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Električni i elektronički (EE) otpad predstavlja sve veći problem za sustav gospodarenja otpadom. Recikliranje EE otpada se nameće kao rješenje tih problema. Recikliranjem, osim što se smanjuju količine otpada i štetnost za okoliš, dobivaju se i vrijedne sekundarne sirovine. Litij-ionske baterije čine značajan udio u ukupnim količinama EE otpada s tendencijom povećanja zbog sve raširenije primjene, ponajprije u pametnim telefonima, prijenosnim računalima te električnim i hibridnim vozilima. Postojeće tehnike i tehnologije recikliranja Li-ionskih baterija ostavljaju prostora za napredak, ponajprije u pogledu utjecaja na okoliš. Stoga je u ovome radu ispitana učinkovitost oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala (litij-kobalt oksida i grafita) iz litij-ionskih baterija, kao jednog od segmenata reciklažnog procesa, primjenom atricijskog čišćenja pri različitim vrijednostima radnih parametara. Usitnjeni materijal je preduvjet za primjenu atricijskog čišćenja. Stoga je ispitana i učinkovitost oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala uslijed sitnjenja u reznom mlinu te je određena ukupna učinkovitost reciklažnog procesa koji uključuje oba postupka. Rezultati ispitivanja ukazuju da atricijsko čišćenje elektroda Li-ionskih baterija, kao postupak oslobađanja elektrodnog materijala, ima značajno manji štetan utjecaj na okoliš i manje pogonske troškove u odnosu na konkurentske postupke uz relativno visoku učinkovitost. Obzirom na takve rezultate postoji potencijal za primjenu atricijskog čišćenja u procesima recikliranja litij-ionskih baterija., Electrical and electronic (EE) waste is a growing problem for the waste management. Recycling of EE waste is a solution for these problems. In addition to reduce waste and environmental damage, recycling also provides valuable secondary raw materials. Lithium-ion batteries make a significant share of total EE waste with a tendency to increase. Existing techniques and technologies for recycling Li-ion batteries leave room for improvement, primarily in terms of environmental impact. Therefore, the separation efficiency of electrode material (lithium-cobalt oxide and graphite) from lithium-ion batteries is determineted in this paper, as one of the segments of the recycling process, by using attrition scrubbing. Shredded material is a prerequisite for the application of attrition scrubbing. Therefore, the separation efficiency of electrode material due to grinding in a mill to the class of -8 mm was examined and the overall efficiency of the recycling process, which involves both procedures, was determined. Test results indicate that attrition scrubbing of the electrodes of Li-ion batteries, as the process of the separation of electrode material from metal foils, has significantly lower negative impact on the environment and lower operating costs compared to competing processes with relatively high efficiency. Given such results, there is potential for the application of attrition scrubbing in lithium-ion battery recycling processes.

U današnje, moderno doba, bakar se koristi u kablovima i svim električnim i elektronskim uređajima. Danas gotovo da i ne postoji električni uređaj koji ne sadrži bakar u sebi. Sve više se bakar iz otpadnih kabela reciklira i skoro polovica bakra u novim kabelima ili elektroničim uređajima je dobivena kao sekundarna sirovina recikliranjem. U radu je dan pregled i opis vrsta kabela u kojima se koristi bakar te je ispitana mogućnost recikliranja licnastih bakrenih kabela na elektrostatičkom separatoru., In today's modern age, copper is used in cables and all electrical and electronic devices. Today, there is almost no electrical device that does not contain copper. Copper is increasingly being recycled from waste cables and almost half of the copper in new cables or electronic devices is obtained as a secondary raw material by recycling. The thesis gives an overview and description of cable types in which copper is used and examines the possibility of recycling thin copper cables by an electrostatic separator.

U ovom radu pod otpadom se podrazumijeva plastični otpad (lampioni). Ako se otpadom ne gospodari kako treba ili ga se nekontrolirano odlaže, on će onečistiti okoliš. Mnoge vrste plastike nisu biorazgradive bez obzira na uvjete u okolišu, barem ne u značajnoj mjeri, dok se neke vrste razgrađuju, ali sporo, pod uvjetom da su izložene povoljnom djelovanju zraka, vode i svjetla. Lampioni nisu biorazgradivi jer ni metal, niti plastika, niti parafin od kojih se sastoji lampion nisu biorazgradivi. Uzorak u provedenim ispitivanjima se sastoji od lampiona koji su izdrobljeni, prosijani i atrirani. Krupnije klase ne odgovaraju jer su prevelike za atricijsku ćeliju, a kod sitnijih klasa postoji velika mogućnost gubitaka materijala tijekom daljnih ispitivanja. Nakon postignutog raščina drobljenjem i odvajanja parafina i plastike pliva-tone separacijom na zrnu plastike zaostaje tanak sloj parafina. Hipoteza ovog rada je uklanjanje tog sloja parafina atriranjem. Uspješnost atricije razmatra se preko smanjenja sadržaja parafina. U svim pokusima došlo je do smanjenja masenog udjela parafina u koncentratu nakon atricije što nam govori da je hipoteza ovoga rada potvrđena., Under the term waste in this thesis, we assume plastic waste (lanterns). If waste is not properly managed or it is discarded it can pollute the environment. Regardless of environmental conditions a lot of plastic is not biodegradable, however, some types are degradable with favorable effects of air, water and light. Since metal, paraffin and plastic are not biodegradable, neither are lanterns. Used test sample is composed of crushed, sieved and attritioned lanterns. Coarse fractions are too big for atrittion cell so they don´t fit while smaller classes result in material loss during further testing. After liberation by crushing and separation of paraffin and plastic by sink and float process, a thin layer of paraffin remains on plastic grains. Attrition efficacy is considered through reduced content of paraffin. In all tests, decrease in mass portion of paraffin in concentrate after the attrition is determined, which tells us that the hypothesis of this thesis is accurate.

U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati ispitivanja koncentracije kvarcnog pijeska postupcima gravitacijske koncentracije (koncentracijskim stolom i spiralnim žlijebom – Humphreysovom spiralom). Cilj rada je ispitati mogućnost koncentracije kvarcnog pijeska gravitacijskom koncentracijom uz postizanje kvalitete koncentrata koji zadovoljava uvjete kvalitete za plasiranje na tržište. Provedena su dva seta ispitivanja na koncentracijskom stolu pri različitim nagibima koncentracijskog stola (3°, 6° i 9°), jedan s ciljem postizanja što veće kvalitete koncentrata i jedan s ciljem postizanja što većeg masenog iskorištenja. Ukupno je napravljeno ispitivanje na 6 uzoraka kvarcnog pijeska na koncentracijskom stolu. Na spiralnom žlijebu provedena su 4 ispitivanja pri različito podešenim parametrima (otvori ispusta za tešku frakciju, gustoća suspenzije i protok ispirne vode). Uspoređeni su tehnološki pokazatelji uspješnosti koncentracije pojedinih ispitivanja, odnosno postignuta kvaliteta koncentrata utvrđena kemijskom analizom uspoređena je s uvjetima kvalitete za plasiranje na tržište., This thesis presents the results of concentration tests carried out on quartz sand using gravity concentration methods (shaking table and spiral concentrator – Humphreys spiral). The aim of the thesis is to examine the possibility of concetrating quartz sand using gravity concentration methods to achieve concentrate quality that satisfies the quality requirements of the marketplace. Two sets of tests were carried out using a shaking table at different shaking table inclination (3°, 6° i 9°), one set aiming to achieve higher concentrate quality and the other set aiming to achieve higher recovery. Tests were carried out on 6 samples of quartz sand using shaking the table. Using a spiral concentrator, 4 tests were carried out with different parameter (heavies openings, slurry density and wash water flow) adjustment. The concentration efficiency indicators of each test were compared i.e. achieved concentrate grades determined by chemical analysis were compared with the quality requirements for market placement.

Građevinska industrija je najveći proizvođač građevinskog otpada. Procjenjuje se da u Hrvatskoj nastaje oko 2,5 milijuna tona građevinskog otpada i samo se 7% od toga reciklira. Postrojenje Prudinec koje se nalazi na Jakuševcu je jedino stacionarno postrojenje za recikliranje građevinskog otpada u RH. Europske direktive nalažu da se do 2020. godine oporabi do 70% građevinskog otpada. U ovom diplomskom radu su provedena laboratorijska istraživanja koja su provedena na otpadu uzorkovanom na postrojenju za obradu građevinskog otpada Prudinec. Otpad koji je ispitan bio je asfalt i beton klase -63 mm. Ispitivanje je pokazalo da je najzastupljenija klasa 63/32 mm s masenim udjelom od 43,13%, te da nema značajne razlike u gustoći lake i teške frakcije dobivene gravitacijskom koncentracijom., Construction industry is the biggest producer of construction and demolition waste. In Croatia, it is estimated that around 2.5 million tonnes of construction waste is produced yearly and only 7% is recycled. Plant Prudinec, placed on Jakuševac, is the only one stationary plant for recycling construction and demolition waste in Croatia. European directives require that the construction and demolition waste must be recycled up to 70% by the year 2020. In this master’s thesis laboratory tests were made on waste material from stationary plant Prudinec. Material consisted of asphalt and concrete, grain size of -63 mm. Test results showed that dominant grain size was 63/32 mm with mass fraction of 43,13% and that there is no significant difference in density between light and heavy fraction obtained with gravity separation.

Diplomski rad napisan je s ciljem da se da uvid u način gospodarenja građevinskim otpadom u Republici Hrvatskoj, prepoznaju primjeri dobre prakse te da se skrene pozornost na probleme u dosadašnjim ekonomskim, zakonskim i tehnološkim procesima upravljanja građevinskim otpadom. Stopa oporabe građevinskog otpada u Republici Hrvatskoj je 39,8 %, gdje je samo 7 % reciklirano, a do 2020. godine trebalo bi postići 70 % materijalne oporabe. Glavni proizvod građevinskog otpada i otpada od rušenja je reciklirani agregat. Kao dobar primjer prakse u radu je naveden način postupanja građevinskim otpadom nakon rušenja pod vodstvom tvrtke EURCO d.d., This master thesis was designed with the aim of examining the management of construction waste in the Republic of Croatia; of identifying examples of good practice and drawing attention to issues in the existing economic, legal and technological processes of the construction waste management. The rate of construction waste recovery in the Republic of Croatia is 39.8%, out of which only 7% is recycled, whereas by 2020, the Republic of Croatia should achieve 70% of material waste recycled. The main product of construction waste and demolition waste is a recycled construction aggregate. As a good practice example, the method of treatment of construction waste after the demolition by the EURCO d.d.

U diplomskom radu opisane su vrste otpada i odlagališta. Dan je pregled stanja u Hrvatskoj, od osamostaljenja pa do danas. Prikazan je utjecaj odlagališta otpada na okoliš. Objašnjeni su temeljni i pokrivajući zaštitni slojevi, funkcije slojeva te materijali koji se ugrađuju. Navedene su metode sanacija odlagališta otpada i monitoring koji traje tijekom i nakon zatvaranja odlagališta., In this master’s thesis the classification of waste and landfills are explained. Thesis describe summary of conditions of Croatian landfills, from independence to today. The impact of the landfill on the environment is presented. The basic and covering layers, layer functions and embedded materials are explained. Waste disposal methods have been identified and monitoring is ongoing during and after the landfill closure.

Kvarcni pijesak je sirovina sa širokim spektrom primjena od kojih su najpoznatije primjene u industriji stakla i građevinarstvu. Republika Hrvatska raspolaže s potvrđenim rezervama od oko 40 milijuna tona i dugom tradicijom eksploatacije koja se posljednjih godina odvija smanjenim kapacitetom. Prosječna godišnja proizvodnja rovnog kvarcnog pijeska u Hrvatskoj iznosi oko 150 tisuća tona. Eksploatacija kvarcnog pijeska sastoji se od dobivanja rovnog kvarcnog pijeska strojnim iskopom na površinskim kopovima te oplemenjivanja u oplemenjivačkom postrojenju u svrhu daljnjeg plasmana na tržište (industriju). U ovom radu analizira se životni ciklus kvarcnog pijeska od dobivanja na površinskom kopu do ulaza u tvornicu stakla. U tu svrhu dizajnirano je sedam varijanti (alternativa) eksploatacije kvarcnog pijeska s razlikama u oplemenjivačom procesu, dok je osma varijanta generička, kreirana isključivo korištenjem Ecoinvent baze podataka. Za potrebe projektiranja varijanti generirana je baza podataka s kapacitetima rudarskih strojeva i opreme korištenjem kataloga i specifikacija proizvodača koji su postavljeni na Internetu. Dobiveni rezultati i normativi varijanti uspoređeni su s podacima na terenu kako bi se provjerila njihova reprezentativnost. Procjena utjecaja i grafički prikaz podataka provedeni su uz pomoć programa Sima Pro. Za procjenu utjecaja odabrana je metoda ReCiPe u kojoj se utjecaji na okoliš izražavaju pomoću osamnaest indikatora srednje točke koji se zatim preko mehanizama okoliša prevode na razinu krajnje točke utjecaja, a to su štetni utjecaji na ljudsko zdravlje, ekosustave i troškove proizvodnje resursa (zbog npr. smanjenja njihove dostupnosti). Rezultati indikatora krajnje točke za kategorije utjecaja na ljudsko zdravlje, ekosustave i povećanje ukupne godišnje cijene resursa su pokazali kako u oplemenjivanju kvarcnog pijeska najjednostavniji postupci kao što su pranje i klasiranje imaju najmanje utjecaje. Uz uvjet da su ispuštanja toksičnih tvari iz procesa oplemenjivanja u sastavnice okoliša onemogućena ili svedena na minimum, presudan utjecaj na okoliš medu alternativama ima potrošnja vode. Promatrano od dobivanja rovnog pijeska na površinskom kopu, preko transporta i oplemenjivanja kvarcnog pijeska, korištenje fosilnih goriva pokazalo se kao najvažniji čimbenik utjecaja na okoliš cradle-to-gate dijela životnog ciklusa kvarcnog pijeska. Korištenje električne energije nije se pokazalo značajnim u pogledu izravnih utjecaja, ali svakako doprinosi utjecajima neposredno, preko proizvodnje električne energije. Transport mokrog pijeska vlažnosti 6% (mas.) i sušenje otpadnom toplinom u tvornici stakla pokazala se kao bolja opcija nego sušenje pijeska do vlažnosti manje od 1% u pogonu za oplemenjivanje i transport do tvornice stakla., Introduction: Silica sand or quartz sand is mineral resource with wide varieties of applications; glass industry and construction are the most common example. Republic of Croatia has confirmed reserves of 40 million tons and long tradition of exploitation and processing. Average production of raw silica sand in Croatia is 150 thousand tons. This paper defines the procedure for life cycle assessment of silica sand exploitation and processing and gives a model of quartz sand life cycle. Environmental profiles of different processing options are calculated, and included in cradle to gate life cycle study of silica sand for glassmaking industry. Based on environmental profiles of different options, key segments of production process are identified and ranked. A guideline for choice of technology that includes direct and indirect environmental impacts at design level is given. Materials and methods. In this research eight alternatives of silica sand production process are designed. For the purpose of design, equipment and machinery database is generated. Designed inputs and outputs in production processes are checked for consistency with industry data. Life cycle assessment is performed using Sima Pro software. Life cycle impact assessment is performed using ReCiPe midpoint and endpoint method. Analyzed alternatives are: • Alternative 1: Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; drying; electrostatic separation of feldspar, magnetic separation of magnetic minerals; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. • Alternative 2-1: Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; road transport of wet silica sand (water content 6% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km; drying in glass plant using waste heat. • Alternative 2-2: Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; drying; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. • Alternative 3-1. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; flotation of mica, heavy minerals and feldspar; road transport of wet silica sand (water content 6% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km; drying in glass plant using waste heat. • Alternative 3-2. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; flotation of mica, heavy minerals and feldspar; drying; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. Alternative 4-1. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; gravitation concentration of quartz; road transport of wet silica sand (water content 6% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km; drying in glass plant using waste heat. • Alternative 4-2. Surface exploitation (excavation) using bulldozers; transportation from excavation site to processing plant (3 km) using dumpers; washing and sizing; gravitation concentration of quartz; drying; road transport of dried silica sand (water content less than 1% mass) using lorry (truck) on transporting distance 100 km. • Alternative 5. Simulation of surface exploitation and mineral processing outside the Croatia (data for sand production in Switzerland) and silica sand import by railroad transport on distance 700 km using EcoInvent database Among the analyzed alternatives the following alternatives have shown the smallest impact: “5” (simulation based on Ecoinvent data); “2-1” (silica sand production from high quality raw sand utilizing simple processing techniques such as sizing and washing ); “2-2” (silica sand production from high quality raw sand utilizing simple processing techniques such as sizing and washing plus drying in the rotary drier); “4-1” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing and gravity concentration); “3-1” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing and froth flotation). Intermediate impact have shown the alternatives “1” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing, drying with grain surface conditioning using hydrofluoric acid, and electrostatic separation) and “4-2” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing, gravity concentration and drying). The highest impact has shown the alternative “3-2” (silica sand production utilizing processing techniques such as sizing, washing, flotation and drying). Process contribution analysis has shown the major contribution following from using fossil fuels and water. Conclusion and recommendations. In silica sand processing the simplest mineral processing methods such as sand washing and classifying have the smallest impacts. When emissions of chemicals to environment are prevented or minimal, deciding factor between the processing alternatives has the water consumption. Second factor affecting significantly the environmental performance in silica sand processing is the fossil fuel use. In cradle-to-gate production process (including silica sand exploitation, processing and transportation) the fossil fuel use (and production) has the major impact on environment. Damage from electricity use (and production) is considerably lower. Transportation of naturally dried wet sand (w=6%) and drying using waste heat in glass factory is better option than drying in processing plant and then transporting it into the glass factory. Recommendations for lowering the environmental impact of silica sand at different production stages: • In surface mining: lowering the diesel consumption using mining machinery with good fuel efficiency per ton of produced sand and utilization of mining machinery with continuous working regime instead of cyclic (e.g. rotary or bucket excavator instead of bulldozer); • In sand washing and wet classifying: the use of efficient water collection, regeneration and recirculation systems • In flotation: the use of flotation reagents that can be easily separated from water (based on their phase) and/or recirculated back into the process. • In electrostatic separation: the use of highly efficient drying system. • In drying: lowering the fossil fuel consumption; utilizing as much as possible the gravitational dewatering and natural evaporation; drying using waste heat or other heat sources that cause less damage than fossil fuels.

Lančane sjekačice se koriste za izradu vertikalnih ili horizontalnih rezova, a primjenu su našle u površinskoj i podzemnoj eksploataciji arhitektonsko-građevnog kamena. Učinkovitost sjekačica može se izraziti kroz učinak, potrošnju reznih elemenata i utrošak energije. Glavni čimbenici koji utječu na učinkovitost sjekačice su: konstrukcija sjekačice, radne veličine, fizikalno - mehaničke značajke stijenske mase i stupanj istrošenosti reznih elemenata. Radne veličine kojima upravlja rukovatelj sjekačice su brzina posmaka sjekačice i brzina lanca. Vrijednosti radnih veličina temelje se na preporuci proizvođača i/ili iskustvu rukovatelja sjekačice. Konstrukcijom sjekačice određene su geometrijske veličine reznih pločica odnosno položaj reznih pločica na lancu sjekačice, koje se razlikuju ovisno o proizvođaču. Cilj ovog istraživanja je na znanstveno utemeljenom pristupu analizirati utjecaj radnih i konstrukcijskih veličina na učinak lančane sjekačice. Istraživanja su provedena sa svrhom definiranja smjernica za povećanje učinkovitosti lančanih sjekačica. U skladu s predmetom i ciljem istraživanja postavljena je hipoteza da se primjenom uređaja za pravolinijsko rezanje može simulirati proces rezanja stijena lančanom sjekačicom, a na temelju analize dobivenih rezultata moguće je optimizirati radne i konstrukcijske veličine sjekačice. Utjecaj radnih veličina na učinak sjekačice određen je terenskim ispitivanjima, a utjecaj konstrukcijskih veličina laboratorijskim ispitivanjima. Terenska ispitivanja uključivala su mjerenje učinka i energije utrošene na rezanje pri različitim brzinama reznog lanca i posmaka sjekačice. Laboratorijskim ispitivanjima, pomoću uređaja za pravolinijsko rezanje stijena simuliran je proces rezanja lančane sjekačice. Na temelju rezultata ispitivanja analiziran je utjecaj širine, dubine reza te napadnih kutova reznih pločica na sile i energiju rezanja. Kako bi se ispitala postavljena hipoteza, komparirane su vrijednosti specifične energije dobivene laboratorijskim i terenskim ispitivanjima. Provedenim istraživanjima dobiveni su precizniji pokazatelji o utjecaju radnih i konstrukcijskih veličina na učinak sjekačice. Analizom rezultata ustanovljeno je da je moguće smanjiti specifičnu energiju rezanja bez utjecaja na učinak sjekačice, ukoliko se smanji brzina lanca. Pored navedenog, u radu su prikazani modeli za određivanje minimalne brzine lanca i sila na maču sjekačice. Također su date smjernice za poboljšanje konstrukcije reznog lanca u pogledu smanjena specifične energije rezanja., Chain saw machines are used for cutting vertical or horizontal cuts in underground and surface exploitation of dimension stone. Efficiency of a chain saw can be expressed through cutting rate, consumption of cutting tools and energy consumption. Cutting performance of a chain saw is mainly dependent on machine design, physico-mechanical properties of rock mass, operational parameters and tool wear rate. The operational parameters which the operator must arrange on a chain saw are chain speed and cart speed movement. Operational parameters are based on manufacturer's recommendations and/or the operator experience. The main objective of this research is to analyze the relationship between operational parameters, chain design and chainsaw performance. The major hypothesis of this study was that cutting action of chain saw machines can be successfully simulated by linear rock cutting test. For this purpose in this work small-scale and full-scale rock cutting experiments were performed. The operational parameters of chain saw are studied by performing full-scale field studies on chain saw. A portable data acquisition system, using a laptop computer, was developed to monitor cutting energy of chain saw. Specific energy was calculated as the amount of energy required to cut a unit volume of rock. The second hypothesis stated that the operational and constructional parameters can be optimized based on experimental studies of linear cutting test. The constructional parameters of cutting chain are studied by performing small scale tests on laboratory rock cutting machine. The Linear cutting machine is a modified shaping machine equipped with a triaxial dynamometer attached to the cutter head. The dynamometer resolves the instantaneous force on a cutting tool into three mutually orthogonal components, each measured by a straingauged bridge circuit. Linear cutting test were carried out with the sequence of cutting patterns same as on chain saw. The specific cutting energy, which represents the energy required to remove a unit volume of work-material, is calculated from the cutting force, length of cut and volume of cut rock. The major hypothesis was tested by comparing the specific cutting energy obtained from laboratory test and field measurement. Thus, linear cutting machine test can be used not only for measurement of cutter forces, but also to select the most suitable cutter in order to achieve the most efficient cutting. This means different cutter geometry design with different chain patterns. The experimental results based on statistical analysis show that the specific energy of material is reduced considerably as depth of cut increases. The depth of cutting is affected by transverse speed of chain saw and the chain speed. It can be increased by increasing transverse speed or decreasing speed of chain. Maximum transverse speed of chain saw is limited due the forces acting on a chain. Minimum chain speed depends on volume of loose cuttings. In this work, model for estimating minimum chain speed and cutting forces acting on the cutting bar has been developed. The paper also presents suggestions for improving design of the cutting chain.

Glinene geosintetičke barijere (GCL) su tvornički proizvedene hidrauličke barijere koje se sastoje od mineralne (bentonitna glina) i geosintetičke komponente (geomembrana ili geotekstil). Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je utvrditi u kojoj mjeri dolazi do promjene svojstava bentonitne gline nakon ugradnje u završni pokrov odlagališta otpada uzrokovane procesima koji se događaju u tijelu odlagališta otpada, te u njegovom neposrednom okolišu. Ispitivanja su provedena na ukupno sedamnaest uzoraka nadsloja, dvadeset i četiri uzorka bentonitne gline, te deset uzoraka GCL-a. Dvadeset i tri uzorka bentonitne gline i uzorci nadsloja uzorkovani su s bočnih stranica završnog pokrovnog sustava odlagališta otpada u središnjoj Hrvatskoj u kojem je GCL bio ugrađen tijekom razdoblja od tri do devet godina. Jedan uzorak nije bio ugrađen u odlagalište otpada, pa su sve vrijednosti dobivene njegovim ispitivanjem prikazane kao referentna vrijednost. Isto tako, devet uzoraka GCL-a uzorkovano je s terena, dok rezultati uzorka koji nije bio ugrađen u odlagalište otpada predstavljaju referentnu vrijednost. Ispitivanjem nadsloja dobivene su vrijednosti njegove debljine, vlažnosti, gustoće i granulometrijskog sastava. Rezultati dobiveni fizičkim, kemijskim i mineraloškim ispitivanjima, te ispitivanjima indeksnih pokazatelja bentonitne gline, pokazali su kako je kod uzoraka bentonitne gline došlo do promjene svojstava u odnosu na referentni uzorak tijekom dugotrajnog boravka u odlagalištu otpada. Osim toga, ispitivanja hidrauličke propusnosti provedena su kako bi se istražilo da li je i u kojoj mjeri smanjenja učinkovitost GCL-a kao brtvene barijere te da bi se istražilo postojanje korelacijskih veza između indeksnih pokazatelja i hidrauličke propusnosti. Utvrđeno je kako na promjenu svojstava bentonitne gline utječu kvaliteta izgradnja završnog pokrovnog sustava, prvenstveno debljina, vlažnost nadsloja i njegov granulometrijski sastav, te godina ugradnje uzorka, odnosno vrijeme koje je bentonitna glina provela u odlagalištu otpada. Osim toga, na promjene svojstava utječu još i fizički, kemijski i mineralni sastav bentonitne gline, te uvjeti koji se javljaju u tijelu odlagališta. Osim što je ispitivanjima dokazano kako je došlo do degradacije indeksnih svojstava bentonitne gline (bubrenje, upijanje, indeks gubitka fluida) tijekom dugotrajnog korištenja u odlagalištima otpada, uočeno je također kako srednje vrijednosti određenog indeksnog pokazatelja, kao i odstupanja od srednje vrijednosti variraju ovisno o godini ugradnje. Ispitivanja su pokazala da relativno konzistentna svojstva imaju uzorci ugrađivani 2004. godine, veća odstupanja primjetna su za uzorke ugrađene tijekom 2010. godine, dok se najveća odstupanja javljaju kod uzoraka ugrađenih tijekom 2009. godine. Radi toga se nije mogla uspostaviti jedinstvena veza promjene svojstava s vremenom ugradnje. Međutim, utvrđeno je kako je mogući razlog takvoj nekonzistentnosti nejednoliki sastav bentonitne gline koja se koristila prilikom izrade GCL-a koji je ugrađen u odlagalište. Usprkos navedenom, promjene koje su se dogodile u bentonitnoj glini tijekom vremena proteklog od ugradnje nisu velike, tako da ona, a time i GCL još uvijek pokazuju zadovoljavajuće svojstvo brtvljenja u skladu s preporukama koje se primjenjuju za barijere u pokrovnom zaštitnom sustavu. Samo je na nekoliko lokacija uočena značajnija promjena hidrauličkih svojstava GCL-a, koja je redovito bila povezana s neadekvatnim slojem za zaštitu, bilo da je riječ o njegovoj debljini ili fizičkim svojstvima. To je uzrokovalo pojačano isušivanje i veće promjene hidrauličkih svojstava GCL-a koje su bile to izraženije što je konsolidacijsko naprezanje bilo manje. Nadalje, u radu su obrađene i veze uzajamne ovisnosti (korelacijske veze) između indeksnih pokazatelja betnonitne gline i hidrauličke propusnosti GCL-a. Kako je hidraulička propusnost najvažniji parametar za projektiranje brtvenih barijera, time je omogućena jednostavna i brza procedura za detekciju potencijalno problematičnih zona, te procjenu dugoročne učinkovitosti GCL-a koja se temelji na provedbi većeg broja jednostavnih i isplativih pokusa., Geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are factory-manufactured hydraulic barriers consisting of mineral (bentonite) and geosynthetic components (geomembrane or geotextile). The purpose of the study was to identify the extent of change in bentonite clay properties when built into the final cover of the landfill brought about by the processes taking place within the landfill body and in its immediate surroundings. Analyses were made on a total of 17 samples of the cover soil, 24 samples of bentonite clay and 10 samples of GCLs. 23 samples of bentonite clay and samples of the cover soil were collected from the sides of the final cover system of a landfill in central Croatia into which GCL had been built over a period of three to nine years. One sample was not built into the landfill, which is why all the values obtained by its analysis are presented as a reference value. Likewise, nine GCL samples were collected from the landfill, while the results of the sample which wasn’t built into the landfill represent a reference value. Analysing the cover soil, the values of its depth, moisture content, density and grain size distribution were obtained. The results obtained from physical, chemical and mineralogical analyses and analyses of index properties of bentonite clay show that compared to the reference sample the properties of the sampled bentonite clay have changed during the long period spent in the landfill. In addition to that, hydraulic conductivity was analysed in order to investigate whether and to what extent the efficiency of GCL as a hydraulic barrier has decreased and to investigate whether there is a correlation between index properties and hydraulic conductivity. It was identified that the change of bentonite clay properties is affected by the quality of construction of the final cover system, primarily the depth and moisture content of the overburden and its grain size distribution, and the year when the sample was built in, i.e. the period during which the bentonite clay has been present in the landfill. In addition to that, the properties change due to physical, chemical and mineralogical composition of bentonite clay, and the conditions taking place in the landfill body. The analyses not only prove that bentonite clay properties (swelling, absorption, fluid loss index) have degraded during long-time use in landfills, but also show that both the mean values of a specific index property and deviations from the mean value vary depending on the year of building in. Analyses show that the samples built in during 2004 have relatively consistent properties; stronger deviations are noticed in the samples built in during 2010; while the largest deviations are present in the samples built in during 2009. This was the reason why it was not possible to establish a unique correlation between the change in properties and the time of construction. However, it has been identified that the potential cause for such inconsistency is probably an uneven composition of bentonite clay used during the manufacture of GCL built into the landfill. Despite that, the changes that had taken place in bentonite clay during the time elapsed since construction are not substantial, which is why bentonite clay and consequently GCL show a still satisfactory sealing property in accordance with the recommendations applied for barriers in the final cover system. A more significant change of hydraulic properties of GCL has been observed only in a few locations and was as a rule associated with an inadequate protective layer, either its depth or physical properties. Thus has led to more intensive drying-out and stronger change in hydraulic properties of GCL, which grew more marked as consolidation stress decreased. Furthermore, the paper also addresses interdependencies (correlations) between index properties of bentonite clay and the hydraulic conductivity of GCL. Since hydraulic conductivity is the most important parameter in the design of hydraulic barriers, this provides a simple and fast procedure to detect potentially problematic zones and assess long-term efficiency of GCLs based on implementation of a bigger number of simple and cost-effective tests.

Ovaj rad prikazuje rezultate terenskog mjerenja energije drobljenja na eksploatacijskom polju „Očura“. Hipoteza rada je da smanjenjem veličine čestica raste energija potrebna za njihovo sitnjenje. Na separacijskom postrojenju eksploatacijskog polja „Očura“ uzorci su drobljeni u čeljusnoj (primarnoj), konusnoj (sekundarnoj) i udarnoj (tercijarnoj) drobilici. Pomoću mjernog sustava mjerena je potrošnja električne energije elektromotora prilikom drobljenja u pojedinim drobilicama. U čeljusnoj drobilici izdrobljeno je 16 pojedinačnih uzoraka te je određivana njihova specifična energija. U konusnoj i udarnoj drobilici izdrobljen je materijal iz čeljusne drobilice, ali odjednom. Uspoređivana je specifična energija drobljenja u čeljusnoj, konusnoj i udarnoj drobilici. Statističkom analizom utvrđivana je ovisnost između mase uzorka, specifičnoj energiji drobljenja, prosječnoj snazi drobljenja i maksimalnoj snazi tijekom drobljenja., This thesis shows the results of crushing energy measurements on the field on „Očura“ surface mine. The hypothesis of the thesis is that lowering the particle size raises the energy needed for their comminution. Samples of rock were crushed in jaw (primary), cone (secondary) and impact (tertiary) crushers on the „Očura“ processing plant. Electrical energy consumption of the crushers motor was measured with the measuring system during sample crushing. In the jaw crusher, 16 individual samples were crushed and their specific crushing energy was calculated. In the cone and impact crushers the material form the jaw crusher was crushed all at once. Specific crushing energy of jaw, cone and impact crushers was compared. Dependence between samples mass, specific crushing energy, average crushing power and maximum crushing power was determined by statiscial data processing.

U ovom radu prikazana su probna ispitivanja nedrenirane posmične čvrstoća tla u laboratorijskim uvjetima i na terenu. Korištene su dvije krilne sonde, jedna tvrtke Eijkelkamp a druga tvrtke ELE. Sonde se razlikuju u izvedbi i veličini krilaca. Glavni cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi povezanost između vrste materijala, njegovih fizičkih svojstava i indeksnih pokazatelja s vrijednostima vršne i rezidualne čvrstoće tla. Probna laboratorijska ispitivanja obavljena su u Geomehaničkom laboratoriju Rudarsko-geološko-naftnog fakulteta, a terenska ispitivanja obavljena su na jednoj lokaciji u Zagrebu te na jednoj lokaciji u mjestu Lupoglav nedaleko od Dugog Sela. Cilj istraživanja je ostvaren obzirom da su dobivene vrijednosti posmične čvrstoće za različite materijale i uvjete ispitivanja., This thesis presents the trial testing of undrained shear strength of the soil in laboratory conditions and in the field. Two field inspection vane test devices were used, one of them is made by Eijkelkamp company and another is made by ELE company. The vane test devices differ in the construction and the size of the vanes. The main aim of the research was to establish the correlation between the type of material, its physical and index properties with the values of shear strength of the soil at a certain depth. Trial testings were performed in the Soil mechanics laboratory at the Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering in Zagreb and field tests were conducted at a location in Zagreb and in the place Lupoglav near Dugo Selo. The aim of the research was realized as the shear strength was obtained for different materials and test conditions.

U današnje vrijeme EE otpad je postao veliki problem zbog sve većih količina, a njegovo zbrinjavanje briga je svih zemalja. Najveći problem predstavlja opasni otpad zbog svojih opasnih komponenti, koje štete okolišu i zdravlju ljudi. Najveće količine EE opreme obuhvaćaju mobilne telefone, kojih je sada već oko sedam milijardi, a svake godine se očekuje sve veća količina mobilnih telefona, od kojih će većina nakon korištenja biti odložena na odlagalište otpada. U radu su prikazane glavne karakteristike EE otpada, njegovo pravilno prikupljanje i recikliranje te očekivani trendovi EE otpada u budućnosti. Cilj je izdvojiti što veći udio korisne komponente odnosno metala iz mobilnih telefona, primjenom elektrostatičke separacije. Bolji rezultati dobiveni su separacijom sitnije klase 1/0,5 mm u odnosu na krupniju klasu 2/1 mm., At the present time the waste has become a big problem because of the large and growing quantity, and its management is the concern of all countries. The biggest problem is a hazardous waste due to its hazardous components, which are harmful to the environment and human health. The greatest amount of electrical and electronic equipment includes mobile phones which have been amount to over seven billion pieces so far and an increase of their number is to be expected every year, most of them ending up on waste disposal after being used. This paper describes the main characteristics of e-waste and its proper collecting and recycling, as well as the anticipated trends of e-waste disposal in the future. The objective is to separate the largest possible share of the useful component, i.e. metal, using the electrostatic separation. Better results were obtained by separation finer grain size of 1/0.5 mm than the coarser one (2/1 mm).

U diplomskom radu opisana je primjena polumobilnih postrojenja za oplemenjivanje mokrim postupkom tehničko-građevnog kamena na eksploatacijskom polju „Oršulica-kosa“. Detaljno je prikazan i sustav za obradu otpadne tehnološke vode čijom primjenom se značajno smanjuju količine ispuštene otpadne tehnološke vode, a time i štetan utjecaj na okoliš i ekološku mrežu, a ostvaruju uštede u pogledu potrošnje vodnih resursa u oplemenjivanju. Uspoređeni su tehničko-ekonomski pokazatelji tehnologije primjene polumobilnog postrojenja za mokro oplemenjivanje na eksploatacijskom polju „Oršulica-kosa“ s postojećom tehnologijom mokrog oplemenjivanja na stacionarnom postrojenju. Analiza je pokazala prednosti upotrebe modernog polumobilnog postrojenja te prednosti koje donosi njegovo postavljanje neposredno uz mjesto dobivanja tehničko-građevnog kamena. Smanjenje troškova eksploatacije prvenstveno proizlazi iz povećanog proizvodnog kapaciteta polumobilnog postrojenja za oplemenjivanje, smanjenih normativa potrošnje vode i električne energije te smanjenje troškova transporta., The thesis describes the use of semi-mobile plants for wet processing materials on the exploitation field "Oršulica-kosa". The system for processing waste water is described and how it’s use refers to significantly reduced discharge of waste water which has negative impact on the environment and the ecological network. In this context savings regarding a consumption of water resources utilized for wet processing were achieved. The technical and economic indicators of application of semi-mobile plant for wet processing on the exploitation field "Oršulica-kosa" were compared to stationary plant. The results show the benefits of using modern semi-mobile plants, especially regarding the fact that the place of raw materials is very close. The data of technical and economic analysis confirms that the main cause of reduced production costs are increased production capacity, reduced consumption norms for water and electrical energy in accordance with the cheaper transport.

Osnovni cilj ovog rada je utvrditi u kojoj mjeri fizikalno-mehanička svojstva stijena utječu na energiju potrebnu za rezanje stijena, te analizirati zavisnost specifične energije drobljenja i specifične energije rezanja. Laboratorijska ispitivanja specifične energije rezanja provedena su na pet uzoraka različitog mineralnog sastava. Ispitivanja su provedena na uređaju za pravolinijsko rezanje stijena pri čemu su mjerene sve tri komponente sile rezanja. Specifična energija rezanja dobivena je iz omjera energije utrošene na rezanje i mase odlomka. Statističkom obradom podataka dobiveni su korelacijski odnosi prema kojima najveći utjecaj na specifičnu energiju rezanja ima tlačna čvrstoća. Na temelju dobivenih rezultata i rezultata prijašnjih ispitivanja određena je zavisnost specifične energije drobljenja o specifičnoj energiji rezanja., The main goal of this paper was to determine to what extent physical and mechanical properties of rocks affect the energy used for rock cutting and to analyze the dependence of the specific crushing energy on the specific cutting energy. The research activities of the specific cutting energy comprised 5 samples of different mineral compositions. Cuts on the samples were made by means of the linear cutting machine. After each cut all the three strength components were measured by means of the measurement converter. The specific cutting energy was obtained from the ratio between the energy used for cutting and the sample mass. The statistical data processing provided the correlation values, according to which the compressive strength has the highest impact on the specific cutting energy and the specific crushing energy. Based on the obtained results and the results of the previous research activities the dependence between the specific crushing energy and the specific cutting energy was determined.

Zaštita zraka je nezamjenljiv dio današnjeg načina života te je implementirina u sve dijelove života pa tako i u industriju i energetiku. Provodi se na dva načina i to primjenom čistije tehnologije ili end-of-pipe tehnologije. Čistija tehnologija podrazumijeva zaštitu zraka u cjelokupnom procesu proizvodnje dok se end-of- pipe tehnologija odnosi na čišćenje otpadnih plinova. U današnjoj praksi zaštite okoliša u industriji i energetici preferira se primjena čistije tehnologije. U ovom diplomskom radu su prikazani mogući postupci (uređaji) za pročišćavanje odnosno smanjenje koncentracije štetnih tvari u dimnim plinovima kotlovnice TŽV Gredelj d.o.o., Air protection is irreplaceable part of todays way of life and therefore it is applied in all aspects of life including industry and energetics. It is applied in two ways, cleaner technology and end-of-pipe technology. Cleaner technology means air protection in whole process of production while end-of-pipe technology applies to the cleaning of waste gases. Todays pratice of environment protection in industry and energetics prefers the application of cleaner technology. In this masters thesis we showed the possibile procedures (devices) for cleaning and reduction of concentration of harmful substances in flue gases of TŽV Gredelj ltd. boiler room.

Ležište „Žervanjska“ jedno je rijetkih ležišta dijabaza u Republici Hrvatskoj, vrijedne mineralne sirovine za industrijsku preradu. Dijabaz iz ležišta „Žervanjska“ zadovoljava stroge uvjete kvalitete mineralne sirovine za proizvodnju kamene vune, posebice u pogledu kemijskog sastava. Smješteno je unutar Parka prirode Papuk gdje nije dozvoljeno otvaranje novih niti širenje postojećih eksploatacijskih polja. Unutar odobrenog eksploatacijskog polja „Žervanjska“ istražnim radovima potvrđene su dodatne bilančne rezerve, pa je potrebno proširiti završne konture eksploatacije. U cilju ishođenja lokacijske dozvole potrebno je provesti postupak utjecaja na okoliš i ekološku mrežu. Radom se elaborira tehnologija eksploatacije dijabaza, njezin utjecaj na okoliš i prirodu, mjere zaštite okoliša i prirode te sama procedura postupka procjene utjecaja na okoliš i ekološku mrežu sukladno važećim relevantnim propisima., The deposit of "Žervanjska" is one of the few deposits of diabase in the Republic of Croatia, a worthy mineral raw material that is used in industrial processing. Diabase from the "Žervanjska" deposit meets the strict quality requirements for mineral raw material that is used to make stone wool, especially in respect to it's chemical structure. It is located within Papuk nature park where it is not allowed to open new or expand existing exploitation fields. New balance reserves were confirmed within the allowed exploitation field "Žervanjska" so it is necessary to expand the outline of exploitation. In order to obtain a location permit it is necessary to make an environmental impact study, as well as the impact on the ecological network. This work elaborates the technology used to exploit diabase, it's nature on the environment and nature, measures to protect the environment and nature, and the procedure of the environmental and ecological network impact study in accordance with applicable regulation.

Porastom količina otpada postajemo sve svjesniji problema potrebe za zbrinjavanjem toga otpada. Odlaganje na odlagalištima nije pogodno zbog opasnih tvari koje se mogu naći u otpadu te zbog gubitka sekundarnih sirovina koja ostaju odložena na odlagalištima. U radu su prikazane količine elektroničkog otpada koje danas nastaju i za koje se očekuje rast u budućnosti te propisi koje donosi europska komisija kako bi potaknula recikliranje elektroničkog otpada. Provedena su ispitivanja u svrhu recikliranja integriranih krugova metodama za oplemenjivanje mineralnih sirovina (gravitacijska koncentracija, elektrostatička koncentracija i separiranje u zračnoj struji), te su utvrđeni tehnološki pokazatelji separacije za korištene postupke., With the increasing amount of waste we become aware of the problems with the need for disposal of waste. Landfilling is not suitable because of hazardous substances that can be found in the WEEE waste and because of the loss of raw materials which remain deposited in landfills. This paper presents the data about the amount of WEEE which nowadays is generated and which rates are expected to grow in the future, as well as regulations issued by the European Commission to encourage the recycling of WEEE. Tests were carried out for the purpose of recycling integrated circuits by methods for mineral processing (gravity concentration, electrostatic concentration and separation in the air flow), and technological indicators have been calculated for used separation methods.

Sa porastom količina otpada postajemo sve svjesniji problema potrebe za zbrinjavanjem toga otpada. Odlaganje na odlagalištima nije pogodno zbog opasnih tvari koje se mogu naći u otpadu te zbog gubitka sekundarnih sirovina koja ostaju odložena na odlagalištima. U radu su prikazane količine elektroničkog otpada koje danas nastaju, te princip rada hladnjaka i opasne komponente koje se u njemu nalaze. U radu se opisuje postrojenje C.I.O.S. d.o.o. u kojem se recikliraju hladnjaci i slični otpad. Opisani su postupci recikliranja hladnjaka te svaki stroj zasebno kao i opis ručne predlinije. Temeljem dobivenih rezultata izrađena je tehnološka i ekonomska analiza postrojenja, te je zaključeno da je postrojenje ekonomski isplativo bez štetnog utjecaja na okoliš., With the increasing amount of waste we become aware of the problems with the need for disposal of waste. Land-filling is not suitable because of hazardous substances that can be found in the WEEE waste and because of the loss of raw materials which remain deposited in landfills. This graduate work shows the amounts of electric waste that are present today, as well as the working principle of refrigerator and dangerous components contained in it. This text describes C.I.O.S. d.o.o. plant which recycles refrigerators and similar waste. Recycling process of refrigerator is and each machine individual, as well as manual front line are described. Based on given results, technological and economic analysis of plant has been developed, and it has been concluded that the plant is economically feasible without adverse impact on environment.

Čišćenje javnih površina u Velikoj Gorici obavlja VG čistoća d.o.o. Javne površine se kontinuirano čiste kako bi se spriječilo da otpad dospije u kanalizaciju, te radi sigurnosti prometa, zaštite voda i estetskih razloga. Otpad se na javnim površinama javlja uslijed prometa vozila, kretanja pješaka, košnje trave, opadanja lišća, itd. Ovaj otpad u zakonu je definiran kao ostaci od čišćenja ulica, s ključnim brojem 20 03 03, te je za njega preporučeno odlaganje. U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati ispitivanja 6 uzoraka otpada sa područja ulica Velike Gorice, uzetih s različitih lokacija i pri različitim vremenskim uvjetima. Provedena je granulometrijska analiza uzoraka, te je dana analiza dobivenih rezultata., Cleaning of public areas in Velika Gorica is performed by VG čistoća d.o.o. Public areas are continuously cleaned to prevent the entering of waste into the sewage system, for traffic safety, to protect water and aesthetic reasons. Wastes on public areas occurs as a result of vehicle traffic, pedestrian movement, grass cutting, leaf drop, etc. This waste is defined in Croatian legislative as residues from cleaning streets, with key number 20 03 03 and recommended waste management method is disposal. This paper describes methods and results of the testing of six waste samples from streets area of Velika Gorica. Samples were taken from different locations and under different weather conditions. The grain size analysis of samples was carried out and results of this analysis are presented.

Gospodarenje otpadom je skup aktivnosti, odluka i mjera kojima se teži sprječavanju nastanka otpada, smanjivanju količine nastalog otpada i smanjivanju ukupnog djelovanja otpada na okoliš. Mehaničko – biološka obrada komunalnog otpada predstavlja skup različitih postupaka obrade komunalnog otpada s mogućnošću proizvodnje produkata za daljnje iskorištavanje vrijednih svojstava otpada uz različite načine odlaganja ostatka. U radu je predstavljen planirani Regionalni centar za gospodarenje otpadom sjeverozapadne Hrvatske „Piškornica“, kao i mogući postupci unaprjeđenja sustava., Waste management is a set of actions, decisions and measures which tends to waste prevention, reducing the amount of waste generated and to reduce the overall effects of waste on the environment. Mechanical – biological treatment of municipal waste represents a collection of different treatment methods of municipal waste with the ability to manufacture products for further exploitation of valuable waste materials with different ways of disposing the rest. This paper presents a planned Regional Waste Management Centre of northwestern Croatia "Piškornica", as well as possible actions for improving the system.

Obrađena je problematika odlaganja otpada u općini Jajce na površinskom odlagalištu "Krušćica". Opisano je postojeće stanje gospodarenja otpadom u Bosni i Hercegovini. Zakonska regulativa Europske Zajednice i Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine te njihov međusobni odnos. Navedeni su trenutni planovi za sanacije nesanitarnih odlagališta otpada u Bosni i Hercegovini te planirana podjela područja Bosne i Hercegovine na regije, te otvaranje regionalnih odlagališta otpada i regionalnih centara za gospodarenje otpadom. Navedene su odabrane tehnologije obrade otpada. Opisano je postojeće stanje gospodarenja otpadom na području općine Jajce te moguća unaprijeđenja u cjelovitom sustavu gospodarenja otpadom., The work describes waste disposal at landfill "Krušćica" in Jajce. The work describes the current state of waste management in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the legislation of European Union considering waste management, legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina concerning the waste management as well as their relationship. Current plans for remediation of unauthorised dumping sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina are described in the work, along with the further plans for region division of Bosnia and Herzegovina related to the purpose of developing waste management centers. The work describes some of currently available treatments of waste. Based on current state of waste management in Jajce, plausible improvements of waste management system are presented in the work.

U današnje vrijeme otpad je postao veliki problem zbog velikih količina, a njegovo zbrinjavanje briga svih zemalja. Najveći problem predstavlja opasni otpad zbog svojih opasnih komponenti, koje štete okolišu i zdravlju ljudi, te se zbog toga moraju izdvojiti i zbrinuti na adekvatan način, a neopasni dijelovi ponovno iskoristiti. U ovom istraživanju provedeno je ispitivanje recikličnosti bakra elektrostatičkom separacijom iz samljevenih tiskanih pločica koje spadaju u opasni elektronički otpad. Tiskane pločice sadrže različite plemenite metale poput bakra, srebra i paladija. Cilj je izdvojiti što veći udio korisne komponente odnosno bakra, primjenom elektrostatičke separacije. Provedeno je ukupno 30 ispitivanja na 3 različite veličine zrna. U dobivenom koncentratu određen je udio bakra, utvrđeni su tehnološki pokazatelji separacije te analiziran utjecaj pojedinih parametara na učinkovitost separacije., At the present time the waste has become a big problem because of the large quantity, and its management is the concern of all countries. The biggest problem is a hazardous waste due to its hazardous components, which damage the environment and human health, and therefore must be separated and disposed of in an appropriate manner, and non hazardous components should be reused.In this study, a survey of recyclability copper electrostatic separation from milled printed circuit board swhich are hazardous electronic waste is conducted. Printed circuit boards contain a variety of precious metals such as copper, silver and palladium. The objective is to separate the largest possible share of the useful component,i.e.copper, using the electrostatic separation. Three different grain sizes were tested through 30 tests. In cunducted tests, the copper content in the concentrate and technological indicator of separation are determined. Analyzes of the effect of various parameters on separation efficiency was also carried out.

Svrha rada je ostvarivanje doprinosa iskorištavanju i zbrinjavanju otpadnih tiskanih pločica (TP) sakupljenih i djelomično obrađenih u Republici Hrvatskoj (RH) korištenjem metoda oplemenjivanja mineralnih sirovina. Postavljene hipoteze da maseni udio metala ovisi o porijeklu TP, njihovoj starosti, klasi usitnjenih električnih komponenti (EK) i preostalih očišćenih baza, provjerene su metodama eksperimenta. Eksperimenti su provedeni na TP iz električnog i elektroničkog (EE) otpada od 2. do 10. kategorije, prikupljenim na prostoru RH. Određen je maseni udio srebra, aluminija, zlata, bakra, nikla, olova, paladija, platine, kositra i cinka na uzorcima TP iz starih i novih mobitela, računala, TV prijemnika i ostalih uređaja. Maseni udio metala određen je zasebno u EK TP odnosno preostalim očišćenim bazama TP, podijeljenim u klase 4/1 mm, 1/0,5 mm, 0,5/0,1 mm i -0,1 mm. Rezultati potvrđuju hipotezu o ovisnosti udjela pojedinih metala o porijeklu TP i o starosti uređaja, a udjeli metala se razlikuju u pojedinim klasama uzoraka. Ispitivanja upotrebljivosti nemetalne frakcije (NMF) preostale nakon poluindustrijske obrade TP u proizvodnji betona provedena su na laboratorijskoj i industrijskoj razini. U pokusima je supstituirano do 20 % mineralnog punila nemetalnom frakcijom TP. Uspješnost postupka valorizirana je kroz čvrstoću betona i topljivosti štetnih tvari. Kako na laboratorijskoj tako i na industrijskoj razini može se proizvesti upotrebljiv beton, ali smanjene čvrstoće. Uz zadanu recepturu metali iz NMF se uspješno vežu betonom dok se povećava topljivost sulfata. U cilju iznalaženja komercijalnog rješenja korištenja NMF kao punila u betonu, potrebno je nastaviti ispitivanja sa svrhom utvrđivanja recepture s udjelom NMF u punilu do 5 %., Summary: In this work the hypotheses that the content of metal in waste printed circuit boards (PCBs) significantly depend on the type of device of its originwas established. Moreoverdue to extraordinary development of information technologies (IT), content of metal in the waste PCB has changed and rations of metals unequallydistributed in particular grain sizes of grinded samples. Finally, a hypothesis that less valuable non-metal fraction (NMF) could be incorporated as a raw material in concrete production was established. Established hypotheses were tested experimentally. The samples of waste PCBs were divided according the type and the age of device of its origin and ration of most important valuable and toxic elements such as Ag, Al, Au, Cu, Ni, Pb, Pd, Pt, Sn and Zn has been determined. Content of metals was determined in PCBs of cell-phones, personal computers, TV sets and other devices. The content of metals was measured in electronic components (ECs) of PCBs i.e. other remained stripped PCBs bases. Samples of PCBs from cell-phones, personal computers and TV sets were divided according to the age of devices of its origin, so hypothesis on change of metal use with technology was tested. All tests have been performed on grinded and divided samples in four classes: 4/1 mm; 1/0,5 mm; 0,1/0,5 mm and -0,1 mm. In order to determine usefulness of waste NMF of PCBs, the impact of ration of NMF on concrete strength was studied. The study was conducted by determination of compressive strength of probationary bodies made in laboratory and tensile strength of pavements manufactured in industrial scale. NMF remained after PCB treatment in a Croatian pilot-plant facility was used. In laboratory and industrial facilities, 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % of mass of mineral filler was replaced with NMF. Eco-efficiency of hazardous compounds contained in NMF was encapsulated and has been validated by leaching tests probes of concrete prepared with NMF in the filler. Due to determined content and trend of variation of metal ration in waste PCB it is obviously that results has been influenced by space characteristics, time and social conditions. It was determined that ration of particular elements in waste PCBs depends as well as on origin and the age of device. Ration of metals in particular classes of grinded samples has been different significantly, as well as rations of metals in ECs and remained stripped bases. It was determined that stripped bases of PCBs still contained significant amounts of metals. Tests of concrete strengths prepared with NMF in the filler have shown that with determined receipt applicable concrete can be manufactured but with increase of NMF rations its strength decrease. On the basis of leaching test it was found out that by incorporation of NMF in concrete hazardous metals has been incorporated very successfull ywith the intensive leach out of sulphates and other soluble concrete components at the same time. In order to find commercial solution it is necessary to perform further studies under condition of revising of receipt and within the range of NMF ration up to 5 %.

Wood is the main material for paper production and with high costs of raw material paper mills are searching for other materials for paper production. With a higher demand for paper, waste paper is being used more and more as the main material for paper production. To be able to use waste paper in paper production we must pulp it, remove all contaminants and deink. In paper recycling plants a huge problem is waste water due to the high water consumption. Waste water from paper recycling is treated in different ways then reused in the recycling process. Croatia’s waste paper recovery rate is one of the lowest in the European union and in 2010 was only 3,97 kg per person. Improving the recovery rate could be done by introducing new technologies in waste paper collection i.e. modern trucks for waste paper collection., Drvo je glavna sirovina za proizvodnju papira, te s visokim troškovima ulazne sirovine, tvornice papira su u potrazi za drugim materijalima za proizvodnju papira. S povećanjem potražnje papira, otpadni papir se sve više i više koristi kao glavna sirovina u proizvodnji novog papira. Kako bi se otpadni papir mogao koristiti u proizvodnji potrebno ga je provesti u pulpu te odstraniti sve nečistoće i tintu. Zbog velike potrošnje vode u postrojenjima za reciklažu papira veliki problem je otpadna voda. Ona se pročišćava na razne načine te se ponovno koristi u procesu recikliranja. Povrat otpadnog papira u Hrvatskoj je praktično na najnižoj razini u Europskoj Uniji, a 2010. godine iznosio je samo 3,97 kg po osobi. Unapređenje povrata starog papira moglo bi biti poboljšano uvođenjem novih tehnologija u prikupljanju otpadnog papira npr. suvremenijim kamionima za njegovo sakupljanje.

Diplomski rad izrađen je u svrhu prikaza načina recikliranja građevinskog otpada u reciklažnom dvorištu „Mišić“ sa sjedištem u Ivanovcu. Reciklažno dvorište se nalazi u Međimurju, a djeluje na prostorima Međimurske, Varaždinske i Koprivničko-križevačke županije. Težište je u sakupljanju i recikliranju inertnog građevinskog otpada i otpada od rušenja. Sakuplja se beton, opeka, crijep, pločice, keramika, mješavine betona, opeke, crijepa i keramike, staklo, zemlja i pijesak dobiven od pjeskarenja. Tvrtka „Mišić“ prepoznala je potencijal koji pruža recikliranje građevinskog otpada, što doprinosi očuvanju prirodnih resursa i smanjuje štetan utjecaj na okoliš, štedi prostor odlagališta otpada, smanjuje broj tzv. „divljih“ odlagališta, te ujedno sprječava narušavanje izgleda prirode. Postojeći iznimno mali udio recikliranja građevinskog otpada u Republici Hrvatskoj moguće je povećati strožom zakonskom regulativom te edukacijom i buđenjem svijesti javnosti za što čišći i zdraviji okoliš., Thesis was made for the purpose of presenting modes of construction waste recycling in recycling yard „Mišić“, situated in Ivanovac. The recycling yard is located in Međimurje, and operates in the areas of Međimurje, Varaždin and Koprivničko-križevačka county. The focus is in the collecting and recycling of the inert construction waste and demolition waste. Amongst collected si concrete, brick, roofing tile, tiles, ceramics, a mixtures of concrete, bricks, roofing tiles and ceramics, glass and sand obtained from blasting. The company „Mišić“ recognized the potential that provides recycling of construction waste, which contributes to the preservation of natural resources and reduces the harmful effect on the environment, saves landfills space, decreses the number of so called „wild“ landfills, and also prevents distortion of the image of the nature. Existing, but extremely small, portion of construction waste recycling in Croatia can be increased by implementing stricter legislation and by education and raising awareness amongst the public for the cleaner and helthier environment.

U diplomskom radu opisan je koncept zbrinjavanja ambalaže masti i ulja motornih vozila tvrtke “Kamen Sirač“ d.d. U radu je prezentirana klasifikacija i karakteristike otpadnih mazivih ulja i masti, te način njihovog gospodarenja i sakupljanja. Također, navedena je i zakonska regulativa oko zbrinjavanja otpadnih ulja i masti. Na kraju rada izveden je sveobuhvatan zaključak., The thesis describes the concept of waste packaging fats and oils from motor vehicle of company "Kamen Sirač" Inc. This paper presents the classification and characteristics of waste lubricating oils and fats, and the manner of their management and collection. Also listed is the legislation regarding the disposal of waste oils and grease. At the end of the work performed is a comprehensive conclusion.

Električna i elektronska oprema (EE oprema) već duže vremena spada u najrašireniju industriju na svijetu. Kako raste proizvodnja tako raste i količina otpada koju je potrebno zbrinuti. Najveće količine električne i elektronske opreme obuhvaćaju mobilne telefone, kojih je sada već oko sedam milijardi, a svake godine se očekuje sve veća količina mobilnih telefona, od kojih će većina nakon korištenja biti odložena na odlagalište otpada. U ovom radu opisani su dijelovi mobitela, njihove količine te metode izdvajanja korisnih metala. Prema dobivenim rezultatima, vidljivo je da se elektrostatičkom separacijom ne mogu dobiti zadovoljavajući rezultati. Koncentracijski stol se pokazao dobrim uređajem za izdvajanje metala, s tim da bi se moglo postići i daljnje izdvajanje određenih vrsta metala ostalim metodama separacije., Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) has been one of the widest spread industries in the world for quite a while. As production grows so grows the amount of WEEE (Waste electrical and electronic equipment). The greatest amount of electrical and electronic equipment includes mobile phones which have been over seven billion pieces so far and an increase of their number is to be expected every year and most of them ending up on waste disposal after being used. In this paper the pieces of cell phones, their amount and the method of extracting useful metals are described. According to the results, it is obvious that it is not possible to get satisfactory results by electrostatic separation. Shaking table has proved as a good device for extracting metal and there could be a further isolation of certain types of metal achieved by other methods of separation.

Cilj rada bio je odrediti mogućnosti za optimiziranje utovarno-transportnog procesa na površinskom kopu Koromačno. Stoga su u prvom dijelu ovog rada opisani čimbenici koji utječu na sadašnji utovar i transport. Prikazane su postojeća transportna flota i utovarna mehanizacija, opisane su transportne trase, izmjereni su sadašnji utovarno-transportni ciklusi te je opisana drobilica koja svojim proizvodnim kapacitetom utječe na dinamiku utovara i transporta. U drugom dijelu rada pomoću računalnog programa „Fleet Production and Cost“ dobiveni su podaci o sadašnjem utovarno-transportnom procesu. U sljedećem koraku istim je programom proračunski obrađena mogućnost unaprjeđenja sadašnjeg procesa poboljšanjem stanja transportnih trasa. U završnom dijelu rada navedenim računalnim programom obrađene su dvije potencijalne solucije za zamjenu postojeće transportne flote nakon isteka njezina radnog vijeka pomoću modificiranih cestovnih kamiona, sa naglaskom na učinkovitosti eventualnih utovarno-transportnih rješenja., The subject of this thesis was to define possible improvements of the current loading and hauling operations at open pit Koromačno. In order to do that, first it was necessary to define and describe all the factors that affect these operations. Therefore, the first part of the thesis deals with current state of loaders, haulers, hauling routes and crushing plant present at Koromačno quarry. Data concerning observed loading and hauling cycles is also shown in this part. In the second part of this thesis computer software Fleet Production and Cost was used to get a better insight in the productivity and effectivity of current loading and hauling operations. The same software was then used to analyse potential effects of improvements in the current hauling routes. In the final part of the thesis, using the same computer software, two solutions for replacing the existing hauling fleet were analyzed. Both solutions for replacing the current hauling fleet after the end of it’s lifetime are based on the use of modified on-road trucks. Effects on overall productivity for implementing both of these solutions were also analyzed.

U ovom diplomskom radu opisane su različite vrste električnih žarulja te postupci njihovog recikliranja u svijetu i Hrvatskoj. Električne žarulje spadaju u EE opremu, koja je jedna od najraširenijih industrija u svijetu. Rastom proizvodnje EE opreme, raste i količina otpada koju je potrebno zbrinuti. Žarulje sadrže i opasne materijale, poput žive, koje je potrebno odvojiti i zbrinuti na poseban način. Kako žarulje u sebi sadrže korisne materijale, u ovom radu opisane su tehnologije dobivanja sekundarnih sirovina iz žarulja te su testirane neke druge metode separacije u eksperimentalnom dijelu rada. Prema dobivenim rezultatima vidljivo je da se samo drobljenjem i sijanjem može izdvojiti aluminij. Magnetskom separacijom učinkovito su izdvojeni magnetični dijelovi žarulje, a zračnom separacijom nisu dobiveni zadovoljavajući rezultati., In this master`s thesis, I have described different types of electric light bulbs, as well as the procedures of their recycling in the world and in Croatia. Electric light bulbs are classified as Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EEE), which is one of the most widespread industries in the world. As EEE production increases, so does the amount of waste that needs to be managed. The light bulbs contains hazardous materials, such as mercury, which needs to be separated and handled properly. Given that the light bulbs also contains useful materials, in this paper I have described the technologies of obtaining secondary raw materials from light bulbs, as well as some other metods of separation that I have tested in the experimental part of the work. According to the results, it is evident that aluminium can be extracted only by crushing and sieving. Magnetic separation has been proven effective in separating magnetic parts of the light bulbs, and the air separation did not give satisfactory results.

U sklopu cjelokupnog rješenja gospodarenja otpadom u RH izrađena je predstudija izvodljivosti koja je trebala predložiti optimalno rješenje za gospodarenje otpadom za istočni dio Hrvatske. Za Vukovarsko-srijemsku i Osječko-baranjsku županiju kao najbolje rješenje donesena je odluka o osnivanju regionalnog centra za gospodarenje otpadom. Provedenim analizama utvrđeni su sastav i količine otpada temeljem čega je odabrana najpovoljnija lokacija za smještaj RCGO-a. Višestupanjskom analizom obrađene su sve moguće tehnologije obrade otpada, točnije pet mehaničko-bioloških obrada i četiri energetske obrade (spalionice). U proračunu su analizirani transportni putevi te je određen optimalan broj pretovarnih stanica kao i njihova tehnologija s odabirom opreme. Na kraju je financijskom analizom odabrana najisplativija tehnologija rada., As part of the overall waste management solutions in Croatia, a pre-feasibility study was made which suggested the best solution of waste management for the eastern part of Croatia. The establishment of a regional center for waste management was declared as the best solution for countys of Vukovarsko-srijemska and Osječko-baranjska.Analysis determined the composition and amount of waste which was the basis for selection of most favorable locations for RWMC. More-criterial analysis covered all the possible technology of waste treatment, e.i. five mechanical-biological treatments and four energy processing (incineration). The budget analyzed transport routes and determined the optimal number of transfer stations as well as their technology with selecting equipment. At the end of the financial analysis the most cost-effective work technology wasselected.

Sa porastom količina otpada postajemo sve svjesniji problema potrebe za zbrinjavanjem toga otpada. Odlaganje na odlagalištima nije pogodno zbog opasnih tvari koje se mogu naći u električnom i elektroničkom otpadu te zbog gubitka sekundarnih sirovina koja ostaju odložena na odlagalištima. Provedena su ispitivanja u svrhu recikliranja UTP i STP kabela metodama za oplemenjivanje mineralnih sirovina te su utvrđeni tehnološki pokazatelji separacije za korištene postupke. Metode koje su korištene za izdvajanje bakra iz navedenih kabela su postupci oplemenjivanja mineralnih sirovina na koncentracijskom stolu i spiralnom žlijebu., With the increasing amount of waste we become aware of the problems with the need for disposal of waste. Landfilling is not suitable because of hazardous substances that can be found in the WEEE waste and because of the loss of secondry materials which remain deposited in landfills. Test were carried out for the purpose of recycling UTP and STP cables by methods of mineral processing, and tehnological indicators for separation procedures are determined. Metodes that were used to separating copper from these cables are mineral processing procedures at a shaking table and a spiral sluice.

U ovom diplomskom radu opisan je razvoj automobila kroz povijest, sve veći porast broja istih, vrste i dijelovi automobila, njihov sastav te postupak recikliranja otpadnih automobila u reciklažnom postrojenju. Budući da je istraživanje pokazalo sve veći „trend“ gomilanja industrijskih otpadaka, a istovremeno sve veće iscrpljivanje prirodnih izvora sirovine, isto je potaknulo tehničku struku istražiti alternativne mogućnosti za pronalazak sekundarnih izvora sirovine, kroz usavršavanje tehnoloških postupaka kojima bi se deficitarne industrijske sirovine mogle reciklirati iz otpadnih materijala. Po uzoru na to, izrađeni su posebni pogoni za recikliranje otpadnih automobila. Sukladno navednom, u radu je elaboriran proces recikliranja otpadnih vozila u reciklažnom postrojenju C.I.O.S.–a, vodećoj tvrtki za reciklažu vozila u Republici Hrvatskoj., This thesis describes the development of the car throughout history, a growing increase in the number of cars, the types and parts of the car, their composition and the process of recycling waste car in recycling plant. Since the research has shown an increasing „trend“ in the accumulation of industrial waste, while increasing depletion of natural sources of raw materials, tehnical profession explores the alternative possibilities for finding a secondary source of raw materials, through the improving of tehnology procedures that would enable recycling of scarce industrial raw materials from waste material. Following the example of this, special facillities for the recycling of waste cars have been made. Accordingly, the work elaborates the process of recycling scrap vehicles in recycling facilities of C.I.O.S., the leading company for the recycling of vehicles in Republic of Croatia.

Jedan od većih problema današnjeg društva je rastuća potrošnja prirodnih resursa te sve veće količine otpada koje moramo zbrinuti, a nažalost završavaju na deponijima. Više desetaka tona lampiona bude prikupljeno samo par dana nakon 1. studenog. Plastika od kućišta, parafin te željezni poklopci nakon uporabe se mogu reciklirati čime će se uštedjeti na prostoru odlagališta, smanjiti potencijalno štetan utjecaj plastike i parafina na okoliš, a također će se štedjeti prirodni resursi. Prilikom recikliranja lampiona najvažnije je postići raščin. Nakon postizanja raščina na temelju razlike gustoće plastika i parafin se razdvajaju. Tako izdvojeni parafin i plastika mogu se koristiti za ponovnu uporabu kod izrade svijeća i punjenja lampiona., One of the major problems of today's society is the growing consumption of natural resources and the increasing amount of waste that must be disposed in landfills. Dozens of tons of grave lanterns are collected only a few days after November 1. The plastic casing, paraffin and iron lids after use can be recycled, which will save landfill space, reduce the potentially harmful impact of plastic and paraffin on the environment and will also save natural resources. Most important when recycling lanterns is to achieve disunion. After reaching disunion based on the difference in density, plastics and paraffin are separated. According to this, paraffin and plastic can be used for remaking candles and filling lanterns.

Velike tvrtke čija postrojenja ili djelatnost su izvor onečišćenja moraju zadovoljavati određene standarde zaštite okoliša da bi bile konkurentne na tržištu. Termoelektrane na ugljen poput TE Plomin smatraju se značajnim onečišćivaćem zbog emisije onečišćujućih tvari (SO2, NOx, CO2 i krute čestice). Cjelovito upravljanje zaštitom okoliša omogućava da okoliš zadrži svoju kvalitetu te da se očuvaju ukupni resursi za buduće generacije (održivi razvoj). U diplomskom radu se analizira Direktiva o industrijskim emisijama (2010/75/EU) koja je implementirana u relevantne hrvatske propise, te se razmatra usklađenost postrojenja TE Plomin sa zahtjevima Direktive. Direktiva propisuje granične vrijednosti emisija s kojima su uspoređene emisije SO2, NOx i krutih čestica iz TE Plomin u 2012., 2013. i 2014. godini. Na temelju rezultata dan je prijedlog usklađenja TE Plomin sa zahtjevima Direktive, što je preduvjet za ishođenje okolišne dozvole., Large companies whose facilities or activities are the source of pollution must fulfill certain standards of enviromental protection so they could be market competitive. Coalfired thermal power plants, such as TE Plomin, are considered to be a significant source of pollution because of the emission of pollutants (SO2, NOx, CO2 and solid particles). Integrated environmental management helps maintaining enviromental quality and preserving resources for future generations (sustainable development). This master thesis analyzes Industrial Emissions Directive (2010/75/EU), which is implemented in Croatian environmental legislation, and impact of its provisions on TE Plomin. IED provides emission limit values that have been compared to SO2, NOx and solid particles emissions in 2012, 2013 and 2014. Based on the results, a proposal for the measures enabling TE Plomin to comply with the Directive regulations has been given.

Razvojem tehnologije raste potražnja za elektroničkim uređajima, koji ubrzo bivaju zastarjeli te postaju EE otpad. Svaki takav uređaj sadrži tiskane pločice kao sastavni dio, koje odbacivanjem postaju važna sekundarna sirovina iz koje recikliranjem možemo pridobiti važne materijale. U radu su prikazane glavne karakteristike elektroničkog otpada, te njegovo pravilno prikupljanje i recikliranje, kao i trendovi EE otpada u budućnosti. Uz ispitivanja provedena u cilju pronalaženja optimalnih postupaka za recikliranje tiskanih pločica metodama oplemenjivanje mineralnih sirovina utvrđeni su tehnološki pokazatelji separacije tih ispitivanja., With the development of technology, demand for electronics is constantly increasing, therefore electronics quickly become outdated. Every device of this kind contains printed circuit boards as an integral part. With their disposal electronics become an important secondary raw material from which we can gain valuable recycling materials. The master's thesis describes the main characteristics of e-waste and its proper collecting and recycling, as well as the trends of e-waste in the future. Laboratory tests were performed in order to find the optimal processes for recycling printed circuit boards by mineral processing methods, and technological indicators of separation were identified.

Rudarska djelatnost ima određen utjecaj na okoliš u svim svojim fazama. Utjecaji eksploatacije tehničko-građevnog kamena na okoliš mogu biti privremeni ili trajni. Trajni utjecaji mogu se ublažiti odgovarajućom sanacijom te prenamjenom otkopanog prostora, a privremene utjecaje, kao što su emisije prašine, plinova, buke i vibracija, treba primjenom odgovarajućih zaštitnih mjera svesti na minimum. U radu je prikazan tehnološki proces eksploatacije tehničko-građevnog kamena na površinskom kopu "Ivanec" - Zaprešić, opisani su mogući utjecaji eksploatacije na okoliš, posebno na atmosferski zrak, te moguće mjere zaštite od nepovoljnih utjecaja. Prikazani su rezultati mjerenja koncentracije udisajne i respirabilne prašine u zraku na lokaciji postrojenja za oplemenjivanje mineralne sirovine, a na temelju tih rezultata dan prijedlog sustava za otprašivanje., Mining activity has a certain impact on environment at all its stages. The impact of crushed stone exploitation can be temporary or permanent. Permanent impacts can be reduced by appropriate rehabilitation and conversion of excavated area. Temporary impacts, such as dust, gas, vibration and noise emissions, should be minimized by implementation of appropriate protection measures. The process of crushed stone exploitation at the open-pit mine "Ivanec" - Zaprešić, the potential impacts of exploitation on the environment, especially on atmospheric air, as well as environmental protection measures are described in the thesis. The results of measurements of the concentrations of respirable and total inhalable dust in air at the location of mineral processing plant are presented, and on the basis of the obtained data the dedusting system has been proposed.

Oplemenjivanje tehničko-građevnog kamena u eksploatacijskom polju „Žervanjska“ izvodi se primjenom pokretnih postrojenja za klasiranje i pokretnih postrojenja za sitnjenje i klasiranje suhim postupkom. Oplemenjivanje mokrim postupkom izvodi se na stacionarnom oplemenjivačkom postrojenju udaljenom 4 km od eksploatacijskog polja „Žervanjska“. Stupanj rentabilnosti eksploatacije ovisi ponajprije o transportnim troškovima mineralne sirovine između eksploatacijskog polja i stacionarnog oplemenjivačkog postrojenja. Cilj je supstitucija oplemenjivanja na stacionarnom postrojenju pokretnim postrojenjem za oplemenjivanje mokrim postupkom unutar eksploatacijskog polja. Osim ekonomske koristi uvođenje ovakve tehnologije ima i nesumnjive ekološke benefite. Radom se ispituje stupanj rentabilnosti eksploatacije ovisno o primjeni pokretnih postrojenja za oplemenjivanje mokrim postupkom., Processing of technical-construction stone at the “Žervanjska“ exploitation site is conducted using mobile sorting plants and mobile grinding plants. Wet processing is conducted inside the stacionary processing plant, located 4 km from “Žervanjska“. The degree of exploitation profitability depends upon the transportation costs of the raw materials between the site and the processing plant. The goal is to substitute the stationary processing plant with the wet processing mobile plant located at the exploitation site. Besides economical benefits, the introduction of this kind of technology will without a doubt have positive ecological effects. The thesis investigates the degree of profitability in the course of exploitation, depending on the application of mobile wet processing plants.

Područje zbrinjavanja otpada danas je jedno od ključnih područja u zaštiti okoliša. U svijetu, Europi i Hrvatskoj prevladava trend porasta količina otpada, pri čemu je najčešća metoda zbrinjavanja odlaganje. Recikliranje otpada još uvijek nije dovoljno zastupljeno. Upotreba električnih i elektroničkih uređaja široko je raširena i znatno opterećuje okoliš. Sve veća proizvodnja električnih i elektroničkih uređaja ima za posljedicu sve veće količine električnog i elektroničkog otpada (EE otpada). Recikliranje EE otpada specifično je po nužnoj separaciji različitih vrsta materijala kako bi se izbjegla degradacija svojstava reciklata. U ovom radu istražena je mogućnost separacije različitih vrsta materijala koje se nalaze u elektrolitskim kondenzatorima primjenom metoda oplemenjivanja mineralnih sirovina (separacija u zračnoj struji, separacija na koncentracijskom stolu i pliva-tone separacija) Eksperimentalno je utvrđen utjecaj pojedinih radnih parametara uređaja i svojstava ulaznog materijala na uspješnost separacije, kvalitetu produkata i iskorištenje korisnih komponenti. Rezultati su pokazali da se metal aluminij može uspješno separirati iz elektrolitskih kondenzatora primjenom metoda oplemenjivanja mineralnih sirovina., Waste management today is one of the key areas in environmental protection. Both in the world and in Europe and Croatia, there is a prevailing trend of waste growth, while the most common method used continues to be waste disposal. Recycling of waste is still not sufficiently widespread. The use of electric and electronic equipment is very common and puts a significant strain on the environment. Ever growing production of electric and electronic equipment has a great consequence of increasing EE waste. EE waste recycling is specific for its necessary separation of different types of materials in order to avoid the degradation of recyclat properties. This paper tries to explore the possibility of separation of different types of materials from a electrolytic capacitors using the mineral processing methods: air stream separation, wet shaking table separation and sink-float separation. Experiments have shown the effects of certain operating device parameters and properties of the input material on separation efficiency, product quality and yield of useful components. Obtained results have shown that metal aluminum can be successfully separeted from electrolytic capacitors using the mineral processing methods.