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La expulsión de la orden religiosa de los Jesuitas de América Latina en el siglo XVIII tuvo diferentes consecuencias políticas y religiosas en la sociedad de la época. E influyó, así mismo, en la determinación y en las acciones de la Beata María Antonia de Paz en Argentina, que desarrolló una serie de ejercicios espirituales y una red de solidaridad en torno a ellos intentando suplir la ausencia de la orden. El presente artículo intenta analizar los ejercicios religiosos, implantación en Argentina y sus consecuencias tanto en las comunidades religiosas y laicas de América, como en las europeas. El trabajo se centra en la correspondencia de esta mujer religiosa con los Jesuitas expulsados y en el rigor y la disciplina que manifestó ante la crisis y que permitieron la reforma de distintos conventos en Europa. El artículo, desde una perspectiva histórica, muestra la lucidez de la Beata consistente en detectar un espacio de déficit espiritual y asumir el poder vacante desde la partida de los Jesuitas.

135 years ago Ferdinand Cohn, the founder of bacteriology, microscopically observed a conspicuous filamentous bacterium with a complex life cycle and described it as Crenothrix polyspora . This uncultured bacterium is infamous for mass developments in drinking water systems, but its phylogeny and physiology remained unknown. We show that C. polyspora is a gammaproteobacterium closely related to methanotrophs and capable of oxidizing methane. We discovered that C. polyspora encodes a phylogenetically very unusual particulate methane monooxygenase whose expression is strongly increased in the presence of methane. Our findings demonstrate a previously unrecognized complexity of the evolutionary history and cell biology of methane-oxidizing bacteria.

BACKGROUND: The increase in breast cancer (BC) survival is largely due to the benefits of hormonal therapy, such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors (AIs), for the treatment of hormone-sensitive breast cancer. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated that AIs are more effective than tamoxifen at reducing BC recurrences. However, BC patients receiving AIs have a higher incidence of osteoporosis, bone fractures, and musculoskeletal symptoms, particularly joint pain and stiffness. The incidence of AIIA in the ATAC trial was 27.8% in patients taking anastrozole versus (vs) 21% in patients taking tamoxifen (Baum M, Lancet 2002). The arthralgia associated with AIs can be so debilitating that it contributes to a significant percentage of non-compliance and discontinuation of systemic treatment. Patients with cancer often show interest in complementary and integrative modalities for symptom management (Vickers AJ, Lancet 2001), of which Acupuncture (Ac) is one of the most utilized therapies. ELIGIBILITY: Subjects must be female ≥18 years, have undergone mastectomy or breast-sparing surgery, and must have recovered from all pain-related effects of the surgery and radiotherapy with a minimum washout period of 30 days prior to registration. Patients should have ER and PR positive BC and be actively taking a 3rd-generation AI (Anastrozole, Letrozole, or Exemestane) for at least the 30 days prior to registration and plan to continue for at least one year after registration. ECOG PS 50,000/uL. Patients must not have received topical analgesic with exception of oral NSAIDS drugs ≤14 days to registration. TRIAL DESIGN: This is a 12-week, two arm randomized (1:1) trial evaluating the benefit of Ac in BC patients experiencing AIIA. AIMS: The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of an integrative approach using Ac vs usual care (UC) treatment consisting of NSAIDs for the management of the AIIA.Primary endpoint is to compare the difference of Brief Pain Inventory-Short Form (BPI-SF) score at baseline vs week 8 between Ac and UC groups. Secondary endpoints are a) to compare the difference of BPI-SF score at baseline vs week 12 between Ac and UC groups, b) to compare the difference in AI adherence between Ac and UC groups and c) to compare the difference in patient initiated AI discontinuation between Ac and UC groups. STATS/TARGET ACCRUAL: This is a randomized controlled phase II study with the goal to compare reduction in BPI-SF score for patients treated with Ac vs UC alone. Patients are randomized 1:1 between the two arms. Prior work has indicated a 2-point BPI-SF score reduction as clinically meaningful. A sample size of 56 patients yields a study with 90% power and a one-sided significance level of 0.025 to determine a difference in pain reduction ≥2. These calculations are based on the assumptions of normal distribution of the improvement in BPI-SF score and a standard deviation that is conservatively calculated to be 2.3. An additional 6 patients will be accrued to account for attrition. Citation Format: Frank HS, Bendinger GM, Ensor Jr. JE, Neufeld N, Nixon D, Randolph K, McGuire E, Rados K, McNight JE, Pabbathi H, Panicker R, Johnson AT, Lammersfeld C, Alvarez R. A randomized controlled trial comparing acupuncture versus usual care for the treatment of aromatase inhibitor-induced arthralgia (AIIA) in women with early-stage breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr OT3-02-04.

In order to examine the Corg flow in rapid sand filter columns for the elimination of iron and manganese, reduced groundwater was treated in a pilot plant consisting of a trickling filter column (TF I) followed by a wet type filter column (WF II) and a separate wet type filter column (WF sep). Additionally the effect of filtration on BOM was studied by measuring AOC and BDOC. The biological processes in TF I and WF sep led to an elimination of iron, ammonia, and manganese. Moreover, the filtration decreased the NOM content. 21% and 23% of the TOC were eliminated in TF I and in WF sep, respectively. WF II caused no significant Corg reduction. The calculation of the Corg flow in the filter columns showed that bacteria took part in the TOC elimination. From the TOC removed, about 24% was eliminated by metabolic activities of the bacterial population whereas 86% was adsorbed onto iron sludge. Similar results were obtained for the TF I column and for the WF sep column as well. The calculated Corg flow was confirmed by the BDOC measurements. The filtration process led to a BDOC decrease. TF I and WF sep reduced appoximately 35% of the biodegradable organic carbon. In contrast there was no significant elimination by WF II. The AOC results suggest that an AOC production and an AOC elimination process exist in rapid sand filters for groundwater treatment. In the trickling filter column significant AOC production was found, whereas in the wet type filter columns AOC elimination was predominating. Biologischer Abbau von NOM in Schnellfiltern zur Enteisenung und Entmanganung Um den Corg-Fluss in Schnellfiltern zur Enteisenung und Entmanganung zu untersuchen, wurde ein reduziertes Grundwasser in einer halbtechnischen Versuchsanlage sowohl durch Trockenfiltration (TF I) mit nachfolgender Nassfiltration (WF II) als auch durch separate Nassfiltration (WF sep) aufbereitet. Weiterhin wurde der Einfluss der Aufbereitung auf den Gehalt an biologisch abbaubaren organischen Wasserinhaltsstoffen mit Hilfe einer AOC- und einer BDOC-Methode untersucht. Die biologischen Prozesse in TF I und WF sep fuhrten zu einer Elimination von Eisen, Ammonium und Mangan. Zudem bewirkte die Filtration eine NOM-Verringerung. Der TOC des Rohwassers wurde durch TF I um 21% bzw. durch WF sep um 23% vermindert. WF II fuhrte zu keiner messbaren TOC-Abnahme. Die Bilanzierung des Corg-Flusses im Filter zeigte, dass die Filterbiozonose an der TOC-Verringerung beteiligt war. Vom eliminierten TOC-Anteil wurden sowohl in TF I als auch im WF[TH]sep ca. 24% durch die metabolische Aktivitat der Bakterienpopulation in den Filtern vermindert und ca. 86% am Eisenschlamm adsorbiert. Die Ergebnisse der Bilanzierung des Corg-Flusses wurden durch die BDOC-Bestimmungen bestatigt. Die Filtration bewirkte eine BDOC-Abnahme. Durch TF I und WF sep wurde der biologisch abbaubare organisch gebundene Kohlenstoff um etwa 35% vermindert. Im Gegensatz dazu veranderte WF II den BDOC nicht. Die AOC-Untersuchungen liesen in den Filtern zur Grundwasseraufbereitung AOC-Produktions- und AOC-Eliminationsprozesse erkennen. Der Trockenfilter fuhrte uberwiegend zur AOC-Produktion, wohingegen der AOC in den Nassfiltern vornehmlich vermindert wurde.

Drinking water biofilm communities originated from distribution systems in Hamburg, Berlin, Mainz and Stockholm were subjected to a top-to-bottom in situ analysis with rRNA-targeted, fluorescently labeled oligonucleotide probes including beta1–8, specific for drinking water bacteria within the beta-subclass of Proteobacteria . Independent from the raw water source used, between 19 and 77% of the total attached bacterial cell counts on polyethylen slides could be hybridized with probes beta1–8 and 19–53% of the bacteria were affiliated to the autochthonous species Aquabacterium commune . To investigate seasonal fluctuations of the bacterial population composition, polyethylen slides exposed during different times of the year were analyzed. Although changes in the species composition of the biofilms could be observed, A. commune was a dominant community member in all of the investigated biofilms. In situ probing with two oligonucleotide probes specific for A. commune revealed that during distinct sampling times an additional yet unknown species was present in the biofilm. Material induced population shifts were studied using glass, polyethylene low and high density and soft-PVC as biofilm substrata. The community composition on soft-PVC differed significantly from the other materials, the dominant species A. commune was replaced by other beta- Proteobacteria hybridizing to an amount of 66% with the Aquabacterium citratiphilum specific probe beta4.

The taxonomic position of Gordona sp. strain DSM 44015T, isolated from the packing material of a biofilter used for biological odor abatement of animal rendering emissions, has been clarified by a polyphasic study comprising chemotaxonomic, sequencing, and phenotypic results. The strain possesses a wall chemotype IV, MK-9 (H2), as the predominant menaquinone; relatively long-chain mycolic acids (54 to 62 carbon atoms); and straight-chain, saturated, and monounsaturated fatty acids with considerable amounts of tuberculostearic acid. The polar lipids include phosphatidylethanolamine, and the G+C content of the DNA is 69 mol%. Similarity values for genes encoding 16S rRNA indicate that Gordona sp. strain DSM 44015T represents a new species within the genus Gordona for which the name Gordona hydrophobica is proposed.

The composition of biofilm populations in drinking water will mainly depend on the nutrient availability and the temperature. The nutrients may originate either from the raw water or from the installation materials. To determine the effect of drinking water pipe materials on the composition of biofilm populations, biofilms grown on different materials (EPDM materials, PEXb, PEXc and copper) were analyzed by cloning (16S rDNA) and the community fingerprinting method denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Additionally the long-term effect of mechanical cleaning and disinfection with chlorine dioxide (0.2 mg/l, 24h) on the biofilm populations was tested. The biofilm populations had high diversities on growth supporting materials like EPDM and comparatively low diversity on PEX. The biofilms were dominated by Proteobacteria and the composition of the subdivisions was influenced by the applied material. Flavobacteria and members of the family Sphingomonadaceae, which are known to degrade several organic compounds, were found on EPDM materials and might be suitable as indicators for hygienical relevant materials. Comparison of biofilms previously treated with disinfectants with untreated ones by DGGE revealed a considerable population shift depending on the pipe material.

Entamoeba histolytica Entamoeba histolytica is a primitive eukaryote that lacks mitochondria, Golgi and a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum. Close to half of the cell volume is occupied by pinocytic vesicles, which are in continuous turnover with the plasma membrane and perform functions that in higher eukaryotic cells are taken over by lysosomes. Similar to the latter, the amebal vesicles are acidified. We report here that bafilomycin AI, a specific inhibitor of vacuolar-type (V-) ATPases, suppressed this acidification at submicromolar concentrations; concom itantly, it inhibited pinocytosis. These results strongly suggest the presence of a V-ATPase in pinocytic vesicles of E. histolytica, and thereby support the notion that the V-ATPases in the organelles of higher eukaryotes are derived from an archaic plasma membrane-bound form.

Udgivelsesdato: FEB 14

Los Modelos Urbanos Virtuales (Virtual City Models VCM) ofrecen a urbanistas, arquitectos e inversores una nueva herramienta digital de vanguardia. La visualizacion de complejas estructuras urbanas mediante la realidad virtual posibilita un nuevo metodo de planificacion y presentacion interactivas. La simple navegacion en el espacio tridimensional en tiempo real permite el analisis de complejas topografias y detalles arquitectonicos desde cualquier punto de perspectiva.

Cell walls of five Gram-positive bacterial strains, including four coryneforms and a Bacillus brevis strain were isolated and subsequently chemically analysed. The wall contribution to the total cell mass is calculated from a comparison of d -Lactate concentrations in hydrolysates of whole cells and isolated walls. d -Lactate concentrations are measured enzymatically after purification of the samples with active carbon. The optimum condition for the quantitative elimination of d -lactate from the peptidoglycan appears to be at 120°C and 4 M HCl. The wall fraction for the cells of the coryneform bacteria are in the range of 26–32% and is about 75% for the B. brevis cells. The peptidoglycan fraction in the walls of the coryneform bacteria was found to be rather high and constitutes about 23 to 31% of the cell wall dry weight. The protein content of the cell wall dry weight is somewhat lower and in the range of 7 to 14%. The peptidoglycan in the wall of the B. brevis strain forms a thin layer and contributes only about 5% to the cell wall dry weight. The high amount of proteins in the B. brevis cell wall (>56%) can be attributed to a so called S(urface)-layer.

Gram-negative, nonfermentative bacteria isolated from biofilters for off-gas treatment of animal-rendering-plant emissions were differentiated by whole-cell fatty acid analysis, quinone analysis, and numerical taxonomy based on their physiological reaction profiles. The last system consisted of 60 physiological tests and was arranged as a microtest system on microtitration plates. Based on fatty acid analyses, 31 isolates were separated into six clusters and five single-member clusters. The isolates of two clusters were identified as Alcaligenes faecalis and Pseudomonas diminuta. The remaining nine clusters were characterized by their fatty acid profiles, quinone systems, and physiological reaction profiles. Clusters resulting from fatty acid analyses were compared with those resulting from physiological reaction profiles. Six clusters could be confirmed this way. The efficiency of the physiological test system was increased by the prearrangement of the isolates according to their quinone type.

Amebapain, the major cysteine proteinase of E. histolytica, appears to be important both for digestion and as a cytotoxic factor. By immunocytology we established that amebapain was bound to matrix-like structures both on the cell surface and within subcellular vesicles; the amebapain co-localized with pinocytized iron oxide, suggesting that the enzyme recycles between plasma membrane and pinocytic vesicles. We conclude from these data that (i) the pinocytic vesicles in E. histolytica perform functions that in higher eukaryotes are taken over by specialized organelles such as lysosomes and cytotoxic granules, and (ii) the vesicles contain a matrix that helps retain the protease upon exocytosis of vesicle contents.

Rendering activities are important with respect to the conservation of public health. By collecting and processing materials such as dead animal bodies, slaughterhouse offal, blood etc, these potential sources of infectious diseases are eliminated from the environment. However, due to the nature of the materials processed, rendering activities result in the emission of odourous wastes gases, causing odour nuisance in the plants neighbourhood. In order to limit odourous emissions, biological methods for waste gas treatment can be used. In this paper results are presented of measurements of the performance of biological systems for treatment of rendering emissions. Results indicate that elimination efficiencies of the biofilters differ largely with the chemical nature of the volatiles. In rendering waste gases carbonyl compounds are efficiently eliminated. For organic sulfur compounds on the other hand, the efficiency seems to depend on the input concentration but in general, efficiencies are low and unpredictable.

Television Graphics from Pencil to Pixel by Douglas Merritt (New York: Van Nostrand, 1987—$31.95, ISBN 0-442-26469-0) Footage 89: North American Film and Video Sources (Prelinger Associates, 430 West 14th St., Room 403, New York, NY 10014— $95.00, paper, ISBN 0-927347-01-6) Modern Radio Production by Lewis O'Donnell, Philip Benoit, and Carl Hausman (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1990—price not given, ISBN 0-534-11622-1) Stereo Sound for Television by Francis Rumsey (Stoneham, MA: Focal Press, 1989—$24.95, paper, ISBN 0-240-51288-X) Directing Television and Film by Alan Armer (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1990—price not given, ISBN 0-534-11616-7) The Use of Microphones by Alec Nisbett (1989, ISBN 0-240-51291-X, 184 pp) Continuity in Film and Video by Avril Rowlands (1989, ISBN 0-240-51290-1, 161 pp.) Basic TV Technology by Robert Hartwig (1990, ISBN 0-240-80051-6, 156 pp.) The Copy Workshop Workbook by Bruce Bendinger (Copy Workshop, 2144 North Hudson, Chicago 60614—$35.00, paper, ISBN 0-9621415-0-X) Elements of News...

The presence and chain length of mycolic acids of bacteria of the genera Corynebacterium, Rhodococcus, Gordona, Mycobacterium , and Arthrobacter and of coryneform bacteria containing a type B peptidoglycan were related to the cell surface hydrophobicity of the bacteria, which in turn was related to adhesion of the cells to defined surfaces such as Teflon and glass. The origin of the overall negative charge of these bacteria is discussed.