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Supplemental material, MSJ845287_supplemental_appendix for Deep grey matter involvement and altered sensory gating in multiple sclerosis by Antonella Conte, Costanza Giannì, Daniele Belvisi, Antonio Cortese, Nikolaos Petsas, Matteo Tartaglia, Paola Cimino, Enrico Millefiorini, Alfredo Berardelli and Patrizia Pantano in Multiple Sclerosis Journal

Daniele Belvisi,1 Isabella Berardelli,2 Antonio Suppa,1,3 Andrea Fabbrini,3 Massimo Pasquini,3 Maurizio Pompili,2 Giovanni Fabbrini1,3 1IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; 2Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Suicide Prevention Center, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; 3Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy Abstract: Multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) are the most common atypical parkinsonisms. These disorders are characterized by varying combinations of autonomic, cerebellar and pyramidal system, and cognitive dysfunctions. In this paper, we reviewed the evidence available on the presence and type of neuropsychiatric disturbances in MSA, PSP, and CBD. A MedLine, Excerpta Medica, PsycLit, PsycInfo, and Index Medicus search was performed to identify all articles published on this topic between 1965 and 2018. Neuropsychiatric disturbances including depression, anxiety, agitation, and behavioral abnormalities have been frequently described in these disorders, with depression as the most frequent disturbance. MSA patients show a higher frequency of depressive disorders when compared to healthy controls. An increased frequency of anxiety disorders has also been reported in some patients, and no studies have investigated apathy. PSP patients may have depression, apathy, disinhibition, and to a lesser extent, anxiety and agitation. In CBD, neuropsychiatric disorders are similar to those present in PSP. Hallucinations and delusions are rarely reported in these disorders. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in MSA, PSP, and CBD do not appear to be related to the severity of motor dysfunction and are one of the main factors that determine a low quality of life. The results suggest that neuropsychiatric disturbances should always be assessed in patients with atypical parkinsonisms. Keywords: atypical parkinsonisms, multiple system atrophy, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, neuropsychiatric disturbances, depression

Movement execution in healthy individuals increases the somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold. These changes are a result of mechanisms of sensory gating at the subcortical level. Although the somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold is abnormally increased in patients with focal dystonias, the effect of movement execution on somatosensory temporal discrimination in dystonic patients is unknown.The objective of this study was to determine whether somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold modulation induced by voluntary movement is normal in different forms of focal dystonia.We enrolled 71 dystonic patients (24 with blepharospasm, 31 with cervical dystonia, and 16 with focal hand dystonia) and 39 age-matched healthy participants. Paired stimuli for the somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold were triggered by movement execution at movement onset and at various time intervals thereafter. We analyzed the kinematic features of the motor task to ascertain whether tactile input induces changes in movement parameters.Movement execution led to greater and longer lasting increases in somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold values, both upon movement onset and at various time intervals thereafter, in patients with cervical dystonia and focal hand dystonia than in those with blepharospasm or the healthy participants. Somatosensory temporal discrimination testing did not induce any changes in the mean velocity of index finger movements in either patients or healthy participants.Somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold changes induced by movement execution are abnormal in focal dystonias. This abnormality is related to the type of dystonia. Abnormal gating of sensory information is likely involved in movement-induced triggering or worsening of different forms focal dystonia. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.