal tests (MICs=50-400 mu g/mL). The EO was the most active samples against all Mycobacterium strains, dermatophytes and Candida species (MICs=0.1-6.25 mu L/mL). Because of the high activity of EO, its composition was analyzed, and the major compound was found caryophyllene oxide (22.3%), which was also found the major components of the essential oils from other antimicrobial plants such as Salvia trichoclada Benth., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [114S734], The parts of the antibacterial and antimycobacterial assays in this present work was supported by the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey. Project No. 114S734.

WOS: 000467873500017, Ferulago species have been utilized since ancient times as antihelmentic, digestive, sedative and aphrodisiac, along with in salads or as a seasoning in view of their special odours. F. pachyloba (Fenzl) Boiss., F. trachycarpa Boiss. and F. bracteata Boiss. & Hausskn. species were investigated for their chemical compositions of essential oils and their antimicrobial activities. Antimicrobial activities of essential oils were performed via microbroth-dilution and TLC bioautography methods. GC and GC/MS were utilized to analyse the essential oils. Primary components of aerial parts, flowers, roots and fruits of F. pachyloba were found as, sabinene (16.0 %), (Z)-beta-ocimene (15.1 %); sabinene (25.8 %), (Z)-beta-ocimene (27.5 %); (E)-2-decenal (14.3 %); bicyclogermacrene (11.1 %), respectively. Primary components of aerial parts, roots and fruits of F. trachycarpa were found as, (Z)-beta-ocimene (13.8 %), spathulenol (25.0 %); (E)-2-decenal (11.9 %); spathulenol (32.8 %), bicyclogermacrene (23.0 %). Primary components of aerial parts, flowers and roots of F. bracteata were found as, 7-methoxy-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-coumarin (86.7 %); beta-pinene (12.1 %), beta-phellandrene (22.8 %); (E)-2- decenal (13.9 %), hexadecanoic acid (40.4 %). Essential oils were particularly more effective against Staphylococcus aureus, with MIC values of between 0.39 and 6.25 g/mL, respectively. They did not give significant inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by TLC bioautography assay. In contrast, they had active components against S. aureus and showed significant inhibition. The antimicrobial activities against these microorganisms from these species may be attributed to the presence of the main components in the essential oils., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TUBITAK 115S009], This work was supported by the The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 115S009).

Thymus L. of the Lamiaceae with 220 ssp. is concentrated in the Mediterranean region. Thymus species are well known as “Kekik” in Turkish and are used as herbal tea and spices, according to recent records, the genus is represented with 40 ssp. where 17 species are endemic to Turkey. The study material Thymus pallasicus is one of the endemic species for Turkey, from which the essential oil was obtained from the air dried aerial parts by hydro distillation subsequently analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS, respectively. The main component was identified as thymol (55.5 %) along with the monoterpenes p-cymene (19.9 %), ?-terpinene (7.2%), carvacrol (5.0 %), and 1,8-cineole (1.4%). The essential oil was also evaluated for its anticandidal activity against five different standard human pathogenic strains, according to a modified in vitro CSLI micro dilution method. The minimum inhibitory activity of the essential oil was 250-500 microgram/mL against the tested Candida sp. suggesting rather weak inhibitory activity when compared to the standard antifungal fluconazole (0.5-16 microgram/mL). As Thymus species are known for their antimicrobial activities it is suggested that other clinical and pathogenic strains should be further evaluated. © 2019, Badebio Biotechnololgy Ltd. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000455645400004, The objective in this study is to isolate and characterize volatile compounds of Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. stoechas rooted with micropropagation techniques and grown under suitable in vitro conditions. Microdistillation procedure was applied on aerial parts of this plant. The volatile compounds were characterized by GC-FID and GC-MS systems, simultaneously. Based on results, twenty-two compounds were identified. Major volatile compounds included camphor (38.5%), bornyl acetate (10.6%), alpha-fenchone (8.9%), 1,8-cineole (4.3%), alpha-pinene (4.0%), linalool (3.5%), viridiflorol (3.8%) myrtenal (2.7%), geranyl acetate (2.1%). These results were positively related with data published regarding the plant growing wild., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 2216 - Research Fellowship Programme for International Researchers) [18.06.2012-18.06.2013]; Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commision [1805S209], The authors greatly acknowledge The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 2216 - Research Fellowship Programme for International Researchers) for support of this study as a post-doctorate research Project (18.06.2012-18.06.2013) and Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects Commision under the grant no: 1805S209.

WOS: 000459614100009, Ferulago species have been utilized dated from ancient times as antihelmentic, carminative, digestive, sedative, aphrodisiac, along with as salads and spice in view of their exclusive odors. F. mughlae Pe.men was investigated for its chemical compositions of essential oils and antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activities of essential oils were performed via TLC bioautography methods and essential oils were analysed via GC and GC/MS. alpha-pinene (53.0%), myrcene (3.9%), limonene (6.0%) beta-phellandrene (11.0%) were shown to be as primary components of fruit. Primary components of aerial part were found as alpha-pinene (48.5%), camphene (10.6%), beta-pinene (4.8%) and limonene (3.0%). alpha-pinene (37.3%), camphene (9.1%), limonene (5.3%), terpinolene (3.4%), beta-caryophyllene (3.6%), borneol (9.5%), kessan (8.0%), germacrene B (4.0%), caryophyllene oxide (3.7%) and 2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde (3.7%) were shown to be the primary components of root. Aerial part and fruit essential oils of F. mughlea contain active compounds against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6558 while these essential oils did not show any activites against Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and Escherichia coli NRRL B-3008 strains. Root essential oil of F. mughlea did not show any antimicrobial activities against tested all microorganisms. The antimicrobial activities against these microorganisms from this species may be based upon the existence of the primary compounds in the essential oils.

As part of our continuing investigation for interesting biological activities of native medicinal plants, thirty-nine plants, obtained from diverse areas in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, were screened for insecticidal activity against yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.). Out of the 57 organic extracts, Saussurea lappa, Ocimum tenuiflorum, Taraxacum officinale, Nigella sativa, and Hyssopus officinalis exhibited over 80% mortality against adult female Ae. aegypti at 5 µg/mosquito. In the larvicidal bioassay, the petroleum ether extract of Aloe perryi flowers showed 100% mortality at 31.25 ppm against 1st instar Ae. aegypti larvae. The ethanol extract of Saussurea lappa roots was the second most active displaying 100% mortality at 125 and 62.5 ppm. Polar active extracts were processed using LC-MS/MS to identify bioactive compounds. The apolar A. perryi flower extract was analyzed by headspace SPME-GC/MS analysis. Careful examination of the mass spectra and detailed interpretation of the fragmentation pattern allowed the identification of various biologically active secondary metabolites. Some compounds such as caffeic and quinic acid and their glycosides were detected in most of the analyzed fractions. Additionally, luteolin, luteolin glucoside, luteolin glucuronide and diglucuronide were also identified as bioactive compounds in several HPLC fractions. The volatile ketone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one was identified from A. perryi petroleum ether fraction as a major compound, U.S. Department of Defense, DOD Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud University for funding this work through research group No. RG-1437-021 . This study was in part funded by the Deployed War-Fighter Protection Research Program via grants from the U.S. Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board. We thank Miss Jessica Louton, (USDA-ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville FL) for mosquito bioassays. Appendix A

In this study, Lavandula stoechas L. subsp. stoechas which is plant with economic and medicinal importance has comparatively been examined morphologically, anatomically and chemically. A detailed description of the species has been prepared and compared with those published in the Flora of Turkey of Davis in tabular form. The taxonomical, morphological and anatomical characteristics of the plant material have been described and illustrated with drawings. General appearance of leaves, branches, flowers, calyx, corolla and fruit shapes are described. Herbaceous and woody stem and leaves of the L. stoechas subsp. stoechas samples collected from Muğla, Ula, Portakallık were examined. Analyses of the hydrodistilled oil were performed on GC and GC/MS systems. Camphor (45.8%), ?-fenchone (31.8%) and bornyl acetate (4.2%) were found as main constituents in the essential oil of L. stoechas subsp. stoechas. © 2019, Badebio Biotechnololgy Ltd. All rights reserved.

WOS: 000399651800005, In the Anatolia folk medicine, Salvia species are used by many people in various villages and towns for the therapeutic value of their essential oils. In this study, water-distilled essential oil of three species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) was analyzed. The analysis was performed using a gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry systems, simultaneously. The major components were found as -pinene (16.2%) and -pinene (14.4%) for Salvia adenophylla Hedge & Hub-Mor. (endemic); -pinene (24.9%), myrcene (9.0%), and -humulene (7.9%) for Salvia pilifera Montbret et Aucher ex Bentham (endemic); -copaene (13.0%), -caryophyllene (10.8%), -muurolene (9.8%), -cadinene, and caryophyllene oxide (8.0%) for Salvia viscosa Jacq.

WOS: 000400988100002, Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) of the Lamiaceae family is an aromatic plant and widely used for medicinal purposes. This present study aimed to determine the compounds from volatiles of the plant using in vitro induced micropropagated shoots. The volatile components were isolated by microdistillation technique from this economically important M. officinalis seedlings. The main components were determined by GC/FID and GC/MS from herbage A and herbage B as geranial (43.4-44.8%), neral (26.8-30.3%), alloaromadendrene (8.5 and 1.6%), geranyl acetate (7.4 and 5.7%), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (3.5 and 3.5%), and beta-caryophyllene (3.1 and 2.3%), respectively. The results obtained are in correlation with the previous studies., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey [TUBITAK-BIDEB-2216], The authors acknowledge the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-BIDEB-2216) for support this study of S.M. as a post-doctorate research project.

Volatile oils from the aerial parts, flowers and roots of an endemic species Ferulago blancheana Post, were obtai-ned by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Main components were found to be bornyl acetate (11.7%) and β-caryopyllene (10.2%); sabinene (23.2%), myrcene (17.5%); (E)-2-decenal (20.3%), caryopyllene oxide (17.8%) for the aerial parts, flowers and roots, respectively. Antimicrobial activity study with bioautography met-hod was performed against three different microorganisms; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 13388, Escherichia coli NRRL, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA 1026, and Candida albicans ATCC 24433. The results showed that essential oils obtained from the aerial parts, flowers and roots were active against S. aureus and C. albicans, however essen-tial oils obtained from the aerial parts and roots were found to be less effective against S.aureus. In addition, no antibacterial effects were observed against P. aeruginosa

Bu çalışmada Coffea arabica L. (Rubiaceae)’nın yeşil ve kavrulmuş çekirdeklerinin uçucu bileşikleri incelenmiştir. Uçucu bileşenler, Headspace Katı Faz Mikroekstraksiyon (HS-SPME) tekniği ile elde edilmiş ve Gaz Kromatografisi-Kütle Spektrometresi (GC/MS) ile analiz edilmiştir. Yeşil kahve çekirdeklerinin ana bileşenleri izoamilalkol (% 10.4), hekzanal (% 10.4) ve hekzakosan (% 8.2) iken, kavrulmuş çekirdeklerin ana bileşenleri förfurilalkol (% 13.6), förfurilasetat (% 10.7) ve 5metil förfural (% 9.27) olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, HS-SPME-GC-MS kullanılarak yeşil ve kavrulmuş kahve çekirdeklerinde alkol, aldehit, keton, pirazin, piridin ve furan gibi değişik kimyasal gruplara ait farklı uçucu bileşenlerin belirlenmesi mümkün olmuştur." şeklinde olmalıdır

Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts and fruits of five taxa of genus Grammosciadium DC., belonging to subgenus Grammosciadium (G. confertum Hub.-Mor. & Lamond, G. cornutum (Nábělek) C.C.Towns., G. macrodon Boiss. subsp. macrodon, G. macrodon Boiss. subsp. nezaketae B.Bani and G.daucoides DC. ), collected from different locations in Turkey, were simultaneously analyzed by GC and GC/MS systems. 124 components representing 71.1-99.8% of the total contents were identified in the oils. Oil samples from fruits and aerial parts of the plants showed different chemical profiles with regard to species. We have herein demonstrated that the chemical composition of essential oil samples from G. cornutum , G. macrodon subsp. macrodon , G. macrodon subsp. nezaketae (an endemic subspecies) , and G. confertum (an endemic species) growing in Turkey was determined for the first time. Hexadecanoic acid (13.3-21.2% and 48.1-59.8%) was the main component of the samples of G. cornutum and G. confertum, respectively, while caryophyllene oxide (13.1-29.2%) was the major constituent in the samples of G. macrodon subsp. nezaketae and G. macrodon subsp. macrodon as well as γ-terpinene (61.9%) and carvacrol (68.9%) in G. daucoides samples. In addition, pentacosane can be considered a chemotaxonomic marker for the essential oil of G. macrodon subsp. macrodon.

Lathyrus species including L. ochrus and L. sativus are known for their food, feed and horticultural uses. Despite their widespread uses and cultivation, there is limited information on their chemistry. Previously, only the essential oil composition of L. rotundifolius, L. vernus and volatiles of L. odoratus have been reported. In the present research, volatiles of seven Lathyrus L. species, namely, L. aphaca, L. ochrus, L. cicera, L. sativus, L. gorgonei, L. saxatilis and L. blepharicarpos var. cyprius were analyzed by SPME GC-MS for the first time. Plant materials were collected from five different locations in Cyprus (February-March 2012). The main components of L. aphaca volatiles from four locations were yomogi alcohol 26.1-16.5%, camphor 21.6-10.1%, tetradecane 14.3-0%; L. cicera from five locations were yomogi alcohol 20.3-3.0%, camphor 18.7-2.0%; L. gorgonei from two locations were yomogi alcohol 24.5-13.1%, camphor 17.1-9.0% and L. sativus was yomogi alcohol 11.4%, camphor 9.0%. Yomogi alcohol was not present as the major compound in L. ochrus (2-methyl butanoic acid 7.2%), L. saxatilis (hexanal 7.7%) and L. blepharicarpos var. cyprius ((Z)-3-hexenal 8.6%) volatiles. The volatiles of the Lathyrus species were also compared with each other quantitative and qualitatively using AHC analysis to find out differences among the species. The irregular monoterpene yomogi alcohol is reported from the Lathyrus and the Leguminosae family for the first time. The existence of yomogi alcohol in Lathyrus volatiles points out that the irregular monoterpenes are not restricted solely to Asteraceae family.

There is only a couple of reports indicating essential oil composition of Asphodelus species in the literature. However, from the members of this genus many non-volatile secondary metabolites were isolated. In Cyprus, Asphodelus aestivus Brot. can be found abundantly in all regions of the island. This plant has various ethnobotanical uses in Cyprus. There is no report on the volatiles nor the essential oil composition of A. aestivus. The smell of A. aestivus flowers resembles that of a cat pee which caught our attention. Therefore, we have carried out GC, GC/MS analysis of the essential oil (yield: 0.01 v/w) obtained from Asphodelus aestivus flowers. Seventeen compounds were identified in the essential oil comprising 96.2% of the oil. The major components of the essential oil were hexadecanoic acid 35.6%, pentacosane 17.4%, tricosane 13.4% and heptacosane 8.4%. In our results, we expected to see sulfur containing cat pee odorants due to the odor of the flower whereas high amounts of n-alkanes, saturated fatty acids and minor amounts of acyclic diterpenes were observed.

The Mediterranean fruit fly or medfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the most economically important invasive pests worldwide, with over 300 known hosts. Essential oils have great promise for application in integrated pest management, where they function as natural repellents, attractants, and toxicants with a reduced impact on the environment. In this study, we evaluated essential oil from aerial parts of the African ginger bush, Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd (Lamiaceae), as a potential new attractant for male C. capitata. Tetradenia riparia essential oil (TREO) was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The primary compounds identified were fenchone (15%), δ-cadinene (11%), 14-hydroxy-β-caryophyllene (8%), and tau-cadinol (7%). In short-range laboratory bioassays with sterile male medflies, TREO exhibited attractancy comparable to that observed with a positive control, essential oil from tea tree ( Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden and Betche) Cheel.). This study provides the first report of C. capitata behavioral response to TREO. Further research is needed, particularly with the 2 enantiomers of fenchone, to determine the chemical constituents responsible for the attraction of C. capitata.

The air-dried aerial parts of Phlomis russeliana (Sims) Lag. Ex Benth. was extracted by methanol and fractionated by n-hexane, dichloromethane, and ethyl acetate, respectively. The wound healing properties of P. russeliana extract gel was evaluated using the in vivo excisional wound model using Balb-c mice. Initially, the P. russeliana methanol extract showed LOX inhibitory activity at IC50 = 23.2 &micro, g/mL, whereas the DPPH&bull, assay showed IC50 = 0.89 mg/mL, and the ABTS&bull, assay showed IC50 = 0.99 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, a remarkable anti-inflammatory activity was observed in the cell culture assay. Thereafter, activity-guided fractionation was performed by LOX enzyme inhibition assays, and the structures of the two most active fractions were revealed by both GC&ndash, FID and GC/MS analyses, simultaneously. Phytol and 1-heptadecanoic acid were characterized as the active constituents. Moreover, the P. russeliana extract gel formulation was applied for in vivo tests, where the new gel formulation supported the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity findings. As a conclusion, this experimental results support the wound healing evidence based on the ethnobotanical application of Phlomis species with further potential.

WOS: 000534529000001, The volatile oils of fresh and air-dried buds of 3 different varieties of Cannabis, namely, high cannabidiol (CBD) chemotype, inter- mediate CBD/tetrahydrocannabinol chemotype, and high THC chemotype were prepared by hydrodistillation. Gas chro- matography analysis of the volatile oils resulted in the identification of 71 compounds, of which 33 were monoterpenes and 38 were sesquiterpenes. the volatile oil obtained from the THC chemotype showed an increase in the ratio of the sesquiterpenes to monoterpenes content. the content of terpinolene was dramatically decreased upon drying of THC chemotype. Moderate increase in beta-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide was observed. However, there was no detectable change in the percentage of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes content in both the intermediate type and CBD chemotype upon drying. the insecticidal activity of the volatile oils was evaluated. the oil obtained from the fresh and dried high CBD cannabis showed good biting deterrent activity at 10 ug/cm(2) compared with N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide at 4.78 mu g/cm(2), and good larvicidal activity., National Institute on Drug AbuseUnited States Department of Health & Human ServicesNational Institutes of Health (NIH) - USANIH National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) [N01DA-15-7793], The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: this work was supported in part by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, contract #N01DA-15-7793.

The essential oil of aerial parts of Helichrysum conglobatum (Viv.) Steudel. (Asteraceae) from Cyprus was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The essential oil yield was 0.01, v/w. Forty five compounds were identified in the oil comprising 96.1% of the total. The essential oil was mainly composed of sesquiterpene type compounds and oxygenated sesquiterpene derivatives. The main components of the oil were P-caryophyllene (14.6%), Y-curcumene (14.1%), hexadecanoic acid (13.5%), tetradecanoic acid (7.5%), rosifoliol (5.4%) and 6-cadinene (5.3%). This is the first report on the essential oil composition of H. conglobatum from Cyprus.

The genus Berula W. Koch belongs to the Apiaceae family and it is only represented by B. erecta (Huds.) Coville in Turkey. B. erecta was collected in June, 2014 from Konya province. The chemical composition of essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the dried aerial parts of B. erecta was analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Thirty-five compounds, constituting about 79.4% of the total oil, were identified. The major components were found as hexahydrofarnesyl acetone (14.1%) and ?-bisabolol oxide A (12.8%)

The popular medicinal plant Prunella vulgaris L., (Lamiaceae) is a perennial and an edible herbaceous plant which is widely distributed in the temperate zone and tropical mountains of Europe and Asia. Due to its medicinal and industrial importance, the demand for P. vulgaris has increased steadily in recent years. In the present study, the volatile compounds of the P. vulgaris were accumulated by Headspace-Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) technique, and, analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The chemical composition of the methanolic extract (ME) and infusion (INF) of P. vulgaris were determined. Aerial parts of P. vulgaris INF of the major compounds were found hexanal (23.1%), ionol (10.7%), (Z)-3-hexenal (3.2%) and 3,5-octadien-2-one. The ME of P. vulgaris were characterized with α-fenchone (11.1%), hexanal (8.2%), 3,5-octadien-2-one (4.7%), methyl benzoate (4.5%) and selina-4,11-diene (3.1%). It was evaluated the antimicrobial activity of P. vulgaris extracts (ME, INF) in in vitro conditions against different kinds of microorganisms. The INF showed weak antimicrobial activity Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) against all tested microorganisms whereas ME showed weak antimicrobial effects E. coli, S. aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; S. pyogenes (20 mg / mL) and C. albicans (15 mg / mL).

In this study, Eskişehir city and its environment were defined as a study area and wild plants consumed as food in this region were selected as research material. According to the study, 28 wild plants consumed as food around Eskişehir were determined. These plants were identified as Amaranthus retroflexus (Kızılbacak), Beta corolliflora (Kır Pancarı), Capsella bursa-pastoris (Çoban Çantası), Carduus nutans (Devedikeni), Centaurea urvillei (Çoban Çökerten), Chenopodium album (Sirken), Cichorium intybus (Karakavuk), Erodium cicutarium (Çoban İğnesi), Galega officinalis (Keçisakalı), Glaucium corniculatum (Boynuz Gelincik), Lactuca serriola (Acı Marul), Malva neglecta (Ebegümeci), Nasturtium officinale (Su Teresi), Papaver rhoeas (Gelincik), Papaver somniferum (Haşhaş), Polygonum lagathifolium (Madımak), Portulaca oleracea (Semizotu), Ranunculus ficaria (Arpacıksalebi), Raphanus raphanistrum (Turpotu), Rumex acetosa (Kuzukulağı), Rumex crispus (Labada), Silene alba (Toklubaşı), Stellaria media (Bulgurcuk), Taraxacum officinale (Acıgüneyik), Tragopogon dubius (Yemlik), Tragopogon pratensis (Teke Sakalı), Urtica dioica (Büyük Isırgan) and Urtica urens (Küçük Isırgan). The findings of this study have revealed that the wild plants are an important alternative to well known agricultural products and have important potential for the realization of sustainable rural development.

WOS: 000416971500011, Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation were analyzed both by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main constituents found in Achillea oil were as follows: A. filipendulina Lam.: 43.8% santolina alcohol, 14.5% 1,8-cineole and 12.5% cis-chrysanthenyl acetate; A. magnifica Hiemerl ex Hub.-Mor.: 27.5% linalool, 5.8% spathulenol, 5.5% terpinen-4-ol, 4.7% a-terpineol and 4.7% beta-eudesmol; A. tenuifolia Lam.: 12.4% artemisia ketone, 9.9% p-cymene, 7.1% camphor, 5.9% terpinen-4-ol, 4.7% caryophyllene oxide and 4.5% alpha-pinene. Furthermore, the Achillea essential oils were evaluated for antimalarial and antimicrobial activities. A. magnifica and A. filipendulina oils showed strong antimalarial activity against both chloroquine sensitive D6 (IC50=1.2 and 0.68 mu g/mL) and chloroquine resistant W2 (IC50=1.1 and 0.9 mu g/mL) strains of Plasmodium falciparum without any cytotoxicity to mammalian cells up to IC50=47.6 mu g/mL against Vero cells. whereas A. tenuifolia oil showed no antimalarial activity up to a concentration of 20 mg/mL. All three Achillea oils showed no antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria up to a concentration of 200 mu g/mL. A. tenuifolia and A. magnifica oils demonstrated mild antifungal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans (IC50=45, 20 and 15 mu g/mL, respectively)., NIH, NIAID, Division of AIDS [AI 27094]; USDA Agricultural Research Service [58-6408-1-603], The authors thank Mr. John Trott, Ms. Marsha Wright for excellent technical support in performing antimalarial and antimicrobial assays. This work was supported in part by the NIH, NIAID, Division of AIDS, Grant No. AI 27094 (antifungal) and the USDA Agricultural Research Service Specific Cooperative Agreement No. 58-6408-1-603.

Ferulago species have been utilised since ancient times as antihelmentic, peptic, sedative and aphrodisiac, and as the seasoning in view of their special odors. The study reports the antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticholinesterase activities of essential oil of fruit, extracts, fractions from roots and aerial parts and isolated compounds from dichloromethane fraction of root [prantschimgin (1), felamidin (2)] from F. pauciradiata. GC and GC/MS were used for analysis of essential oil. Phenolic contents and antioxidant activities of specimens were performed via Folin-Ciocalteu’s phenol indicator, DPPH and TBA methods. Anticholinesterase activity was carried out via Ellman’s method. They were also assessed for antimicrobial activity by macrobroth-dilution and microbroth-dilution procedures. Trans-chrysanthenyl acetate, ?-pinene, 2,3,6-trimethyl benzaldehyde, sabinene and myrcene were gained as primary components of essential oil. Highest total phenolic content was found in EtOAc fraction of root. Highest DPPH activity was observed in essential oil and EtOAc fraction of root (4.59, 6.56 µg/mL, respectively). Among the samples essential oil showed best activity against all microorganism with between 0.097 - 12.5 µg/mL MIC values. Essential oil demonstrated strong inhibition against AChE and BuChE (IC 50 = 7.987, 0.567 µl/ml, respectively). It displayed inhibitory activities on AChE and BuChE, moreover considerable antioxidant and antimicrobial activities

The main aim of the present study was to investigate the antibacterial effect of the commercial Pharma Grade S. officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia (Lamiaceae) essential oil against the skin pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. The chemical composition of the essential oil was confirmed by GC and GC/MS, simultaneously. Camphor (30.5%), 1,8-cineole (24.8%), ?-pinene (6.5%), linalool (4.0%) and linalyl acetate (3.5%) were found as major components. The bioactivity of the essential oil and its main compounds were tested using the in vitro microdilution technique. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of ?-pinene, essential oil, camphor, linalool and linalyl acetate were in the range of 2.5-10 mg/mL, respectively. The results showed that the tested pathogen was only moderately susceptible against the essential oil and its main compounds when compared with standard antibiotics. In addition, the in vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using the radical scavenging activity mediated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The activity range was found more than 30 mg/mL for all tested oil samples, compared with the standard. The results suggested that the oil and its major constituents represent antimicrobial activity supporting its antiseptic use in folk medicinal use, Anadolu Üniversitesi, This study was financially supported by Anadolu University ? Scientific Research Projects ?BAP No P ?? ??S ? ??? ? Part of this work was presented at the ?th Congress of Chemistry ? Manufacturing and Standardization of Cosmetics ?? -2?6 ?? ?? February in Antalya ?

WOS: 000411767600002, Six different Scaligeria DC. taxa (Apiaceae) essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation from herba with the flowers collected from different sites from Turkey. The oils were analyzed and characterized by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) simultaneously. A total of 133 different compounds were identified and relative qualitative and quantitative differences were observed among the evaluated samples. Analytical profiles of the Scaligeria EOs showed characteristic differences in terms of different main chemical constituents, between the two taxa S. lazica Boiss. and S. tripartita (Kalen.) Tamamsch; and S. napiformis (Sprengel) Grande, S. meifolia (Fenzl) Boiss., S. capillifolia Post, S. hermonis Post, S. glaucescens (DC.) Boiss. taxa, respectively. The main component germacrene D can be utilized as marker for the chemical discrimination of the Scaligeria genus. In addition, Scaligeria EOs were evaluated in vitro for their antimicrobial activity against pathogenic Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus), Gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast (Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei) standard strains by using a micro-dilution assay. As a general result, the oils showed moderate inhibitory range when compared with standard antimicrobial agents., Research Fund of the Erciyes University Research Fund, Kayseri, Turkey [TOA-2014-4557], This work was supported by Research Fund of the Erciyes University Research Fund, Kayseri, Turkey [Project Number: TOA-2014-4557]. Authors are grateful to Assist. Prof. Metin Armagan of Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey for collection and identification of S. glaucescens.

WOS: 000429097800029, Thymus vulgaris (thyme), a species of aromatic and medicinal plant of Lamiaceae family, is a bushy, woody evergreen subshrub with small, highly aromatic, grey-green leaves and clusters of purple or pink flowers that bloom in early summer. It is native to southern Europe from the western Mediterranean to southern Italy and Turkey. There are 38 species in Turkey, 53 % of which are endemic. Thyme essential oils are distilled from flowers and leaves that are widely used in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and food industries. Despite the advantages and potential applications, however, there are few reports detailing in vitro propagation of T. vulgaris. The main goal in this study was to determine volatile components of in vitro micropropagated thyme by microdistillation method. GC/MS and GC/FID analysis showed that thymol, -terpinene, p-cymene, thymol acetate, -caryophyllene, carvacrol methyl ether, and linalool were the main volatile components of thyme., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBYTAK), The authors greatly acknowledge the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBYTAK) for supporting this study as a post-doctorate research job of Dr. Sam Mokhtarzadeh.

WOS: 000422706900003, Purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) is an invasive plant grown in all around the world. C. rotundus rhizomes are called "topalak" and an analgesic plant for the treatment of stomach ache in infants, folk medicine in Turkey. The volatile compounds of C. rotundus rhizomes were investigated by Headspace-SPME. Cyperene (30.5% and 28.0%), alpha-copaene (10.6% and 2%) and a-ylangene (7.7% and 10.5%) were identified as main volatile components of rhizomes and analyzed at room temperature and 40 degrees C respectively. This study designed to support detailed studies on underground plant parts volatiles and it is the first time to identification of volatile compounds of raw C. rotundus rhizomes collected from Turkey by Headspace-SPME and GC and GC-MS., Anadolu University Scientific Research Project Commission [1304S069], This study has been supported by Anadolu University Scientific Research Project Commission (Project No: 1304S069).

Hydrodistilled essential oils from dried fruits of Zosima absithifolia (Vent.) Link (Apiaceae) collected from Northern Cyprus was analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Octyl acetate (63.2-59.5%), octyl hexanoate (19.8-18.6%), octyl octanoate (9.9-9.2%) and octanol (7.1-2.2%) were characterized as main constituents.

WOS: 000434745000032, In this present study, commercial Pharmacopeia (PhEur) grade chamomile essential oil (Mairicariae aetheroleurn) was combined with different antimicrobial agents including ampicillin sodium, cefuroxime acetyl, tetracycline hydrochloride, fluconazole and nystatin. All combinations were evaluated in vitro against pathogenic standard and clinical resistant Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial isolates as well as against Candida albicans for their broad antimicrobial effectiveness. Furthermore, the essential oil was fractioned by column chromatography using n-hexane, diethyl ether, dichloromethane and methanol, respectively. Additionally, all fractions of essential oil were tested in combinations for their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) as well as for their fractional inhibitory concentrations (FIC) against the resistant microbial pathogens. Antimicrobial activities were evaluated by microdilution method and antimicrobial interactions were assayed using the checkerboard method. Cytotoxicity of compounds were evaluated using Cytotox-XTT-1 1:rameter Kit in WS1 cells and Aliivibrio fischeri bioluminescence toxicity assay. The analyses proved that alpha-bisabolol oxide A (47.7%), (E)-beta-famesene (21.5%), alpha-bisabolol oxide B (6.2%), alpha-bisabolone oxide A (5.8%), chamazulene (4.1%) and alpha-bisabolol (2.2%), respectively were the major compounds and in compliance with PhEur. The essential oil combination of fluconazole and nystatin showed "synergic and additive inhibitory effects" against the clinical Candida strain. According to the IC50 values obtained, the inhibitory concentrations of combinations against the clinical Candida strain can be considered to be selective when compared with its effect on WS1 cells. Additionally, the essential oil combination of fluconazole and nystatin showed low toxicity against A. fischeri., Anadolu University Research Fund [BAP-13015005]; Tubitak SBAG [1135250], This work is part of the PhD project of Gamze Goger and was supported by the Anadolu University Research Fund (Project no: BAP-13015005) and Tubitak SBAG 1135250.

Water-distilled essential oil from aerial parts of Hypericum scabrum L. (Hypericaceae) collected from the central part of Turkey was analyzed by GC/MS. It was characterized by ?-pinene (74%), ß-pinene (4.8%) and myrcene (3.4%). The oil and the main components were investigated for their mosquito deterrent, antimalarial and antimicrobial activities. Hypericum scabrum essential oil showed higher biting deterrent activity against Aedes aegypti than the solvent control, but the activity was significantly lower than the positive control, DEET. The oil exhibited antimalarial activity with IC50 values of 28.8 µg/mL and 15.7 µg/mL against the D6 and W2 strains of Plasmodium falciparum, whereas the major compounds (?-pinene, ß-pinene and myrcene) were inactive up to 4.7 µg/mL. The H. scabrum oil showed selective antimicrobial activity against Cryptococcus neoformans (IC50=34.71 µg/mL), Mycobacterium intracellulare (IC50=52.98 µg/mL) and Candida krusei (IC50=104.43 µg/mL). No antimicrobial activity was detected for the enantiomers ?-pinene, ß-pinene and myrcene up to 20 µg/mL. The biting deterrent and antimalarial activity of H. scabrum oil were investigated for the first time, Agricultural Research Service, ARS U.S. Department of Defense, DOD U.S. Department of Agriculture, USDA

WOS: 000357992700118, PubMed ID: 26111175, According to distribution of genus Achillea, two main centers of diversity occur in S.E. Europe and S.W. Asia. Diversified essential oil compositions from Balkan Peninsula have been numerously reported. However, report on essential oils of Achillea species growing in Turkey, which is one of the main centers of diversity, is very limited. This paper represents the chemical compositions of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of eleven Achillea species, identified simultaneously by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The main components were found to be 1,8-cineole, p-cymene, viridiflorol, nonacosane, -bisabolol, caryophyllene oxide, -bisabolon oxide A, -eudesmol, 15-hexadecanolide and camphor. The chemical principal component analysis based on thirty compounds identified three species groups and a subgroup, where each group constituted a chemotype. This is the first report on the chemical composition of A. hamzaoglui essential oil; as well as the antioxidant and antimicrobial evaluation of its essential oil and methanolic extract., Hacettepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit [014 D06 301 003], Present work was supported by a grant from Hacettepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit (Project No: 014 D06 301 003).

WOS: 000349430000006, Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne disease transmitted by Aedes aegypti producing high rates of human morbidity and mortality. In order to find new and effective compounds against A. aegypti with low mammalian and less environmental toxic products, green and red Purilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (perilla) essential oils were investigated for their deterrent and larvicidal activity. Green perilla oil showed more promising deterrent and larvicidal activity than red perilla oil. Therefore, we focused on the principle compound in green perilla oil and, in addition, perilla alcohol and perillic acid were included for the activity relationship on the allylic methyl groups on carbon 7. Chemical composition of green and red perilla essential oils was compared using gas-chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In biting deterrent bioassays, biting deterrence index (BDI) values for compounds methyl perillate (0.73), perillic acid (0.71), perilla alcohol (0.69), perilla aldehyde (0.62), caryophyllene oxide (0.60), and limonene (0.52) indicated good biting deterrent activity but the activity was significantly lower (proportion not biting (PNB) value 0.84) than the positive control N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) at 25 nmol/cm(2). In larval bioassays, methyl perillate was the most toxic compound with LC50 of 16.0 ppm. Methyl perillate was the most active compound against A. aegypti larvae and this compound may offer a new biodegradable mosquito control agent, USDA-ARS [56-6402-1-612]; Deployed War-Fighter Protection Research Program Grant - U.S. Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board; Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, This study was supported in part by USDA-ARS grant No. 56-6402-1-612, Deployed War-Fighter Protection Research Program Grant funded by the U.S. Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board and by a Special Research Initiative grant from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. We thank Dr. James J. Becnel, Mosquito and Fly Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA-ARS, Gainesville, for supplying A. aegypti eggs.

WOS: 000353117300001, Volatile constituents obtained from crushed fruits and aerial parts of Grammosciadium pterocarpum Boiss. (Apiaceae) by microdistillation were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems, simultaneously. Fifteen components comprising 99.5% of the volatile oil of the fruit and twenty components comprising 97.4% of the volatile oil of the aerial parts were identified. The main constituents of the fruit volatiles were found to be linalool (68.4%) and beta-pinene (22.0%), whereas caryophyllene oxide (55.1%) and beta-caryophyllene (15.3%) were found to be major constituents in the volatiles of the aerial parts., Gazi University Research Foundation [02/2012-24], This study was supported by the Gazi University Research Foundation [grant number 02/2012-24].

Insecticides of the natural origin are an important alternative to the synthetic insecticides that are being employed for the preserving stored products. The volatiles obtained from T. cinerariifolium (=Pyrethrum cinerariifolium) is being used for many types of insecticidal applications; however there is a very little information on the insecticidal activity of the essential oils of other Tanacetum species. The main purpose of the present study is to determine the chemical composition of T. macrophyllum (Waldst. & Kit.) Schultz Bip. essential oils and evaluate their insecticidal activity against S. granarius as well as its other beneficial biological activities. Highest contact toxicity was observed in the leaf oil of (88.93%) against S. granarius. The flower oil showed considerable fumigant toxicity against L. minor at 10 mg/mL application concentration (61.86 %) when compared with other samples at the same concentration. The highest DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity (47.7%) and phosphomolybdenum reducing activity was observed also for the flower oil of T. macrophyllum at 10 mg/mL concentration. The essential oils were analyzed by GC, GC/MS. The flower and leaf oils were characterized with γ-eudesmol 21.5%, (E)-sesquilavandulol 20.3%, copaborneol 8.5% and copaborneol 14.1%, 1,8-cineole 11%, bornyl acetate 9.6%, borneol 6.3% respectively. AHC analysis of the qualitative and quantitative data obtained from the essential oil composition of the T. macrophyllum essential oil from the present research and previous reports pointed out that two different chemotypes could be proposed with current findings which are p-methyl benzyl alcohol/ cadinene and eudesmane chemotypes.

The essential oil of the aerial parts of edible Lathyrus ochrus L. was investigated by simultaneous GC, GC/MS analyses under the same conditions. Trace amount of oil (0.01> mL) obtained by hydro distillation of 200 g fresh plants was trapped in 1 mL n-hexane. Twenty components were detected representing 91.55 ± 0.56 % of the oil. The main components were phytol 49.39 ± 0.44 %, hexadecanoic acid 20.64 ± 0.89 % and pentacosane 4.20 ± 0.09 %. Essential oil solution (1% oil: n-hexane) afforded similar DPPH scavenging activity (9.28 ± 1.30 %) when compared with positive controls α-tocopherol (9.74 ± 0.21 %) and BHT (7.79 ± 0.26 %) at the same concentrations. Antioxidant activity of the oil was determined using a new HPTLC-PRAP assay. The oil afforded two fold higher reducing activity of phosphomolybdenum complex (594.85 ± 5.14 AU) when compared with positive controls α- tocopherol (271.10 ± 2.86 AU) and BHT (210.53 ± 1.81 AU) at the same concentration.

Objectives: To determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of the aerial parts of Ferula orientalis L., roots of Ferulago sandrasica Peşmen and Quézel, and aerial parts of Hippomarathrum microcarpum Petrov. Materials and Methods: Essential oils were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was determined by bioautography assay. Results: α-Pinene (75.9%) and β-pinene (3.4%) were the major components of the aerial parts of F. orientalis; with limonene (28.9%), α-pinene (15.6%), and terpinolene (13.9%) for F. sandrasica; and β-caryophyllene (31.4%) and caryophyllene oxide (23.1%) for the aerial parts of H. microcarpum. Essential oils from the aerial parts of F. orientalis, the roots of F. sandrasica, and the aerial parts of H. microcarpum were active against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans strains. However, essential oils were not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Escherichia coli. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activities against S. aureus and C. albicans of these species may be attributed to the presence of the main components in the essential oils.

WOS: 000451238000018, PubMed ID: 29908309, Thymus sipyleus Boiss. subsp. sipyleus var. sipyleus of the Lamiaceae, locally known as thyme scented lemon, which is an endemic taxon collected from Sivas in Anatolia, was investigated in this study due to its folk medicine use against rhinosinusitis. The aromatic characteristics of the plant material gave the idea for the detailed evaluation of the volatiles and essential oil thereof. Consequently, the oil was obtained by Clevenger type hydrodistillation followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromato-graphy/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses for phytochemical characterization. To confirm the folk medicinal use against sinusitis, in vitro antimicrobial activities of the essential oil was evaluated by agar diffusion, microdilution and vapour diffusion methods against selected rhinosinusitis associated strains such as Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), S. epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhal's. Additionally, the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitory effect of the essential oil spectrophotometrically. Furthermore, the composition of the volatiles of the vapour phase of the oil was determined by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME-GC/MS) after 15 min and 24 h in accordance with antimicrobial vapour diffusion method conditions, respectively. According to the analytical results, the main component was determined as thymol (66.2%). Whereas in the HS-SPME method p-cymene (26.1%) and gamma-terpinene (26%) were identified as the main volatile components within the 15. min., and thymol (75.3%) after 24 h, respectively. The antibacterial activity against rhinosinusitis pathogens varied between 160 and 1250 mu g/mL minimum inhibitory concentrations, with the best inhibitory effects observed against the S. aureus, S. pyogenes and M. catarrhalis. The anti-inflammatory activity of the oil was determined as 12.1 +/- 1.8% in 100 mu g/mL. The results showed the in vitro antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential of the oil also in vapour phase against sinusitis supporting the traditional use., Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects [BAP 1309S319], This work was supported by the Anadolu University Scientific Research Projects (BAP 1309S319), which is a part of the MSc work of N. Karaca. Authors declare no conflict of interest.

WOS: 000417369600015, The components of the essential oil obtained from the dried aerial parts of Sideritis trojana Bornm. by hydrodistillation was analyzed both by GC-FID and GC-MS, simultaneously. Overall 57 compounds were identified representing 83.8% of the oil. The major components of the oil were identified as valeranone (11.3%), alpha-bisabolol (10.9%) and beta-caryophyllene (8.8%), respectively. The composition of the oil showed quantitative chemical variation from previously studied material in terms of its major components. Moreover, the essential oil was evaluated for its in vitro antibacterial and anticandidal activities using a broth microdilution method. A selected panel of standard strains of Gram (+) and Gram (-) human pathogens as well as Candida albicans were used in the assay. As a preliminary result, it was observed that the oil displayed relatively moderate antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori with MIC value of 250 mu g/mL when compared to standard antimicrobials. As a conclusion, it is worthwhile to evaluate the plant material against a broader spectrum of activities.

WOS: 000394593800007, The composition of the hydrodistilled essential oils obtained from aerial parts of Grammosciadium schischkinii (V.M. Vinogr. & Tamamsch.) V.M. Vinogr., G. haussknechtii Boiss., G. pterocarpum Boiss. and G. platycarpum Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. (Apiaceae) which belong to subgenus Caropodium, growing in Turkey, were simultaneously analyzed by GC and GC-MS. The analysis revealed fifty-seven constituents, accounting 84.3-99.5% of the oils. The essential oil composition of G. schischkinii and G. haussknechtii which are endemic taxa to Turkey, have herein demonstrated for the first time. Moreover, we firstly defined the chemical characterization of the essential oil obtained from G. platycarpum gathered from Turkey. Oil samples showed different chemical compositions with regard to species and locations. Linalool (88.5 and 94.2%) was the main component of the oil samples from G. platycarpum, while hexadecanoic acid (20.6%) was the major in the oil sample of G. haussknechtii. Caryophyllene oxide (45.9 and 20.7%) was defined as the principal constituent in the oil samples of G. schischkinii and G. pterocarpum, respectively. In addition, phytol (19.1%) was determined as the main component in the oil of G. haussknechtii and this compound was first determined in the highest amount among the essential oils of the genus Grammosciadium., Gazi University Research Foundation [02/2012-24]; TUBITAK [11Z094], This work was supported by Gazi University Research Foundation [grant number 02/2012-24] and TUBITAK [grant number 11Z094].

Volatile composition of the n-hexane and methanol extracts from E. anacampseros var. tmolea was analyzed by head space-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chemical characterization of the methanolic extract was determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS. Both extracts were bioassayed against 1st instar larvae and adult female Ae. aegypti. The main components identified from the E. anacampseros var. tmolea n-hexane fraction were 1,8-cineole (27.5 %), p-cymene (25 %), ?-terpinene (12.8 %), limonene (9.9 %). Methyl hexanoate (18.8 %), methyl nonanoate (13.3 %), dimethyl succinate (6.5 %), methyl octanoate (6 %) and methyl phenylacetate (5.3 %) were identified from the methanolic fraction. The n-hexane extract showed 100 % mortality at 0.1 µg/ µL against 1st instar larvae of Ae. aegypti and the methanolic extract exhibited 83.3 % mortality at 5 µg/mosquito against adult female Ae. aegypti. The bioassay-guided study demonstrates that n-hexane and methanol extracts of E. anacampseros var. tmolea contain compounds with natural mosquito larvicidal and adulticidal activity., U.S. Department of Defense, This study was partly funded by the Deployed War-Fighter Protection Research Program via grants from the U.S. Department of Defense through the Armed Forces Pest Management Board. The authors thank Miss Jessica Louton (USDA-ARS, CMAVE, Gainesville, FL) for the mosquito bioassays.

WOS: 000383960500010, The essential oils of Centaurea aggregata subsp. aggregata, C. balsamita and C. behen collected in the same habitat from Turkey, have been investigated. A total of 26, 54 and 26 components were identified in C. aggregata subsp. aggregata, C. balsamita and C. behen, respectively. The main constituents of the investigated populations of the three taxa have been revealed as follows: Centaurea aggregata subsp. aggregata: hexadecanoic acid (35.8%), phytol (7.2%), caryophyllene oxide(6.0%), spathulenol (6.0%); C. balsamita: hexadecanoic acid (23.0%), spathulenol (8.9%), germacrene D (2.1%); C. behen: hexadecanoic acid (32.7%), germacrene D (14.8%), and phytol (12.3%).

WOS: 000400988100007, The essential oils obtained from the aerial parts and the roots of Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist (Asteraceae) at the flowering stage, collected from Turkey were simultaneously analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Forty-six components comprising 82.8% of the essential oil from the aerial parts and seven components comprising 96.7% of the roots oil were identified. Major constituents of the essential oil of the aerial parts were found to be limonene (28.1%), spathulenol (16.3%) and beta-pinene (9.7%), whereas cis-lachnophyllum ester (86.5%), (2Z,8Z)-matricaria ester (3.9%) and beta-pinene (2.3%) were identified to be main constituents in the volatiles of the root parts. In addition, antimicrobial activity of the essential oils was screened against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as one strain of fungus by broth microdilution method. Both of the essential oils exhibited antifungal activity against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 with 0.078 mu g/ml MIC values. The highest antibacterial activity was observed by aerial parts oil against Escherichia coli RSKK 234 (MIC: 0.039 mu g/ml). This is the first report on the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from C. canadensis growing in Turkey.

WOS: 000401559600025, Wild growing Thymus capitatus (L.) Hoff.m. & Link (Lamiaceae) was collected from three different regions of T.R.N.C. from eastern (Yildirim-Tc1), northern (Girne/Bogaz-Tc2) and western (Yedidalga-Tc3) sides. The plant materials were subjected to hydrodistillation method in order to obtain essential oils. The composition analysis were performed by GC-FID and GC-MS systems, simultaneously. The results revealed that major components of three regions were same but the percentages showed variations moderately. Altogether, number of the compounds and the accounted percentages for Tc1, Tc2 and Tc3 were 24-99.7 %, 29-99.9 % and 23-99.8 %, respectively. Major components were thymol (46-62 %) followed by p-cymene (11-17 %), gamma-terpinene (4-10 %) and carvacrol (6-7 %). Thymus capitatus is a potential thymol source especially collected from Yedidalga Tc3 location with regard to the results of analysis.

WOS: 000412968500029, Sideritis caesarea H. Duman, Aytac & Baser of the Lamiaceae is an Anatolian endemic species, and is mainly used as herbal tea and folk medicine. This present study aimed to determine and compare the chemical compositions of the volatile components of S. caesarea specimens collected from different localities in Kayseri province, Turkey: Sariz town (samples A and B), Pmarbasi-Kaynar (sample C) and Pinarbasi-Sirvan Mountain (sample D), respectively. Initially, the essential oils of the aerial parts were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed both by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID), gas chromatography/mass spectrometer (GC/MS), simultaneously. Major volatile components of samples A and D were characterized as hexadecanoic acid (19.7 and 20.5%), caryophyllene oxide (6.7 and 20.2%), beta-caryophyllene (6.5 and 12.6%), respectively. In sample B, hexadecanoic acid (14.6%),) beta-caryophyllene (11.5%) and caryophyllene oxide (8.3%) were detected as the major components. Whereas caryophyllene oxide (13.7%), hexadecanoic acid (8.5%) and spathulenol (6.1%) were the main components of the essential oil of sample C. Besides the chemical profiling, in vitro antimicrobial effects of samples were evaluated against a panel of six pathogenic microorganisms. Inhibition zones of the tested samples varied against bacteria with low to moderate activity, where no susceptibility against Candida albicans was observed., Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey - TUBITAK [SBAG-112S581], This work was supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey - TUBITAK Grant No SBAG-112S581. Part of this work was presented at 11th International Symposium on The Chemistry of Natural Compounds (11th SCNC), Antalya, Turkey.

WOS: 000424384100004, In the present study, aerial parts of Nepeta cilicica were hydro-distilled for the essential oil. Furthermore, air-dried plant materials were extracted with methanol. According to GC-MS results, 35 compounds were characterized in the oil (totally 92%). Caryophyllene oxide, beta-caryophyllene and spathulenol (28.2, 8.9 and 4.2%) were found as main components of the oil. Sixteen compounds were detected by LC/MS, most of which were caffeoylquinic acid, luteolin and apigenin derivatives, in methanolic extract of the N. cilicica. Apart from DPPH radical scavenging activity, inhibitory effects on bacterial and yeast growth of essential oil and the methanolic extract were evaluated. Twenty-four different pathogenic bacterial and Candida strains were tested by M7-A7 and CLSI M27-A2 protocols respectively. The crude extract showed better inhibitory effects against bacteria strains than the essential oil. Both oil and the extract demonstrated strong inhibition on C. tropicalis at a concentration of 47.0 mu g/mL (MIC).

Jiaogulan [Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino] is a Chinese medicinal plant from southern Asia that has rapidly gained popularity and interest for its health-promotive and therapeutic properties. The volatile composition of jiaogulan tea was analyzed by using headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 29 volatile components were detected in the jiaogulan tea, with major compounds being benzaldehyde (15.3 %), 1,8-cineole (8.7 %), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (7.8 %), (Z)-3-hexenal (7.6 %) and ?-ionone (6.3 %). The chemical characterization of methanolic extract and 5 % infusion from the G. pentaphyllum leaves was determined by using LC-ESI-MS/MS systems. Chlorogenic acids, flavonoids and gypenosides were determined. The compounds quercetin 3-O-hexoside, isorhamnetin rutinoside and kaempferol dimethyl ether were identified in the extracts for the first time. Phenolic content was determined by gallic acid equivalents and antioxidant activity of the extracts was evaluated by DPPH, ß-carotene/linoleic acid and ABTS radical scavenging assays. Both extracts showed weak antioxidant activity, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University National Institute of Food and Agriculture: MIS-219060, This study was supported in part by a Special Research Initiative grant from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station and by the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Hatch project MIS-219060. Sincere thanks to Hamidou Sakhanokho, Blair Sampson and Donna Shaw for reviewing an early draft of our manuscript.

WOS: 000411513500020, The genus Stachys L. one of the largest genera of Lamiaceae and Stachys species are used by many people for the therapeutic value of their essential oils. In this study, water-distilled essential oil of three species of Stachys was analysed. The analysis was performed by using gas chromatography-flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) systems simultaneously. The major components found were hexadecanoic acid (23.7%), dodecanoic acid (11.3%), and caryophyllene oxide (10.7%) for S. sericantha P.H. Davis (endemic); -pinene (53%), -pinene (8.2%) for S. gaziantepensis M. Dinc and S. Dou (endemic); Menthyl acetate (15.3%), isomenthone (15.0%), pulegone (10%), spathulenol (7.0%), and caryophyllene oxide (6.7%) for S. mardinensis (Post) R. Mill.